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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


2. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






3. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






4. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






5. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






6. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






7. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






8. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






9. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






10. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






11. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






12. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






13. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






14. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






15. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






16. Var[X] :






17. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






18. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






19. Is a sample and the associated data points.






20. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






21. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






22. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






23. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






24. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






25. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






26. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






27. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






28. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






29. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






30. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






31. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






32. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






35. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






36. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






37. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






38. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






39. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






40. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






41. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






42. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






43. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






44. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






45. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






46. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






47. A subjective estimate of probability.






48. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






49. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






50. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.