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Test your basic knowledge |
CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics
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Subjects
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clep
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math
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.
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2. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:
Interval measurements
Divide the sum by the number of values.
Statistical dispersion
Variable
3. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.
A population or statistical population
the population mean
Nominal measurements
covariance of X and Y
4. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.
Joint distribution
Binary data
A Probability measure
A statistic
5. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.
Power of a test
expected value of X
A sampling distribution
applied statistics
6. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values
Estimator
Ordinal measurements
An estimate of a parameter
Type 2 Error
7. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.
Joint probability
Variable
Treatment
That value is the median value
8. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
Divide the sum by the number of values.
hypotheses
A Probability measure
Statistics
9. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.
A random variable
An estimate of a parameter
hypothesis
Binomial experiment
10. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.
Simpson's Paradox
Correlation coefficient
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
the population mean
11. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no
Experimental and observational studies
Coefficient of determination
A sampling distribution
Probability and statistics
12. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called
observational study
Correlation coefficient
descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)
Mutual independence
Individual
Observational study
The Expected value
14. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as
Step 2 of a statistical experiment
A Distribution function
A probability distribution
the sample or population mean
15. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co
Type II errors
Variable
Inferential statistics
Step 1 of a statistical experiment
16. When there is an even number of values...
That is the median value
Skewness
Pairwise independence
Divide the sum by the number of values.
17. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.
Outlier
Posterior probability
The standard deviation
Kurtosis
18. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.
That value is the median value
That is the median value
Type 1 Error
Qualitative variable
19. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)
s-algebras
An event
Atomic event
A data point
20. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.
the population mean
nominal - ordinal - interval - and ratio
Type 1 Error
Pairwise independence
21. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).
Probability density functions
Statistical adjustment
Inferential statistics
hypothesis
22. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.
Joint distribution
experimental studies and observational studies.
The variance of a random variable
Credence
23. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.
The Covariance between two random variables X and Y - with expected values E(X) =
A Statistical parameter
Random variables
Variable
24. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called
inferential statistics
Conditional probability
An estimate of a parameter
quantitative variables
25. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.
Quantitative variable
The sample space
An experimental study
Interval measurements
26. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.
s-algebras
Sampling
Block
Mutual independence
27. S^2
the population variance
Average and arithmetic mean
Seasonal effect
An estimate of a parameter
28. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit
Placebo effect
Sampling
Probability density
Reliable measure
29. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters
Probability and statistics
A random variable
the population mean
Sampling
30. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.
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31. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.
Lurking variable
The sample space
The Expected value
Bias
32. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.
Block
Statistical adjustment
A probability density function
Independent Selection
33. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl
Dependent Selection
Observational study
Inferential
Mutual independence
34. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Ordinal measurements
descriptive statistics
Type 1 Error
Greek letters
35. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data
A probability density function
Step 1 of a statistical experiment
An Elementary event
Posterior probability
36. ?
hypothesis
Valid measure
Correlation coefficient
the population correlation
37. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
Type I errors & Type II errors
A probability space
Ratio measurements
38. E[X] :
expected value of X
Estimator
Correlation coefficient
Conditional distribution
39. Is a sample and the associated data points.
Valid measure
A data set
observational study
Step 2 of a statistical experiment
40. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as
nominal - ordinal - interval - and ratio
categorical variables
Joint distribution
Conditional probability
41. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.
Sampling frame
A Distribution function
The average - or arithmetic mean
Quantitative variable
42. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).
A Random vector
Type I errors & Type II errors
the sample mean - the sample variance s2 - the sample correlation coefficient r - the sample cumulants kr.
Greek letters
43. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.
Binary data
variance of X
Inferential
Average and arithmetic mean
44. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.
Treatment
Variability
Power of a test
A Statistical parameter
45. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.
Sampling frame
Type I errors
Interval measurements
Nominal measurements
46. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o
Observational study
Variability
Binomial experiment
Ordinal measurements
47. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.
Confounded variables
Treatment
A sampling distribution
Simulation
48. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.
Statistical dispersion
the population mean
Sampling frame
Seasonal effect
49. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.
Estimator
A data point
Nominal measurements
observational study
50. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).
An event
Step 1 of a statistical experiment
Statistical inference
variance of X