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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






2. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






3. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






4. Another name for elementary event.






5. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






6. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






7. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






8. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






9. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






10. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






11. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






12. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






13. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






14. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






15. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






16. Is a sample and the associated data points.






17. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






18. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






19. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






20. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






21. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






22. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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23. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






24. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






25. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






26. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






27. ?r






28. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






29. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






30. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






31. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






32. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






33. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






36. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






37. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






39. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






40. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






41. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






42. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






43. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






44. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






46. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






47. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






48. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






49. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






50. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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