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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Peap fast reconnect
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

2. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

3. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
HTTPS

4. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

5. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
mfp-v2
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

6. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

7. How does client MFP work
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

8. What is Conditional Web Redirect
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
PKI
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

9. Why is fast secure roaming used
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
PKI

10. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
AES-Key Wrap
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

11. What is 802.11w?
MFP
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
uses certificates

12. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

13. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
AES-Key Wrap
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

14. Directed Roam Request
PKI
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

15. Vlan pooling
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

16. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

17. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

18. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

19. How does infrastructure MFP work
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

20. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
HTTPS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

21. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
mfp-v2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

22. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

23. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

24. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
802.11w
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

25. IAPP roaming protocol
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
UDP 5246 & 5247

26. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

27. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

28. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

29. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

30. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
MFP
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

31. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
x509v3 certificate

32. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

33. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
x509v3 certificate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

34. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509v3 certificate
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
-150ms

35. How fast is fast secure roaming
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
-150ms
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

36. WLC Tacacs+ roles
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

37. What does Proactive Key Caching do
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

38. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

39. 3 modes of radius fallback
PKI
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

40. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
x509v3 certificate
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

41. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

42. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
MFP
no
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

43. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

44. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
802.11w
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

45. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

46. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
802.11w

47. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

48. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

49. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
PKI

50. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
UDP 5246 & 5247
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac