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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






2. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






3. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






4. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






5. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






6. When there is an even number of values...






7. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






8. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






9. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






10. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






11. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






12. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






13. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






15. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






16. ?r






17. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






18. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






19. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






20. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






21. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






22. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






23. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






24. Cov[X - Y] :






25. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






26. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






27. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






28. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






29. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






30. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






31. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






32. ?






33. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






34. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






35. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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36. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






37. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






38. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






39. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






40. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






41. A subjective estimate of probability.






42. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






43. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






44. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






45. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






46. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






47. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






48. S^2






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.