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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






4. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






5. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






6. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






7. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






8. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






9. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






10. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






11. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






12. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






13. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






14. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






15. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






16. S^2






17. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






18. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






19. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






20. A subjective estimate of probability.






21. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






22. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






23. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






24. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






27. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






28. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






29. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






30. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






31. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






32. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






33. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






34. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






35. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






36. When there is an even number of values...






37. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






38.






39. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






40. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






41. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






42. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






43. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






44. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






45. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






46. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






47. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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48. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






49. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






50. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.