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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






2. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






3. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






4. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






5. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






6. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






7. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






8. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






9. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






10. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






11. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






12. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






13. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






14. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






15. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






16. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






17. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






18. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






19. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






21. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






22. ?r






23. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






24. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






25.






26. A subjective estimate of probability.






27. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






28. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






29. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






30. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






31. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






32. Cov[X - Y] :






33. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






34. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






35. A measurement such that the random error is small






36. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






37. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






38. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






39. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






40. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






41. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






42. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






43. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






44. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






45. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






46. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






47. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






48. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






49. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






50. Var[X] :