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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Another name for elementary event.






2. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






3. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






4. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






5. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






6. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






7. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






8. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






9. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






10. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






11. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






12. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






13. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






14. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






15. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






16. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






17. A measurement such that the random error is small






18. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






19. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






20. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






21. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






22. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






23. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






24. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






25. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






26. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






27. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






28. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






29. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






30. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






31. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






32. Var[X] :






33. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






34. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






35. When there is an even number of values...






36. E[X] :






37. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






38. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






39. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






40. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






41. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






42. ?r






43. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






44. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






45. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






46. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






47. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






48. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






49. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






50. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.







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