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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

2. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

3. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
uses certificates
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

4. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

5. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

6. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

7. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

8. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
300ms
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

9. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
no
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

10. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

11. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

12. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
mfp-v2
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

13. 3 modes of radius fallback
HTTPS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

14. How fast is fast secure roaming
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
-150ms
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

15. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

16. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
mfp-v2
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

17. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

18. Briefly describe peap
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

19. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

20. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

21. Why is fast secure roaming used
x509v3 certificate
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
-150ms
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

22. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

23. What is NGS & whats it used for
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

24. Main elements of a NAC deployment
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

25. What is 802.11w?
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
MFP
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

26. Steps to adding an IPS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

27. IAPP roaming protocol
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

28. Client Roaming Reasons
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

29. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

30. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

31. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

32. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

33. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
x509v3 certificate
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

34. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

35. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

36. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
300ms
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
-150ms

37. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
no

38. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

39. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

40. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
HTTPS
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

41. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

42. What is Conditional Web Redirect
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
UDP 5246 & 5247

43. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

44. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

45. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
AES-Key Wrap

46. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
mfp-v2
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

47. Steps to posture assesment
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

48. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

49. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

50. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors