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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






2. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






3. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






4. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






5. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






6. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






7. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






8. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






9. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






10. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






11. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






13. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






14. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






15. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






16. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






17. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






18. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






19. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






20. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






21. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






22. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






23. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






24. E[X] :






25. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






26. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






27. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






28. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






29. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






31. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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32. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






33. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






34. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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35. Another name for elementary event.






36. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






37. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






39. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






40. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






41. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






42. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






43. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






44.






45. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






46. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






47. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






48. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






49. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






50. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.