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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

2. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

3. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
100 local accounts max
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

4. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
AES-Key Wrap

5. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

6. Briefly describe eap-tls
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
uses certificates
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

7. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
300ms
-150ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

8. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
802.11w
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

9. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

10. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

11. AAA override
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

12. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
AES-Key Wrap
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

13. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

14. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
802.11w

15. Directed Roam Request
HTTPS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

16. Peap fast reconnect
100 local accounts max
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

17. Briefly describe peap
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
-150ms
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

18. When PKC is used
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

19. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

20. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

21. What is Conditional Web Redirect
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

22. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

23. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
802.11w

24. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

25. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

26. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

27. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
uses certificates
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

28. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

29. Steps to posture assesment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
x509v3 certificate
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

30. Eap process/messages
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247

31. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

32. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
x509v3 certificate
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

33. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

34. Whats added in CCXv5?
MFP
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
mfp-v2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

35. 802.11R
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

36. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

37. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

38. IAPP roaming protocol
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

39. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mfp-v2

40. Whats in CCXv4?
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

41. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
mfp-v2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

42. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
AES-Key Wrap
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

43. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

44. When submitting a CSR from ACS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

45. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

46. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
HTTPS

47. What is 802.11w?
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
MFP
AES-Key Wrap
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

48. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
802.11w
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

49. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
100 local accounts max

50. 3 categories of segmented traffic
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
x509v3 certificate
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events