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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






2. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






3. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






4. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






5. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






6. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






7. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






8. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






9. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






10. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






11. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






12. ?






13. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






14. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






15. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






16. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






17. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






18. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






19. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






20. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






21. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






22. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






23. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






24. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






25. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






26. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






27. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






28. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






29. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






30. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






31. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






32.






33. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






34. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






35. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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36. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






37. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






38. Another name for elementary event.






39. Var[X] :






40. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






41. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






42. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






43. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






44. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






45. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






46. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






47. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






48. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






49. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






50. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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