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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






2. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






3. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






4. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






5. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






6. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






7. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






8. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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9. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






10. When there is an even number of values...






11. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






12. Another name for elementary event.






13. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






14. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






15. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






16. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






17. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






18. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






19. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






20. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






21. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






22. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






23. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






24. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






25. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






26. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






27. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






28. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






29. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






30. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






31. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






32. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






33. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






34. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






35. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






36. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






37. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






38. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






39. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






40. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






41. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






42. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






43. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






44. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






45. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






46. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






47. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






48. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






49. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






50. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.