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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






2. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






3. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






4. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






5. When there is an even number of values...






6. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






7. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






8. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






9. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






10. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






11. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






12. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






13. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






14. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






15. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






16. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






17. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






19. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






20. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






21. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






22. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






23. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






24. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






27. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






28. A subjective estimate of probability.






29. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






30. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






31. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






32. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






33. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






34. ?r






35. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






36. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






37. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






38. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






39. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






40. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






41. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






42. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






43. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






44. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






45. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






46. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






47. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






48. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






49. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






50. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized: