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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

2. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

3. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
PKI
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

4. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
AES-Key Wrap
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

5. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

6. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
802.11w
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

7. Whats included in 802.11-2012
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
uses certificates
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

8. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

9. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

10. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

11. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509v3 certificate
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

12. What is Conditional Web Redirect
AES-Key Wrap
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
HTTPS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

13. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

14. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
802.11w
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
AES-Key Wrap

15. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

16. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

17. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

18. 802.11R
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
no
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

19. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

20. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
uses certificates
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

21. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
-150ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

22. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

23. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

24. Directed Roam Request
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

25. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
PKI
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

26. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

27. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
100 local accounts max

28. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mfp-v2
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

29. Why is fast secure roaming used
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

30. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

31. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
x509v3 certificate
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

32. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

33. Client Roaming Reasons
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

34. How fast is fast secure roaming
AES-Key Wrap
-150ms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

35. Vlan pooling
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

36. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

37. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
HTTPS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

38. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
MFP
AES-Key Wrap
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
PKI

39. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
UDP 5246 & 5247

40. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
MFP
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

41. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

42. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

43. How is IBN-QoS
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

44. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
no
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

45. When PKC is used
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

46. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
PKI
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

47. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

48. Methods for authenticating to NAC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

49. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
MFP
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

50. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.