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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
MFP
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
HTTPS

2. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

3. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

4. 802.11R
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

5. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

6. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

7. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

8. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

9. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

10. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

11. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

12. How is OEAP encrypted
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

13. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

14. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
802.11w
100 local accounts max
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
HTTPS

15. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

16. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

17. What is 802.11w?
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
MFP
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

18. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

19. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

20. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
x509v3 certificate
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

21. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
mfp-v2
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

22. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

23. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

24. Directed Roam Request
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
HTTPS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

25. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
AES-Key Wrap
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

26. Peap fast reconnect
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
AES-Key Wrap
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

27. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

28. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
x509v3 certificate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

29. How does client MFP work
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
AES-Key Wrap

30. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

31. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

32. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
MFP
802.11w
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

33. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

34. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
no
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

35. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

36. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
300ms
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

37. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

38. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

39. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

40. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

41. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

42. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

43. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

44. Steps to posture assesment
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

45. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

46. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

47. What is a mobility list used for
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

48. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
uses certificates
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

49. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

50. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
802.11w