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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






2. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






3. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






4. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






5. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






6. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






7. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






8. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






9. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






10. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






11. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






12. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






15. A subjective estimate of probability.






16. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






17. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






18. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






19. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






20. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






21. Another name for elementary event.






22. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






23. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






24. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






27. Cov[X - Y] :






28. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






29. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






30. A measurement such that the random error is small






31. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






32. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






33. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






34. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






35. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






36. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






37. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






38. When there is an even number of values...






39. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






40. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






41. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






42. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






43. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






44. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






45. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






46. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






47. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






48. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






49. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






50. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values