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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






2. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






3. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






4. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






5. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






6. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






7. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






8. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






9. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






10. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






11. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






12. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






13. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






14. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






15. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






16. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






17. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






18. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






19. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






20. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






21. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






22. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






25. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






26. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






27. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






28. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






29. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






30. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






31. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






32. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






35. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






36. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






37. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






38. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






39. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






40. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






41. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






42. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






43. E[X] :






44. Is a sample and the associated data points.






45. Var[X] :






46. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






47. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






48. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






49. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






50. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.