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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






2. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






3. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






4. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






5. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






6. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






7. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






8. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






9. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






10. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






11. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






12. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






13. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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14. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






15. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






16. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






17. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






19. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






20. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






21. A measurement such that the random error is small






22. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






23. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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24. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






25. A subjective estimate of probability.






26. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






27. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






28. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






29. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






30. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






31. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






32. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






33. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






36. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






37. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






38. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






39. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






40. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






41. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






42. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






43. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






44. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






45. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






46. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






47. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






48. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






49. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






50. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.