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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

2. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
802.11w
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

3. 3 modes of radius fallback
x509v3 certificate
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

4. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

5. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

6. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

7. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

8. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
x509v3 certificate
100 local accounts max
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

9. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

10. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

11. How does client MFP work
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

12. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
uses certificates
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

13. What is 802.11w?
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
300ms
MFP
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

14. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

15. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

16. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
AES-Key Wrap
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

17. Steps to posture assesment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
300ms
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

18. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
-150ms
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

19. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

20. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
-150ms
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

21. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
300ms
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

22. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

23. AAA override
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

24. When submitting a CSR from ACS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

25. How is IBN-QoS
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

26. Protocols used in wIPS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

27. IAPP roaming protocol
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

28. Eap process/messages
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

29. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
-150ms
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
no

30. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

31. Client Roaming Reasons
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

32. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
UDP 5246 & 5247

33. Whats added in CCXv5?
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
uses certificates
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
mfp-v2

34. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
300ms
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

35. Why is fast secure roaming used
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

36. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

37. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
x509v3 certificate
HTTPS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

38. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

39. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
x509v3 certificate
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

40. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
HTTPS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

41. What is Conditional Web Redirect
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

42. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

43. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

44. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

45. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
300ms

46. What does IBN allow you to assign
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

47. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
x509v3 certificate
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

48. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
AES-Key Wrap
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

49. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
PKI
UDP 5246 & 5247

50. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC