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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






2. Cov[X - Y] :






3. ?r






4. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






5. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






6. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






7. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






8. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






9. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






10. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






11. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






12. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






13. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






14. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






17. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






18. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






19. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






20. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






21. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






22. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






23. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






24. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






25. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






26. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






27. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






28. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






29. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






30. ?






31. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






32. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






33. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






34. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






35. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






36. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






37. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






38. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






39. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






40. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






41. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






42. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






43. E[X] :






44. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






47. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






48. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






49. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






50. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.







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