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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






2. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






3. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






4. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






5. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






6. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






7. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






8. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






9. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






10. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






11. Is a sample and the associated data points.






12. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






13. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






14. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






15. S^2






16. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






17. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






18. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






19. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






20.






21. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






22. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






23. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






24. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






25. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






26. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






27. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






28. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






29. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






30. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






31. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






32. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






33. ?






34. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






35. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






36. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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37. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






38. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






39. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






40. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






41. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






42. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






43. E[X] :






44. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






45. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






46. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






47. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






48. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






49. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






50. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P







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