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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






2. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






3. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






4. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






5. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






6. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






7. A subjective estimate of probability.






8. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






9. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






10. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






11. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






12. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






13. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






14. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






15. When there is an even number of values...






16. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






17. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






18. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






19. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






20. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






21. ?r






22. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






23. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






24. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






25. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






26. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






27. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






28. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






29. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






30. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






31. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






32. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






33. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






34. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






35. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






36. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






37. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


38. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






39. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






40. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






41. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






42. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






43. E[X] :






44. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






45. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






46. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






47. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






48. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






49. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






50. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively