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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






2. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






3. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






4. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






5. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






6. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






7. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






8. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






9. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






10. A measurement such that the random error is small






11. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






12. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






13. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






14. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






15. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






16. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






17. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






18. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






19. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






20. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






21. Cov[X - Y] :






22. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






23. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






24. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






25. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






26. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






27. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






28. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






29. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






30. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






31. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






32. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






33. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






34. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






35. ?r






36. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






37. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






38. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






39. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






40. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






41. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






42. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






43. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






44. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






45. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






46. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






48. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






49. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






50. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.