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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
AES-Key Wrap
HTTPS

2. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

3. Steps to posture assesment
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

4. Protocols used in wIPS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
PKI

5. 3 categories of segmented traffic
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

6. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
UDP 5246 & 5247

7. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
mfp-v2
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

8. How does client MFP work
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

9. Vlan pooling
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

10. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
PKI
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

11. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

12. WLC Tacacs+ roles
-150ms
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

13. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
x509v3 certificate
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

14. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

15. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
mfp-v2
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

16. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

17. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

18. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

19. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

20. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

21. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

22. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

23. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
mfp-v2
uses certificates

24. NAC Deployment Types
x509v3 certificate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

25. Client Roaming Reasons
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

26. Main elements of a NAC deployment
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

27. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

28. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

29. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

30. AAA override
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

31. Eap process/messages
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
HTTPS
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

32. When submitting a CSR from ACS
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

33. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
300ms
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

34. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
uses certificates
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

35. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
HTTPS
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

36. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
300ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
x509v3 certificate

37. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
300ms
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

38. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
UDP 5246 & 5247
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
HTTPS

39. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

40. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
300ms
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

41. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

42. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

43. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

44. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
uses certificates

45. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

46. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

47. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

48. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

49. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

50. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
mfp-v2