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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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2. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






3. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






4. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






5. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






6. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






7. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






8. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






9. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






10. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






11. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






12. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






14. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






15. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






16. When there is an even number of values...






17. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






18. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






19. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






20. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






21. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






22. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






23. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






24. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






25. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






26. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






27. S^2






28. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






29. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






30. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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31. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






32. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






33. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






34. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






35. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






36. ?






37. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






38. E[X] :






39. Is a sample and the associated data points.






40. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






41. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






42. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






43. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






44. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






45. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






46. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






47. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






48. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






49. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






50. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).