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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When there is an even number of values...






2. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






3. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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4. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






5. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






6. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






7. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






8. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






9. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






10. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






11. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






12. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






13. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






14. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






15. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






16. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






17. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






18. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






19. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






20. ?






21. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






22. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






23. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






24. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






25. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






26. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






27. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






28. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






29. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






30. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






31. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






32. A subjective estimate of probability.






33. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






34. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






35. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






36. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






37. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






38. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






39. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






40. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






41. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






42. Var[X] :






43. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






44. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






45. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






46.






47. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






48. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






49. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.