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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






2. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






3. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






4. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






5. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






6. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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7. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






8. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






9. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






10. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






11. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






12. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






13. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






14. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






15. ?






16. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






17. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






18. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






19. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






20. Var[X] :






21. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






22. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






23. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






24. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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25. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






26. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






27. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






28. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






29. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






30. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






31. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






32. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






33. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






34. Is a sample and the associated data points.






35. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






36. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






38. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






39. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






40. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






41. E[X] :






42. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






43. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






44. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






45. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






46. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






47. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






48. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






49. When there is an even number of values...






50. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.