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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






2. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






3. Is the probability of an event - ignoring any information about other events. The marginal probability of A is written P(A). Contrast with conditional probability.






4. Var[X] :






5. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






6. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the conditional probability distribution of Y given X (written 'Y | X') is the probability distribution of Y when X is known to be a particular value.






7. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






8. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






9. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






10. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






11. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






12. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






13. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






14. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






15. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






16. Is a sample and the associated data points.






17. Is a typed measurement - it can be a boolean value - a real number - a vector (in which case it's also called a data vector) - etc.






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






19. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






20. A subjective estimate of probability.






21. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






22. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






23. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






24. When there is an even number of values...






25. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






26. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






27. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






28. Is the study of the collection - organization - analysis - and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this - including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.






29. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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30. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






31. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






32. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






33. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






34. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






35. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






36. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






37. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






38. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






39. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






40. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






41. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






42. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






43. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






44. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






45. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






46. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






47. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






48. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






49. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






50. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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