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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






2. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






3. (e.g. ? - b) are commonly used to denote unknown parameters (population parameters).






4. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






5. A subjective estimate of probability.






6. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






7. A numerical measure that assesses the strength of a linear relationship between two variables.






8. Have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined; they provide the greatest flexibility in statistical methods that can be used for analyzing the data






9. Gives the probability of events in a probability space.






10. Describes the spread in the values of the sample statistic when many samples are taken.






11. Are usually written with upper case calligraphic (e.g. F for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)






12. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






13. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






14. Occurs when a subject receives no treatment - but (incorrectly) believes he or she is in fact receiving treatment and responds favorably.






15. Planning the research - including finding the number of replicates of the study - using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects - alternative hypotheses - and the estimated experimental variability. Co






16. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






17. Is the probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of A and B is written P(A and B) or P(A - B).






18. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






19. A numerical facsimilie or representation of a real-world phenomenon.






20. Is the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable.






21. Can refer either to a sample not being representative of the population - or to the difference between the expected value of an estimator and the true value.






22. A measurement such that the random error is small






23. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






24. Describes a characteristic of an individual to be measured or observed.






25. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






26. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






27. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






28. ?






29. When info. in a contingency table is re-organized into more or less categories - relationships seen can change or reverse.

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30. Is inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or - more generally - about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.






31. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






32. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






33. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






34. Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically - sometimes they are grouped together as






35. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






36. Have meaningful distances between measurements defined - but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit)






37. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






38. Is the length of the smallest interval which contains all the data.






39. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






40. A variable describes an individual by placing the individual into a category or a group.






41. (or multivariate random variable) is a vector whose components are random variables on the same probability space.






42. The standard deviation of a sampling distribution.






43. Is a function that gives the probability of all elements in a given space: see List of probability distributions






44. Is a parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions.






45. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






46. Is the probability distribution - under repeated sampling of the population - of a given statistic.






47. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






48. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






49. Interpretation of statistical information in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured can often involve the development of a






50. Is a function of the known data that is used to estimate an unknown parameter; an estimate is the result from the actual application of the function to a particular set of data. The mean can be used as an estimator.







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