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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






2. Cov[X - Y] :






3. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






4. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






5. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






6. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






7. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






8. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






9. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






10. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






11. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






13. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






14. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






15. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






16. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






17. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






18. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






19. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






20. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






21. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






22. Var[X] :






23. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






24. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






25. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






26. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






27. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






28. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






29. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






30. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






31. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






32. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






33. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






34. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






35. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






36. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






37. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






38. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






39. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






40. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






41. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






42. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






43. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






44. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






45. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






46. When there is an even number of values...






47. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






48. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






49. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






50. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).