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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






2. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






3. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






4. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






5. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






6. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






7. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






8. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






9. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






10. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






11. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






12. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






13. ?






14. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






15. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






16. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






17. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






20. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






21. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






22. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






23. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






24. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






25. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






26. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






27. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






28. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






29. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






30. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






31. Var[X] :






32. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






33. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






34. E[X] :






35. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






36. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






37. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






38. When there is an even number of values...






39. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






40. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






41. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






42. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






43. ?r






44. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






45. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






46. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






47. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






48. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






49. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






50. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i