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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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2. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






3. Is that part of a population which is actually observed.






4. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






5. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






6. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






7. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






8. ?r






9. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






10. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






11. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






12. S^2






13. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






14. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






15. Cov[X - Y] :






16. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






17. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






18. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






19. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






20. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






21. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






22. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






23.






24. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






25. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






26. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






27. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






28. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






29. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






30. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






31. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






32. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






33. Another name for elementary event.






34. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






35. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






36. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






37. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






38. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






39. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






40. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






41. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






42. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






43. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






44. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






45. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






46. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






47. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






48. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






49. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






50. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.