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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
100 local accounts max
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

2. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

3. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

4. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

5. How does infrastructure MFP work
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

6. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

7. 3 categories of segmented traffic
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
no
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

8. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

9. NAC Deployment Types
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

10. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

11. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

12. Protocols used in wIPS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

13. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

14. How is IBN-QoS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

15. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

16. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

17. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

18. AAA override
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
HTTPS
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

19. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

20. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

21. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
uses certificates
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
802.11w
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

22. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

23. How does client MFP work
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
AES-Key Wrap

24. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.

25. IAPP roaming protocol
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
MFP
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

26. Why is fast secure roaming used
UDP 5246 & 5247
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

27. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

28. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
x509v3 certificate
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

29. What does Proactive Key Caching do
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

30. WLC Tacacs+ roles
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
uses certificates
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

31. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

32. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
-150ms
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
UDP 5246 & 5247
no

33. What is 802.11w?
-150ms
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
MFP
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

34. 802.11R
UDP 5246 & 5247
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

35. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

36. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

37. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
HTTPS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

38. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
HTTPS
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

39. Steps to adding an IPS
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

40. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
802.11w
MFP
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

41. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
-150ms
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

42. Steps to posture assesment
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

43. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
MFP
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

44. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
MFP

45. RADIUS UDP Ports
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

46. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
mfp-v2
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

47. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
PKI
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

48. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

49. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
PKI

50. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)