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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






2. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






3. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






4. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






5. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






6. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






7. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






8. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






9. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






10. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






11. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






12. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






13. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






14. E[X] :






15. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






16. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






17. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






18. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






19. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






20. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






21. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






22. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






23. Var[X] :






24. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






25. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






26. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






27. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






28. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






29. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






30. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






31. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






32. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






33. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






34. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






35. A measurement such that the random error is small






36. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






37. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






38. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






39. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






40. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






41. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






42. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






43. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






44. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






45. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






46. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






47. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






48. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






49. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






50. Cov[X - Y] :