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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






2. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






3. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






4. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






5. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






6. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






7. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






8. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






9. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






10. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






11. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






12. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






13. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






14. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






15. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






16. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






17. Is a sample and the associated data points.






18. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






19. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






20. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






21. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






22. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






23. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






24. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






25. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






26. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






27. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






28. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






29. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






30. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






31. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






32. Another name for elementary event.






33. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






34. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






35. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






36. When there is an even number of values...






37. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


38. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






39. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






40. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






41. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






42. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






43. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






44. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






45. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






46. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






47. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






48. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






49. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






50. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as