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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. 3 modes of radius fallback
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

2. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

3. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

4. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

5. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

6. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

7. 802.11R
AES-Key Wrap
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
MFP

8. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

9. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

10. Steps to posture assesment
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

11. AAA override
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

12. Directed Roam Request
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

13. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

14. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

15. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

16. When PKC is used
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
HTTPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
PKI
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
x509v3 certificate

18. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
no
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

19. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

20. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

21. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

22. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

23. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
UDP 5246 & 5247

24. Whats included in 802.11-2012
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

25. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
802.11w

26. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
PKI
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

27. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

28. How fast is fast secure roaming
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
UDP 5246 & 5247
-150ms

29. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

30. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

31. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

32. Whats in CCXv4?
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

33. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
PKI
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

34. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
-150ms
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

35. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

36. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

37. What does IBN allow you to assign
MFP
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

38. Briefly describe peap
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
mfp-v2

39. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

40. Methods for authenticating to NAC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

41. Why is fast secure roaming used
MFP
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

42. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

43. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

44. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

45. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

46. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
100 local accounts max
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

47. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

48. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

49. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

50. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
PKI
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.