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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






2. E[X] :






3. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






4. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






5. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






6. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






7. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






8. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






9. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






10. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






11. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






12. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






13. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






14. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






15. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






16. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






17. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






18. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






19. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






20. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






21. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






22. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






23. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






24. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






25. ?






26. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






27. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






28. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






29. Var[X] :






30. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






31. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






32. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






33. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






34. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






35. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






36. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






37. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






38. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






39. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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40. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






41. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






42. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






43. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






44. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






45. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






46. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






47. A measurement such that the random error is small






48. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






49. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






50. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called







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