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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






2. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






3. ?r






4. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






5. A subjective estimate of probability.






6. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






7. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






8. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






9. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






10. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






11. S^2






12. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






13. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






14. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






15. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






16. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






17. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






18. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






19. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






21. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






22. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






23. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






24. Another name for elementary event.






25. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






26. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






27. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






28. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






29. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






30. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






31. Cov[X - Y] :






32. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






33. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






34. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






35. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






36. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






37. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






38. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






39. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






40. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






41. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






42. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






43. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






44. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






45. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






46. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






47. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






48. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






49. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






50. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.







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