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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






2. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






3. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






4. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






5. S^2






6. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






7. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






8. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






9. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






10. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






11. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






12. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






13. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






14. Another name for elementary event.






15. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






16. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






17. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






19. E[X] :






20. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






21. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






22. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






23. Is a sample and the associated data points.






24. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






25. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






26. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






27. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






28. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






29. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






30. ?






31. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






32. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






33. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






34. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






35. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






36. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






37. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






38. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






39. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






40. A subjective estimate of probability.






41. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






42. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






43. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






44. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






45. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






46. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






47. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






48. When there is an even number of values...






49. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






50. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o