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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






2. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






3. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






4. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






5. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






6. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






7. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






8. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






9. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






10. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






11. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






12. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






13. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






14. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






15. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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16. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






17. Another name for elementary event.






18. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






19. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






20. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






21. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






22. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






23. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






24. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






25. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






26. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






27. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






28. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






29. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






30. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






31. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






32. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






33. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






34. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






35. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






36. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






37. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






38. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






39. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






40. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






41. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






42. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






43. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






44. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






45. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






46. A subjective estimate of probability.






47. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






48. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






49. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






50. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.