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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






2. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






3. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






4. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






5. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






6. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






7. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






8. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






9. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






10. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






11. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






12. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






13. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






14. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






15. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






16. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






17. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






18. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






19. Var[X] :






20. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






21. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






22. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






23. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






24. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






25. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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26. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






27. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






28. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






29. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






30. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






31.






32. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






33. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






34. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






35. When there is an even number of values...






36. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






37. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






38. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






39. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






40. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






41. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






42. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






43. Cov[X - Y] :






44. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






45. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






46. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






47. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






48. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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