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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

2. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

3. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

4. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

5. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

6. What is a mobility list used for
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

7. NAC Deployment Types
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
mfp-v2

8. What does IBN allow you to assign
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

9. Briefly describe peap
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

10. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
HTTPS
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

11. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

12. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

13. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

14. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

15. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
802.11w
no
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

16. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

17. Briefly describe eap-tls
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
uses certificates

18. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

19. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509v3 certificate
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

20. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
-150ms
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

21. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

22. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

23. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

24. Whats in CCXv4?
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

25. Main elements of a NAC deployment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
PKI

26. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

27. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

28. Peap fast reconnect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

29. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

30. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
-150ms
802.11w

31. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
x509v3 certificate
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

32. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
mfp-v2
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

33. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
HTTPS

34. Whats included in 802.11-2012
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

35. When PKC is used
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

36. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

37. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

38. RADIUS UDP Ports
MFP
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

39. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
uses certificates
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

40. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses certificates
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

41. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

42. How does client MFP work
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

43. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

44. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
uses certificates
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

45. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

46. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
802.11w
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

47. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
802.11w

48. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

49. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

50. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128