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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
-150ms
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

2. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

3. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
MFP
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

4. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
100 local accounts max
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

5. Whats in CCXv4?
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

6. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509v3 certificate
UDP 5246 & 5247

7. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

8. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

9. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

10. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

11. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

12. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
MFP
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

13. 3 modes of radius fallback
HTTPS
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

14. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

15. When PKC is used
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

16. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

17. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
802.11w
uses certificates
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

18. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

19. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

20. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
-150ms
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

21. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

22. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
no
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

23. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

24. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
x509v3 certificate
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

25. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
802.11w
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

26. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
AES-Key Wrap
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
-150ms

27. How does client MFP work
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

28. How does infrastructure MFP work
-150ms
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

29. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
UDP 5246 & 5247
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

30. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

31. Eap process/messages
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
300ms

32. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

33. What is Conditional Web Redirect
mfp-v2
no
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

34. IAPP roaming protocol
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
MFP
uses certificates

35. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

36. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
UDP 5246 & 5247
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

37. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

38. Peap fast reconnect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

39. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

40. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
AES-Key Wrap
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

41. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
AES-Key Wrap

42. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

43. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

44. AAA override
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

45. Vlan pooling
HTTPS
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

46. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
UDP 5246 & 5247
AES-Key Wrap
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

47. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

48. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

49. Directed Roam Request
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

50. What is a mobility list used for
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
UDP 5246 & 5247
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.