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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. ?r






2. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






3. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






4. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






5. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






6. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






7. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






8. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






9. Another name for elementary event.






10. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






11. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






12. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






13. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






14. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






15. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






16. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






17. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






18. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






19. Var[X] :






20. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






21. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






22. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






23. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






24. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






25. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






26. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






27. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






28. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






29. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






30. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






31. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






32. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






33. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






34. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






35. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






36. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






37. S^2






38. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






39. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






40. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


41. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






42. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






43. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






44. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






45. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






46. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






47. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






48. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






49. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






50. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.