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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






2. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






3. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






4. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






5. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






6. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






7. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






8. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






9. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






10. ?






11. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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12. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






13. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






14. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






15. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






16. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






17. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






18. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






19. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






20. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






21. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






22. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






23. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






24. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






25. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






26. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






27. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






28. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






29. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






30. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






31. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






32. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






33. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






34. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






35. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






36. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






37. S^2






38. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






39. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






40. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






41. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






42. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






43. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






44. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






45. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






46. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






47. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






48. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






49. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






50. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.