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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






2. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






3. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






4. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






5. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






6. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






7. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






8. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






9. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






10. A subjective estimate of probability.






11. Is a sample and the associated data points.






12. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






13. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






14. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






15. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






16. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






17. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






20. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






21. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






22. Cov[X - Y] :






23. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






24. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






25. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






26. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






27. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






28. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






29. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






30. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






31. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






32. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






33. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






34. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






35. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






36. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






37. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






38. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






39. When there is an even number of values...






40. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






41. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






42. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






43. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






44. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






47. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






48. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






49. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






50. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively