Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






2. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






3. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






4. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






5. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






6. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






7. ?






8. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






9. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






10. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






11. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






12. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






13. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






14. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






15. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






16. A measurement such that the random error is small






17. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






18. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






19. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






20. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






21. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






22. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






23. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






24. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






25. S^2






26. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






27. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






28. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






29. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






30. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






31. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






32. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






33. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






34. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






35. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






36. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






37. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






38. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






39. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






40. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






41. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






42. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






43. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






44. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






45. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






46. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






47. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






48. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






49. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






50. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.