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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






2. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






3. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






4. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






5. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






6. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






7. ?r






8. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






9. A measurement such that the random error is small






10. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






11. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






12. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






13. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






14. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






15. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






16.






17. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






18. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






19. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






20. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






21. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






22. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






23. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






24. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






25. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






26. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






27. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






28. ?






29. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






30. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






31. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






32. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






33. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






34. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






35. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






36. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






37. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






38. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






39. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






40. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






41. Cov[X - Y] :






42. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






43. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






44. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






46. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






47. Another name for elementary event.






48. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






49. S^2






50. When there is an even number of values...