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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

2. IAPP roaming protocol
uses certificates
PKI
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

3. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

4. What is a mobility list used for
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

5. What does IBN allow you to assign
AES-Key Wrap
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

6. Why is fast secure roaming used
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

7. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

8. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

9. Vlan pooling
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

10. Steps to posture assesment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

11. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

12. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

13. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
uses certificates
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

14. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

15. Whats in CCXv4?
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

16. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

17. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
UDP 5246 & 5247
MFP

18. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

19. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
HTTPS

20. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

21. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

22. Whats included in 802.11-2012
UDP 5246 & 5247
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

23. Whats added in CCXv5?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
mfp-v2

24. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
HTTPS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

25. How does infrastructure MFP work
PKI
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

26. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
802.11w

27. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

28. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

29. Peap fast reconnect
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

30. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

31. Protocols used in wIPS
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
no
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

32. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

33. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

34. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
no
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
100 local accounts max
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

35. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

36. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
AES-Key Wrap
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

37. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
HTTPS

38. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
300ms
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

39. What is Conditional Web Redirect
UDP 5246 & 5247
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

40. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

41. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

42. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

43. 802.11R
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

44. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
100 local accounts max

45. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
802.11w
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

46. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
HTTPS
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

47. What CCX version is required for CCKM
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

48. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
mfp-v2
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

49. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

50. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
uses certificates
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS