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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
PKI
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
100 local accounts max

2. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
100 local accounts max
MFP

3. Eap process/messages
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

4. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
300ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
no

5. Whats added in CCXv5?
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mfp-v2
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

6. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

7. Steps to adding an IPS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

8. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
AES-Key Wrap

9. Steps to posture assesment
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

10. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
PKI
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

11. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
300ms

12. Whats in CCXv4?
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

13. Vlan pooling
x509v3 certificate
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

14. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

15. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

16. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
no
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

17. How is IBN-QoS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
-150ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

18. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
MFP
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

19. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
PKI
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

20. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

21. AAA override
AES-Key Wrap
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

22. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

23. Client Roaming Reasons
no
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
-150ms

24. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

25. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

26. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
x509v3 certificate
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

27. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
802.11w
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

28. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

29. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
HTTPS

30. Protocols used in wIPS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

31. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

32. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

33. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

34. Methods for authenticating to NAC
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
mfp-v2
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

35. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
AES-Key Wrap

36. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

37. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

38. Briefly describe peap
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

39. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
PKI

40. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

41. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

42. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

43. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

44. How is OEAP encrypted
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
AES-Key Wrap
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

45. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
HTTPS

46. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
100 local accounts max

47. Directed Roam Request
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

48. 802.11R
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

49. What is 802.11w?
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
MFP
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

50. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes