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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does IBN allow you to assign
mfp-v2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

2. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

3. How does infrastructure MFP work
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

4. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
-150ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
AES-Key Wrap

5. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

6. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
AES-Key Wrap
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

7. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

8. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

9. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

10. Client Roaming Reasons
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

11. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
mfp-v2
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

12. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

13. Why is fast secure roaming used
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

14. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
x509v3 certificate
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

15. What is NGS & whats it used for
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

16. What is a mobility list used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
no
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

17. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
-150ms
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

18. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

19. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

20. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

21. Main elements of a NAC deployment
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
MFP

22. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
x509v3 certificate
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

23. Directed Roam Request
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
PKI
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

24. When PKC is used
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

25. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
mfp-v2
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

26. What is Conditional Web Redirect
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

27. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
802.11w
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

28. What CCX version is required for CCKM
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

29. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

30. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

31. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

32. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

33. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

34. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
mfp-v2

35. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
300ms
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

36. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

37. 3 categories of segmented traffic
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

38. What is 802.11w?
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
uses certificates
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
MFP

39. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
uses certificates
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

40. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
100 local accounts max
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

41. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

42. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

43. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

44. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
AES-Key Wrap
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

45. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

46. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
802.11w
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

47. 802.11R
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

48. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

49. Enhanced Neighbor list
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

50. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic