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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






2. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






3. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






4. Is a measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking - a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longe






5. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






6. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






7. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






8. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






9. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






10. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






11. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






12. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






13. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






14. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






15. In particular - the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by






16. Is a subset of the sample space - to which a probability can be assigned. For example - on rolling a die - 'getting a five or a six' is an event (with a probability of one third if the die is fair).






17. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






18. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






19. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






20. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






21. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






22. Another name for elementary event.






23. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






24. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






25. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






26. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






27. A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality - and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response.






28. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






29. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






30. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.


31. Summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights) - while frequency and percentage are






32. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl






33. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






34. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






35. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






36. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






37. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






38. A variable has a value or numerical measurement for which operations such as addition or averaging make sense.






39. Statistics involve methods of using information from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.






40. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






41. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






42. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






43. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






44. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






45. Var[X] :






46. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






47. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






48. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.






49. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






50. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.