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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






2. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






3. Cov[X - Y] :






4. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






5. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






6. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


9. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






10. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






11. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






12. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






13. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






14. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






15. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






16. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






17. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






18.






19. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






20. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






21. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






22. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






23. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






24. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






25. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






26. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






27. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






28. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






29. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






30. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






31. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






32. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






33. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






34. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






35. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






36. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






37. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






38. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






39. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






40. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






41. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






42. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






43. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






44. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






45. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






46. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






47. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






48. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






49. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






50. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as