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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Another name for elementary event.






2. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






3. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






4. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






5. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






6. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






7. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






8. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






9. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






10. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






11. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






12. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






13. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






14. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






15. Var[X] :






16. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






17. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






18. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






19. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






20. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






21. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






22. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






23. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






24. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






25. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






26. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






27. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






28. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






29. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






30. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






31. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






32. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






33. ?






34. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






35. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






36. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






37.






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






39. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






40. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






41. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






42. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






43. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






44. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






45. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






46. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






47. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






48. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






49. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






50. Cov[X - Y] :