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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






2. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






3. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






4. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






5. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






6. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






7. Cov[X - Y] :






8. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






9. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






10. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






11. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






12. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






13. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






14. In the long run - as the sample size increases - the relative frequencies of outcomes approach to the theoretical probability.






15. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






16. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






17. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






18. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






19. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






20. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






21. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






22. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






23. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






24. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






25. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






26. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






27. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






28. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






29. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






30. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






31. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






32. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






33. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






34. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






35. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






36. ?






37. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






38. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






39. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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40. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






41. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






42. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






43. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






44. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






45. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






46. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






47. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






48. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






49. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






50. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called