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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






2. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






3. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






4. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






5. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






6. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






7. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






8. ?r






9. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






10. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






11. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






12. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






13. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






14. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






15. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






16. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






17. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






18. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






19. E[X] :






20. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






21. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






22. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






23. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






24. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






25. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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26. S^2






27. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






28. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






29. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






30. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






31. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






32. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






33. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






34. A subjective estimate of probability.






35. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






36. Is a sample and the associated data points.






37. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






38. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






39. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






40. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






41. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






42. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






43. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






44. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






45. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






46. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






47. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






48. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






49. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.