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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






2. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






3. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






4. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






5. ?r






6. When there is an even number of values...






7. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






8. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






9. Var[X] :






10. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






11. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






12. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






13. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






14. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






15. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






16. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






17. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






18. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






19. E[X] :






20. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






21. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






22. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






23. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






24. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






25. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






26. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






27. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






28. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






29. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






30. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






31. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






32. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






33. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






34. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






35. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






36. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






37. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






38. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






39. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






40. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






41. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






42. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






43. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






44. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






45. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






46. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






47. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






48. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






49. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






50. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.