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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






2. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






3. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






4. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






5. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






6. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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7. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






8. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






9. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






10. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






11. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






12. ?






13. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






14. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






15. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






16. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






17. E[X] :






18. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






19. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






20. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






21. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






22. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






23. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






24. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






25. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






26. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






27. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






28. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






29. S^2






30. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






31. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






32. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






33. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






34. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






35. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






36. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






37. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






38. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






39. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






40. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






41. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






42. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






43. Var[X] :






44. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






45. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






46. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






47. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






48. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






49. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






50. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.







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