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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






2. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






3. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






4. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






5. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






6. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






7. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






8. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






9. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






10. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






11. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






12. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






13. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






14. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






15. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






16. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






17. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






18. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






19. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






20. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






21. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






22. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






23. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






24. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






25. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






26. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






27. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






28. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






29. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






30. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






31. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






32. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






33. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






34. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






35. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






36. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






37. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






38. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






39. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






40. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






41. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






42. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






43. E[X] :






44. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






45. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






46. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






47. Is a sample and the associated data points.






48. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






49. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






50. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.