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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






2. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






3. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






4. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






5. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






6. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






7. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






8. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






9. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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10. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






11. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






12. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






13. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






14. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






15. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






16. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






17. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






18. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






19. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






20. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






21. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






22. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






23. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






24. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






25. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






26. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






27. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






28. Another name for elementary event.






29. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






30. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






31. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






32. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






33. When there is an even number of values...






34. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






35. A subjective estimate of probability.






36. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






37. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






38. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






39. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






40. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






41. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






42. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






43. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






44. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






45. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






46. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






47. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






48. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






49. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






50. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.