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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

2. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
PKI
x509v3 certificate
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

3. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
300ms
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

4. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

5. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
uses certificates
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

6. 802.11R
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
UDP 5246 & 5247
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

7. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
uses certificates
HTTPS
300ms

8. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
802.11w
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

9. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

10. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

11. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

12. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
-150ms
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

13. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

14. How fast is fast secure roaming
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
-150ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

15. What is NGS & whats it used for
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
300ms
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

16. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

17. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
HTTPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

18. What does Proactive Key Caching do
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

19. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
300ms
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
PKI

20. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

21. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
100 local accounts max
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

22. Enhanced Neighbor list
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
x509v3 certificate
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

23. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
AES-Key Wrap
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

24. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

25. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

26. Eap process/messages
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

27. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
mfp-v2
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

28. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

29. What is a mobility list used for
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

30. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

31. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
UDP 5246 & 5247

32. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
300ms
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

33. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
PKI

34. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

35. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
mfp-v2

36. What does IBN allow you to assign
MFP
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

37. Steps to adding an IPS
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

38. How is OEAP encrypted
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

39. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
300ms
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

40. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

41. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
uses certificates
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

42. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

43. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

44. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

45. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

46. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

47. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

48. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

49. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

50. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
mfp-v2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML