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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






2. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






3. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






4. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






5. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






6. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






7. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






8. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






9. S^2






10. When there is an even number of values...






11. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






12. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






13. Is a sample and the associated data points.






14. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






15. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






16. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






17. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






18. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






19. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






20. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






21. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






22. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






23. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






24. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






25. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






26. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






27. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






28. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






29. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






30. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






31. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






32. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






33. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






34. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






35. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






36. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






37. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






38. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






39. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






40. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






41. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






42. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






43. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






44. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






45. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






46. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






47. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






48. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






49. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






50. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.