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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

2. Eap process/messages
x509v3 certificate
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

3. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
uses certificates
UDP 5246 & 5247
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

4. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

5. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
x509v3 certificate
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

6. Client Roaming Reasons
UDP 5246 & 5247
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

7. Whats in CCXv4?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

8. What CCX version is required for CCKM
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
AES-Key Wrap

9. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

10. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

11. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

12. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
802.11w

13. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

14. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

15. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

16. Peap fast reconnect
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

17. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

18. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
802.11w
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
HTTPS
uses certificates

19. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

20. When PKC is used
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
mfp-v2
300ms
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

21. Main elements of a NAC deployment
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
no
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

22. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

23. AAA override
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
UDP 5246 & 5247
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

24. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
300ms
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

25. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

26. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

27. How does client MFP work
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

28. 802.11R
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

29. What is a mobility list used for
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

30. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

31. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
100 local accounts max
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
uses certificates

32. Briefly describe eap-tls
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
uses certificates

33. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

34. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
UDP 5246 & 5247

35. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
802.11w
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

36. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
UDP 5246 & 5247
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

37. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
MFP

38. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
100 local accounts max
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

39. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
uses certificates
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

40. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
MFP

41. Steps to adding an IPS
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

42. 3 categories of segmented traffic
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

43. What is 802.11w?
MFP
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

44. How fast is fast secure roaming
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
802.11w
-150ms
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

45. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mfp-v2
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

46. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
100 local accounts max
PKI
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

47. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

48. Vlan pooling
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

49. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

50. Whats added in CCXv5?
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
mfp-v2