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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






2. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






3. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






4. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






5. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






6. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






7. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






8. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






9. A measurement such that the random error is small






10.






11. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






12. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






13. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






14. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






15. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






16. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






17. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






18. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






19. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






20. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






21. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






22. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






23. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






24. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






25. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






26. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






27. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






28. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






29. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






30. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






31. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






32. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






33. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






34. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






35. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






36. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






37. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






38. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






39. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






40. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






41. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






42. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






43. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






44. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






45. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






46. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






47. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






48. Another name for elementary event.






49. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






50. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co







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