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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






2. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






3. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






4. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






5. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






6. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






7. A measurement such that the random error is small






8. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






9. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






10. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






11. ?






12. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






13. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






14. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






15. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






16. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






17. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






18. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






19. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






20. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






21. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






22. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






23. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






24. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






25. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






26. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






27. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






28. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






29. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






30. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






31. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






32. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






33. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






34. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






35. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






36. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






37. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






38. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






39. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






40. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






41. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






42. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






43. E[X] :






44. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






45. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






46. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






47. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






48. Another name for elementary event.






49. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






50. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.