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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






2. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






3. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






4. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






5. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






6. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






7. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






8. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






9. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






10. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






11. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






12. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






13. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






14. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






15.






16. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






17. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






18. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






19. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






20. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






21. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






22. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






23. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






24. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






25. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






26. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






27. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






28. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






29. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






30. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






31. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






32. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






33. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






34. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






35. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






36. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






37. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






38. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






39. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






40. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






41. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






42. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






43. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






44. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






45. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






46. When there is an even number of values...






47. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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48. ?






49. A measurement such that the random error is small






50. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.