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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






2. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






3. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






4. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






5. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






6. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






7. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






8. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






9. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






10. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






11. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






12. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






13. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






14. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






15. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






16. Another name for elementary event.






17. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






18. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






19. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






20. Var[X] :






21. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






22. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






23. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






24. S^2






25. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






26. When there is an even number of values...






27. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






28. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






29. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






30. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






31. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






32. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






33. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






34. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






35. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






36. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






37. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






38. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






39. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






40. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






41. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






42. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






43. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






44. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






45. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






46. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






47. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






48. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






49. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






50. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.