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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






2. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






3. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






4. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






5. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






6. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






7. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






8. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






9. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






10. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






11. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






12. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






13. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






14. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






15. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






16. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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17. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






18. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






19. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






20. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






21. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






22. A subjective estimate of probability.






23. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






24. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






25. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






26. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






27. A measurement such that the random error is small






28. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






29. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






30. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






31. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






32. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






33. When there is an even number of values...






34. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






35. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






36. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






37. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






39. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






40. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






41. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






42. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






43. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






44. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






45. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






46. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






47. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






48.






49. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.