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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






2. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






3. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






4. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






5. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






6. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






7. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






8. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






9. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






10. Is a sample and the associated data points.






11. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






12. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






13. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






14. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






15. E[X] :






16. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






17. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






18. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






19. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






20. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






21. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






22. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






23. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






24. A subjective estimate of probability.






25. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






26. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






27. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






28. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






29. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






30. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






31. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






32. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






33. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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34.






35. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






36. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






37. A measurement such that the random error is small






38. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






39. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






40. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






41. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






42. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






43. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






44. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






45. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






46. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






47. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






48. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






49. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






50. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).