Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






2. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






3. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






4. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






5. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






6. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






7. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






8. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






9. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






10. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






11. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






12. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






13. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






14. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






15. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






16. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






17. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






20. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






21. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






22. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






23. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






24. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






25. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






26. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






27. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






28. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






29. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






30. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






31. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






32. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






33. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






34. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






35. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






36. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






37. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






38. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






39. S^2






40. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






41. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






42. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






43. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






44. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






45. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






46. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






47. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






48. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






49. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






50. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.