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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






2. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






3. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






4. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






5. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






6. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






7. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






8. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






9. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






10. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






11. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






12. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






13. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






14. When there is an even number of values...






15. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






16. Cov[X - Y] :






17. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






18. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






19. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






20. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






21. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






22. Var[X] :






23. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






24. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






25. ?






26. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






27. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






28. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






29. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






30. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






31. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






32. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






33. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






34. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






35. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






36. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






37. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






38. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






39. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






40. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






41. A measurement such that the random error is small






42. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






43. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






44. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






45. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






46. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






47. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






48.






49. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






50. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that