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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






2. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






3. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






4. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






5. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






6. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






7. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






8. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






9. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






10. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






11. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






12. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






13. E[X] :






14. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






15. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






16. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






17. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






18. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






19. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






20. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






21. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






22. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






23. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






24. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






25. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






26. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






27. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






28. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






29. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






30. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






31. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






32. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






33. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






34. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






35. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






36. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






37. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






38. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






39. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






40. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






41. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






42. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






43. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






44. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






45. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






46. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






47. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






48. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






49. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






50. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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