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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






2. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






3. Cov[X - Y] :






4. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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5. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






6. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






7. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






8. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






9. A subjective estimate of probability.






10. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






11. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






12. ?






13. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






14.






15. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






16. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






17. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






18. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






19. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






20. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






21. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






22. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






23. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






24. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






25. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






26. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






27. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






28. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






29. When there is an even number of values...






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






32. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






33. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






34. Another name for elementary event.






35. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






36. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






37. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






38. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






39. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






40. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






41. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






42. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






43. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






44. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






45. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






46. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






47. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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48. ?r






49. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






50. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.