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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






2. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






3. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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4. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






5. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






6. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






7. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






8. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






9. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






10. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






11. E[X] :






12. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






13. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






14. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






15. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






16. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






17. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






18. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






19. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






20. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






21. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






22. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






23. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






24. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






25. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






26. ?






27. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






28. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






29. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






30. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






31. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






32. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






33. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






34. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






35. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






36. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






37. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






38. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






39. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






40. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






41. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






42. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






43. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






44. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






45. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






46. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






47. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






48. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






49. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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50. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.