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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






2. Statistics involve methods of organizing - picturing - and summarizing information from samples or population.






3. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






4. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






5. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






6. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






7. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






8. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






9. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






10. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






11. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






12. A group of individuals sharing some common features that might affect the treatment.






13. Patterns in the data may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations - and are then used for drawing inferences about the process or population being studied; this is called






14. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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15. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






16. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






17. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






18. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






19. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






20. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






21. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






22. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






23. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






24. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






25. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






26. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






27. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






28. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






29. Var[X] :






30. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






31. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






32. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






33. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






34. Can be a population parameter - a distribution parameter - an unobserved parameter (with different shades of meaning). In statistics - this is often a quantity to be estimated.

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35. ?






36. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






37. Is a sample and the associated data points.






38. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






39. Cov[X - Y] :






40. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






41. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






42. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






43. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






44.






45. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






46. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






47. ?r






48. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






49. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






50. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.