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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






2. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






3. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






4. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






5. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






6. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






7.






8. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






9. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






10. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






11. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






12. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






13. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






14. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






15. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






16. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






17. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






20. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






21. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






22. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






23. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






24. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






25. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






26. Another name for elementary event.






27. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






28. Cov[X - Y] :






29. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






30. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






31. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






32. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






33. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






34. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






35. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






36. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






37. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






38. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






39. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






40. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






41. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






42. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






43. ?






44. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






45. A subjective estimate of probability.






46. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






48. Is a sample and the associated data points.






49. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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50. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.