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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
PKI
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

2. Whats in CCXv4?
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

3. Briefly describe peap
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

4. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

5. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

6. WLC Tacacs+ roles
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

7. What CCX version is required for CCKM
AES-Key Wrap
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

8. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
HTTPS

9. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
mfp-v2
AES-Key Wrap
MFP
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

10. Directed Roam Request
x509v3 certificate
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

11. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

12. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

13. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

14. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

15. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

16. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

17. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

18. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

19. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

20. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
100 local accounts max

21. Methods for authenticating to NAC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

22. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

23. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
x509v3 certificate
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

24. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
UDP 5246 & 5247
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
PKI
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

25. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
no
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

26. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
PKI

27. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

28. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

29. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
PKI
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

30. When PKC is used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

31. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

32. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

33. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

34. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

35. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

36. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

37. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
no
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
802.11w

38. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

39. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

40. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

41. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
-150ms
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

42. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

43. How does client MFP work
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

44. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

45. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
x509v3 certificate
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

46. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

47. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

48. 3 modes of radius fallback
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

49. How is IBN-QoS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

50. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)