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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

2. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

3. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

4. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
mfp-v2
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

5. NAC Deployment Types
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

6. 802.11R
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
-150ms
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

7. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

8. 3 modes of radius fallback
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

9. IAPP roaming protocol
300ms
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
AES-Key Wrap

10. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
x509v3 certificate
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

11. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

12. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

13. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
x509v3 certificate
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
AES-Key Wrap

14. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
no
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

15. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
AES-Key Wrap

16. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
uses certificates

17. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

18. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

19. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
300ms
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

20. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

21. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

22. How is OEAP encrypted
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
UDP 5246 & 5247
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

23. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
no
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

24. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

25. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

26. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

27. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
300ms
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

28. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
no

29. How does client MFP work
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

30. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
300ms

31. Client Roaming Reasons
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
802.11w
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

32. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

33. What is a mobility list used for
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

34. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
PKI
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

35. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
HTTPS

36. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
AES-Key Wrap
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

37. 3 categories of segmented traffic
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

38. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
100 local accounts max
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

39. AAA override
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

40. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
HTTPS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

41. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
AES-Key Wrap
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

42. Eap process/messages
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
100 local accounts max

43. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

44. How is IBN-QoS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

45. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

46. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
UDP 5246 & 5247
300ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

47. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
HTTPS

48. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11w
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

49. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

50. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
x509v3 certificate
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages