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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. IAPP roaming protocol
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

2. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

3. Protocols used in wIPS
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
MFP
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
802.11w

4. How does client MFP work
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
PKI
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

5. What does IBN allow you to assign
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

6. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

7. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
100 local accounts max
PKI

8. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

9. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
no
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

10. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
uses certificates
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
UDP 5246 & 5247

11. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

12. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
x509v3 certificate
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

13. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

14. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
-150ms
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

15. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
AES-Key Wrap

16. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

17. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

18. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

19. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

20. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

21. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

22. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

23. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
100 local accounts max
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

24. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

25. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
AES-Key Wrap
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses certificates

26. What is a mobility list used for
802.11w
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

27. Eap process/messages
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
x509v3 certificate
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

28. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

29. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

30. What is 802.11w?
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509v3 certificate
MFP
no

31. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
x509v3 certificate
HTTPS
-150ms
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

32. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
x509v3 certificate

33. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
100 local accounts max

34. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

35. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

36. AAA override
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

37. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
PKI
no
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

38. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

39. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

40. Whats in CCXv4?
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
UDP 5246 & 5247

41. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

42. Briefly describe peap
mfp-v2
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

43. Why is fast secure roaming used
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
uses certificates

44. Peap fast reconnect
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
HTTPS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

45. Whats included in 802.11-2012
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
UDP 5246 & 5247

46. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

47. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

48. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

49. How is OEAP encrypted
100 local accounts max
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

50. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li