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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






2. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






3. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






4. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






5. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






6. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






7. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






8. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






9. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






10. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






11. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






12. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






13. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






14. Another name for elementary event.






15. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






16. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






17. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






18. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






19. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






20. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






21. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






22. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






23. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






24. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






25. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






26. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






27. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






28. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






29. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






30. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






31. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






32. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






33. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






34. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






35. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






36. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






37. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






38. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






39. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






40. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






41. A subjective estimate of probability.






42. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


43. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






44. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






47. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






48. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






49. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






50. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the