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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






2. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






3. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






4. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






5. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






6. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






7. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






8. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






9. A subjective estimate of probability.






10. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






11. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






12. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






13. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






14. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






15. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






16. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






17. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






18. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






19. Cov[X - Y] :






20. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






21. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






22. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






23. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






24. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






25. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






26.






27. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






28. When there is an even number of values...






29. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






30. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






31. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






32. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






33. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






34. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






35. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






36. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






37. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






38. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






39. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






40. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






41. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






42. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






43. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






44. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






45. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






46. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






47. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






48. S^2






49. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






50. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.