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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






2. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






3. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






4. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






5. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






6. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






7. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






8. S^2






9. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






10. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






11. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






12. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






13. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






14. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






15. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






16. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






17. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






18. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






19. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






20. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






21. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






22. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






23. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






24. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






25. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






26. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






27. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






28. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






29. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






30. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






31. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






32. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






33. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






34. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






35. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






36. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






37. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






38. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






39. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






40. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






41. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






42. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






43. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






44. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






45. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






46. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






47. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






48. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






49. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






50. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.