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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






2. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






3. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






4. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






5. Another name for elementary event.






6. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






7. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






8. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






9. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






10. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






11. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






12. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






13. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






14. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






15. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






16. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






19. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






20. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






21. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






22. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






23. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






24. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






25. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






26. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






27. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






28. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






29. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






30. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






31. When there is an even number of values...






32. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






33. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






34. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






35. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






36. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






37. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






38. ?






39. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






40. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






41. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






42. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






43. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






44. S^2






45. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






46. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






47. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






48. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






49. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






50. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called