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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






4. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






5. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






6. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






7. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






8. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






9. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






10. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






11. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






12. ?r






13. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






14. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






15. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






16. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






17. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






18. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






19. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






20. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






21. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






22. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






23. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






24. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






25. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






26. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






27. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






28. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






29. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






30. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






31. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






32. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






33. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






34. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






35. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






36. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






37. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






38. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






39. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






40. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






41. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






42. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






43. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






44. Is a sample and the associated data points.






45. When there is an even number of values...






46. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






48. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






49. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






50. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.