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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






2. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






3. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






4. Another name for elementary event.






5. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






6. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






7. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






8. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






9. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






10. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






11. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






12. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






13. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






14. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






15. When there is an even number of values...






16. Cov[X - Y] :






17. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






18. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






19. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






20. A subjective estimate of probability.






21. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






22. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






23. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






24. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






25. A measurement such that the random error is small






26. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






27. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






28. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






29. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






30. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






31. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






32. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






33. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






34. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






35. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






36. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






37. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






38. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






39. E[X] :






40. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






41. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






42. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






43. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






44. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






45. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






46.






47. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






48. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






49. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.