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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






2. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






3. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






4. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






5. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






6. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






7. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






8. ?r






9. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






10. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






11. ?






12. S^2






13. Cov[X - Y] :






14. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






15. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






16. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






17. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






18. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






19. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






20. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






21. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






22. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






23. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






24. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






25. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






26. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






27. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






28. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






29. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






30. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






31. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






32. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






33. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






34. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






35. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






36. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






37. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






38. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






39. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






40. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






41. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






42. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






43. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






44. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






46. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






47. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






48. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






49. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






50. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris







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