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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






2.






3. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






4. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






5. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






6. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






7. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






8. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






9. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






10. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






11. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






12. When there is an even number of values...






13. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






14. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






15. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






16. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






17. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






18. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






19. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






20. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






21. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






22. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






23. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






24. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






25. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






26. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






27. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






28. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






29. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






30. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






31. Cov[X - Y] :






32. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






33. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






34. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






35. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






36. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






37. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






38. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






39. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






40. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






41. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






42. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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43. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






44. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






45. Is a sample and the associated data points.






46. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






47. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






48. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






49. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






50. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).