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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






2. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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3. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






4. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






5. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






6. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






7. Is a sample and the associated data points.






8. Another name for elementary event.






9. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






10. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






11. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






12. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






13. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






14. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






15. Have imprecise differences between consecutive values - but have a meaningful order to those values






16. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






17. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






20. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






21. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






22. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






23. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






24. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






25. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






26. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






27. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






28. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






29. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






30. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






31. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






32. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






33. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






34. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






35. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






36. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






37. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






38. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






39. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






40. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






41. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






42. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






43. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






44. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






45. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






46. A measurement such that the random error is small






47. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






48. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






49. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






50. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a