Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Another name for elementary event.






2. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






3. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






4. Var[X] :






5. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






6. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






7. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






8. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






9. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






10. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






11. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






12. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






13. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






14. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






15. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






16. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






17. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






18. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






19. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






20. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






21. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






22. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






23. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






24. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






25. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






26. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






27. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






28. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






29. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






30. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






31. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






32. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






33. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






34. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






35. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






36. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






37. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






38. ?






39. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






40. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






41. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






42. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






43. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






44. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






45. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






46. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






47. A measurement such that the random error is small






48. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






49. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






50. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise