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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






2. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






3. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






4. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






5. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






6. E[X] :






7. When there is an even number of values...






8. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






9. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






10. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






11. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






12. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






13. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






14. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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15. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






16. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






17. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






18. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






19. Cov[X - Y] :






20. Another name for elementary event.






21. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






22. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






23. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






24. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






25. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






26. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






27. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






28. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






29. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






30. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






31. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






32. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






33. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






34. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






35. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






36. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






37. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






38. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






39. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






40. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






41. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






42. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






43. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






44. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






45. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






46. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






47. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






48. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






49. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.