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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






2. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






3. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






4. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






5. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






6. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






7. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






8. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






9. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






10. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






11. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






12. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






13. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






14. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






15. ?r






16.






17. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






18. Var[X] :






19. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






20. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






21. S^2






22. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






23. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






24. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






25. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






26. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






27. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






28. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






29. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






30. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






31. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






32. When there is an even number of values...






33. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






34. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






35. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






36. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






37. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






38. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






39. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






40. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






41. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






42. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






43. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






44. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






45. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






46. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






47. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






48. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






49. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






50. ?