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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

2. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

3. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
PKI
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

4. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
UDP 5246 & 5247

5. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

6. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
AES-Key Wrap

7. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

8. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
PKI
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

9. Eap process/messages
PKI
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

10. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

11. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

12. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

13. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

14. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

15. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

16. IAPP roaming protocol
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

17. Directed Roam Request
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

18. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

19. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
-150ms
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

20. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
PKI

21. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
HTTPS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

22. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

23. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

24. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

25. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

26. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
HTTPS

27. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
100 local accounts max
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

28. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

29. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
300ms
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

30. What is NGS & whats it used for
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

31. 3 modes of radius fallback
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

32. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

33. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
uses certificates

34. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

35. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
AES-Key Wrap

36. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
300ms

37. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

38. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
-150ms
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

39. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

40. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

41. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
PKI
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

42. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

43. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
AES-Key Wrap
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

44. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
300ms

45. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
x509v3 certificate
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

46. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

47. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

48. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
uses certificates

49. Whats in CCXv4?
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

50. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment