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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






2. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






3. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






4. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






5. Is a sample and the associated data points.






6. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






9. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






10. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






11. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






12. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






13. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






14. ?r






15. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






16. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






17. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






18. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






19. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






20. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






21. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






22. Another name for elementary event.






23. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






24. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






25. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






26. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






27. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






28. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






29. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






30. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






31. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






32. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






33. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






34. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






35. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






36. Var[X] :






37. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






38. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






39. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






40. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






41. ?






42.






43. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






44. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






45. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






46. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






47. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






48. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






49. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






50. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)