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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
PKI

2. RADIUS UDP Ports
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

3. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

4. Methods for authenticating to NAC
mfp-v2
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

5. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
100 local accounts max
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

6. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

7. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
AES-Key Wrap

8. AAA override
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

9. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
802.11w
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

10. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

11. Main elements of a NAC deployment
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

12. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

13. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

14. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

15. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

16. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

17. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
802.11w
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

18. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

19. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

20. Protocols used in wIPS
no
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

21. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

22. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
802.11w
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

23. Enhanced Neighbor list
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

24. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
MFP
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

25. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

26. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

27. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

28. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

29. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
x509v3 certificate
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

30. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
HTTPS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

31. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

32. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

33. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

34. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
AES-Key Wrap
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
-150ms

35. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

36. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
802.11w
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

37. What is 802.11w?
x509v3 certificate
MFP
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

38. Directed Roam Request
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
100 local accounts max

39. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

40. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

41. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
300ms
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

42. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

43. Briefly describe peap
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

44. Client Roaming Reasons
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

45. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

46. How is IBN-QoS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

47. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
uses certificates

48. What does IBN allow you to assign
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

49. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

50. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
x509v3 certificate
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.