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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Another name for elementary event.






2. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






3. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






4. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






5. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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6. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






7. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






8. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






9. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






10. A measurement such that the random error is small






11. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






12. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






15. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






16. E[X] :






17. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






18. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






19. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






20. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






21. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






22. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






23. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






24. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






25. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






26. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






27. S^2






28. ?r






29. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






30. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






31. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






32. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






33. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






34. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






35. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






36. Var[X] :






37. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






38. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






39. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






40. When there is an even number of values...






41. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






42. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






43. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






44. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






45. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






46.






47. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






48. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






49. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






50. A subjective estimate of probability.







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