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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






2. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






3. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






4. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






5. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






6. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






7. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






8. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






9. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






10. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






11. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






12. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






13. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






14. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






15. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






16. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






17. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






18. ?






19. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






20. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






21. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






22. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






23. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






24. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






25. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






26. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






27. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






28. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






29. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






30. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






31. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






32. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






33. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






34. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






35. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






36. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






37. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






38. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


39. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






40. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






41. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






42. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






43. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






44. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






45. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






46. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






47. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






48. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






49. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






50. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.