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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Steps to posture assesment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

2. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

3. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
AES-Key Wrap
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

4. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

5. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
PKI
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
802.11w

6. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

7. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11w
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

8. Main elements of a NAC deployment
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

9. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

10. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

11. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

12. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

13. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

14. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

15. What is a mobility list used for
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

16. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
MFP
UDP 5246 & 5247
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

17. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

18. What is 802.11w?
MFP
HTTPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

19. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

20. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

21. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

22. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
AES-Key Wrap
uses certificates
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

23. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
300ms
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

24. AAA override
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
no

25. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
HTTPS
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
AES-Key Wrap

26. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

27. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

28. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

29. What does Proactive Key Caching do
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

30. Methods for authenticating to NAC
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

31. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

32. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
PKI

33. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

34. IAPP roaming protocol
UDP 5246 & 5247
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

35. When PKC is used
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

36. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

37. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

38. What is NGS & whats it used for
802.11w
no
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
HTTPS

39. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
HTTPS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

40. Why is fast secure roaming used
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

41. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

42. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

43. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

44. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

45. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

46. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

47. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

48. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
PKI
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

49. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

50. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
x509v3 certificate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time