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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why is fast secure roaming used
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

2. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
MFP
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

3. Directed Roam Request
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

4. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
no

5. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
HTTPS
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

6. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
300ms
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
MFP

7. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
AES-Key Wrap
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

8. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

9. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.

10. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

11. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

12. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

13. Whats in CCXv4?
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
MFP
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

14. Whats added in CCXv5?
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
-150ms
mfp-v2

15. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
no
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

16. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
PKI

17. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

18. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
AES-Key Wrap
802.11w
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
x509v3 certificate

19. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

20. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

21. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
HTTPS
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
MFP
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

22. How does client MFP work
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

23. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
802.11w
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

24. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

25. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

26. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

27. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

28. When submitting a CSR from ACS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

29. 3 categories of segmented traffic
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

30. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

31. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

32. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

33. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

34. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
-150ms

35. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
300ms
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

36. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
uses certificates
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

37. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
uses certificates
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

38. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

39. RADIUS UDP Ports
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
PKI

40. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

41. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
PKI
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

42. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required

43. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.

44. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
MFP
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

45. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

46. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
PKI
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

47. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
PKI

48. Whats included in 802.11-2012
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name

49. Steps to posture assesment
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

50. Enhanced Neighbor list
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.