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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






2. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






3. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






4. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






5. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






6. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






7. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






8. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






10. A measurement such that the random error is small






11. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






12. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






13. Cov[X - Y] :






14. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






15. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






16. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






17. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






18. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






19. S^2






20. When there is an even number of values...






21. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






22. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






23. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






24. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






25. A subjective estimate of probability.






26. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






27. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






28. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






29. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






30. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






31. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






32. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






33. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






34. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






35. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






36. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






37. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






38. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






39. Var[X] :






40. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






41. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






42. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






43. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






44. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






45. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






46. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






47. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






48. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






49. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






50. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.