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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






2. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






3. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






4. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






5. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






6. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






7. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






8. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






9. E[X] :






10. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






11. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






12. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






13. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






14. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






15. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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16. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






17. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






18.






19. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






21. Cov[X - Y] :






22. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






23. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






24. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






25. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






26. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






27. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






28. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






29. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






30. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






31. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






32. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






33. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






34. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






35. S^2






36. When there is an even number of values...






37. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






38. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






39. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






40. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






41. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






42. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






43. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






44. Var[X] :






45. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






46. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






47. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






48. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






49. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






50. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are