Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






4. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






5. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






6. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






7. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






8. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






9. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






10. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






11. S^2






12. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






13. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






14. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






15. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






16. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






17. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






18. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






19. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






20. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






21. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






22. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






23. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






24. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






25. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






26. E[X] :






27. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






28. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






29. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






30. ?






31. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






32. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






33. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






34. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






35. Var[X] :






36. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






37. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






38. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






39. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






40. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






41. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






42. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






43. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






44. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






45. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






46. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






47. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






48. Another name for elementary event.






49. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






50. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).