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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






2. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






3. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






4. E[X] :






5. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






6. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






7. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






8. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






9. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






10. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






11. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






12. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






13. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






14. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






15. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






16. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






17. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






18. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






19. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






20. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






21. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






22. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






23. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






24. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






27. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






28. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






29. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






30. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






31. ?






32. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






33. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






34. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






35. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






36. Is a sample and the associated data points.






37. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






38. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






39. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






40. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






41. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






42. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






43. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






44. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






45. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






46. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






47. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






48. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






49. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






50. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions