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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






2. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






5. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






6. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






7. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






8. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






9. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






10. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






11. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






12. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






13. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






14. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






15. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






16. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






17. ?






18. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






19. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






20. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






21. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






22. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






23. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






24. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






25. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






26. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






27. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






28. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






29. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






30. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






31. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






32. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






33. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






34. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






35. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






36. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






37. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






38. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






39. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






40. E[X] :






41. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






42. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






43. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






44. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






45. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






46. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






47. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






48. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






49. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






50. ?r