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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What does FIPS-2 require for WLC to RADIUS communications
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
AES-Key Wrap

2. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
802.11w
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address

3. How does infrastructure MFP work
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

4. Main elements of a NAC deployment
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

5. How to set up tacacs roles in ACS for WLC authorization
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

6. How to add IPS TLS info to WLC
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
mfp-v2
AES-Key Wrap

7. What kind of local 802.1x auth. does HREAP support
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST

8. Difference between MFP-1 & MFP-2
100 local accounts max
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing

9. Will foreign/anchor communication work through PAT?
no
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

10. Methods for authenticating to NAC
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.

11. What does IBN allow you to assign
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

12. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

13. What must be configd on ACS to enable dot1x from switch
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

14. When PKC is used
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time

15. Is data encrypted over a capwap tunnel?
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
-150ms
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

16. What does a wired IPS do compared to the WLC IDS
mititgate non-802.11 attacks
300ms
AES-Key Wrap
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

17. 2 different types of wIPS deployment
mfp-v2
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

18. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

19. What triggers can initiate a WLC to request a client to roam
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

20. Steps to adding an IPS
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

21. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

22. What are the 4 main components of NGS re: guests
x509v3 certificate
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

23. How is OEAP encrypted
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>

24. NAC Deployment Types
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin

25. 3 categories of segmented traffic
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

26. What must be configured for SSO authentication to work
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC

27. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

28. Peap fast reconnect
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

29. Protocols used in wIPS
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

30. Why is fast secure roaming used
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages

31. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store

32. How is IBN-VLAN Selection implemted in ACS
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.

33. AAA override
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)

34. How fast is fast secure roaming
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
-150ms
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

35. RADIUS UDP Ports
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
no
ACL - or Interface-name configured in ACS -1. Interface Configuration --> RADIUS (Cisco Airspace) and check off: Air-Qos-Level - Aire-DSCP - Aire-802.1p tag - Aire-Interface-name - Air-ACL-Name
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

36. WLC Tacacs+ roles
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
-150ms
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

37. What protocol to WLCs use to communicate with IPS
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
100 local accounts max
HTTPS
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

38. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

39. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
PKI
a mobility list can contain multiple mobility groups
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -

40. How does the Nac Appliance Agent (NAA) work cohesively with 802.1x
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

41. 802.11R
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic

42. What does Proactive Key Caching do
AES-Key Wrap
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Sends the PMK to all WLCs that the client can roam to.

43. Vlan pooling
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing

44. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

45. IAPP roaming protocol
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

46. Why add an IPS if WLCs already detect attacks.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

47. What is the caveat to having redundant anchor controllers
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. Wireless-->AP Global Config-->enable dot1x w/ user/pass 2. Config the switch port to enable auth. to ACS/RADIUS
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.

48. Eap process/messages
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
PKI
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

49. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML

50. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
x509v3 certificate