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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






2. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






3. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






4. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






5. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






6. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






7. Var[X] :






8. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






9. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






10. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






11. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






12. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






13. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






14. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






15. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






16. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






17. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






18. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






19. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






20. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






21. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






22. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






23. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






24. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






25. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






26. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






27. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






28. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






29. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






30. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






31. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






32. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






33. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






34. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






35. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






36. Is a sample and the associated data points.






37. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






38. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






39. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






40. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






41. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






42. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






43. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






44. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






45. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






46. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






47. When there is an even number of values...






48. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






49. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






50. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.