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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

2. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

3. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

4. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

5. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

6. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

7. AAA override
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

8. When PKC is used
802.11w
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

9. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

10. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
no

11. Whats in CCXv4?
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

12. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

13. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
100 local accounts max
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

14. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

15. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
uses certificates
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

16. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

17. Vlan pooling
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

18. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

19. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

20. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

21. Peap fast reconnect
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
100 local accounts max
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

22. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
MFP
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

23. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

24. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

25. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

26. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

27. Methods for authenticating to NAC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

28. Briefly describe eap-tls
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
uses certificates
MFP

29. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

30. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

31. What is Conditional Web Redirect
PKI
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

32. How fast is fast secure roaming
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
AES-Key Wrap
-150ms
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

33. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

34. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
HTTPS

35. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

36. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

37. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
no
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

38. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
802.11w
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

39. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
x509v3 certificate
300ms
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

40. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
MFP

41. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

42. RADIUS UDP Ports
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
MFP

43. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mfp-v2

44. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
300ms
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

45. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

46. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

47. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
x509v3 certificate
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

48. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

49. Main elements of a NAC deployment
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

50. IAPP roaming protocol
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams