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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






2. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






3. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






4. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






5. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






6. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






7. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






8. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






9. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






10. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






11. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






12. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






13. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






15. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






16. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






17. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






18. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






19. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






20. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






21. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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22. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






23. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






24. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






25. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






26. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






27. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






28. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






29. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






30. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






31. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






32. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






33. A subjective estimate of probability.






34. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






35. ?r






36. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






37. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






38. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






39. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






40. Is a sample and the associated data points.






41. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






42. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






43. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






44. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






45. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






46. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






47. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






48. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






49. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






50. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as