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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






2. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






3. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






4. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






5. A measurement such that the random error is small






6. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






7. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






8. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






9. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






10. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






11. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






12. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






13. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






14. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






15. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


16. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






17. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






18. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






19. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






20. E[X] :






21. ?r






22. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






23. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






24. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






25. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






26. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






27. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






28. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






29. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






30. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






31. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






32. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






33. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






34. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






35. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






36. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






37. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






38. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






39. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






40. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






41. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






42. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






43. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






44. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






45. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






46. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






47. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






48. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






49. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






50. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called