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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
802.11w
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

2. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

3. When PKC is used
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

4. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

5. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

6. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
PKI
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

7. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

8. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

9. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

10. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

11. How fast is fast secure roaming
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
100 local accounts max
-150ms

12. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
-150ms
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

13. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
PKI
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

14. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

15. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

16. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

17. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
x509v3 certificate

18. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

19. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
mfp-v2
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

20. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
100 local accounts max
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

21. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

22. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

23. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

24. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

25. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

26. How is IBN-QoS
no
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

27. Whats in CCXv4?
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

28. NAC Deployment Types
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

29. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

30. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

31. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
100 local accounts max
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

32. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

33. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
mfp-v2
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

34. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

35. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

36. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

37. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
UDP 5246 & 5247

38. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
100 local accounts max
no
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

39. WLC Tacacs+ roles
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

40. When submitting a CSR from ACS
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

41. AAA override
AES-Key Wrap
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

42. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

43. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
MFP
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

44. IAPP roaming protocol
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

45. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
PKI

46. Peap fast reconnect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

47. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

48. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

49. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509v3 certificate
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

50. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time