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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






2. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






3. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






4. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






5. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






6. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






7. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






8. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






9. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






10. ?r






11. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






12. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






13. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






14. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






15. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






16. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






17. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






18. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






19. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






20. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






21. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






22. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






23. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






24. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






25. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






26. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






27. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






28. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






29. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






30. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






31. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






32. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






33. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






36. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






37. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






38. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






39. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






40. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






41. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






42. A subjective estimate of probability.






43. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






44. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






45. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






46. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






47. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






48. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






49. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






50. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co