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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

2. Briefly describe eap-tls
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
uses certificates
no

3. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

4. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
HTTPS
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

5. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

6. Client Roaming Reasons
HTTPS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

7. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
x509v3 certificate
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

8. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

9. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

10. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

11. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

12. Enhanced Neighbor list
300ms
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

13. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

14. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

15. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
300ms
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

16. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

17. When submitting a CSR from ACS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

18. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

19. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

20. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

21. When PKC is used
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

22. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

23. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
HTTPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
100 local accounts max

24. 3 modes of radius fallback
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

25. Steps to posture assesment
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
300ms
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

26. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

27. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

28. Protocols used in wIPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
300ms
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

29. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
-150ms
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

30. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

31. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

32. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

33. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
300ms
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

34. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

35. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
100 local accounts max
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

36. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

37. Main elements of a NAC deployment
802.11w
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

38. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

39. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
uses certificates
x509v3 certificate

40. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
300ms
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

41. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

42. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

43. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

44. Methods for authenticating to NAC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
802.11w
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

45. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

46. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
802.11w
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

47. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

48. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

49. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

50. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients