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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






2. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






3. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






4. E[X] :






5. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






6. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






7. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






8. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






9. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






10. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






11. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






12. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






13. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






14. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






15. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






16. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






17. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






18. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






19. Is a sample and the associated data points.






20. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






21. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






22. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






23. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






24. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






25. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






26. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






27. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






28. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






29. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






30. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






31. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






32. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






33. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






34. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






35. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






36. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






37. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






38. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






39. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






40. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






41. When there is an even number of values...






42. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






43. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






44. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






45. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






46. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






47. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






48. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






49. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






50. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.