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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

2. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

3. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

4. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

5. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mfp-v2

6. When submitting a CSR from ACS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

7. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

8. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
-150ms
UDP 5246 & 5247

9. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

10. How does infrastructure MFP work
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

11. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
AES-Key Wrap
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509v3 certificate

12. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
802.11w
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

13. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

14. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

15. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
uses certificates
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

16. Briefly describe peap
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
100 local accounts max

17. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

18. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
802.11w
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

19. Eap process/messages
300ms
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

20. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
mfp-v2
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

21. What is a mobility list used for
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
AES-Key Wrap
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

22. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

23. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

24. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
802.11w
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
mfp-v2
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

25. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

26. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
AES-Key Wrap
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

27. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

28. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

29. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

30. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

31. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
no
MFP
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

32. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
802.11w

33. What does Proactive Key Caching do
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

34. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
802.11w
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

35. Steps to posture assesment
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
300ms

36. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
-150ms

37. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
no

38. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

39. Peap fast reconnect
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

40. How does client MFP work
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

41. How fast is fast secure roaming
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
-150ms
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

42. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

43. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

44. IAPP roaming protocol
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

45. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
300ms
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

46. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
AES-Key Wrap
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

47. 3 modes of radius fallback
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

48. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

49. Whats added in CCXv5?
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
mfp-v2

50. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.