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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






2. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






3. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






4. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






5. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






6. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






7. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






8. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






9. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






10. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






11. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






12. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






13.






14. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






15. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






16. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






17. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






18. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






19. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






20. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






21. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






22. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






23. ?r






24. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






25. ?






26. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






27. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






28. Another name for elementary event.






29. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






30. When there is an even number of values...






31. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






32. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






33. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






34. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






35. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






36. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






37. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






38. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






39. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






40. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






41. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






42. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






43. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






44. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






45. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






46. E[X] :






47. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






48. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






49. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






50. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.