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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






2. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






3. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






4. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






5. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






6. Is a sample and the associated data points.






7. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






8. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






9. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






10. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






11. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






12. Var[X] :






13. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






14. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






15. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






16. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






17. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






18. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






19. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






20. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






21. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






22. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






23. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






24. S^2






25. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






26. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






27. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






28. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






29. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






30. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






31. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






32. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






33. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






34. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






35. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






36. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






37. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






38. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






39. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






40. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






41. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






42. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






43. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






44. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






45. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






46. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






47. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






48. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






49. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






50. A measurement such that the random error is small