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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
mfp-v2

2. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
MFP
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

3. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

4. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

5. Steps to adding an IPS
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
100 local accounts max

6. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

7. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

8. How does client MFP work
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
-150ms

9. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

10. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

11. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
PKI
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

12. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
HTTPS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

13. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
HTTPS

14. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

15. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
AES-Key Wrap
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

16. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

17. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

18. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

19. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
802.11w

20. When submitting a CSR from ACS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

21. What is a mobility list used for
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

22. How is OEAP encrypted
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

23. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

24. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

25. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

26. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

27. Client Roaming Reasons
uses certificates
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

28. Briefly describe peap
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

29. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

30. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

31. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

32. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
UDP 5246 & 5247

33. What CCX version is required for CCKM
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

34. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
HTTPS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

35. Main elements of a NAC deployment
-150ms
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

36. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

37. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

38. AAA override
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

39. What is 802.11w?
802.11w
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
MFP

40. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

41. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

42. How is IBN-QoS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

43. Whats in CCXv4?
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

44. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

45. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
-150ms

46. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
802.11w

47. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

48. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

49. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
PKI
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

50. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5