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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






2. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






3. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






4. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






5. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






6. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






7. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






8. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






10. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






11. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






12. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






13. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






14. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






15. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






16. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






17. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






18. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






19. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






20.






21. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






22. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






23. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






24. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






25. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






26. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






27. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






28. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


29. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






30. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






31. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






32. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






33. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






34. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






35. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






36. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






37. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






38. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






39. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






40. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






41. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






42. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






43. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






44. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






45. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






46. ?






47. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






48. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






49. Another name for elementary event.






50. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o