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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






2. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






3. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






4. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






5. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






6. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






7. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






8. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






9. Cov[X - Y] :






10.






11. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






12. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






13. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






14. ?






15. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






16. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






17. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






18. A measurement such that the random error is small






19. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






20. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






21. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






22. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






25. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






26. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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27. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






28. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






29. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






30. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






31. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






32. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






33. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






34. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






35. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






36. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






37. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






38. Another name for elementary event.






39. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






40. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






41. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






42. S^2






43. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






44. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






47. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






48. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






49. A subjective estimate of probability.






50. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.