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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. ?






2. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






5. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






6. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. A subjective estimate of probability.






9. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






10. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






11. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






12. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






13. Cov[X - Y] :






14. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






15. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






16. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






17. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






18. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






19. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






20. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






21. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






22. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






23. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






24. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






25. Is a sample and the associated data points.






26. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






27. ?r






28. A measurement such that the random error is small






29. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






30. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






31. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






32. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






33. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






34. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






35. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






36. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






37. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






38. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






39.






40. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






41. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






42. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






43. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






44. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






45. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






46. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






47. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






48. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






49. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






50. Another name for elementary event.







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