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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

2. How fast is fast secure roaming
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
-150ms
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

3. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

4. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
x509v3 certificate
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

5. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
AES-Key Wrap
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

6. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

7. Briefly describe eap-tls
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
uses certificates
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

8. What does IBN allow you to assign
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
MFP

9. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

10. Eap process/messages
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

11. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

12. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

13. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
uses certificates
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

14. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
uses certificates

15. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
MFP
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
-150ms

16. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
uses certificates
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
x509v3 certificate
PKI

18. 802.11R
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

19. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

20. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
802.11w
MFP

21. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

22. IAPP roaming protocol
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
100 local accounts max
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

23. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

24. NAC Deployment Types
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
x509v3 certificate
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

25. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

26. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
x509v3 certificate
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

27. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

28. 3 modes of radius fallback
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

29. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
PKI
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

30. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
no

31. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
-150ms
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

32. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

33. Vlan pooling
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

34. How does client MFP work
AES-Key Wrap
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

35. What is 802.11w?
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
MFP
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

36. What is a mobility list used for
UDP 5246 & 5247
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
-150ms

37. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

38. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
PKI
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

39. Protocols used in wIPS
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

40. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
MFP
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
UDP 5246 & 5247

41. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

42. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

43. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

44. How is IBN-QoS
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

45. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

46. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

47. RADIUS UDP Ports
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

48. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
x509v3 certificate

49. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
no

50. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
PKI