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CCNP Wireless Security

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What must be configured the same for an HREAP not to disconnect clients when failing over (or back) to a WLC
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

2. Vlan pooling
100 local accounts max
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
MFP-1 protects infrastructure from management frame attacks (ie aps only). MFP-2 Protects both infrastructure & clients

3. What is Ciscos gold confidence level deployment of wIPS aps in a walled environment
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
x509v3 certificate
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
HTTPS

4. Briefly describe eap-tls
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
grouping WLCs or map areas - so Lobby ambassadors can create guest accounts only on certain wlcs
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
uses certificates

5. What kind of mgmt frames does client mfp protect
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
1. LEAP 2. EAP-FAST
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)

6. What is Conditional Web Redirect
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
UDP 5246 & 5247
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

7. What is 802.11w?
MFP
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

8. What does IBN allow you to assign
assigning multiple vlans to single wlan - and users are dynamically mapped to one of the vlans in round-robin
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. Guest User 2. Sponsor 3. Network Enforcement Device (ie wlc) 4. NGS Server itself
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

9. Steps to setting up out-of-band virtual gateway setup on the NAS & NAM
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. on NAS create an oob profile for the WLC 2. Create a new device in NAM - specifying the WLC mgmt ip 3. device mgmnt-->NAS & add the NAS ip as an oob virt. gateway 4. still on nams nas config page - enter the nas trusted int. ip & untrusted int vla
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
Check Shell(exec) then define roles as role1=MANAGEMENT role2=WLAN role3...etc

10. Whats added in CCXv5?
mfp-v2
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac

11. What is NGS & whats it used for
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
MFP
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
EAP-FAST with anonymous pac provisioning

12. Briefly describe eap-mschapv2
used with PEAP for user/password authentication
1. RSSI 2. Duration 3. Client Count 4. No encryption 5. Managed SSID (ie UNLV) 6. SSID
1. Temporal Key for Unicast 2. Key Confirmation Key (KCK) - used for group handshakes 3. Key Encryption Key (KEK) - for encrypting the group encyrption key used to derive the braodcast/multicast keys.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+

13. RADIUS UDP Ports
It handles .1x & NAC auth. with Single Sign on. WLC forwards RADIUS accounting messages (of EAPOL Success) to the NAC upon login - authing the client to nac - & then it goes through posturing
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS

14. What CCX version is required for CCKM
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
1. Captive Portal 2. NAA (agent installed on windows); auth twice (1 to radius 2 to nac) 3. NAA w/ SSO - user authss once. & wlc auths to nac on their behalf.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn

15. Peap fast reconnect
802.11w
after authentication - the client & radius server cache session keys for a configurable amount of time
100 local accounts max
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication

16. Enhanced Neighbor list
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
same as steps to roaming in non-802.1R except: skips PMK negotiation & piggybacks PTK & QoS with the 802.11 authentication & association messages
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2

17. How is the CAPWAP tunnel between AP & WLC encrypted
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute
x509v3 certificate

18. Describe AP Assisted Roaming
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
802.11w
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.

19. What is the WLAN-->Advanced--> DIagnostic Channel used for
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

20. When submitting a CSR from ACS
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. Off (default) - moves down list and uses next server indefinately. 2. Passive -- Upon failure - server is marked as inactive for (300 seconds) then is put back in list and tried again (if its highest priority). 3. Active -- Actively probes failed

21. What is used for HREAP Roaming re: keying
WLCs create a deriviative of the PMK - called Opportunistic Key Caching (OPC) for fast-roaming among HREAPs in the same HREAP group.
uses certificates
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
Does not require re-authentication when a client roams - in an 802.1x/WPA2 environment

22. What is a mobility list used for
AES-Key Wrap
1. Min. RSSI 2. Roam Hysterisis - how much higher than current RSSI compared to neighbor ap RSSI before roaming request initiates 3. Scan Threshold - How low the current RSSI must be for the client to start scanning for a better ap 4. Transition Time
when you want some wlcs to be part of the same mobility group - but not others.
used with PEAP for user/password authentication

23. Enhanced Neighbor list - E2E
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy
Allows intel clients to request a neighbor list at will.
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)
PKI

24. What part of an 802.11 Beacon contains the security mechanisms in use
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
RSN Tag. Auth Key mgmt will show PSK - or WPA (for 802.1x) Stands for Robust Security Network
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi

25. What is the radius server override interface option under WLAN-->AAA?
1. RSSI 2. SNR 3. Load-Ballancing
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
clients are load ballanced between them - this can not be configured otherwise.
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.

