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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






2. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.






3. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






4. Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example - getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly - when we assert that two random variables are i






5. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






6. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






7. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






8. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






9. (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lower case letters - e.g. f(x).






10. A sample selected in such a way that each individual is equally likely to be selected as well as any group of size n is equally likely to be selected.






11. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






12. Statistical methods can be used for summarizing or describing a collection of data; this is called






13. ?r






14. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






15. Two variables such that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.






16. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






17. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






18. Are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example x1 - x2 - ... - xn could be a sample corresponding to the random variable X.






19. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






20. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






21. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






22. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






23. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses - to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and present






24. (also called statistical variability) is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation.






25. A list of individuals from which the sample is actually selected.






26. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






27. Is denoted by - pronounced 'x bar'.






28. S^2






29. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






30. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.






31. Var[X] :






32. Also called correlation coefficient - is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify - for example - how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the P






33. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.






34. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






35. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






36. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






37. Used to reduce bias - this measure weights the more relevant information higher than less relevant info.






38. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






39. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






40. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






41. A measurement such that the random error is small






42. A subjective estimate of probability.






43. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






44. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






45. The probability distribution of a sample statistic based on all the possible simple random samples of the same size from a population.






46. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






47. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






48. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






49. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






50. A collection of events is mutually independent if for any subset of the collection - the joint probability of all events occurring is equal to the product of the joint probabilities of the individual events. Think of the result of a series of coin-fl