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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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1. Enhanced Neighbor list
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

2. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

3. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
uses certificates
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

4. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

5. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
no
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

6. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
x509v3 certificate
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

7. Vlan pooling
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
100 local accounts max
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

8. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

9. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

10. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

11. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

12. What is a mobility list used for
PKI
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

13. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
mfp-v2
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
100 local accounts max

14. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
HTTPS

15. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

16. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247

17. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

18. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

19. What is NGS & whats it used for
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

20. Protocols used in wIPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

21. What is Conditional Web Redirect
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

22. What does Proactive Key Caching do
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
UDP 5246 & 5247

23. Steps to posture assesment
mfp-v2
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

24. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

25. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
100 local accounts max
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

26. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

27. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

28. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
-150ms
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

29. Whats in CCXv4?
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

30. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
300ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

31. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

32. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
no
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

33. Directed Roam Request
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
PKI

34. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
-150ms

35. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
PKI
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

36. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
802.11w
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

37. NAC Deployment Types
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

38. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
PKI
AES-Key Wrap
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

39. How fast is fast secure roaming
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
HTTPS
-150ms
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

40. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

41. How is OEAP encrypted
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

42. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

43. How does client MFP work
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP

44. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

45. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

46. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
x509v3 certificate
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

47. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

48. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
HTTPS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
no

49. How is IBN-QoS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

50. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
-150ms
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
no