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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






2. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






3. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






4. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






5. ?






6. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






7. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






8. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






9. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






10. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






11. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






12. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






13. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






14. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






17. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






18. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






19. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






20. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






21. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






22. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






23. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






24. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






25. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






26. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






27. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






28. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






29. S^2






30. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






31. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






32. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






33. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






36. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






37. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






38. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






39. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






40. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






41. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






42. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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43. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






44. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






45. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






46. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






47. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






48. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






49. Is a sample and the associated data points.






50. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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