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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






2. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






3. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






4. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






5. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






6. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






7. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






8. S^2






9. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






10. ?






11. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






12. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






13. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






14. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






15. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






16. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






17. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






18. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






19. ?r






20. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






21. E[X] :






22. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






23. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






24. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






25. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






26. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






27. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






28. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






29. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






30. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






31. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






32. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






33. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






34. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






35. Cov[X - Y] :






36. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






37. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






38. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






39. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






40. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






41. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






42. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






43. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






44. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






45. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






46. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






47. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






48. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






49. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






50. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects