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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






2. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






3. ?r






4. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






5. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






6. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






7. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






8. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






9. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






10. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






11. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






12. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






13. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






14. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






15. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






16. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






17. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






18. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






19. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






20. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






21. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






22. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






23. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






24. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






25.






26. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






27. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






28. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






29. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






30. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






31. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






32. Is a sample and the associated data points.






33. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






34. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






35. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






36. ?






37. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






38. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






39. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






40. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






41. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






42. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






43. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






44. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






45. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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46. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






47. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






48. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






49. Var[X] :






50. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to