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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






2. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






3. When there is an even number of values...






4. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






5. S^2






6. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






7. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






8. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






9. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






10. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






11. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






12. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






13. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






14. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






15. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






16. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






17. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






18. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






19. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






20. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






21. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






22. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






23. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






24. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






25. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






26. Is a sample and the associated data points.






27. ?r






28. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






29. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






30. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






31. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






32. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






33. Var[X] :






34. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






35. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






36. ?






37. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






38. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






39. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






40. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






41. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






42. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






43. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






44. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






45. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






46. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






47. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






48. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






49. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






50. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.







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