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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






2. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






3. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






4. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






5. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






6. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






7. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






8. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






9. ?






10. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






11. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






12. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






13. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






14. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






17. Is a sample and the associated data points.






18. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






19. When there is an even number of values...






20. ?r






21. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






22. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






23. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






24. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






25. Var[X] :






26. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






27. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






28. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






29. Cov[X - Y] :






30. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






31. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






32. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






33. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






34. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






35. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






36. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






37.






38. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






39. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






40. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






41. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






42. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






43. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






44. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






45. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






46. S^2






47. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






48. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






49. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






50. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects