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Test your basic knowledge |
CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics
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Subjects
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clep
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math
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as
Kurtosis
Pairwise independence
Independence or Statistical independence
quantitative variables
2. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.
observational study
The sample space
Reliable measure
Correlation coefficient
3. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.
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4. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.
Kurtosis
A statistic
Law of Large Numbers
A Statistical parameter
5. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.
Likert scale
Marginal probability
Alpha value (Level of Significance)
Independent Selection
6. Have no meaningful rank order among values.
Nominal measurements
the population correlation
Marginal distribution
Binomial experiment
7. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.
Count data
An experimental study
A probability space
covariance of X and Y
8. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.
Statistical inference
Simple random sample
A data point
Nominal measurements
9. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics
That value is the median value
Statistical inference
Binomial experiment
the sample mean - the sample variance s2 - the sample correlation coefficient r - the sample cumulants kr.
10. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.
hypotheses
Mutual independence
s-algebras
Trend
11. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.
Posterior probability
Variable
Statistic
The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x1 - x2 - ... - xn
12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values
Average and arithmetic mean
quantitative variables
Descriptive statistics
Ratio measurements
13. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).
The sample space
Estimator
An event
Conditional distribution
14. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
categorical variables
Nominal measurements
Type 2 Error
observational study
15. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects
Treatment
Mutual independence
the sample or population mean
The Covariance between two random variables X and Y - with expected values E(X) =
16. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.
Step 2 of a statistical experiment
Count data
Descriptive
descriptive statistics
17. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise
Null hypothesis
That is the median value
Divide the sum by the number of values.
applied statistics
18. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data
Posterior probability
An Elementary event
Marginal distribution
The average - or arithmetic mean
19. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters
Marginal probability
Step 1 of a statistical experiment
the population mean
Power of a test
20. Another name for elementary event.
Descriptive statistics
A sampling distribution
Atomic event
Conditional distribution
21. A subjective estimate of probability.
Law of Parsimony
Reliable measure
Binary data
Credence
22. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.
f(z) - and its cdf by F(z).
Outlier
the population variance
Kurtosis
23. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.
Marginal probability
covariance of X and Y
observational study
The median value
24. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.
Outlier
Type 1 Error
Observational study
A sampling distribution
25. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.
Probability and statistics
Type I errors & Type II errors
Parameter
That value is the median value
26. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.
the sample or population mean
Quantitative variable
Inferential
A probability density function
27. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.
A Distribution function
hypotheses
Standard error
Interval measurements
28. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.
Variability
Trend
Step 3 of a statistical experiment
Probability and statistics
29. Var[X] :
Sampling frame
variance of X
A data set
Type 2 Error
30. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.
Law of Parsimony
Statistical dispersion
Divide the sum by the number of values.
Credence
31. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.
Qualitative variable
Greek letters
Kurtosis
Divide the sum by the number of values.
32. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.
Marginal probability
A sample
A population or statistical population
Correlation coefficient
33. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.
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34. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.
Mutual independence
expected value of X
nominal - ordinal - interval - and ratio
Conditional distribution
35. Cov[X - Y] :
Statistical adjustment
covariance of X and Y
Prior probability
Alpha value (Level of Significance)
36. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.
Parameter
A sampling distribution
Outlier
Treatment
37. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.
The Mean of a random variable
experimental studies and observational studies.
Ratio measurements
Simulation
38. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).
Coefficient of determination
Probability density functions
Ratio measurements
Independent Selection
39. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.
A probability space
Valid measure
The variance of a random variable
categorical variables
40. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.
Statistical adjustment
An event
Estimator
Statistic
41. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.
Parameter
That value is the median value
Kurtosis
A random variable
42. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.
Interval measurements
Marginal distribution
Statistic
Statistical adjustment
43. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.
Block
Kurtosis
The median value
Dependent Selection
44. A measurement such that the random error is small
quantitative variables
methods of least squares
Random variables
Reliable measure
45. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.
Binary data
Nominal measurements
Marginal probability
A data point
46. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
s-algebras
Statistical dispersion
Parameter - or 'statistical parameter'
Type 1 Error
47. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).
The Expected value
Conditional distribution
The standard deviation
Descriptive
48. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.
Conditional probability
Inferential
Nominal measurements
The sample space
49.
the population mean
categorical variables
The median value
The Range
50. ?r
Null hypothesis
observational study
the population cumulants
Bias