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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






4. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






5. Cov[X - Y] :






6. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






7. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






8. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






9. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






10. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






11. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






12. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






13. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






14. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






15. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






16. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






17. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






18. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






19. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






20. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






21. Var[X] :






22. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






23. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






24. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






25. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






26. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






27. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






28. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






29. A measurement such that the random error is small






30. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






31. ?






32. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






33. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






34. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






35. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






36. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






37. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






38. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






39. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






40. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






41. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






42. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






43. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






44. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






45. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






46. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






47. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






48. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






49. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






50. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.