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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






2. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






3. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






4. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






5. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






6. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






7.






8. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






9. E[X] :






10. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






11. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






12. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






13. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






14. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






15. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






16. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






17. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






18. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






19. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






20. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






21. A subjective estimate of probability.






22. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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23. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






24. Another name for elementary event.






25. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






26. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






27. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






28. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






29. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






32. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






33. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






34. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






35. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






36. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






37. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






38. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






39. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






40. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






41. ?r






42. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






43. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






44. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






45. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






46. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






47. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






48. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






49. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






50. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.