Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






2. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






3. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






4. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






5. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






6. Var[X] :






7. ?






8. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






9. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






10. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






11. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






12. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






13. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






14. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






15. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






16. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






17. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






18. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






19. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






20. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






21. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






22. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






23. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






24. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






25. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






26. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






27. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






28. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






29. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






30. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






31. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






32. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






33. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






34. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






35. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






36. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






37. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






38. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






39. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






40. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






41. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


42. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






43. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






44. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






45. ?r






46. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






47. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






48. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






49. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






50. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.