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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

2. What is NGS & whats it used for
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

3. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

4. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

5. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

6. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
AES-Key Wrap
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

7. Whats in CCXv4?
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

8. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

9. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
PKI

10. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

11. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

12. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

13. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

14. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
UDP 5246 & 5247
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

15. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

16. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
100 local accounts max
PKI
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

17. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
HTTPS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

18. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

19. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

20. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
x509v3 certificate
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
no
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

21. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

22. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

23. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
-150ms

24. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
MFP
x509v3 certificate
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

25. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

26. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
300ms
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
-150ms

27. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

28. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

29. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

30. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

31. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

32. Eap process/messages
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

33. Steps to adding an IPS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

34. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

35. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

36. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

37. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

38. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
100 local accounts max

39. What is Conditional Web Redirect
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

40. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

41. How fast is fast secure roaming
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
-150ms

42. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

43. Whats included in 802.11-2012
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

44. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

45. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
uses certificates
300ms
no

46. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
no
802.11w

47. Briefly describe eap-tls
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
uses certificates
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

48. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

49. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

50. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization