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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.

2. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
no
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

3. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

4. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

5. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

6. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

7. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

8. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
100 local accounts max
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

9. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

10. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

11. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
802.11w
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

12. Main elements of a NAC deployment
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
UDP 5246 & 5247
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

13. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
-150ms
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

14. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

15. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

16. What does IBN allow you to assign
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

17. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n

18. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

19. Briefly describe eap-tls
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
uses certificates

20. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

21. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
300ms
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

22. Whats added in CCXv5?
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
mfp-v2
UDP 5246 & 5247

23. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
-150ms
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

24. NAC Deployment Types
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
UDP 5246 & 5247

25. Enhanced Neighbor list
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

26. Whats in CCXv4?
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

27. What is Conditional Web Redirect
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

28. How is OEAP encrypted
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

29. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

30. Why is fast secure roaming used
100 local accounts max
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

31. 3 categories of segmented traffic
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

32. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

33. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
802.11w
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

34. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

35. Methods for authenticating to NAC
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA

36. 6 criteria types for rogue classification
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID

37. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

38. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC

39. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS

40. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

41. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups

42. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

43. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
MFP

44. What is NGS & whats it used for
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
PKI
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

45. What is 802.11w?
MFP
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

46. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

47. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

48. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
no

49. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

50. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams