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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

2. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

3. Eap process/messages
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

4. Methods for authenticating to NAC
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

5. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
HTTPS
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

6. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

7. Client Roaming Reasons
AES-Key Wrap
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

8. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

9. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

10. Steps to posture assesment
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
no
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

11. What CCX version is required for CCKM
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
HTTPS

12. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
PKI

13. Whats in CCXv4?
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

14. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

15. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

16. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

17. How is OEAP encrypted
no
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

18. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

19. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

20. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
300ms

21. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

22. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

23. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
no
PKI
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

24. Protocols used in wIPS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

25. How does client MFP work
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

26. Briefly describe peap
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
PKI

27. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
x509v3 certificate
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

28. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

29. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
802.11w
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

30. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

31. Directed Roam Request
PKI
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

32. Enhanced Neighbor list
MFP
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

33. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
802.11w
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

34. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

35. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
x509v3 certificate
AES-Key Wrap
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

36. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
no
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

37. AAA override
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

38. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

39. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

40. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

41. When PKC is used
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

42. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
AES-Key Wrap
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

43. Why is fast secure roaming used
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

44. Whats added in CCXv5?
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
mfp-v2
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

45. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

46. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

47. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
PKI
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

48. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
MFP
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

49. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
300ms
AES-Key Wrap
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

50. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
uses certificates
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network