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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






2. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






3. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






4. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






5. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






6. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






7. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






8. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






9. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






10. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






11. A subjective estimate of probability.






12. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






13. ?r






14. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






15. A measurement such that the random error is small






16. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






17. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






18. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






19. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






20. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






21. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






22. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






23. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






24. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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25. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






26. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






27. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






28. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






29. ?






30. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






31. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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32. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






33. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






34. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






35. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






36. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






37. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






39. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






40. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






41. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






42. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






43. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






44. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






45. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






46. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






47. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






48. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






49. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






50. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise