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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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2. ?






3. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






4. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






5. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






6. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






7. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






8. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






9. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






10. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






11. A subjective estimate of probability.






12. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






13. When there is an even number of values...






14. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






15. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






16. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






17. Another name for elementary event.






18. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






19. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






20. S^2






21. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






22. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






23. A measurement such that the random error is small






24. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






25. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






26. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






27. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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28. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






29. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






30. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






31. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






32. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






33. Is a sample and the associated data points.






34. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






35. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






36. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






37. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






38. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






39. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






40. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






41. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






42. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






43. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






44. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






45. Var[X] :






46. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






47. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






48. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






49. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






50. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.