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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. S^2






2. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






5. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






6. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






7. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






8. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






9. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






10. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






11. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






12. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






13. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






14. E[X] :






15. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






16. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






17. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






18. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






19. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






20. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






21. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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22. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






23. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






24. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






25. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






26. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






27. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






28. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






29. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






30.






31. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






32. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






33. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






34. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






35. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






36. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






37. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






38. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






39. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






40. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






41. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






42. When there is an even number of values...






43. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






44. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






45. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






46. Cov[X - Y] :






47. Var[X] :






48. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






49. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






50. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.