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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






2. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






3. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






4. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






5. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






6. Cov[X - Y] :






7. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






8. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






9. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






10. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






11. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






12. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






13. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






14. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






15. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






16. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






17. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






18. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






19. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






20. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






21. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






22. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






23. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






24. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






25. A measurement such that the random error is small






26. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






27.






28. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






29. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






30. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






31. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






32. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






33. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






34. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






35. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






36. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






37. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






38. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






39. S^2






40. When there is an even number of values...






41. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






42. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






43. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






44. Another name for elementary event.






45. E[X] :






46. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






47. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






48. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






49. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






50. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.







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