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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






2. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






3. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






4. Is a sample and the associated data points.






5. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






6. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






7. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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8. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






9. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






10. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






11. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






12. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






13. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






14. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






15. Another name for elementary event.






16. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






17. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






18. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






19. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






20. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






21. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






22. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






23. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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24. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






25. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






26. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






27.






28. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






29. ?






30. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






31. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






32. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






33. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






36. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






37. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






38. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






39. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






40. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






41. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






42. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






43. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






44. When there is an even number of values...






45. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






46. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






47. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






48. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. E[X] :







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