Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






2. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






3. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






4. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






5. S^2






6. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






7. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






8. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






10. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






11. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






12. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






13. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






14. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






15. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






16. E[X] :






17. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






18. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






20. A measurement such that the random error is small






21. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






22. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






23. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






24. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






25. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






26. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






27. Var[X] :






28. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






29. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






30. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






31. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






32. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






33. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






34. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






35. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






36. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






37. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






38. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






39. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






40. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






41. ?r






42. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






43. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






44. ?






45. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






46. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






47. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






48. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






49. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






50. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present