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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






2. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






3. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






4. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






5. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






6. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






7. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






8. Var[X] :






9. When there is an even number of values...






10. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






11. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






12. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






13. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






14. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






15. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






16. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






17. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






18. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






20. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






21. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






22. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






23. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






24. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






25. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






26. ?r






27. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






28. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






29. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






30. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






31. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






32. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






33. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






34. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






35. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






36. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






37. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






39. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






40. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






41. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






42. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






43. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






44. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






45. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






46. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






47. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






48. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






49. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.