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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






2. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






3. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






4. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






5. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






6. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






7. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






8. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






9. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






10. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






11. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






12. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






15. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






16. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






17. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






18. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






19. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






20. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






21. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






22. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






23. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






24. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






25. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






26. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






27. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






28. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






29. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






30. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






31. Is a sample and the associated data points.






32. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






33. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






34. A measurement such that the random error is small






35. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






36. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






37. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






38. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






39. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






40. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






41. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






42. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






43. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






44. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






45. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






46. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






47. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






48. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






49. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






50. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)