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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

2. AAA override
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
300ms
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

3. Briefly describe peap
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

4. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

5. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

6. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

7. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
uses certificates
-150ms
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

8. Peap fast reconnect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

9. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

10. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

11. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
300ms
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

12. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

13. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

14. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

15. What is a mobility list used for
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
uses certificates
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

16. NAC Deployment Types
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

17. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

18. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
HTTPS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
uses certificates
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

19. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

20. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
no
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
x509v3 certificate

21. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

22. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
-150ms
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

23. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate
MFP

24. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

25. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
PKI
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

26. Protocols used in wIPS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
AES-Key Wrap
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

27. What does Proactive Key Caching do
uses certificates
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
MFP

28. How does client MFP work
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

29. How does infrastructure MFP work
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

30. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

31. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

32. IAPP roaming protocol
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

33. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

34. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

35. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
AES-Key Wrap
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

36. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

37. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

38. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
802.11w
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
no

39. Eap process/messages
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

40. Steps to adding an IPS
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
uses certificates
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

41. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

42. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

43. When PKC is used
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

44. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
802.11w
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
uses certificates

45. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

46. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

47. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
PKI
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

48. What does IBN allow you to assign
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

49. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
AES-Key Wrap
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

50. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
802.11w
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin