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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






2. A measurement such that the random error is small






3. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






4. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






5. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






6. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






7. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






8. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






9. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






10. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






11. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






12. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






13. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






14. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






15. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






16. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






17. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






20. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






21. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






22. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






23. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






24. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






25. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






26. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






27. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






28. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






29. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






30. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






31. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






32. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






33. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






34. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






35. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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36. ?






37. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






38. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






39. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






40. Cov[X - Y] :






41. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






42. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






43. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






44. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






45. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






46. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






47. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






48. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






49. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






50. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values