Test your basic knowledge |

CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






2. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






3. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






4. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






5. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






6. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






7. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






8. Is a sample and the associated data points.






9. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






10. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






11. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






12. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






13. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






14. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






15. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






16. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






17. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






18. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






19. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






20. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






21. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






22. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






23. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






24. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






25. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






26. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






27. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






28.






29. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






30. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






31. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






32. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






33. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






34. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






35. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






36. Cov[X - Y] :






37. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






38. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






39. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






40. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






41. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






42. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






43. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






44. ?






45. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






46. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






47. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






48. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






49. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






50. A measurement such that the random error is small