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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






2. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






3. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






4. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






5. Is a sample and the associated data points.






6. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






7. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






8. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






9. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






10. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






11. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






12. A measurement such that the random error is small






13. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






14. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






15. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






16. When there is an even number of values...






17. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






18. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






19. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






20. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






21. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






22. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






23. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






24. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






25. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






26. S^2






27. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






28. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






29. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






30. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






31. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






32. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






33. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






34. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






35. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






36. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






37. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






38. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






39. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






40. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






41. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






42. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






43. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






44. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






45. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






46. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






47. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






48. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






49. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






50. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.