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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






2. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






3. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






4. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






5. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






6. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






7. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






8. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






9. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






10. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






11. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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12. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






13. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






14. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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15. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






16. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






17. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






18. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






19. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






20. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






21. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






22. Another name for elementary event.






23. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






24. S^2






25. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






26. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






27. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






28. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






29. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






30. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






31. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






32. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






33. Var[X] :






34. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






35. A subjective estimate of probability.






36. E[X] :






37. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






38. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






39. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






40. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






41. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






42. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






43. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






44. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






45. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






46. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






47. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






48. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






49. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






50. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).







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