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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






2. ?






3. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






4. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






5. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






6. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






7. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






8. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






9. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






10. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






11. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






12. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






13. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






14. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






15. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






16. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






17. A subjective estimate of probability.






18. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






19. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






20. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






21. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






22. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






23. E[X] :






24. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






25. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






26. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






27. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






28. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






29. A measurement such that the random error is small






30. Cov[X - Y] :






31. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






32. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






33. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






34. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






35. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






36. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






37. When there is an even number of values...






38. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






39. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






40. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






41. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






42. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






43. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






44. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






45. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






46. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






47. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






48. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






49. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






50. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.







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