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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






2. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






3. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






4. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






5. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






6. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






7. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






8. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






9. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






10. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






11. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






12. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






13. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






14. Var[X] :






15. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






16. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






17. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






18. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






19. ?






20. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






21. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






22. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






23. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






24. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






25.






26. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






27. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






28. Another name for elementary event.






29. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






30. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






31. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






32. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






33. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






34. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






35. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






36. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






37. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






38. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






39. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






40. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






41. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






42. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






43. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






44. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






46. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






47. S^2






48. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






49. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






50. E[X] :