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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






2. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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3. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






4. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






5. Cov[X - Y] :






6. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






7. Is a sample and the associated data points.






8. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






9. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






10. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






11. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






12. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






13. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






14. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






15. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






16. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






17. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






18. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






19. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






20. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






21. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






22. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






23. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






24. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






25. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






26. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






27. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






28. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






29. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






30. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






31. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






32. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






33. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






34. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






35. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






36. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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37. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






38. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






39. Another name for elementary event.






40. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






41. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






42. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






43. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






44. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






45. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






46. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






47. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






48. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






49. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






50. ?r