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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






2. Is a sample and the associated data points.






3. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






4. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






5. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






6. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






7. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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8. S^2






9. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






10. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






11. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






12. ?r






13. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






15. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






16. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






17. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






18. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






19. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






20. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






21. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






22. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






23. E[X] :






24. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






25. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






26. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






27. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






28. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






29. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






30. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






31. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






32. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






33. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






34. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






35. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






36. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






37. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






38. A measurement such that the random error is small






39. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






40. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






41. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






42. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






43. Cov[X - Y] :






44. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






45. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






46. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






47. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






48. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






49. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






50. Var[X] :