26. Ports to open on fw to allow foreign to anchor controller tunnel to be built
1. client -> authenticator: eapol_start 2. authenticator -> client: eap request/identity 3. client -> authenticator: eap response/identity 4. authenticator -> aaa: radius access request 5. aaa -> client: eap-tls handshake 6.aaa -> authenticator: radi
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic

27. Encryption types used by SNMPv3
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
1. Interfac Configuration --> RADIUS (IETF) --> check 64 (Tunnel Type) - 65 (Tunnel Medium Type) - 81 (Tunnel Private-group-id) 2. Navigate to Group Setup and enable the checkboxes for the previous attributes - where 64=VLAN - 65=802 - 81=<Vlan_tag>
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
no

28. Steps to configure wlcs for guest wlan
1. config mobility list to support anchor & foreign wlcs (using different mob. groups on ea. to keep auth. seperate between anchor & foreigns) 2. Map the guest wlan on foreign wlc to either mgmt int. or fake dynamic int. (ie dynamic int tied to a vla
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
no
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization

29. IAPP roaming protocol
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
Proactive Key Caching (PKC) or CCKM
Inter Access Point Protocol uses UDP between aps to exchange information about new aps (announce) in the area and handoffs that have occurred when client roams

30. Authentication types used by SNMPv3
1. HMAC-MD5 2. HMAC-SHA
no
what must you ensure -1.Exportable 2.Server Auth Cert 3.Store cert in local cert store
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.

31. What ports does OEAP use to connect to anchor WLC
1. NAC Guest Server (NGS) - Like a RADIUS server when people can create guest accounts 2. Nac Manager (NAM) - Centrilized server for creating policies & profiles that determine network access. 3. Network Access Server (NAS) - The device which control
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
UDP 5246 & 5247
is provided to clients as they associate - including neighbor ap info like channel - rssi etc.

32. How fast is fast secure roaming
-150ms
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
1812 - Authentication 1813 - Authorization
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5

33. When PKC is used
HTTPS
what occurs as a client roams to new ap -WLC forwards cached PMK to AP. Client then forms a Pairwise Transient Key (PTK) via 4-way handshake w/ ap.
WLC sends a roam-request to a client when it can better serve that client on a different AP. Client can accept or ignore. CCXv4+
after .1x authentication user is forwarded to a splash page. This is done via RADIUS attribute

34. WLC Tacacs+ roles
peap-mschapv2 - eap-tls - mfp-v1 - nac
puts the ap and client through tests to isolate connection issues. This disables the wlan while doing this. Can be used to diagnose .1x auth - .11 association etc. if using ccxv5
no
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)

35. Steps to auth with NAA w/ SSO
no
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
mititgate non-802.11 attacks

36. Reason why you can NOT use WLC RADIUS server to auth. against OpenLDAP or Win-2003 (or later)
1. CBC-DES 2. CFB-AES-128
WLC RADIUS server only works if passwords are sent in Clear-text from LDAP.
1. v2 - LEAP 2. v3 - EAP-FAST 3. v4 - PEAP & EAP-TLS
mping = tests intercontroller control traffic. eping = tests intercontroller data traffic (EoIP)

37. What is HREAP Local Auth limitation
100 local accounts max
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
x509v3 certificate
1. client begins in Quarenteen vlan & NAA sends posture assesment to NAS 2. assesment is verified against policies in NAM 3. If in compliance - client is moved to access vlan. If not - NAS sends remediation info to client 4 NAA guides user through re

38. NAC Deployment Types
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC
DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security)
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
1. Create user acct. in IDS for each WLC in the viewer role 2. add the WLCs IP as an allowed host 3. Obtain the IPS TLS Fingerprint & add it to WLC 4. Enable the client exclusion policy on the WLAN 5. Set msg log level to Alerts to log IPS events

39. Things to Enable in ACS (Global Authentication Page) for PEAP support
uses certificates
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
802.11i - 802.11r - 802.11w & 802.11n
1. VLAN Mapping 2. WLAN Ordering 3. WLAN Configuration

40. What is needed to use Locally Significat Certificates (LSC) when establishing tunnel from OEAP to WLC
Controll is (mgmnt) not data. To encrypt data: check data encryption under advanced tab of ap config
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1. CAPWAP 2. NMSP (network mobility services) 3. SNMP 4. SOAP/XML
PKI

