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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






2. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






3. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






4. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






5. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






6. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






7. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






8. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






9. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






10. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






11. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






12. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






13. Cov[X - Y] :






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






15. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






16. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






17. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






18. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






19. A subjective estimate of probability.






20. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






21. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






22. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






23. E[X] :






24. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






25. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






26. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






27. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






28. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






29. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






30. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






31. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






32. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






33. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






34. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






35. ?r






36. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






37. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






38. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






39. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






40. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






41. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






42. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






43. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






44. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






45. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






46. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






47. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






48. Var[X] :






49. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






50. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.