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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






2. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






3. Cov[X - Y] :






4. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






5. A measurement such that the random error is small






6. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






7. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






8. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






9. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






10. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






11. S^2






12. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






13. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






14. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






15. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






16. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






17. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






18. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






19. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






20. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






21. ?






22. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






23. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






24. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






25. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






26. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






27. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






28. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






29. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






31. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






32. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






33. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






34. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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35. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






36. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






37. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






38. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






39. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






40. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






41. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






42. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






43. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






44. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






45. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






46. A subjective estimate of probability.






47. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






48. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






49. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






50. Have no meaningful rank order among values.