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CCNP Wireless Security

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

2. How is OEAP encrypted
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

3. NAC Deployment Types
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

4. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

5. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

6. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

7. Protocols used in wIPS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

8. What is NGS & whats it used for
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

9. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
802.11w
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

10. What does Proactive Key Caching do
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
no
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

11. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

12. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

13. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

14. Eap process/messages
UDP 5246 & 5247
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

15. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
300ms

16. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

17. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

18. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
x509v3 certificate

19. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

20. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
HTTPS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

21. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
300ms
802.11w
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

22. IAPP roaming protocol
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

23. What is 802.11w?
MFP
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

24. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

25. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
300ms

26. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
802.11w

27. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

28. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

29. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

30. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

31. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
802.11w

32. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
x509v3 certificate
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

33. What CCX version is required for CCKM
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
AES-Key Wrap
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

34. Peap fast reconnect
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

35. How does client MFP work
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP

36. AAA override
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

37. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

38. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

39. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
PKI

40. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

41. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
300ms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

42. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

43. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
no
HTTPS

44. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

45. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

46. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
uses certificates
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

47. Why is fast secure roaming used
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

48. How fast is fast secure roaming
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
-150ms
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

49. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
x509v3 certificate
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

50. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic