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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






2. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






3. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






4. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






5. When there is an even number of values...






6. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






7. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






8. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






9. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






10. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






11. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






12. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






13. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






14. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






15. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






16. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






17. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






18. Is a sample and the associated data points.






19. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






20. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






21. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






22. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






23. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






24. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






25. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






26. Cov[X - Y] :






27. Another name for elementary event.






28. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






29. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






30. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






31. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






32. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






33. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






34. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






35. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






36. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






37. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






39. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






40. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






41. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






42. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






43. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






44. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






45. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






46. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






47. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






48. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






49. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






50. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).