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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Protocols used in wIPS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
PKI
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

2. 802.11R
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
MFP
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

3. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

4. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
MFP
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

5. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

6. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

7. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
mfp-v2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

8. 3 categories of segmented traffic
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

9. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

10. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
100 local accounts max
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

11. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

12. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network

13. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

14. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

15. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
UDP 5246 & 5247

16. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

17. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
300ms
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

18. What is 802.11w?
MFP
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

19. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs

20. What is NGS & whats it used for
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
uses certificates
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

21. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

22. Vlan pooling
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

23. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

24. AAA override
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

25. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
UDP 5246 & 5247
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

26. When submitting a CSR from ACS
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
x509v3 certificate
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

27. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
x509v3 certificate

28. Main elements of a NAC deployment
100 local accounts max
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

29. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

30. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

31. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

32. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
AES-Key Wrap
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

33. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

34. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
AES-Key Wrap
802.11w

35. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

36. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
UDP 5246 & 5247
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

37. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
802.11w
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

38. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
x509v3 certificate
802.11w
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

39. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
100 local accounts max

40. NAC Deployment Types
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

41. Whats in CCXv4?
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

42. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

43. Peap fast reconnect
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
uses certificates
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

44. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

45. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
100 local accounts max
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

46. How does client MFP work
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

47. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

48. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

49. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

50. What is a mobility list used for
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
uses certificates
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
802.11w