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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






2. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






3. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






4. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






5. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






6. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






7. E[X] :






8. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






9. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






10. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






11. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






12. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






14. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






15. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






16. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






17. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






18. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






19. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






20. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






21. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






22. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






23. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






24. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






25. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






26. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






27. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






28. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






29. Cov[X - Y] :






30. Is a sample and the associated data points.






31. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






32. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






33. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






34. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






35. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






36. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






37. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






38. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






39. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






40. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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41. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






42. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






43. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






44. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






45. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






46. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






47. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






48. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






49. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






50. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.







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