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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

2. RADIUS UDP Ports
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

3. Whats included in 802.11-2012
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
-150ms
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

4. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

5. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

6. Methods for authenticating to NAC
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
UDP 5246 & 5247
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

7. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
-150ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

8. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

9. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

10. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

11. Eap process/messages
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

12. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

13. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

14. Client Roaming Reasons
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

15. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

16. Why is fast secure roaming used
MFP
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
mfp-v2
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

17. Directed Roam Request
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

18. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

19. Enhanced Neighbor list
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

20. 802.11R
mfp-v2
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

21. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
100 local accounts max
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

22. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
no
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

23. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
300ms
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

24. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

25. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

26. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
x509v3 certificate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

27. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
100 local accounts max
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

28. How is IBN-QoS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
UDP 5246 & 5247
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

29. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

30. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
HTTPS
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

31. 3 modes of radius fallback
-150ms
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

32. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

33. IAPP roaming protocol
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

34. What is Conditional Web Redirect
300ms
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
PKI
100 local accounts max

35. Protocols used in wIPS
AES-Key Wrap
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

36. Main elements of a NAC deployment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

37. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
mfp-v2

38. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

39. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
MFP

40. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
300ms

41. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
300ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

42. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
MFP
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

43. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
HTTPS

44. What does Proactive Key Caching do
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

45. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
UDP 5246 & 5247
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

46. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

47. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
300ms

48. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
802.11w
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

49. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
AES-Key Wrap

50. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed