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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






2. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






3. When there is an even number of values...






4. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






5. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






6. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






7. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






8. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






9. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






10. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






11. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






12. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






13. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






14. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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15. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






16. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






17. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






18. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






19. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






20. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






21. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






22. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






23. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






24. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






25. Is a sample and the associated data points.






26. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






27. Var[X] :






28. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






29. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






30. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






31. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






32. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






33. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






34. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






35. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






36. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






37. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






38. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






39. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






40. Cov[X - Y] :






41. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






42. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






43. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






44. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






45. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






46. A measurement such that the random error is small






47. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






48. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






49. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






50. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.