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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






2. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






3. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






4. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






5. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






6. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






7. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






8. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






9. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






10. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






11. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






12. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






13. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






14. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






15. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






16. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






17. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






18. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






19. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






20. E[X] :






21. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






22. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






23. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






24. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






25. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






26.






27. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






28. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






29. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






30. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






31. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






32. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






33. Var[X] :






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






36. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






38. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






39. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






40. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






41. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






42. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






43. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






44. ?r






45. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






46. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






47. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






48. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






49. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






50. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.