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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
no

2. Directed Roam Request
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

3. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

4. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

5. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

6. How is IBN-QoS
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

7. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
x509v3 certificate
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

8. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
uses certificates
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

9. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
300ms
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

10. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
MFP

11. What is 802.11w?
MFP
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
AES-Key Wrap

12. IAPP roaming protocol
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

13. Peap fast reconnect
PKI
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

14. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

15. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

16. NAC Deployment Types
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
300ms
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

17. Briefly describe peap
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
x509v3 certificate

18. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
uses certificates
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
UDP 5246 & 5247

19. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
uses certificates

20. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
AES-Key Wrap
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

21. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

22. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
AES-Key Wrap
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

23. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

24. What does IBN allow you to assign
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
802.11w
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

25. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

26. What is a mobility list used for
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

27. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
AES-Key Wrap
x509v3 certificate
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

28. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

29. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

30. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
100 local accounts max
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

31. AAA override
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
AES-Key Wrap
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

32. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
-150ms
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

33. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
PKI
x509v3 certificate
802.11w
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

34. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
mfp-v2
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
100 local accounts max
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

35. How does client MFP work
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

36. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

37. Eap process/messages
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

38. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

39. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
100 local accounts max
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

40. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
-150ms
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

41. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
uses certificates
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

42. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
PKI
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

43. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

44. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
100 local accounts max

45. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
mfp-v2
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

46. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

47. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
mfp-v2
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

48. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

49. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

50. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
mfp-v2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed