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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

2. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

3. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

4. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

5. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

6. Client Roaming Reasons
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
HTTPS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

7. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
300ms
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

8. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

9. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
MFP
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

10. When submitting a CSR from ACS
x509v3 certificate
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

11. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
-150ms
802.11w
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

12. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
HTTPS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

13. 3 modes of radius fallback
300ms
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

14. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

15. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

16. What is NGS & whats it used for
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
mfp-v2

17. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

18. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

19. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
HTTPS

20. What is 802.11w?
MFP
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

21. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

22. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

23. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

24. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

25. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

26. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

27. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

28. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

29. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

30. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

31. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
PKI
no
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

32. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
802.11w
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

33. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
no

34. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
100 local accounts max

35. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

36. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

37. WLC Tacacs+ roles
100 local accounts max
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

38. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
PKI
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

39. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
300ms

40. How does client MFP work
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

41. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
HTTPS
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

42. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

43. Vlan pooling
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

44. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

45. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
100 local accounts max
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

46. How fast is fast secure roaming
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
-150ms
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

47. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

48. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
HTTPS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

49. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

50. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
802.11w
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors