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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






2. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






3. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






4. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






5. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






6. A subjective estimate of probability.






7. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


8. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






9. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.


10. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






11. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






12. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






13. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






14. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






15. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






16. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






17. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






18. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






19. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






20. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






21. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






22. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






23. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






24. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






25. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






26. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






27. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






28. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






29. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






30. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






31. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






32. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






33. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






34. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






35. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






36. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






37. A measurement such that the random error is small






38. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






39. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






40. When there is an even number of values...






41. ?






42. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






43. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






44. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






45. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






46. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






47. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






48. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






49. Var[X] :






50. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters