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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






2. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






3. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






4. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






5. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






6. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






7. A measurement such that the random error is small






8. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






9. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






10. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






11. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






12. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






13. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






14. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






15. Var[X] :






16. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






19. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






20. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






21. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






22. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






23. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






24. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






25. ?






26. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






27. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






28. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






29. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






30. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






31. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






32. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






33. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






34. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






35. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






36. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






37. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






38. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






39. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






40. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






41. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






42. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






43. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






44. Another name for elementary event.






45. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






46. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






47. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






48. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






49. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






50. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.