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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






2. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






3. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






4. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






5. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






6. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






7. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






8. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






9. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






10. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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11. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






12. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






14. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






15. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






16. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






17. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






18. S^2






19. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






20. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






21. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






22. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






23. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






24. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






25. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






26. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






27. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






28. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






29. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






30. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






31. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






32. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






33. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






34. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






35. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






36. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






37. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






38. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






39. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






40. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






41. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






42. Cov[X - Y] :






43. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






44. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






45. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






46. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






47. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






48. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






49. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






50. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to







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