Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






2. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






3. Is a sample and the associated data points.






4. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






5. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






6. ?r






7. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






8. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






9. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






10. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






11. ?






12. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






13. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






14. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






15. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






16. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






17. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






19. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






20. A subjective estimate of probability.






21. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






22. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






23. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






24. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






27. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






28. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






29. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






30. Cov[X - Y] :






31. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






32. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






33. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






34. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






35.






36. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






37. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






38. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






39. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






40. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






41. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






42. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






43. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






44. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






45. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






46. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






47. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






48. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






49. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






50. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.