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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






2. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






3. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






4. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






5. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






6. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






7. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






8. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






9. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






10. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






11. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






12. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






14. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






15. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






16. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






17. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






18. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






19. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






20. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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21. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






22. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






23. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






24. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






25. ?






26. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






27. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






28. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






29. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






30. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






31. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






32. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






33. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






34. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






35. When there is an even number of values...






36. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






37. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






38. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






39. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






40. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






41. E[X] :






42. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






43. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






44. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






47. Another name for elementary event.






48. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






49. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






50. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions