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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






2. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






3. S^2






4. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






5. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






6. Another name for elementary event.






7. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






8. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






9. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






10. Is a sample and the associated data points.






11. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






12. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






13. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






14. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






15. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






16. Var[X] :






17. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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18. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






19. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






20. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






21. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






22. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






23. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






24. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






25. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






26. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






27. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






28. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






29. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






30. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






31. A measurement such that the random error is small






32. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






33. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






34. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






35. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






36. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






37. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






38. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






39. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






40. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






41. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






42. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






43. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






44. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






45. ?r






46. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






47. ?






48. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






49. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.