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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






2. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






3. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






4. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






5. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






6. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






7. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






8. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






9. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






10. E[X] :






11. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






12. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






15. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






16. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






17. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






18. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






19. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






20. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






21. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






22. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






23. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






24. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






25. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






26. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






27. S^2






28. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






29. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






30. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






31. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






32. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






33. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






34. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






35. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






36. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






37. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






38. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






39. Cov[X - Y] :






40. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






41. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






42. Var[X] :






43. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






44. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






45. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






46. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






47. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






48. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






49. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






50. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.