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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






2. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






3. When there is an even number of values...






4. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






5. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






6. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






7. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






8. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






9. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






10. Is a sample and the associated data points.






11. ?






12. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






13. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






14. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






15. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






16. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






17. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






18. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






20. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






21. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






22. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






23. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






24. A measurement such that the random error is small






25. ?r






26. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






27. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






28. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






29. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






30. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






31. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






32. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






33. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






34. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






35. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






36. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






37. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






38. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






39. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






40. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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41. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






42. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






43. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






44. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






45. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






46. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






47. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






48. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






49. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






50. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.