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CLEP General Mathematics: Probability And Statistics

Subjects : clep, math
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Are two related but separate academic disciplines. Statistical analysis often uses probability distributions - and the two topics are often studied together. However - probability theory contains much that is of mostly of mathematical interest and no






2. Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:






3. Cov[X - Y] :






4. Data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.






5. Probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.






6. Of a group of numbers is the center point of all those number values.






7. Is the function that gives the probability distribution of a random variable. It cannot be negative - and its integral on the probability space is equal to 1.






8. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.






9. Involves taking measurements of the system under study - manipulating the system - and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements.






10. When you have two or more competing models - choose the simpler of the two models.






11. Another name for elementary event.






12. Where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a 'false positive'.






13. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: In both types of studies - the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies






14. Is a process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations.






15. Is often denoted by placing a caret over the corresponding symbol - e.g. - pronounced 'theta hat'.






16. Are simply two different terms for the same thing. Add the given values






17. A pairwise independent collection of random variables is a set of random variables any two of which are independent.






18. ?






19. Given two jointly distributed random variables X and Y - the marginal distribution of X is simply the probability distribution of X ignoring information about Y.






20. A consistent - repeated deviation of the sample statistic from the population parameter in the same direction when many samples are taken.






21. Is data arising from counting that can take only non-negative integer values.






22. Samples are drawn from two different populations such that the sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.






23. The result of a Bayesian analysis that encapsulates the combination of prior beliefs or information with observed data






24. (or expectation) of a random variable is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ('value'). Thus - it represents the average amount one 'expects' to win per bet if bets with identical odds are re






25. Gives the probability distribution for a continuous random variable.






26. Changes over time that show a regular periodicity in the data where regular means over a fixed interval; the time between repetitions is called the period.






27. Are usually written in upper case roman letters: X - Y - etc.






28. Consists of a number of independent trials repeated under identical conditions. On each trial - there are two possible outcomes.






29. Any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects






30. Some commonly used symbols for sample statistics






31. Can be - for example - the possible outcomes of a dice roll (but it is not assigned a value). The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable.






32. The objects described by a set of data: person (animal) - place - and - thing. (SUBJECTS)






33. Probability of accepting a false null hypothesis.






34. The probability of correctly detecting a false null hypothesis.






35. The collection of all possible outcomes in an experiment.






36. To find the median value of a set of numbers: Arrange the numbers in numerical order. Locate the two middle numbers in the list. Find the average of those two middle values.






37. Is its expected value. The mean (or sample mean of a data set is just the average value.






38. Error also refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value - such as






39. A subjective estimate of probability.






40. Have no meaningful rank order among values.






41. Design of experiments - using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables - and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage - the experimenters a






42. Long-term upward or downward movement over time.






43. A data value that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph.






44. There are four main levels of measurement used in statistics: Each of these have different degrees of usefulness in statistical research.






45. The errors - or difference between the estimated response y^i and the actual measured response yi - collectively






46. Uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented - accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing) - estimating numerical characteris






47. Is used to describe probability in a continuous probability distribution. For example - you can't say that the probability of a man being six feet tall is 20% - but you can say he has 20% of chances of being between five and six feet tall. Probabilit






48. Is the set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example - the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be {1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6}.






49. When there is an even number of values...






50. (or atomic event) is an event with only one element. For example - when pulling a card out of a deck - 'getting the jack of spades' is an elementary event - while 'getting a king or an ace' is not.