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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






2. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






3. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






4. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






5. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






6. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






7. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






8. ?r






9. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






10. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






11. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






12. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






13. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






14. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






15. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






16. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






19. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






20. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






21. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






22. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






23. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






24. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






25. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






26. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






27. Another name for elementary event.






28. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






29. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






30. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






31. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






32. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






33. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






34. When there is an even number of values...






35. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






36. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






38. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






39. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






40. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






41. ?






42. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






43. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






44. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






45. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






46. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






47. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






48. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.