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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When there is an even number of values...






2. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






3. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






4. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






5. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






6. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






7. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






8. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






9. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






10. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






11. S^2






12. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






13. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






14. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






15. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






16. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






17. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






18. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






19. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






20. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






21. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






22. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






23. Var[X] :






24. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






25. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






26. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






27. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






28. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






29. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






30. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






31. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






32. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






33. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






34. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






35. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






36. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






37. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






38. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






39. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






40. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






41. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






42. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






43. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






44. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






45. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






46. Cov[X - Y] :






47. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






48. ?






49. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






50. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.







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