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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Cov[X - Y] :






4. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






5. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






6. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






7. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






8. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






9. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






10. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






11. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






12. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






13. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






14. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






15. ?r






16. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






17. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






18. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






19. ?






20. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






21. Is a sample and the associated data points.






22. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






23. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






24. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






25. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






26. A measurement such that the random error is small






27. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






28. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






29. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






30. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






31. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






32. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






33. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






34. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






35. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






36. E[X] :






37. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






38. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






39. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






40. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






41. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






42. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






43. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






44. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






45. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






46. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






47. When there is an even number of values...






48. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






49. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.







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