Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






2. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






3. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






4. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






5. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






6. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






7. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






8. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






9. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






10. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






11. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






12. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






13. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






14. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






15. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






16. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






17. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






18. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






19. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






20. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






21. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






22. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






23. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






24. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






25. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






26. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






27. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






28. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






29. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






30.






31. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






32. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






33. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






34. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






35. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






36. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






37. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






38. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






39. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






40. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






41. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






42. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






43. Is a sample and the associated data points.






44. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






45. S^2






46. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






47. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






48. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






49. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






50. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -