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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






2. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






3. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






4. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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5. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






6. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






7. A subjective estimate of probability.






8. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






9. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






10. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






11. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






12. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






13. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






14. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






15. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






16. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






17. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






18. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






19. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






20. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






21. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






22. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






23. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






24.






25. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






26. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






27. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






28. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






29. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






30. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






31. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






32. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






33. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






34. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






35. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






36. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






37. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






38. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






39. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






40. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






41. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






42. When there is an even number of values...






43. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






44. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






45. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






46. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






47. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






48. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






49. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






50. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to