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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

2. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

3. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

4. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
UDP 5246 & 5247
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

5. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
802.11w
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

6. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
802.11w

7. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

8. WLC Tacacs+ roles
x509v3 certificate
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

9. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

10. 3 categories of segmented traffic
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

11. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
MFP
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

12. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

13. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
PKI
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

14. Briefly describe eap-tls
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
uses certificates
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

15. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

16. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

17. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

18. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

19. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

20. IAPP roaming protocol
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

21. When PKC is used
MFP
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

22. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
no
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
uses certificates

23. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

24. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

25. Whats in CCXv4?
mfp-v2
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

26. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

27. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

28. Why is fast secure roaming used
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
UDP 5246 & 5247
AES-Key Wrap
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

29. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
100 local accounts max
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

30. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
AES-Key Wrap
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

31. Steps to posture assesment
AES-Key Wrap
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

32. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

33. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
-150ms
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

34. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
x509v3 certificate
HTTPS

35. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

36. What does IBN allow you to assign
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

37. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

38. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

39. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

40. Vlan pooling
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

41. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
802.11w
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

42. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

43. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
no

44. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

45. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

46. What is 802.11w?
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
MFP
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

47. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

48. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

49. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
PKI
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

50. How is IBN-QoS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)