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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

2. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

3. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

4. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

5. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

6. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP

7. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

8. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
802.11w

9. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

10. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

11. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
300ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

12. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
100 local accounts max

13. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

14. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

15. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

16. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
HTTPS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

17. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
MFP
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
PKI

18. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

19. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
MFP
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

20. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

21. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

22. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

23. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

24. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

25. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

26. Steps to posture assesment
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

27. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

28. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
uses certificates

29. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

30. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
no
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

31. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

32. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mfp-v2
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

33. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
uses certificates
MFP

34. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

35. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
PKI
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

36. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

37. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
UDP 5246 & 5247

38. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

39. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

40. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
100 local accounts max
uses certificates
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

41. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
x509v3 certificate
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

42. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
x509v3 certificate

43. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
AES-Key Wrap

44. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

45. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

46. What is 802.11w?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
MFP
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

47. What is NGS & whats it used for
no
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

48. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
AES-Key Wrap

49. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

50. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)