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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






2. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






3. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






4. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






5. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






6. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






7. Cov[X - Y] :






8. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






9. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






10. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






11. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






12. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






13. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






14. ?






15. A subjective estimate of probability.






16. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






17. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






18. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






19. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






20. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






21. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






22. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






23. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






24. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






25. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






26. A measurement such that the random error is small






27. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






28. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






29. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






30. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






31. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






32. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






33. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






34. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






35. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






36. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






37. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






38. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






39. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






40. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






41. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






42.






43. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






44. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






45. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






46. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






47. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






48. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






49. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






50. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)







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