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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1.






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






4. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






5. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






6. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






7. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






8. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






9. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






10. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






11. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






12. Another name for elementary event.






13. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






14. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






15. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






16. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






17. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






18. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






19. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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20. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






21. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






22. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






23. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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24. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






25. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






26. S^2






27. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






28. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






29. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






30. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






31. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






32. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






33. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






34. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






35. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






36. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






37. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






38. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






39. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






40. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






41. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






42. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






43. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






44. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






45. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






46. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






47. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






48. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






49. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






50. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.