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Test your basic knowledge |
CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics
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Subjects
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clep
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math
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.
Quantitative variable
Simple random sample
Trend
Law of Large Numbers
2. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl
Type 1 Error
experimental studies and observational studies.
Simpson's Paradox
Mutual independence
3. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.
A Statistical parameter
Sample space
Descriptive
The Mean of a random variable
4. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to
s-algebras
hypotheses
Joint distribution
The Range
5. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.
Sampling
Probability density
Reliable measure
Dependent Selection
6. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.
Variable
A probability density function
hypotheses
Type II errors
7. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
categorical variables
The Range
Type 2 Error
Correlation coefficient
8. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.
Inferential statistics
Law of Parsimony
An Elementary event
Atomic event
9. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.
The median value
Kurtosis
A probability space
Marginal probability
10. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.
A data set
A Statistical parameter
The Mean of a random variable
the population correlation
11. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called
descriptive statistics
Posterior probability
Marginal distribution
The average - or arithmetic mean
12. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.
Block
Kurtosis
Beta value
A probability distribution
13. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:
Type I errors & Type II errors
A population or statistical population
A probability space
The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x1 - x2 - ... - xn
14. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.
An Elementary event
Coefficient of determination
Independent Selection
Simple random sample
15. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.
Conditional probability
Statistical inference
Prior probability
The average - or arithmetic mean
16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).
Coefficient of determination
Pairwise independence
Alpha value (Level of Significance)
Greek letters
17. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no
Parameter
Probability and statistics
A sample
Type 1 Error
18. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.
A probability distribution
The average - or arithmetic mean
A probability density function
Statistical dispersion
19. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i
Variability
Independence or Statistical independence
Simple random sample
quantitative variables
20. Var[X] :
The median value
Observational study
A probability space
variance of X
21. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
P-value
Marginal probability
Likert scale
Divide the sum by the number of values.
22. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.
quantitative variables
The median value
Independent Selection
the population mean
23. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit
Probability density
The variance of a random variable
the population mean
Independence or Statistical independence
24. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.
Coefficient of determination
Statistical inference
An event
Probability density
25. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions
Statistical dispersion
A probability distribution
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
experimental studies and observational studies.
26. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by
Likert scale
A probability distribution
the population cumulants
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
27. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.
The Expected value
Count data
An estimate of a parameter
Experimental and observational studies
28. Have no meaningful rank order among values.
Nominal measurements
Valid measure
Correlation
Placebo effect
29. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.
Confounded variables
Dependent Selection
Coefficient of determination
Power of a test
30. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.
methods of least squares
Placebo effect
Binary data
Coefficient of determination
31. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.
A data set
Law of Large Numbers
Descriptive statistics
Power of a test
32. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
A probability space
Estimator
Type 1 Error
The variance of a random variable
33. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively
Individual
Greek letters
Cumulative distribution functions
Residuals
34. When there is an even number of values...
Power of a test
That is the median value
quantitative variables
Credence
35. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.
Inferential statistics
Qualitative variable
That is the median value
Confounded variables
36. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a
Step 2 of a statistical experiment
Kurtosis
Dependent Selection
A data point
37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise
applied statistics
An event
Simple random sample
Divide the sum by the number of values.
38. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.
Joint distribution
Variability
The variance of a random variable
Statistical adjustment
39. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as
quantitative variables
Law of Large Numbers
Lurking variable
Type I errors
40. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.
A data point
A probability distribution
Sampling frame
The median value
41. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.
Correlation coefficient
Divide the sum by the number of values.
The standard deviation
Binomial experiment
42. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data
Random variables
The variance of a random variable
Treatment
Ratio measurements
43. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present
Step 3 of a statistical experiment
A sampling distribution
The standard deviation
A random variable
44. ?
Valid measure
the population correlation
Bias
A data point
45. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).
the population correlation
Cumulative distribution functions
Skewness
Sampling
46. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.
Marginal distribution
Residuals
s-algebras
Sampling Distribution
47. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.
Placebo effect
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
Simulation
the population correlation
48. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.
A random variable
The Mean of a random variable
Coefficient of determination
Prior probability
49. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.
A probability space
Kurtosis
descriptive statistics
That value is the median value
50. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
Alpha value (Level of Significance)
Prior probability
Statistical adjustment
Descriptive