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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






2. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






3. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






4. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






5. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






6. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






7. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






8. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






9. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






10. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






11. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






12. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






13. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






14. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






15. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






16. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






17. ?






18. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






19. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






20. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






21. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






22. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






23. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






24. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






25. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






26. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






27. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






28. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






29. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






30. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






31. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






32. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






33. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






34. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






35. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






36. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






37. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






38. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






39. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






40. E[X] :






41. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






42. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






43. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






44. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






45. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






46. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






47. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






48. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






49. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






50. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o