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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






4. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






5. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






6. ?r






7. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






8. Is a sample and the associated data points.






9. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






10. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






11. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






12. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






13. A subjective estimate of probability.






14. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






15. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






16. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






17. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






18. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






19. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






20. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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21. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






22. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






23. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






24. E[X] :






25. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






26. S^2






27. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






28. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






29. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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30. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






31. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






32. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






33. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






34. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






35. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






36. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






37. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






38. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






39. Var[X] :






40. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






41. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






42. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






43. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






44. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






45. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






46. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






47. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






48. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






49. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






50. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data