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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. S^2






2. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






3. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






4. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






5. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






6. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






7. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






8. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






10. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






11. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






12. When there is an even number of values...






13. Another name for elementary event.






14. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






15. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






16. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






17. ?r






18. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






19. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






20. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






21. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






22. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






23. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






24. A subjective estimate of probability.






25. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






26. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






27. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






28. A measurement such that the random error is small






29. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






30. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






31. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






32. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






33. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






34. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






35. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






36. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






37. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






38. Is a sample and the associated data points.






39. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






40. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






41. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






42. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






43. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






44. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






45. Var[X] :






46. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






48. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






49. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






50. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.