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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






2. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






3. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






4. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






5. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






6. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






7. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






8. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






9. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






10. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






11. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






12. ?r






13. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






14. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






17. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






18. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






19. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






20. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






21. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






22. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






23. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






24. A subjective estimate of probability.






25. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






26. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






27. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






28. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






29. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






30. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






31. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






32. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






33. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






34. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






35. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






36. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






37. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






38. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






39. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






40. S^2






41. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






42. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






43. Another name for elementary event.






44. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






45. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






46. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






47. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






48. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






49. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






50. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics







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