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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






2. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






3. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






4. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






5. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






6. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






7. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






8. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






9. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






10. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






11. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






12. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






13. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






14. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






15. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






16. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






17. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






20. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






21. Var[X] :






22. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






23. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






24. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






25. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






26. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






27. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






28. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






29. Is a sample and the associated data points.






30. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






31. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






32. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






33. ?






34. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






35. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






36. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






37. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






38. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






39. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






40. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






41. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






42. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






43. A subjective estimate of probability.






44. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






45. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






46. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






47. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






48. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






49. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






50. Cov[X - Y] :