Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






2. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






3. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






4. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






5. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






6. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






7. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






8. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






9. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






10. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






11. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






12. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






13. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






14. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






15. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






16. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






17. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






18. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






19. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






21. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






22. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






23. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






24. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






25. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






26. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






27. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






28. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






29. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






30. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






31. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






32. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






33. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






34. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






35. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






36. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






37. S^2






38. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






39. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






40. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






41. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






42. Cov[X - Y] :






43. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






44. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






45. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






46. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






47. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






48. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






49. Another name for elementary event.






50. Is a sample and the associated data points.