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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






2. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






3. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






4. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






5. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






6. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






7. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






8. Another name for elementary event.






9. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






10. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






11. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






12. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






13. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






14. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






15. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






16. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






17. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






18. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






19. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






20. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






21. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






22. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


23. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






24. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






25. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






26. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






27. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






28. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






29. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






30. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






31. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






32. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






33. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






34. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






35. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






36. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






37. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






38. A measurement such that the random error is small






39. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






40. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






41. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






42. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






43. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






44. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






45. S^2






46. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






47. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






48. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






49. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






50. Cov[X - Y] :