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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






2. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






3. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






4. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






5. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






6. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. ?r






9. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






10. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






11. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






12. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






13. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






14. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






15. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






16. A subjective estimate of probability.






17. E[X] :






18. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






19. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






20. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






21. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






22. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






23. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






24. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






25. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






26. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






27. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






28. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






29. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






30. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






31. When there is an even number of values...






32. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






33. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






34. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






35. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






36. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






37. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






38. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






39. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






40. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






41. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






42. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






43. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






44. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






45. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






46. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






47. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






48. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






49. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






50. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions







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