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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






2. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






3. Another name for elementary event.






4. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






5. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






6. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






7. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






8. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






9. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






10. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






11.






12. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






13. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






14. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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15. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






16. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






19. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






20. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






21. Cov[X - Y] :






22. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






23. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






24. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






25. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






26. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






27. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






28. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






29. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






30. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






31. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






32. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






33. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






34. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






35. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






36. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






37. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






38. Var[X] :






39. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






40. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






41. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






42. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






43. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






44. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






45. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






46. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






47. ?






48. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






49. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






50. S^2