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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






4. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






5. A measurement such that the random error is small






6. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






7. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






8. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






9. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






10. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






11. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






12. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






13. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






14. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






15. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






16. Cov[X - Y] :






17. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






18. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






19. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






20. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






21. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






22. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






23. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






24. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






25. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






26. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






27. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






28. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






29. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






30. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






31. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






32. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






33. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






34. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






35. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






36. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






37. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






38. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






39. E[X] :






40. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






41. A subjective estimate of probability.






42. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






43. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






44. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






45. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






46. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






47. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






48. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






49. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






50. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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