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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






2. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






3. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






4. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






5. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






6. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






7. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






8. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






9. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






10. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






11. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






12. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






13. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






14. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






15. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






16. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






17. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






18. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






19. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






20. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






21. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






22. S^2






23. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






24. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






25. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






26. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






27. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






28. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






29. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






30. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






31. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






32. A measurement such that the random error is small






33. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






34. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






35. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






36. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






37. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






38. ?r






39. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






40. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






41. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






42. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






43. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






44. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






45. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






46. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






47. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






48. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






49. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






50. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)