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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

2. What does IBN allow you to assign
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

3. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

4. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

5. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

6. How does client MFP work
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

7. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

8. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
802.11w
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

9. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

10. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

11. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
802.11w
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
300ms

12. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

13. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

14. How fast is fast secure roaming
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
-150ms

15. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
300ms
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

16. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

17. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

18. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
300ms
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

19. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

20. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
x509v3 certificate
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

21. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
HTTPS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

22. IAPP roaming protocol
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

23. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

24. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

25. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

26. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

27. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
100 local accounts max
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

28. Steps to posture assesment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

29. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

30. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

31. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

32. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

33. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
uses certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

34. How does infrastructure MFP work
PKI
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

35. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

36. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

37. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

38. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
no

39. Protocols used in wIPS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

40. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

41. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

42. NAC Deployment Types
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

43. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

44. AAA override
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

45. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
UDP 5246 & 5247
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

46. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

47. When PKC is used
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
HTTPS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

48. Whats in CCXv4?
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

49. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

50. 802.11R
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla