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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
no
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

2. 3 modes of radius fallback
-150ms
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

3. AAA override
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

4. Why is fast secure roaming used
UDP 5246 & 5247
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

5. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
300ms
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

6. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

7. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
PKI
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

8. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
300ms
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
AES-Key Wrap
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

9. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

10. Steps to adding an IPS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

11. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
x509v3 certificate
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

12. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

13. Methods for authenticating to NAC
x509v3 certificate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

14. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
mfp-v2
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

15. WLC Tacacs+ roles
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

16. Eap process/messages
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

17. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

18. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

19. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

20. Briefly describe peap
PKI
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
x509v3 certificate

21. What is NGS & whats it used for
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
100 local accounts max

22. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

23. How is IBN-QoS
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
HTTPS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

24. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

25. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

26. What does Proactive Key Caching do
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
uses certificates
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
PKI

27. NAC Deployment Types
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

28. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

29. What is 802.11w?
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
MFP
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

30. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
HTTPS
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

31. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
AES-Key Wrap
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

32. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

33. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
mfp-v2
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

34. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

35. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
PKI
100 local accounts max
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

36. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

37. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

38. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
MFP
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

39. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

40. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

41. Whats added in CCXv5?
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
uses certificates
mfp-v2

42. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
x509v3 certificate
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
HTTPS

43. Peap fast reconnect
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
HTTPS

44. Directed Roam Request
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

45. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
300ms
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

46. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
x509v3 certificate
300ms
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

47. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

48. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

49. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
UDP 5246 & 5247
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

50. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC