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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A measurement such that the random error is small






2. Var[X] :






3. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






4. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






5. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






6. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






7. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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8. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






9. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






10. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






11. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






12. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






13. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






14. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






15. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






16. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






17. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






18. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






19. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






20. E[X] :






21. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






22. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






23. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






24. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






25. S^2






26. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






27. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






28. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






29. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






30. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






31. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






32. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






33. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






34. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






35. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






36. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






37. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






38. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






39. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






40. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






41. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






42. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






43. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






44. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






45. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






46. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






47. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






48. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






49. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






50. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.