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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






2. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






3. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






4. A subjective estimate of probability.






5. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






6. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






7. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






8. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






9. S^2






10. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






11. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






12. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






13. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






14. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






15. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






16. Another name for elementary event.






17. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






18. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






19. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






20. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






21. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






22. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






23. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






24. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






25. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






26. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






27. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






28. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






29. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






32. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






33. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






34. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






35. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






36. Cov[X - Y] :






37. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






38. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






39. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






40. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






41. Is a sample and the associated data points.






42. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






43. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






44. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






45. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






46. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






47. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






48. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






49. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






50. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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