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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






2. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






3. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






4. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






5. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






6. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






7. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






8. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






9. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






10. When there is an even number of values...






11. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






12. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






13. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






15.






16. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






17. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






18. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






19. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






20. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






21. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






22. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






25. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






26. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






27. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






28. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






29. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






30. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






31. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






32. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






33. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






34. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






35. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






36. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






37. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






38. A subjective estimate of probability.






39. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






40. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






41. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






42. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






43. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






44. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






45. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






46. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






47. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






48. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






49. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






50. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called







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