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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






2. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






3. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






4. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






5. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






6. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






7. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






8. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






9. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






10. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






11. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






12. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






13. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






14. Another name for elementary event.






15. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






16. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






17. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






18. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






19. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






20. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






21. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






22. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






23. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






24. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






25. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






26. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






27. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






28. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






29. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






30. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






31. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






32. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






33. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






34. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






35. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






36. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






37. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


38. A subjective estimate of probability.






39. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






40. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






41. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






42. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






43. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






44. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






45. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






46. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






47. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






48. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


49. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






50. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.