41. 3 categories of segmented traffic
100 local accounts max
1. In-band virtual gateway -- is at L2 and intercepts all traffic and re-tags the default/untrusted vlan to the trusted vlan - based on compliance 2. In-Band Real IP Gateway - is the gateway 3. Out-of-band virtual gateway (same is 1 - except traffic
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
1. application type 2. security capabilities 3. QoS policy

42. Switchport config to enable dot1x on a port
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate
switchport mode access - dot1x pae authenticator - dot1x port-control auto
Sends RADIUS packets from a dynamic interface instead of the WLC Mgmt interface address
Clients download a key for their wlan - after auth - so they can understand that IE in the mgmt frame

43. When will a WLC use a Local EAP profile?
WLC can detect 802.11 attacks - but not other attacks from valid wireless clients.
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
1. Scanning - for other aps in the area 2. exchanging 802.11 auth messages (first from client then from ap) w/ the target ap 3. exchanging re-association messages with target ap 4. dot1x master key (PMK) negotiation 5. key derivation - 4way handshake
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

44. Regulatory Compliance Acronyms
Clients send info re: previously associated aps to current ap - so it can use this information to inform current clients about neighboring aps. Requires CCXv2
US: 1. HIPAA 2. GLBA 3. FFIEC 4. SOX 5. FIPS 6. NIAP Canada: 1. PIPEDA Japan: 1. JPIPA
1. udp 16666 for control traffic 2. IP Protocol 97 (EoIP) for client data traffic
1. Integrated -- wIPS monitor mode aps are part of client-serving infrastructure 2. Overlay -- wIPS aps - WCS & WLCs are totally seperate

45. Briefly describe peap
uses TLS to secure other eap methods like certs - user/pass - smart cards. Identifies itself to client with certificate. Utilizes: fast reconnect (faster roaming w/ key caching) and server authentication
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
checking allow aaa over-ride in the wlan-->advanced.
based on auth. group -1. vlan 2. qos 3. acl 4. tunnel attributes

46. Steps to installing Server Cert into ACS
1. User performs .1x with RADIUS 2. WLC forwards radius accounting start to NAM (along with clients IP) 3. clients NAA detects network con. & tries to connect to NAM. 4. NAS Intercepts step 3 & contacts NAM itself to see if client is in the online li
enables Identity Based Netowrking (IBN) where wlan settings are changed per-user (qos - vlan - acls - or timeouts)
1. Allow EAP-MSCHAPv2 2. Allow EAP-GTC 3. Check Posture Validation when doing NAC
1. Log into cert. server - from ACS -and click link to install it locally 2. Log into ACS and install cert into local store 3. DL cert chain from CA to ACS store 4. Tell ACS to use that cert from its store 5. restart ACS 6. log back into ACS and inst

47. Steps to setting up an out-of-band virtual gateway NAS setup
1 AP per 15 -000 sq. feet.
Corrospond to top-menu GUI items (wireless - security - monitor etc)
on the WLC -1. Configure an Access vlan & check the quarentine vlan - giving it the quarentine vlan tag 2. on wired net connect the Quarenteen vlan to the untrusted NAS interface. 3. Connect the access vlan to the trusted int. on the nas 4. config sn
Only when all the RADIUS servers defined globally are unreachable. (ie. even if not called out under WLAN-->AAA - the global RADIUS servers will be used instead of local profile)

48. Encryption algorithm used by Certificates
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors
1. PMK is only valid for 1 hour -- CCKM creates a main key & derives secondary keys. These secondary keys are sent to all wlc/aps.
Asymetric (public & Private key-pair)
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>

49. How does infrastructure MFP work
WLC generates a Message Integrity Check Information Element (MIC IE) - which includes a sequence # - and aps add it to each mgmt frame. Clients ignore this IE - as they do not understand it.
specifies fast bss transitions by allowing negotiations and requests for wireless resources to occur simultaneously. Does this by allowing for part of the key to be cached (server key) among the network - so full 802.1x auth. isnt required
Nac Guest Server - used for provisioning guest accts - detailed usage reporting - delivery of creds via emai/sms -
Security --> Advanced --> CIDS --> Sensors

50. Switch global config to enable dot1x radius server
dot1x system-auth-control - aaa new-model - aaa authentication dot1x default group radius - radius serve host 10.1.1.2 auth-port 1812 acct port 1813 key <key>
1. disassociation 2. deauthentication 3.QoS (WMM)
x509 cert to establish DTLS capwap control tunnel. It can be either 1. LSC 2. MIC (Mafctr installed cert) or 3. SSC
1. WLC must be defined as a VPN Conentrator - in the NAC config. 2. WLC must be configd to send RADIUS acct. to NAC