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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
100 local accounts max
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

2. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

3. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
MFP
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

4. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
AES-Key Wrap
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

5. What CCX version is required for CCKM
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

6. Whats included in 802.11-2012
100 local accounts max
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

7. Vlan pooling
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
mfp-v2

8. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

9. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
mfp-v2
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
802.11w
MFP

10. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
no
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

11. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
MFP
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

12. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
802.11w
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

13. What is a mobility list used for
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

14. Briefly describe eap-tls
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
uses certificates

15. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
no

16. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

17. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

18. When PKC is used
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

19. 3 categories of segmented traffic
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

20. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
AES-Key Wrap
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

21. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
no
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

22. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

23. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

24. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

25. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

26. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

27. Directed Roam Request
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

28. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
x509v3 certificate
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

29. How does client MFP work
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

30. Enhanced Neighbor list
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

31. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

32. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

33. Steps to adding an IPS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

34. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

35. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

36. Whats in CCXv4?
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

37. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
AES-Key Wrap

38. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
AES-Key Wrap
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

39. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

40. Eap process/messages
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

41. Peap fast reconnect
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

42. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
HTTPS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

43. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

44. IAPP roaming protocol
AES-Key Wrap
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

45. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

46. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
HTTPS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

47. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
PKI
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
x509v3 certificate
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

48. What does IBN allow you to assign
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

49. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
-150ms
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

50. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required