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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
AES-Key Wrap
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

2. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
100 local accounts max
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

3. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
HTTPS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

4. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

5. Methods for authenticating to NAC
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

6. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

7. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

8. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

9. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

10. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
uses certificates
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

11. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
uses certificates

12. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

13. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

14. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

15. Vlan pooling
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

16. How is OEAP encrypted
HTTPS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

17. Enhanced Neighbor list
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
HTTPS
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

18. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
uses certificates
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

19. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
mfp-v2
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

20. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

21. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
x509v3 certificate
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

22. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
no
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

23. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
100 local accounts max
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

24. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
-150ms
no

25. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
x509v3 certificate
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

26. How is IBN-QoS
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
802.11w
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

27. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

28. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

29. When PKC is used
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

30. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
PKI

31. What CCX version is required for CCKM
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

32. What is 802.11w?
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
MFP
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

33. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

34. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

35. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

36. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
mfp-v2

37. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
no

38. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

39. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

40. NAC Deployment Types
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

41. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
100 local accounts max
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

42. What is Conditional Web Redirect
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

43. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

44. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

45. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

46. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

47. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
x509v3 certificate
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

48. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
PKI
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

49. Protocols used in wIPS
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

50. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2