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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
HTTPS
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

2. Peap fast reconnect
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

3. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
uses certificates
PKI
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

4. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

5. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

6. WLC Tacacs+ roles
802.11w
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

7. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

8. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

9. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
100 local accounts max
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

10. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
802.11w

11. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
no

12. Directed Roam Request
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

13. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

14. AAA override
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
mfp-v2

15. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

16. Steps to adding an IPS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

17. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

18. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

19. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
no

20. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
100 local accounts max

21. Briefly describe eap-tls
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
uses certificates

22. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
MFP
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

23. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
-150ms

24. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

25. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
-150ms
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

26. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
-150ms
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

27. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
100 local accounts max
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

28. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

29. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
-150ms
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

30. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

31. How is IBN-QoS
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

32. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

33. How is OEAP encrypted
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

34. Whats in CCXv4?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

35. Steps to posture assesment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

36. RADIUS UDP Ports
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

37. What is a mobility list used for
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

38. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
no
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

39. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
300ms
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

40. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

41. Methods for authenticating to NAC
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

42. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
x509v3 certificate
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

43. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

44. What is 802.11w?
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
MFP
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

45. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
MFP
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

46. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

47. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

48. What is NGS & whats it used for
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
100 local accounts max
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
mfp-v2

49. Protocols used in wIPS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

50. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS