Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






2. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






3. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






4. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






5. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






6. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






7. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






8. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






9. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






10. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






11. When there is an even number of values...






12. A measurement such that the random error is small






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






15. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






16. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






17. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






18. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






19. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






20. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






21. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






22. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






23. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






24. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






25. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






26. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






27. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






28. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






29. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






30. ?






31. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






32. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






33. Var[X] :






34. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






35. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






36. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






37. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






38. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






39. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






40. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






41. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






42. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






43. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






44. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






45. ?r






46. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






47. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






48. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






49. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






50. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.