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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






2. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






3. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






4. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






5. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






6. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






7. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






8. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






9. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






10. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






11. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






12. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






13. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






14. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






15. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






16. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






17. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






18. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






19. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






21. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






22. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






23. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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24. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






25. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






26. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






27. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






28. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






29. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






30. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






31. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






32. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






33. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






34. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






35. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






36. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






37. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






38. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






39. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






40. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






41. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






42. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






43. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






44. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






45. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






46. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






48. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






49. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






50. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.