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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
PKI
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

2. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

3. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

4. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

5. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
AES-Key Wrap
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

6. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

7. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

8. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
x509v3 certificate

9. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
AES-Key Wrap
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

10. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

11. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
300ms
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

12. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

13. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

14. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
x509v3 certificate

15. Steps to posture assesment
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

16. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
MFP
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

17. Enhanced Neighbor list
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
uses certificates
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

18. When PKC is used
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

19. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
PKI
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

20. What is NGS & whats it used for
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

21. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

22. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
802.11w
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
uses certificates
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

23. Client Roaming Reasons
no
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

24. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

25. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

26. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
100 local accounts max
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

27. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

28. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

29. Protocols used in wIPS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
PKI

30. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

31. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

32. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

33. IAPP roaming protocol
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

34. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

35. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
AES-Key Wrap
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

36. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

37. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

38. Whats in CCXv4?
802.11w
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

39. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

40. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
802.11w

41. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
UDP 5246 & 5247
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

42. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

43. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
mfp-v2
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

44. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

45. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

46. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
UDP 5246 & 5247
uses certificates
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

47. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

48. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
no
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

49. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
300ms
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

50. Steps to adding an IPS
UDP 5246 & 5247
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events