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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






2. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






3. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






4. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






5. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






6. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






7. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






8. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






9. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






10. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






11. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






12. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






13. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






14. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






15. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






16. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






17. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






19. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






20. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






21. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






22. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






23. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






24. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






25. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






26. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






27. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






28. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






29. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






30. Another name for elementary event.






31. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






32. A subjective estimate of probability.






33. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






34. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






35. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






36. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






37. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






38. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






39. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






40. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






41. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






42. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






43. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






44. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






45. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






46. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






47. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






48. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






49. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






50. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.