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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

2. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
300ms
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

3. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

4. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

5. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
300ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

6. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

7. 802.11R
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
UDP 5246 & 5247
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

8. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

9. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
300ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

10. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
no

11. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

12. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

13. Protocols used in wIPS
no
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

14. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
PKI
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

15. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

16. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

17. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
UDP 5246 & 5247
802.11w

18. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

19. Briefly describe peap
AES-Key Wrap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

20. Whats in CCXv4?
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
AES-Key Wrap
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

21. When submitting a CSR from ACS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

22. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

23. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

24. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
802.11w
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

25. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

26. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
UDP 5246 & 5247

27. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

28. What is a mobility list used for
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
300ms

29. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
HTTPS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

30. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
-150ms
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

31. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

32. Why is fast secure roaming used
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

33. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

34. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

35. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
100 local accounts max

36. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
AES-Key Wrap

37. How does infrastructure MFP work
-150ms
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

38. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

39. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
PKI
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
300ms

40. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
uses certificates

41. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

42. What is 802.11w?
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
MFP

43. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
UDP 5246 & 5247

44. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

45. RADIUS UDP Ports
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

46. What does IBN allow you to assign
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

47. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

48. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
HTTPS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

49. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

50. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla