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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a sample and the associated data points.






2. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






3. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






4. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


5. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






6. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






7. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






8. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






9. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






10. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






11. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






12. E[X] :






13. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






14. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






15. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






16. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






17. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






18. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






19. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






20. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






21. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






22. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






23. ?r






24. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






25. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






26. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






27. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






28. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






29. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






32. A subjective estimate of probability.






33. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






34. When there is an even number of values...






35. A measurement such that the random error is small






36. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






37. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






38. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






39. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






40. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






41. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






42. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






43. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






44. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






45. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






46. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






47. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






48. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






49. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






50. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.