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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






2. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






3. ?r






4. Var[X] :






5. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






6. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






7. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






8. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






9. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






10. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






11. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






12. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






13. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






14. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






15. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






16. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






17. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






18. A measurement such that the random error is small






19. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






20. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






21. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






22. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






23. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






24. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






25. A subjective estimate of probability.






26. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






27. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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28. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






29. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






30. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






31. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






32. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






33. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






34. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






35. Is a sample and the associated data points.






36. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






37. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






38. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






39. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






40. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






41. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






42. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






43. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






44. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






45. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






46. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






47. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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48. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






49. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






50. Cov[X - Y] :