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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






2. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






3. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






4. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






5.






6. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






7. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






8. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






10. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






11. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






12. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






13. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






14. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






15. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






16. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






17. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






18. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






19. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






20. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






21. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






22. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






23. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






24. E[X] :






25. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






26. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






27. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






28. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






29. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






30. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






31. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






32. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






33. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






34. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






35. Another name for elementary event.






36. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






37. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


38. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






39. ?r






40. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






41. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






42. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






43. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






44. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






45. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






46. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






47. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






48. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






49. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






50. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized: