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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






2. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






3. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






4. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






5. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






6. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






7. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






8. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






9. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






10. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






11. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






12. ?






13. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






14. E[X] :






15. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






16. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






17. A measurement such that the random error is small






18. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






19. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






20. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






21. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






22. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






23. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






24. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






25. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






26. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






27. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






28. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






29. Cov[X - Y] :






30. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






31. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






32. S^2






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






35. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






36. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






37. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






38. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






39. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






40. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






41. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






42. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






43. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






44. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






45. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






46. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






47. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






48. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






49. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






50. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.