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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. IAPP roaming protocol
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
802.11w

2. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

3. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

4. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

5. 802.11R
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

6. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
x509v3 certificate
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

7. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
300ms
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

8. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

9. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
x509v3 certificate

10. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
PKI
-150ms
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

11. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

12. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

13. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

14. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

15. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
x509v3 certificate
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
PKI

16. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

17. What CCX version is required for CCKM
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

18. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
100 local accounts max
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

19. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

20. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

21. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

22. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
AES-Key Wrap

23. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
MFP

24. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

25. What is 802.11w?
802.11w
MFP
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

26. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
PKI
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

27. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

28. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

29. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

30. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

31. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

32. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11w
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

33. Whats added in CCXv5?
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
mfp-v2
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

34. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

35. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

36. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

37. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
no
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

38. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

39. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
300ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

40. How is IBN-QoS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

41. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

42. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
802.11w
MFP
PKI
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

43. Vlan pooling
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

44. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

45. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
no

46. How does infrastructure MFP work
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

47. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

48. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

49. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

50. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams