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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






2. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






3. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






4. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






5. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






6. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






7. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






8. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






9. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






10. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






11. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






12. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






13. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






14. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






15. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






16. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






19. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






20. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






21. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






22. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






23. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






24. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






25. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






26. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






27. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






28. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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29. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






30. Var[X] :






31. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






32. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






33. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






34. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






35. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






36. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






37. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






38. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






39. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






40. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






41. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






42. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






43. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






44. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






45. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






46. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






47. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






48. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






49. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






50. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.