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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. How fast is fast secure roaming
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
-150ms

2. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

3. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

4. Briefly describe eap-tls
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
-150ms
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
uses certificates

5. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

6. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

7. 3 categories of segmented traffic
-150ms
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

8. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
HTTPS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

9. When PKC is used
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

10. What is 802.11w?
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
MFP
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
802.11w

11. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

12. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

13. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

14. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

15. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
x509v3 certificate
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
802.11w
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

16. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

17. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

18. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

19. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

20. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
uses certificates
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

21. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
HTTPS
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

22. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

23. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
AES-Key Wrap
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

24. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
mfp-v2
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

25. How is IBN-QoS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

26. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

27. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
x509v3 certificate
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

28. What does IBN allow you to assign
100 local accounts max
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

29. Peap fast reconnect
PKI
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

30. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
-150ms
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

31. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

32. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

33. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
HTTPS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

34. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

35. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
MFP
300ms
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

36. IAPP roaming protocol
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

37. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

38. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

39. How does client MFP work
-150ms
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

40. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

41. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

42. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

43. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

44. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

45. How does infrastructure MFP work
mfp-v2
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

46. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

47. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

48. NAC Deployment Types
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
100 local accounts max
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

49. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

50. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing