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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






2. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






3. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






4. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






5. E[X] :






6. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






7. A subjective estimate of probability.






8. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






9. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






10. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






11. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






12. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






13. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






14. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






15. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






16. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






17. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






18. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






19. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






20. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






21. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






22. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






23. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






24. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






25. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






26. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






27. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






28. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






29. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






30. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






31. When there is an even number of values...






32. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






33. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






34. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






35. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






36. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






37. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






38. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






39. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






40. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






41. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






42. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






43. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






44. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






46. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






47. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






48. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






49. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






50. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers: