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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
802.11w
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

2. Steps to adding an IPS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

3. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
100 local accounts max
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

4. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

5. Eap process/messages
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

6. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

7. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
no
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

8. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

9. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
802.11w
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

10. How is IBN-QoS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
HTTPS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

11. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

12. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

13. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

14. Briefly describe peap
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
x509v3 certificate
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

15. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

16. NAC Deployment Types
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

17. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
PKI
AES-Key Wrap
300ms
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

18. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
PKI
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

19. When PKC is used
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

20. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
MFP
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

21. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
802.11w
300ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

22. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

23. Enhanced Neighbor list
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

24. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
300ms
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

25. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

26. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

27. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
802.11w
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

28. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

29. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
300ms
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

30. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
802.11w
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

31. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

32. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

33. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

34. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
802.11w

35. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

36. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

37. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

38. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

39. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
UDP 5246 & 5247

40. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
no
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

41. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
HTTPS
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

42. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

43. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

44. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI

45. Whats included in 802.11-2012
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
uses certificates

46. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
802.11w

47. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
no

48. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
UDP 5246 & 5247

49. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

50. WLC Tacacs+ roles
mfp-v2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re