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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
no
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

2. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
100 local accounts max
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

3. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

4. Steps to adding an IPS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11w
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

5. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
-150ms

6. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

7. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
x509v3 certificate
HTTPS

8. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

9. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

10. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

11. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

12. Peap fast reconnect
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

13. How does client MFP work
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

14. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

15. Vlan pooling
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

16. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

17. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

18. How is IBN-QoS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

19. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
-150ms
100 local accounts max

20. Steps to posture assesment
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

21. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

22. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

23. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
mfp-v2
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

24. 3 categories of segmented traffic
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

25. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
802.11w
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

26. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

27. Whats included in 802.11-2012
HTTPS
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

28. What is a mobility list used for
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
no
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

29. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
mfp-v2
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

30. Methods for authenticating to NAC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
MFP
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

31. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
100 local accounts max
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

32. WLC Tacacs+ roles
mfp-v2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
AES-Key Wrap
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

33. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

34. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
300ms

35. Briefly describe peap
802.11w
-150ms
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

36. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

37. What does Proactive Key Caching do
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
100 local accounts max
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

38. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
802.11w
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

39. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

40. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
300ms
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

41. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
PKI
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

42. How is OEAP encrypted
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

43. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
no

44. RADIUS UDP Ports
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

45. IAPP roaming protocol
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
HTTPS
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

46. Enhanced Neighbor list
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

47. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
UDP 5246 & 5247

48. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

49. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

50. What is 802.11w?
MFP
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
300ms
AES-Key Wrap