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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






2. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






3. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






4. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






5. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






6. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






7. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






8. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






9. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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10. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






11. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






12. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






13. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






14. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






15. Another name for elementary event.






16. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






17. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






18. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






19. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






20. ?






21. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






22. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






23. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






24. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






25. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






26. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






27. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






28. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






29. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






30. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






31. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






32. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






33. When there is an even number of values...






34. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






35. A measurement such that the random error is small






36. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






37. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






38. Cov[X - Y] :






39. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






40. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






41. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






42. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






43. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






44. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






45. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






46. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






47. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






48. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






49. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.