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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






2. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






3. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






4. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






5. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






6. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






7. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






8. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






9. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






10. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






11. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






12. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






13. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






14. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






15. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






16. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






17. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






18. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






19. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






20. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






21. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






22. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






23. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






24. E[X] :






25. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






26. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






27. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






28. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






29. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






30. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






31. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






32. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






33. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






34. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






35. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






36. ?






37. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






38. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






39. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






40. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






41. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






42. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






43. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






44. Cov[X - Y] :






45. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






46. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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47. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






48. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






49. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






50. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions