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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Client Roaming Reasons
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

2. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
x509v3 certificate
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
MFP
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

3. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

4. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
-150ms
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

5. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

6. NAC Deployment Types
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

7. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
PKI
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

8. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
-150ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

9. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
UDP 5246 & 5247
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

10. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

11. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

12. Briefly describe peap
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

13. Peap fast reconnect
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

14. AAA override
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

15. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
300ms
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

16. How fast is fast secure roaming
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
-150ms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

17. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
AES-Key Wrap
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

18. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

19. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
HTTPS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

20. How does client MFP work
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
HTTPS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

21. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
UDP 5246 & 5247

22. IAPP roaming protocol
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
AES-Key Wrap
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

23. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

24. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
300ms

25. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

26. Whats in CCXv4?
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

27. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

28. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

29. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
AES-Key Wrap
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

30. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
HTTPS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

31. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

32. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

33. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mfp-v2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

34. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
uses certificates
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

35. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

36. WLC Tacacs+ roles
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

37. What is 802.11w?
MFP
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

38. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

39. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

40. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

41. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

42. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

43. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
MFP

44. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

45. Steps to posture assesment
300ms
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

46. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
PKI
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

47. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

48. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

49. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
uses certificates

50. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML