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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






2. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






3. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






4.






5. ?r






6. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






7. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






8. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






9. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






10. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






11. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






12. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






13. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






14. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






15. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






17. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






18. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






19. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






20. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






21. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






22. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






23. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






24. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






25. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






26. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






27. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






28. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






29. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






30. Var[X] :






31. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






32. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






33. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






34. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






35. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






36. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






37. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






38. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






39. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






40. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






41. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






42. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






43. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






44. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






45. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






46. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






47. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






48. S^2






49. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






50. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.