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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






2. ?r






3. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






4. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






5. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






6. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






7. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






8. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






9. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






10. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






11. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






12. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






13. Cov[X - Y] :






14. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






15. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






16. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






17. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






18. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






19. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






20. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






21. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






22. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






23. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






24. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






25. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






26. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






27. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






28. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






29. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






30. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






31. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






32. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






33. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






34. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






35. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






36. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






37. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






38. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






39. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






40. A subjective estimate of probability.






41. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






42. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






43. Is a sample and the associated data points.






44. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






45. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






46. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






47. S^2






48. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






49. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






50. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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