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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






2. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






3. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






4. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






5. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






6. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






7. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






8. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






9. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






10. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






11. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






12. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






13. When there is an even number of values...






14. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






15. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






16. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






17. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






18. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






19. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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20. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






21. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






22. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






23. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






24. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






25. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






26. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






27. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






28. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






29. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






32. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






33. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






34. Var[X] :






35. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






36. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






37. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






38. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






39. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






40. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






41. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






42. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






43. S^2






44. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






45. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






46. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






47. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






48. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






49. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






50. Another name for elementary event.