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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






2. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






3. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






4. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






5. S^2






6. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






7. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






8. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






9. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






10. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






11. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






12. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






13. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






14. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






15. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






16. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






17. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






18. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






19. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






20. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






21. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






22. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






23. Var[X] :






24. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






25. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






26. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






27. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






28. ?r






29. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






30. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






31. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






32. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






33. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






34. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






35. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






36. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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37. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






38. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






39. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






40. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






41. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






42. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






43. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






44. Is a sample and the associated data points.






45. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






46. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






47. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






48. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






49. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






50. Cov[X - Y] :