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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Eap process/messages
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

2. Briefly describe eap-tls
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
uses certificates

3. What CCX version is required for CCKM
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

4. Whats added in CCXv5?
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
300ms
mfp-v2
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

5. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
HTTPS

6. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

7. Whats included in 802.11-2012
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

8. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

9. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

10. How is IBN-QoS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

11. Enhanced Neighbor list
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
HTTPS

12. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

13. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
HTTPS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

14. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

15. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

16. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

17. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
-150ms
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

18. How does client MFP work
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

19. RADIUS UDP Ports
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

20. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
PKI
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

21. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

22. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

23. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

24. What is NGS & whats it used for
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

25. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
PKI
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

26. Vlan pooling
100 local accounts max
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

27. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
uses certificates
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

28. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

29. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

30. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

31. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
100 local accounts max

32. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

33. AAA override
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

34. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

35. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
300ms
HTTPS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

36. Steps to adding an IPS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

37. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
x509v3 certificate

38. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

39. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

40. When PKC is used
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

41. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

42. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

43. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
HTTPS

44. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

45. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

46. What is a mobility list used for
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

47. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

48. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

49. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
UDP 5246 & 5247
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

50. Client Roaming Reasons
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li