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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






2. S^2






3. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






4. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






5. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






6. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






7. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






8. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






9. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






10. When there is an even number of values...






11. A measurement such that the random error is small






12. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






13. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






14. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






15. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






16. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






17. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






18. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






19. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






20. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






21. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






22. Is a sample and the associated data points.






23. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






24. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






25. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






26. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






27. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






28. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






29. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






30. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






31. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






32. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






33. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






34. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






35. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






36. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






37. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






38. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






39. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






40. E[X] :






41. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






42. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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43. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






44. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






45. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






46. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






47. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






48. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






49. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






50. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.







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