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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






2. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






3. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






4. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






5. Another name for elementary event.






6. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






7. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






8. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






9. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






10. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






11. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






12. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






13. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






14. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






15. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






16. Cov[X - Y] :






17. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






18. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






19. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






20. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






21. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






22. ?






23. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






24. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






25. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






26. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






27. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






28. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






29. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






30. Is a sample and the associated data points.






31. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






32. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






33. A subjective estimate of probability.






34. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






35. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






36. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






37. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






38. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






39. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






40. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






41. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






42. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






43. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






44. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






45. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






46. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






47. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






48. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






49. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






50. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.







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