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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. RADIUS UDP Ports
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

2. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

3. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
AES-Key Wrap
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

4. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

5. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

6. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

7. How is IBN-QoS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

8. Briefly describe peap
mfp-v2
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

9. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

10. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
UDP 5246 & 5247
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
x509v3 certificate

11. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

12. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
AES-Key Wrap

13. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

14. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
mfp-v2
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

15. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

16. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

17. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
PKI

18. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

19. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
300ms
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

20. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

21. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
MFP
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

22. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

23. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
300ms
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

24. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
802.11w
no
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

25. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
802.11w

26. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

27. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

28. Steps to posture assesment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

29. Vlan pooling
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
uses certificates
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

30. Enhanced Neighbor list
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

31. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
AES-Key Wrap
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

32. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

33. Peap fast reconnect
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

34. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
uses certificates

35. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

36. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
x509v3 certificate

37. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

38. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
-150ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

39. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

40. IAPP roaming protocol
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
AES-Key Wrap
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

41. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

42. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

43. Main elements of a NAC deployment
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

44. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

45. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
MFP

46. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
mfp-v2
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

47. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

48. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

49. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

50. When PKC is used
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.