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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






2. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






3. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






4. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






5. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






6. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






7. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






8. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






9. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






10. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






11. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






12. ?






13. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






14. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






15. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






16. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






17. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






18. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






19. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






20. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






21. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






22. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






23. S^2






24. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






25. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






26. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






27. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






28. Another name for elementary event.






29. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






30. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






31. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






32. Var[X] :






33. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






34. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






35. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






36. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






37. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






38. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






39. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






40. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






41. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






42. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






43. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






44. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






45. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






46. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






47. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






48. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






49. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






50. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.