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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Briefly describe eap-tls
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
UDP 5246 & 5247
uses certificates

2. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
mfp-v2
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
HTTPS

3. Whats included in 802.11-2012
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

4. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

5. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
uses certificates
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

6. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
no
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

7. NAC Deployment Types
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

8. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

9. Briefly describe peap
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

10. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

11. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.

12. Why is fast secure roaming used
MFP
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

13. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

14. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

15. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

16. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

17. 3 categories of segmented traffic
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

18. WLC Tacacs+ roles
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)

19. What does Proactive Key Caching do
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

20. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

21. What CCX version is required for CCKM
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

22. Steps to config. .1x for AP to WLC connections
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
802.11w
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

23. Vlan pooling
-150ms
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
802.11w
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

24. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
AES-Key Wrap

25. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
uses certificates
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

26. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

27. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
100 local accounts max

28. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

29. What is 802.11w?
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
MFP
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128

30. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
PKI
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA

31. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

32. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
PKI
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

33. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

34. Client Roaming Reasons
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

35. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control

36. Methods for authenticating to NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

37. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
MFP
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
x509v3 certificate

38. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

39. Whats in CCXv4?
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)

40. Steps to posture assesment
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

41. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

42. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla

43. What does Fast Secure Roaming use re: Keying
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

44. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
300ms
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

45. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
MFP
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto

46. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
no
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself

47. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM

48. How does client MFP work
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
AES-Key Wrap

49. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
802.11w
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

50. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5