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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

2. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

3. Peap fast reconnect
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

4. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

5. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

6. RADIUS UDP Ports
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
UDP 5246 & 5247
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

7. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
PKI
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

8. Briefly describe eap-tls
300ms
uses certificates
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

9. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
HTTPS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
uses certificates
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

10. How is OEAP encrypted
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
mfp-v2

11. How does client MFP work
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

12. Why is fast secure roaming used
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

13. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

14. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

15. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

16. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

17. Whats added in CCXv5?
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
mfp-v2
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

18. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
uses certificates
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

19. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
x509v3 certificate
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

20. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

21. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
HTTPS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

22. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

23. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

24. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

25. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

26. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
MFP
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

27. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

28. 3 modes of radius fallback
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

29. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

30. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

31. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

32. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
-150ms
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

33. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

34. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

35. Protocols used in wIPS
-150ms
HTTPS
300ms
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

36. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
100 local accounts max
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

37. Client Roaming Reasons
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

38. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
-150ms
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
uses certificates

39. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
PKI

40. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

41. Vlan pooling
300ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

42. What is a mobility list used for
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
PKI
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

43. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

44. Whats in CCXv4?
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

45. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

46. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

47. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
PKI

48. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
802.11w
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
MFP

49. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
no
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

50. What is NGS & whats it used for
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst