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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






2. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






3. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






4. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






5. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






6. When there is an even number of values...






7. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






8. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






9. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






10. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






11. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






12. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






13. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






14. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






15. E[X] :






16. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






17. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






18. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






19. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






20. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






21. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






22. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






23. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






24. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






25. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






26. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






27. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






28. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






29. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






30. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






31. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






32. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






33. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






34. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






35. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






36. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






37. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






38. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






39. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






40. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






41. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






42. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






43. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






44. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






45. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






46. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






47. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






48. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






49. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






50. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.