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Test your basic knowledge |
CCNP Wireless Security
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
cisco
,
it-skills
,
ccnp
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. AAA override
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
2. How is OEAP encrypted
-150ms
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
3. What are virtual domains used for in WCS
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
4. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
5. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
-150ms
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
6. How does client MFP work
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
7. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
8. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
9. Vlan pooling
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
10. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
11. Difference between mobility list and mobility group
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
UDP 5246 & 5247
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
12. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
-150ms
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
13. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
14. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
uses certificates
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
15. RADIUS UDP Ports
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
MFP
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
16. Steps to roaming in non802.1R
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
17. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
UDP 5246 & 5247
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
18. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
19. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
20. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
21. When PKC is used
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
22. How long before an HREAP goes into disconnected/standalone mode
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
300ms
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
23. Peap fast reconnect
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
no
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
24. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
300ms
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
25. Steps to roaming in 802.1R
UDP 5246 & 5247
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
26. What is NGS & whats it used for
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
27. How is IBN implemented on a WLAN
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
28. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
PKI
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
29. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
-150ms
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
30. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
31. How is encryption established between OEAP & Anchor WLC
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
32. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
33. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
34. NAC Deployment Types
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
-150ms
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
35. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
36. 3 modes of radius fallback
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
37. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
38. Protocols used in wIPS
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
39. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
40. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
41. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
42. What is a mobility list used for
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
43. What does IBN allow you to assign
mfp-v2
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
44. What is the IEEE Standards version of MFP
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
mfp-v2
802.11w
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
45. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
802.11w
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
46. Steps to adding an IPS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
uses certificates
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
47. Why is fast secure roaming used
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
48. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
49. How does infrastructure MFP work
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
50. What are mping and eping used for from the wlc cli
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
x509v3 certificate
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