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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






2. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






3. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






4. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






5. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






6. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






7. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






8. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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9. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






10. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






11. When there is an even number of values...






12. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






13. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






14. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






15. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






16. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






17. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






18. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






19.






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






21. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






22. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






23. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






24. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






25. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






26. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






27. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






28. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






29. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






30. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






31. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






32. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






33. Var[X] :






34. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






35. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






36. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






37. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






38. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






39. ?r






40. Cov[X - Y] :






41. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






42. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






43. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






44. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






45. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






46. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






47. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






48. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






49. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






50. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively