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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

2. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
PKI
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

3. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
MFP

4. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
MFP
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

5. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

6. NAC Deployment Types
HTTPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

7. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
uses certificates

8. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11w
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
mfp-v2

9. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
mfp-v2

10. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

11. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

12. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
802.11w
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

13. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
-150ms
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

14. Peap fast reconnect
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
100 local accounts max

15. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
x509v3 certificate
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
100 local accounts max
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

16. Protocols used in wIPS
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

17. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

18. Whats included in 802.11-2012
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
UDP 5246 & 5247
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

19. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
300ms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

20. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
PKI
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

21. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
x509v3 certificate
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
no

22. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

23. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

24. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

25. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

26. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

27. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
PKI

28. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

29. What does IBN allow you to assign
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
HTTPS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

30. Briefly describe peap
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

31. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

32. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

33. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
PKI
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

34. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

35. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

36. What is NGS & whats it used for
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

37. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

38. Eap process/messages
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
x509v3 certificate

39. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

40. How does client MFP work
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

41. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

42. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
no

43. When PKC is used
uses certificates
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

44. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

45. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

46. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
UDP 5246 & 5247
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

47. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

48. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

49. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
AES-Key Wrap
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
802.11w
PKI

50. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.