Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Var[X] :






2. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






3. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






4. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






5. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






6. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






7. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






8. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






9. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






10. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






11. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


12. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






13. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






14. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






15. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






16. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






17. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






19. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






20. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






21. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






22. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






23. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






24. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






25. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






26. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






27. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






28. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






29. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






30. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






31. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






32. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






33. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






34. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






35. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






36. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






37. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






38. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






39. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






40. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






41. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






42. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






43. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






44. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






45. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






46. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






47. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






48. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






49. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






50. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.