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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






4. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






5. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






6. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






7. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






8. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






9. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






10. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






11. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






12. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






13. Var[X] :






14. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






17. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






18. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






19. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






20. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






21. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






22. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






25. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






26. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






27. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






28. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






29. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






30. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






31. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






32. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






33. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






36. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






37. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






38. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






39. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






40. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






41. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






42. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






43. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






44. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






45. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






46. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






47. A subjective estimate of probability.






48. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






49. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






50. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.