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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a sample and the associated data points.






2. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






3. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






4. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






5. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






6. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






7. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






8. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






9. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






10. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






11. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


12. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






13. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






14. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






15. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






16. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






17. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






18. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






19. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






20. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






21. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






22. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






23. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






24. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






25. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






26. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






27. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






28. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






29. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






30. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






31. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






32. Another name for elementary event.






33. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






34. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






35. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






36. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






37. A measurement such that the random error is small






38. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






39. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






40. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






41. S^2






42. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






43. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






44. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






45. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






46. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






47. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






48. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






49. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






50. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.