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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






2. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






3. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






4. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






5. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






6. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






7. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






8. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






9. When there is an even number of values...






10. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






11. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






12. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






13. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






14. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






15. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






16. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






17. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






18. (cdfs) are denoted by upper case letters - e.g. F(x).






19. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






20. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






21. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






22. S^2






23. A subjective estimate of probability.






24. Is defined as the expected value of random variable (X -






25. A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property.






26. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






27. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






28. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






29. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






30. Given two random variables X and Y - the joint distribution of X and Y is the probability distribution of X and Y together.






31. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






32. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






33. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






34. ?r






35. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






36. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






37. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






38. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






39. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






40. Is a sample and the associated data points.






41. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






42. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






43. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






44. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






45. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






46. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






47. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






48. Where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a 'false negative'.






49. ?






50. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co