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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

2. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
AES-Key Wrap
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
100 local accounts max
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC

3. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

4. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
mfp-v2

5. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

6. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

7. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
uses certificates
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

8. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

9. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

10. Eap process/messages
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

11. What does IBN allow you to assign
uses certificates
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

12. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
mfp-v2
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

13. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

14. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

15. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
AES-Key Wrap
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

16. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
100 local accounts max
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mfp-v2

17. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
MFP
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

18. Client Roaming Reasons
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
MFP
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

19. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

20. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
AES-Key Wrap
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

21. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

22. Enhanced Neighbor list
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

23. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
mfp-v2
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

24. How does infrastructure MFP work
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
uses certificates
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.

25. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
x509v3 certificate
300ms
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

26. Why is fast secure roaming used
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

27. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
802.11w
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

28. Methods for authenticating to NAC
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config

29. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
x509v3 certificate
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

30. Whats added in CCXv5?
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
mfp-v2
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

31. What is NGS & whats it used for
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
uses certificates
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

32. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
no

33. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
HTTPS

34. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

35. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li

36. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla

37. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

38. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

39. AAA override
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
HTTPS
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

40. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
HTTPS
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake

41. Steps to adding an IPS
100 local accounts max
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

42. Briefly describe eap-tls
uses certificates
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
AES-Key Wrap

43. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

44. How does CCKM simplify PMK Caching
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11w
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

45. Directed Roam Request
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
x509v3 certificate
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

46. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
x509v3 certificate
PKI
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
100 local accounts max

47. What is included in a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
-150ms
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

48. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
x509v3 certificate
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

49. IAPP roaming protocol
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

50. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages