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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

2. 3 categories of segmented traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

3. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
100 local accounts max
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

4. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

5. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

6. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

7. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

8. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

9. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mfp-v2

10. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

11. Protocols used in wIPS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

12. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

13. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

14. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

15. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

16. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
uses certificates
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

17. Why is fast secure roaming used
100 local accounts max
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

18. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

19. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

20. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
-150ms
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

21. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

22. Enhanced Neighbor list
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
x509v3 certificate
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

23. Vlan pooling
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

24. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
AES-Key Wrap
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

25. 802.11R
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

26. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
-150ms

27. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
AES-Key Wrap
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
mfp-v2

28. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

29. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

30. What is 802.11w?
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
MFP
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

31. AAA override
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
300ms
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

32. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

33. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

34. Briefly describe eap-tls
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses certificates

35. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

36. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

37. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

38. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

39. What does IBN allow you to assign
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

40. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

41. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
300ms
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

42. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
-150ms

43. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
PKI
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

44. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
300ms
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

45. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
HTTPS
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

46. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

47. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
uses certificates
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

48. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
uses certificates
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
300ms

49. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
x509v3 certificate
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

50. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
802.11w