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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






2. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






3. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






4. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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5. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






6. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






7. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






8. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






9. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






10. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






11. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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12. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






13. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






14. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






15. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






16. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






17. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






18. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






19. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






20. A subjective estimate of probability.






21. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






22. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






23. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






24. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






25. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






26. Another name for elementary event.






27. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






28. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






29. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






30. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






31. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






32. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






33. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






34. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






35. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






36. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






37. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






38. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






39. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






40. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






41. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






42. ?r






43. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






44. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






45. Cov[X - Y] :






46. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






47. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






48. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






49. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






50. ?






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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