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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






2. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






3. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






4. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






5. A subjective estimate of probability.






6. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






7. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






8. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






9. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






10. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






11. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






12. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






13. Is a sample and the associated data points.






14. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






15. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






16. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






17. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






18. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






19. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






20. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






21. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






22. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






23. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






24. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






25. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






26. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






27. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






28. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






29. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






30. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






31. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






32. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






35. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






36. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






37. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






39. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






40. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






41. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






42. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






43. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






44. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






45. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






46. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






47. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






48. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






49. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






50. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).