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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






2. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






3. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






4. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






5. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






6. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






7. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






8. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






9. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






10. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






11. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






12. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






13. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






14. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






15. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






16. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






17. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






18. Is a sample and the associated data points.






19. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






20. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






21. S^2






22. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






23. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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24. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






25. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






26. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






27. ?






28. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






29. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






30. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






31. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






32. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






35. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






36. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






37. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






38. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






39. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






40. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






41. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






42. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






43. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






44. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






45. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






46. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






47. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






48. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






49. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






50. Cov[X - Y] :