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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
UDP 5246 & 5247
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

2. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
PKI
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

3. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

4. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

5. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

6. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

7. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
no
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

8. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

9. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
-150ms
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

10. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
uses certificates
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

11. What is 802.11w?
MFP
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

12. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

13. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

14. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

15. Whats in CCXv4?
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

16. Steps to posture assesment
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
802.11w
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
mfp-v2
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

18. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

19. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
PKI
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
MFP
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

20. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
AES-Key Wrap
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

21. How is IBN-QoS
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
PKI
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

22. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

23. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
HTTPS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

24. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

25. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

26. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
PKI
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

27. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

28. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

29. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

30. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
UDP 5246 & 5247

31. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
no
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

32. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
no
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

33. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
uses certificates
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

34. Eap process/messages
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

35. Peap fast reconnect
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

36. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

37. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

38. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

39. How is OEAP encrypted
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

40. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
-150ms
100 local accounts max
300ms

41. Protocols used in wIPS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

42. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
100 local accounts max
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

43. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

44. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
100 local accounts max
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

45. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
x509v3 certificate
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
802.11w

46. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

47. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
100 local accounts max

48. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

49. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mfp-v2

50. When submitting a CSR from ACS
mfp-v2
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)