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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

2. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
uses certificates
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

3. Directed Roam Request
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

4. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

5. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
uses certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

6. 802.11R
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

7. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

8. Whats included in 802.11-2012
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

9. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

10. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

11. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

12. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

13. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

14. Steps to posture assesment
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

15. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
HTTPS
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

16. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
802.11w
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

17. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

18. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

19. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

20. IAPP roaming protocol
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

21. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
PKI
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

22. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

23. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

24. What is a mobility list used for
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

25. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
-150ms

26. Whats in CCXv4?
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

27. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

28. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

29. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

30. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
HTTPS

31. Whats added in CCXv5?
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
mfp-v2

32. What CCX version is required for CCKM
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

33. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

34. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
MFP
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

35. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

36. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
300ms
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

37. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

38. WLC Tacacs+ roles
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

39. Protocols used in wIPS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
UDP 5246 & 5247

40. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

41. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509v3 certificate

42. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
PKI
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

43. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

44. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
x509v3 certificate

45. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
PKI
no
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

46. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

47. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

48. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
PKI
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

49. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

50. Client Roaming Reasons
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
PKI
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing