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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

2. How is IBN-QoS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

3. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

4. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

5. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

6. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

7. WLC Tacacs+ roles
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

8. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
x509v3 certificate
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

9. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

10. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
MFP
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

11. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
-150ms
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

12. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

13. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

14. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
AES-Key Wrap

15. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

16. 802.11R
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

17. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

18. IAPP roaming protocol
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

19. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
no
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
100 local accounts max

20. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
300ms
PKI
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

21. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

22. Whats added in CCXv5?
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
MFP
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
mfp-v2

23. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
PKI
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

24. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

25. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
no

26. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

27. Whats in CCXv4?
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

28. 3 categories of segmented traffic
MFP
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

29. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

30. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

31. How does client MFP work
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
-150ms
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

32. How is OEAP encrypted
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

33. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
300ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

34. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
AES-Key Wrap
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

35. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

36. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
AES-Key Wrap
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

37. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

38. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
802.11w
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
PKI

39. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

40. Directed Roam Request
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

41. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
-150ms

42. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

43. Steps to adding an IPS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

44. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

45. When submitting a CSR from ACS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
802.11w
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

46. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses certificates
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

47. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
uses certificates

48. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

49. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

50. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
UDP 5246 & 5247
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients