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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

2. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
802.11w
uses certificates
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

3. How does client MFP work
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

4. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
300ms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
PKI

5. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
HTTPS

6. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

7. Steps to posture assesment
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

8. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

9. Client Roaming Reasons
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

10. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
100 local accounts max
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI

11. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

12. How is OEAP encrypted
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

13. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

14. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

15. Eap process/messages
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

16. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

17. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
uses certificates
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

18. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
PKI

19. Directed Roam Request
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

20. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
UDP 5246 & 5247
100 local accounts max

21. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
100 local accounts max
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

22. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

23. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

24. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
MFP

25. When PKC is used
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

26. Whats added in CCXv5?
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mfp-v2
x509v3 certificate
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

27. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
AES-Key Wrap

28. Peap fast reconnect
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

29. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

30. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

31. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
-150ms
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
802.11w
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

32. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
MFP
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

33. What is a mobility list used for
HTTPS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
x509v3 certificate
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

34. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
MFP
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

35. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

36. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

37. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
PKI
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

38. Protocols used in wIPS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

39. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
100 local accounts max
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

40. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
uses certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

41. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

42. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
PKI
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

43. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

44. Methods for authenticating to NAC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

45. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
AES-Key Wrap
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

46. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

47. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

48. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

49. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

50. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA