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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






2. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






3. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






4. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






5. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






6. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






7. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






8. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






9. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






10. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






11. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






12. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






13. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






14. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






15. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






17. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






18. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






19. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






20. Var[X] :






21. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






22. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






23. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






24. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






25. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






26. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






27. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






28. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






29. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






30. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






31. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






32. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






33. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






34. When there is an even number of values...






35. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






36. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






38. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






39. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






40. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






41. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






42. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






43. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






44. ?






45. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






46. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






47. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






48. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






49. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






50. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.