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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






2. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






3. S^2






4. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






5. Is a sample and the associated data points.






6. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






7. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






8. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






9. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






10. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






11. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






12. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






13. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






14. ?






15. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






16. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






17. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






18. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






19. A measurement such that the random error is small






20. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






21. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






22. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






23. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






24. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






25. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






26. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






27. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






28. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






29. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






30. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






31. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






32. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






33. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






34. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






35. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






36. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






37. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






38. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






39. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






40. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






41. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






42. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






43. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






44. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






45. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






46. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






47. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






48. Var[X] :






49. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






50. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.