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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






2. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






3. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






4. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






5. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






6. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






7. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






8. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






9. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






10. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






11. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






12. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






13. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






14. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






15. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






17. A subjective estimate of probability.






18. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






19. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






20. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






21. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






22. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






23. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






24. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






25. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






26. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






27. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






28. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






29. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






30. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






31. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






32. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






33. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






34. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






35. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






36. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






37. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






38. Cov[X - Y] :






39. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






40. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






41. Another name for elementary event.






42. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






43. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






44. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






45. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






46. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






47. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






48. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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49. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






50. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co