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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






2. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






3. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






4. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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5. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






6. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






7. Another name for elementary event.






8. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






9. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






10. ?






11. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






12. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






13. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






14. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






15. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






16. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






17. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






18. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






19. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






20. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






21. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






22. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






23. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






24. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






25. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






26. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






27. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






28. Is a sample and the associated data points.






29. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






30. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






31. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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32. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






33. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






34. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






35. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






36. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






37. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






39. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






40. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






41. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






42. S^2






43. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






44. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






45. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






46. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






47. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






48. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






49. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






50. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.