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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
AES-Key Wrap

2. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

3. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

4. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

5. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

6. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

7. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

8. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
-150ms
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

9. Steps to posture assesment
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

10. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

11. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
AES-Key Wrap
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

12. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
300ms
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

13. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
uses certificates
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

14. Whats included in 802.11-2012
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
UDP 5246 & 5247
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

15. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

16. Enhanced Neighbor list
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

17. Briefly describe eap-tls
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
uses certificates

18. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

19. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

20. Whats in CCXv4?
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

21. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
HTTPS
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

22. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

23. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

24. Peap fast reconnect
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

25. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

26. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

27. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
PKI
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

28. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
100 local accounts max
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

29. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
mfp-v2
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

30. Why is fast secure roaming used
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

31. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

32. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

33. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

34. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

35. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
PKI

36. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

37. What is NGS & whats it used for
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

38. How does infrastructure MFP work
MFP
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

39. Eap process/messages
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

40. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
AES-Key Wrap
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

41. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

42. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

43. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
PKI
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

44. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
UDP 5246 & 5247

45. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

46. 802.11R
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
HTTPS
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

47. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

48. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
802.11w
PKI
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

49. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

50. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
uses certificates
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)