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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

2. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

3. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
uses certificates

4. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

5. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
x509v3 certificate
mfp-v2

6. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
300ms
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

7. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mfp-v2

8. Eap process/messages
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

9. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

10. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
AES-Key Wrap

11. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

12. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

13. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

14. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

15. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
-150ms
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

16. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

17. What is 802.11w?
MFP
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
-150ms

18. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

19. Methods for authenticating to NAC
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

20. What does IBN allow you to assign
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

21. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
mfp-v2
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

22. What is Conditional Web Redirect
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

23. Client Roaming Reasons
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.

24. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
AES-Key Wrap

25. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

26. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

27. How does client MFP work
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

28. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
300ms
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

29. When submitting a CSR from ACS
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

30. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

31. IAPP roaming protocol
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

32. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

33. What is a mobility list used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

34. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
802.11w
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time

35. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
AES-Key Wrap
x509v3 certificate

36. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

37. How does infrastructure MFP work
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

38. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

39. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

40. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

41. How is OEAP encrypted
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

42. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

43. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
802.11w
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

44. Whats added in CCXv5?
UDP 5246 & 5247
mfp-v2
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

45. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

46. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

47. Briefly describe eap-tls
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
uses certificates

48. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
no
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

49. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

50. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
100 local accounts max
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs