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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. 3 categories of segmented traffic
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

2. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

3. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
802.11w
100 local accounts max

4. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

5. RADIUS UDP Ports
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
HTTPS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

6. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

7. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

8. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
PKI
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

9. Steps to posture assesment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

10. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
PKI
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

11. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
802.11w
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

12. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

13. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

14. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
-150ms
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

15. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
802.11w
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

16. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

17. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

18. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

19. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

20. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

21. AAA override
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

22. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

23. How is IBN-QoS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

24. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

25. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
uses certificates
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

26. Steps to adding an IPS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

27. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

28. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

29. Peap fast reconnect
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

30. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
MFP
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

31. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
100 local accounts max
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

32. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

33. 3 modes of radius fallback
PKI
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
uses certificates
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

34. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
-150ms
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

35. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

36. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
HTTPS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

37. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

38. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

39. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

40. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
802.11w
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

41. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

42. How does client MFP work
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

43. What is a mobility list used for
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

44. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
300ms
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

45. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

46. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
-150ms

47. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

48. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

49. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

50. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
mfp-v2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events