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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






2. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






3. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






4. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






5. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






6. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






7. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






8. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






9. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






10. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






11. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






13. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






14. A subjective estimate of probability.






15. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






16. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






17. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






18. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






19. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






20. ?r






21. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






22. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






25. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






26. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






27. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






28. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






29. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






30. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






31. Cov[X - Y] :






32. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






33. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






34. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






35. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






36. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






37. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






38. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






39. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






40. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






41. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






42. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






43. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






44. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






45. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






46. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






47. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






48. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






49. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






50. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.







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