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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






2. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






3. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






4. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






5. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






6. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






7. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






8. Var[X] :






9. When there is an even number of values...






10. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






11. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






12. Cov[X - Y] :






13. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






14. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






15. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






16. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






17. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






18. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






19. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






20. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






21. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






22. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






23. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






24. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






25. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






26. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






27. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






28. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






29. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






30. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






31. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






32. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






33. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






34. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






35. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






36. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






37. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






38. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






39. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






40. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






41. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






42. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






43. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






44. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






45. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






46. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






47. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






48. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






49. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






50. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.