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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






2. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






3. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






4. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






5. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






6. Cov[X - Y] :






7. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






8. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






9. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






10. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






11. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






12. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






13. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






14. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






15. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






16. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






17. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






18. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






19. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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20. Is a sample and the associated data points.






21. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






22. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






23. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






24. Var[X] :






25. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






26. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






27. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






28. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






29. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






30. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






31. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






32. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






33. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






34. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






35. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






36. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






37. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






38. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






39. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






40. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






41. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






42. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






43. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






44. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






45. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






46. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






47. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






48. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






49. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






50. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.