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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
-150ms
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

2. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

3. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
x509v3 certificate

4. What is NGS & whats it used for
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

5. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
100 local accounts max
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

6. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

7. Peap fast reconnect
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
uses certificates
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

8. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

9. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

10. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

11. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

12. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
HTTPS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

13. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

14. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
100 local accounts max
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

15. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
no
uses certificates

16. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
MFP
HTTPS
x509v3 certificate
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

18. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

19. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

20. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

21. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
mfp-v2
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

22. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

23. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
PKI
300ms
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

24. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

25. Briefly describe peap
100 local accounts max
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

26. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

27. Protocols used in wIPS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

28. AAA override
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

29. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

30. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

31. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
300ms
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

32. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
PKI
AES-Key Wrap
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

33. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

34. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

35. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

36. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

37. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
MFP
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

38. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

39. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
no
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

40. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
-150ms
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
UDP 5246 & 5247

41. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

42. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

43. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
HTTPS

44. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

45. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
100 local accounts max
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
x509v3 certificate

46. Eap process/messages
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
AES-Key Wrap

47. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

48. Why is fast secure roaming used
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

49. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

50. When submitting a CSR from ACS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store