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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






2. Another name for elementary event.






3. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






4. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






5. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






6. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






7. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






8. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






9. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






10. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






11. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






13. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






14. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






15. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






16. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






17. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






18. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






19. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






20. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






21. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






22. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






23. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






24. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






25. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






26. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






27. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






28. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






29. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






30. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






31. When there is an even number of values...






32. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






33. A subjective estimate of probability.






34. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






35. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






36. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






37. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






39. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






40. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






41. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






42. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






43. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






44. A measurement such that the random error is small






45. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






46. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






47. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






48. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.