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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






2. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






3. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






4. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






5. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






6. ?r






7. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






8. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






9. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






10. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






11. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






12. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






13. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






14. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






15. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






17. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






18. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






19. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






20. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






21. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






22. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






23. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






24. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






25. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






26. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






27. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






28. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






29. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






30. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






31. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






32. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






33. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






34. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






35. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






36. A subjective estimate of probability.






37. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






38. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






39. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






40. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






41. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






42. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






43. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






44. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






45. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






46. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






47. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






48. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






49. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






50. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.