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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






2. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






3. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






4. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






5. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






6. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






7. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






8. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






9. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






10. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






11. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






12.






13. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






14. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






15. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






16. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






17. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






18. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






19. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






20. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






21. ?r






22. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






23. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






24. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






25. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






26. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






27. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






28. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






29. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






30. A measurement such that the random error is small






31. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






32. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






33. When there is an even number of values...






34. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






35. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






36. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






37. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






38. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






39. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






40. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






41. A subjective estimate of probability.






42. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






43. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






44. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






45. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






46. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






47. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






48. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






49. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






50. Another name for elementary event.