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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. RADIUS UDP Ports
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

2. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

3. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

4. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

5. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
300ms
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

6. Enhanced Neighbor list
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
PKI
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

7. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
UDP 5246 & 5247
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

8. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

9. 3 modes of radius fallback
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

10. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

11. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

12. 802.11R
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
no
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

13. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
x509v3 certificate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

14. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

15. Protocols used in wIPS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

16. When PKC is used
x509v3 certificate
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

17. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
PKI
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

18. Whats in CCXv4?
AES-Key Wrap
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

19. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

20. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

21. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mfp-v2

22. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
300ms

23. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
PKI

24. Steps to adding an IPS
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

25. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
HTTPS

26. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
MFP
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

27. IAPP roaming protocol
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
AES-Key Wrap

28. What is 802.11w?
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
MFP

29. Briefly describe eap-tls
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
PKI
uses certificates
no

30. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

31. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
300ms
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
no

32. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

33. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
mfp-v2
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

34. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

35. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

36. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

37. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
100 local accounts max
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

38. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

39. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

40. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
AES-Key Wrap

41. How does infrastructure MFP work
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

42. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

43. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

44. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

45. Peap fast reconnect
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

46. Whats added in CCXv5?
802.11w
mfp-v2
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

47. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

48. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
no
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

49. Vlan pooling
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

50. When submitting a CSR from ACS
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
-150ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing