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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

2. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

3. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
HTTPS
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

4. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
UDP 5246 & 5247
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

5. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

6. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
802.11w

7. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
no

8. IAPP roaming protocol
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

9. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
MFP
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

10. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
PKI
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

11. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
MFP
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

12. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

13. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

14. Client Roaming Reasons
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

15. Why is fast secure roaming used
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

16. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
x509v3 certificate
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

18. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

19. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

20. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

21. Directed Roam Request
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

22. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
HTTPS
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

23. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

24. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

25. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
100 local accounts max
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

26. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

27. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
mfp-v2

28. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

29. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

30. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
100 local accounts max

31. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
AES-Key Wrap

32. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
802.11w
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

33. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

34. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

35. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
no

36. How is OEAP encrypted
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

37. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

38. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

39. 802.11R
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
x509v3 certificate
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

40. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
mfp-v2
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
no

41. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

42. What is NGS & whats it used for
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

43. AAA override
802.11w
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

44. Steps to posture assesment
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
MFP
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

45. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

46. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
uses certificates
HTTPS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

47. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

48. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

49. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
AES-Key Wrap
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

50. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
x509v3 certificate
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)