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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






2. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






3. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






4. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






5. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






6. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






7. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






8. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






9. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






10. S^2






11. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






12. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






13. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






14. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






15. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






16. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






17. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






18. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






19. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






20. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






21. Is a sample and the associated data points.






22. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






23. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






24. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






25. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






26. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






27. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






28. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






29. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






30. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






31. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






32. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






33. E[X] :






34.






35. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






36. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






37. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






38. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






39. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






40. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






41. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






42. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






43. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






44. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






45. When there is an even number of values...






46. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






47. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






48. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






49. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






50. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present