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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






2. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






3. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






4. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






5. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






6. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






7. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






8. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






9. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






10. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






11. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


12. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






13. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






14. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






15. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






16. When there is an even number of values...






17. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






18. Cov[X - Y] :






19. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






20. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






21. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






22. A measurement such that the random error is small






23. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






24. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






25. Is a sample and the associated data points.






26. Var[X] :






27. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






28. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






29. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






30. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






31.






32. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






33. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






34. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






35. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






36. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






37. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






38. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






39. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






40. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






41. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






42. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






43. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






44. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






45. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






46. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






47. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






48. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






49. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






50. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values