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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






2. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






5. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






6. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






7. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






8. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






9. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






10. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






11. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






12. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






13. S^2






14. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






15. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






16. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






17. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






18. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






19. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






20. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






21. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






22. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






23. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






24. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






25. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






26.






27. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






28. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






29. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






30. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






31. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






32. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






33. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






34. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






35. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






36. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






37. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






38. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






39. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






40. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






41. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






42. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






43. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






44. A measurement such that the random error is small






45. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






46. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






47. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






48. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






49. E[X] :






50. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.