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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. A measurement such that the random error is small






4. ?






5. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






6. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






7. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






8. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






9. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






10. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






11. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


12. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






13. Another name for elementary event.






14. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






15. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






16. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






17. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






18. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






19. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






20. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






21. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






22. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






23. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






24. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






25. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






26. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






27. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






28. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






29. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






30. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






31. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


32. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






33. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






34. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






35. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






36. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






37. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






38. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






39. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






40. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






41. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






42. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






43. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






44. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






45.






46. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






47. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






48. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






49. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.