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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (a.k.a. - predictive statistics) together comprise






2. A variable that has an important effect on the response variable and the relationship among the variables in a study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied either because it is unknown or not measured.






3. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






4. The proportion of the explained variation by a linear regression model in the total variation.






5. Is the probability of some event A - assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(A|B) - and is read 'the probability of A - given B'






6. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






7. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






8. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






9. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






10. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






11. Is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the square root of the variance - and is generally written s (sigma).






12. Is a set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn - often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values.






13. Var[X] :






14. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






15. Ratio and interval measurements which can be either discrete or continuous - due to their numerical nature are grouped together as






16. ?r






17. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






18. Many statistical methods seek to minimize the mean-squared error - and these are called






19. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






20. Is data that can take only two values - usually represented by 0 and 1.






21. (or just likelihood) is a conditional probability function considered a function of its second argument with its first argument held fixed. For example - imagine pulling a numbered ball with the number k from a bag of n balls - numbered 1 to n. Then






22. To prove the guiding theory further - these predictions are tested as well - as part of the scientific method. If the inference holds true - then the descriptive statistics of the new data increase the soundness of that






23. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






24. A subjective estimate of probability.






25. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






26. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






27. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






28. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that there is a matching of the first sample data drawn and a corresponding data value in the second sample data.






29. A scale that represents an ordinal scale such as looks on a scale from 1 to 10.






30. Is a measure of the 'peakedness' of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations - as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.






31. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






32. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






33. Is a sample space over which a probability measure has been defined.






34. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






35. Another name for elementary event.






36. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






37. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






38. Is a measure of its statistical dispersion - indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable X is typically designated as - - or simply s2.






39. To find the average - or arithmetic mean - of a set of numbers:






40. Is used in 'mathematical statistics' (alternatively - 'statistical theory') to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and - more generally - the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the






41. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.






42. In Bayesian inference - this represents prior beliefs or other information that is available before new data or observations are taken into account.






43. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






44. Is the exact middle value of a set of numbers Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Find the value in the middle of the list.






45. Some commonly used symbols for population parameters






46. In number theory - scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns - which may then lead to






47. Is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case - the researchers would collect o






48. The probability of the observed value or something more extreme under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.






49. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






50. A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.







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