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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Briefly describe eap-tls
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
uses certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

2. 802.11R
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

3. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
uses certificates
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
100 local accounts max

4. Why is fast secure roaming used
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

5. Peap fast reconnect
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
x509v3 certificate
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

6. What does IBN allow you to assign
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

7. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
x509v3 certificate
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

8. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

9. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

10. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

11. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

12. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

13. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

14. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
802.11w
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

15. How does infrastructure MFP work
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

16. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

17. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

18. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

19. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
PKI
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

20. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
100 local accounts max

21. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
HTTPS

22. When PKC is used
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

23. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

24. IAPP roaming protocol
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

25. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
x509v3 certificate
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

26. How fast is fast secure roaming
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
-150ms
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

27. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

28. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
no

29. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

30. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
PKI

31. Vlan pooling
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

32. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
uses certificates
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

33. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
AES-Key Wrap
HTTPS

34. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

35. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
300ms
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

36. Briefly describe peap
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

37. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

38. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

39. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

40. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
-150ms
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

41. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
uses certificates
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

42. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

43. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

44. WLC Tacacs+ roles
100 local accounts max
-150ms
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

45. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
AES-Key Wrap
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

46. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

47. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

48. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
HTTPS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

49. What is Conditional Web Redirect
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

50. What does Proactive Key Caching do
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy