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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






5. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






6. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






7. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






8. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






9. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






10. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






11. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






12. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






13. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






14. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






15.






16. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






17. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






18. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






19. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






20. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






21. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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22. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






23. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






24. ?






25. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






26. ?r






27. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






28. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






29. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






30. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






31. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






32. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






33. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






34. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






35. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






36. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






37. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






38. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






39. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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40. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






41. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






42. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






43. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






44. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






45. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






46. When there is an even number of values...






47. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






48. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






49. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






50. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.