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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






2. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






3. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






4. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






5. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






6. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






7. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






8. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






9. Cov[X - Y] :






10. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






11. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






12. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






13. Another name for elementary event.






14. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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15. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






16. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






17. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






18. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






19. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






20. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






21. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






22. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






23. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






24. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






25. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






26. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






27. ?r






28. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






29. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






30. Var[X] :






31. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






32. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






33. A subjective estimate of probability.






34. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






35. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






36. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






37. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






38. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






39. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






40. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






41. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






42. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






43. E[X] :






44. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






45. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






46.






47. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






48. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






49. A measurement such that the random error is small






50. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.