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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

2. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

3. How does client MFP work
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
AES-Key Wrap
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

4. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
x509v3 certificate
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

5. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

6. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
PKI

7. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

8. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

9. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

10. WLC Tacacs+ roles
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

11. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

12. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247

13. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

14. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

15. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
300ms
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

16. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
300ms
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
802.11w

17. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

18. Peap fast reconnect
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

19. Client Roaming Reasons
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

20. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

21. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

22. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
no

23. How is OEAP encrypted
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

24. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

25. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

26. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

27. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
x509v3 certificate
AES-Key Wrap
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

28. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

29. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

30. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
no
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

31. How fast is fast secure roaming
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
-150ms

32. 802.11R
100 local accounts max
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

33. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
-150ms
300ms

34. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

35. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
MFP
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

36. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

37. What is Conditional Web Redirect
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

38. Methods for authenticating to NAC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

39. What is a mobility list used for
-150ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

40. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

41. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

42. Steps to posture assesment
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
802.11w

43. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

44. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

45. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

46. What does IBN allow you to assign
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

47. What does Proactive Key Caching do
no
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

48. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

49. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

50. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128