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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






2. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






3. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






4. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






5. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






6. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






9. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






10. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






11. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






12. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






13. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






14. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






15. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






16. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






17. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






18. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






20. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






21. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






22. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






23. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






24. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






27. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






28. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






29. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






30. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






31. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






32. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






33. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






34. Cov[X - Y] :






35. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






36. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






37. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






38. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






39. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






40.






41. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






42. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






43. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






44. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






45. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






46. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






47. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






48. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






49. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






50. A subjective estimate of probability.