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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
-150ms
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

2. How does client MFP work
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
300ms

3. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

4. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

5. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

6. Steps to posture assesment
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
mfp-v2
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

7. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
MFP
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

8. What is a mobility list used for
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

9. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

10. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
HTTPS
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

11. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

12. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

13. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

14. 3 modes of radius fallback
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

15. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

16. Eap process/messages
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

17. How is OEAP encrypted
MFP
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

18. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
PKI
no

19. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

20. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

21. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

22. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
mfp-v2
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

23. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

24. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

25. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
HTTPS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

26. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

27. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
uses certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
MFP

28. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

29. Briefly describe eap-tls
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
uses certificates
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

30. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
802.11w
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

31. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
802.11w
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

32. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
UDP 5246 & 5247
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

33. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

34. Steps to adding an IPS
300ms
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

35. 3 categories of segmented traffic
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
HTTPS

36. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

37. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
uses certificates
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
x509v3 certificate
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

38. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

39. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

40. Peap fast reconnect
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

41. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
AES-Key Wrap
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

42. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
PKI
mfp-v2
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

43. Protocols used in wIPS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
MFP

44. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
300ms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

45. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

46. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
mfp-v2
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

47. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
mfp-v2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

48. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

49. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

50. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
-150ms
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla