Clinical Surgery

Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. From which cells does Medullary carcinoma arise from?
Conservative - Medical - Surgical
Optimize tissue perfusion and oxygenation - Treat infection as it arises - Use topical dressings as required and provide nutritional support specifically vitamin C - zinc and multivitamins. - Other techniques include hyperbaric oxygen -hydrotherapy a
Skin : as above - Lungs : pneumonitis - pulmonary fibrosis - Heart : Ischemic heart disease - Arteries: radiation arteritis -Spinal cord : myelopathy - Gonadal damage : infertility - Thyroid : hypothyroidism due to depletion of follicular thyroid cel
Parafollicular C Cells


2. What is the differential diagnosis of intermittent claudication?
Liver Cirrhosis - Inflammatory Bowel disease - Malabsorption - Gastrointestinal lymphoma
A hypervascular mas displacing the bifurcation of the carotid arteries
The causes of pain in the leg can be divided into: Musculoskeletal such as pathologies of the knee -ankle or hip - Neurological such as spinal stenosis which leads to spinal claudication - Vascular such as intermittent claudication and deep vein thro
Gradual elastic compression stocking - grade 2 compression - Encourage weight loss and regular exercise


3. What is acanthosis nigricans associated with?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


4. What would you tell to a lady with varicose veins about the proposed surgery?
Any cause of deep venous insufficiency can lead to ulceration: Valvular disease - varicose veins - deep vein reflux - communicating vein reflux - Outflow tract obstruction - often post-DVT - Muscle pump failure - primary such as stroke and neuromuscu
Grade 3 compression stockings to apply 40mmHg pressure at the ankles - Intermittent pneumatic compression device - Cellulitis should be treated - Advise patient to elevate their leg as much as possible and stress the importance of cleanliness and car
Use of gloves and discontinuing any predisposing drugs e.g beta blockers - Using warm pads in gloves and socks in the winter - Encourage patients to stop smoking
Procedure usually performed as a day case - Need to wear tight-fitting stockings for 6 weeks preoperatively - No driving for 1 week - Does not alter the skin changes - including skin flares - May not improve symptoms such as aching - Risk of recurren


5. What is a furuncle?
Left spermatic vein is more vertical where it connects to the left renal vein - The left renal vein can be compressed by the colon - The left testicular vein is longer than the right - It frequently lack a terminal valve which serves to try to preven
A furuncle results from infection of hair follicles with Staphylococcus aureus
Truelove classification - Gastrointestinal symptoms : passage of bloody stools more than 6 times per day - Systemic signs : tachycardia and pyrexia - Laboratory findings : anaemia and CRP more than 30
Discolouration - Discharge - Depression - Deviation - Displacement - Destruction - [Duplication - unlikely in the exam]


6. What are the causes of unilateral ptosis?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


7. What is a chemodectoma?
A chemodectoma is a tumour of the paraganglion cells of the carotid body located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. They are usually benign(but locally invasive) - but occassionally - they are malignant with potential to metastasize to
Bright-red raised strawberry-like lesion - Present from birth - but 60% undergo spontaneous resolution by the age of 3 years - Only treated if obscuring a visual field or spontaneous resolution not occurring.
At two levels:ABO Compatibility - HLA Compatibility
Diffuse enlargement - smooth or nodular - Solitary nodule


8. What is the non-surgical treatment of a multinodular goitre?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


9. What other associations of pyoderma gangrenosum do you know of?
Using hand-held skin graft knives or electric or gas powered dermatomes - the latter producing a graft of even thickness from almost any site - with little expertise needed for operation. The donor site is usually one that can be easily concealed for
Arises in a lentigo maligna - Occurs most often on the face or dorsum of the hands and forearms - Underlying lesion is flat and brown-to-black in colour with an irregular outline - Malignant area in the lesion is usually thicker - and darker in colou
Commonest in children and young adults(P for Paediatric)
Idiopathic(50%) - Myeloproliferative disorders - Autoimmune hepatitis - More common in males than females


10. What are the main features of neuropathic ulcers?
Painless - Associated with normal appearance of the surrounding skin - Associated with local sensory loss
Scar confined to wound margins - It is found across flexor surfaces and skin creases
The face can be affected in patients with: Syringomyelia - Frey's syndrome
Third cranial nerve palsy - complete ptosis - Horner's syndrome - partial ptosis - Syphillis


11. What is the aetiology of enterocutaneous fistulae?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


12. What are the risk factors for arterial disease
Defective gene on chromosome 17
Mnemonic : PACT - Prominent nodule in a multinodular goitre - Adenoma - Cyst/Carcinoma/Lymphoma - Thyroiditis
Smoking - Diabetes - Hypertension - Cholesterol - Previous history especially heart disease or stroke - Family history - Possibly renal failure -hypothyroidism and gout
Epidermal Cyst - Trichilemmal Cyst


13. What are the features of an inguinal hernia?
Thyroid function tests - hyperthyroid - Ultrasound - dimensions of goitre and nodules looking for dominant nodules or cysts for FNAC - Chest X-ray as a retrosternal goitre may compress the trachea
Non-Surgical : Leave alone if asymptomatic(particularly in young patients) - Surgical : Complete excision of lesion with histology(.
Found above the inguinal ligament - Usually reducible - Commoner in males - 6:1 - Risk of strangulation is low - Cough impulse present
Increased sweating - Palmar erythema - Thyroid acropachy - Onycholysis - Areas of vitiligo - Pulse - Fine Tremor


14. How would you investigate a patient with cervical lymphadenopathy?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


15. What is the pathogenesis of umbilical herniae?
Calcification of the walls of the vessel preserves the pulses until late in the natural history of disease - and prevent the sphygmomanometer from compressing the vessels. This tends to lead to an abnormally(and reassuringly) high ankle brachial pres
Debulking or bypass procedures - Direct lymphovenous anastamosis - Stripping a piece of intestinal mucosa - exposing the rich submucosal plexus - this can then be used to replace a leg lymph node which then forms new connections with distal lymphatic
Gangrene is the result of irreversible tissue necrosis and has a number of causes: Diabetes - Embolus and thrombosis - Raynaud's syndrome - Thrombangiitis obliterans - Ergot poisoning - Vessel injury secondary to extreme cold -heat -trauma or pressur
These are due to a defect through the linea alba adjacent to the umbilicus and usually due to obesity stretching the fibres.


16. Large hernia
It is due to development inclusion of epidermis along lines of fusion of skin dermatomes and are therefore commonly at: The medial and lateral ends of the eyebrows - The midline of the nose - The midline of the neck and trunk - Suspect if you see a c
A dermatofibroma is a benign neoplasm of dermal fibroblasts.
May require the placing of postoperative drains
Ductal carcinoma which account for approximately 70% of cancers - Lobular carcinoma which accounts for 20% of cancers - Others such as mucinous -tubular -medullary which accounts for approximately 10% of cancers


17. What are the surgical options available for deep venous occlusion/reflux

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


18. What is the pathogenesis of thoracic outlet obstuction?
Risk factor modification - stopping smoking - good diabetic and hypertensive control and optimized serum lipid levels - Symptom modification - avoidance of drugs which might worsen symptoms - commencement of low-dose aspirin daily -IV prostaglandins
Congenital - Usually due to a cervical rib(arising from the seventh cervical vertebra) and the subclavian artery is compressed between the rib and either the scalenus anterior muscle or the clavicle - Acquired - The obstruction may also follow a frac
Complications include cosmetic symptoms but important problems are encountered in the perinatal period: Before delivery it may obstruct delivery - After delivery : respiratory obstruction and obstruction of swallowing
Wound complications - Recurrence - Damage to adjacent neurovascular structures


19. What is the treatment of a chemodectoma?
Autosomal dominant - 1 in 500 - Chromosomes 4 and 16 are affected - Age of Presentation is between 30s and 50s
Lord's plication - Jaboulay's operation
Surgical excision with preoperative embolizatoin if the tumour is large - Ultrasonic surgical dissection may also be used - Radiotherapy is used for patients unfit for surgery or for large tumours
Malignancy - Primary lung tumour - Cardiovascular : Pulmonary embolus/infarct or Dressler's syndrome - Infections such as Pneumonia - Tuberculosis or Subphrenic abscess - Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and SLE


20. Radiological investigations for hepatomegaly
Usually occurs in the over 50s although it may affect younger patients. It is the most common causes of a renal mass in women of childbearing age - Beck's Triad of: Haematuria - Mass - Loin Pain
Ultrasound - first line - Which is used to define the liver architecture and give an idea of the size and may identify the pathology - Contrast-enhanced CT may also be useful - especially to further investigate solid lesions
An intravenous injection of contrast into the veins in the arm can illustrate the degree of obstruction - A CT Scan of the thorax may demonstrate the cause of the obstruction and the length of the SVC affected
Auscultation - Percussion of the thyroid gland and downwards for retrosternal extension


21. What are the venous symptoms in thoracic outlet obstruction more commonly due to?
The cyst may be surgically excised - whole if possible - although this may be difficult if there has been previous infection - Bonney's blue dye can be injected into the fistula/sinus allowing accurate surgical excision and therefore reduces recurren
Axillary vein thrombosis - Damage to axillary drainage following surgery such as axillary dissection in breast surgery
Early mobilization is important - They should keep the area clean and wash carefully -especially after the clip/sutures have been removed - They are able to bathe immediately - They may need to be off work for 6 weeks if their job involves heavy lift
Three arteries - artery to vas deferens -testicular artery -cremasteric artery - Three nerves - ilioinguinal nerve on the front of the cord - nerve to cremaster and autonomic nerves - Three other structures - vas deferens - pampiniform plexus of vein


22. What are the causes of a solitary thyroid nodule?
Small -punched out ulcers - Often over medial aspect of lower leg
Mnemonic : PACT - Prominent nodule in a multinodular goitre - Adenoma - Cyst/Carcinoma/Lymphoma - Thyroiditis
Congenital : Cystic disease - horseshoe kidney - hypertrophic single kidney - Acquired : Diseases specific to the kidney such as solitary cysts - tumours - hydronephrosis - pyonephrosis - perinephric abscess and renal vein thrombosis and diseases as
The procedure should be performed under sterile condition and if the ascites is not clinically apparent or easy to locate - it should be done by a radiologist under ultrasound guidance to prevent inadvertent injuries to intra-abdominal structures.


23. What are the causes of a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


24. What is the non-surgical treatment of pressure sores?
Acute severe ulcerative colitis - MPS - toxic Megacolon - Perforation - rare in absence of toxic dilatation and raises possibility of Crohn's disease. The mortality is 40% - Severe gastrointestinal bleeding - Chronic ulcerative colitis - 3 Ms - Medic
Optimize tissue perfusion and oxygenation - Treat infection as it arises - Use topical dressings as required and provide nutritional support specifically vitamin C - zinc and multivitamins. - Other techniques include hyperbaric oxygen -hydrotherapy a
Tumour - parotid gland malignancy - Trauma - surgical - accidental e.g facial lacerations
Nerve to stapedius - Nerve to posterior belly of digastric - Five divisions within the parotid gland - temporal - zygomatic - buccal - mandibular and cervical


25. What is Sjogren's syndrome?
Barrett's oesophagus - Stricture especially chemical - Achalasia - Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Autoimmune condition - Intermittent or constant swelling of one or all of the salivary glands
Cervical spondylosis - Pancoast's tumour - Cervical disc protrusions - Ulnar nerve neuropathy
20%


26. What are the features of ulcers in syphillis?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


27. What are the different types of mastectomy that can be performed?
Simple mastectomy - Modified radical mastectomy(patey) - Radical mastectomy(Halsted mastectomy) - Extended radical mastectomy
VINTA MEDIC - Vascular - Iatrogenic - Neoplastic - Traumatic - Autoimmune - Metabolic - Endocrine - Degenerative - Inflammatory/Infective - Congenital
Mneumonic : BEDD - Base - Edge - Describe structure visualized at the base of the ulcer - Discharge
Heamolysis - Hereditary e.g : gilbert's syndrome


28. How would you treat a dermatofibroma?
A carbuncle is an extensive infection of hair follicles by the same organism with involvement of adjacent follicles and development of draining sinuses. It is associated with diabetes and is treated with a combination of systemic antibiotics and surg
Congenital : Cystic disease - horseshoe kidney - hypertrophic single kidney - Acquired : Diseases specific to the kidney such as solitary cysts - tumours - hydronephrosis - pyonephrosis - perinephric abscess and renal vein thrombosis and diseases as
Excision of a single lobe of the lung
Non-Surgical : leave alone if asymptomatic and if patient does not want intervention - Surgical : Simple excision followed by histology


29. What elements are ascertained in a thyroid history with regards to symptoms arising from the swelling?
Use of gloves and discontinuing any predisposing drugs e.g beta blockers - Using warm pads in gloves and socks in the winter - Encourage patients to stop smoking
Duration and change in size - Cosmetic symptoms - Discomfort during swallowing/dysphagia - Dyspnoea - Hoarseness - Pain
Venous disease
Heamolysis - Hereditary e.g : gilbert's syndrome


30. What are the functions of the spleen?
Treatment is essentially surgical - Operation of choice is Sistrunk's operation - Inject patent track with dye at the start of the operation - Excise cyst and the patent or fibrous track which runs through the central portion of the hyoid bone(Which
Produces IgM - to capture and process foreign antigen - Filters especially encapsulated microorganisms e.g pneumococcus - Sequesters and removes old red blood cells and platelets - Recycles iron - Pools platelets(30% of total platelets within spleen)
Commonest form of thyroid abnormality - Secondary to hyperplasia of the gland to meet physiological demand for thyroxine - Secondary to defective production of thyroid hormone
1


31. What are the indications for an amputation?
Indications for amputation can be remembered as the 4Ds: Dead - ischemic - peripheral vascular disease - thromboangiitis obliterans - AV fistulae - Damaged - trauma - unsalvageable limbs - burns - frostbite - Dangerous - Malignancy - bone and soft ti
SPRUE - Site of enlargement - from the left costal margin towards the umbilicus - Percussion note - dull - Respiration movement - it descends - Unable to get above it or ballot it(differentiating it from the kidney) - Edge - a notch may be palpable o
There are two pathological systems in use: Clark's level of invasion based mostly on the depth/extent of tumour and Breslow's thickness Which is based mostly on the thickness of malignant melanoma. Breslow's thickness is a better prognostic indicator
Fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis - MRI to exclude deep-lobe involvement


32. What will you observe on angiography of a chemodectoma?
Truelove classification - Gastrointestinal symptoms : passage of bloody stools more than 6 times per day - Systemic signs : tachycardia and pyrexia - Laboratory findings : anaemia and CRP more than 30
Diffuse enlargement - smooth or nodular - Solitary nodule
The tourniquet test is designed to reveal the presence and site of incompetent veins - especially at the sites of connection between the superficial and deep venous systems.
A hypervascular mas displacing the bifurcation of the carotid arteries


33. How would you prepare a patient prior to breast surgery?
Physical preparation - marking of side - explanation of procedure - anaesthetic work up - Pyschological preparation - Breast care nurse preoperatively and discussion of reasons for mastectomy - option of reconstructive surgery
Have you noticed any change in the colour of your urine? Have you noticed any change in the colour of your stools? - Have you noticed yourself feeling itchy?
Rapid growth and pain(on history) - Hyperemic hot skin - Hard consistency - Fixed to skin and underlying muscle - Irregular surface or ill-defined edge - Facial nerve involvement
Congenital : Cystic disease - horseshoe kidney - hypertrophic single kidney - Acquired : Diseases specific to the kidney such as solitary cysts - tumours - hydronephrosis - pyonephrosis - perinephric abscess and renal vein thrombosis and diseases as


34. What is neurofibromatosis?
Retro-orbital inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration leading to oedema and an increase in retrobulbar orbital contents
Below Knee - Above Knee
Presence of multiple neurofibromas in a patient - in combination with other dermatological manifestations(six cafe-au-lait psots) - It is an autosomal dominant condition with two types: 1 and 2.
Are you having difficulties swallowing liquids - or solids - or both? - Did the problem start suddenly or was the onset gradual? - Do you ever regurgitate food? - Can you eat a full meal? - How long have you had this problem for? - Where does the foo


35. What are the seven signs in the eyes that one should look out for when assessing the thyroid status?
Intra-abdominal abscesses should be drained - Colonic defunctioning using a loop ileostomy may be needed for patients who have failed medical therapy - Occasionally a subtotal colectomy and permanent ileostomy may be needed - Pouch surgery is general
According to site - contents and if it is random or axial. When it comes to site - you consider where it is local or distant(Which is also known as a free flap). You have to also consider the contents which can contain any tissue capable of transfer
Loss of hair on outer-third of eyebrows - Lid retraction - Lid lag - Ophthalmoplegia - Exophthalmos - Chemosis - Proptosis
Third cranial nerve palsy - complete ptosis - Horner's syndrome - partial ptosis - Syphillis


36. How do true umbilical herniae occur?
True umbilical herniae occur through the umbilical scar and are usually congenital in origin and particulary common in patients of Afro-Caribbean origin
Acute severe ulcerative colitis - MPS - toxic Megacolon - Perforation - rare in absence of toxic dilatation and raises possibility of Crohn's disease. The mortality is 40% - Severe gastrointestinal bleeding - Chronic ulcerative colitis - 3 Ms - Medic
Sympathetic overstimulation and restrictive myopathy of levator palpebrae superioris
Mnemonic : NO SPECS - No signs or symptoms - Only signs of upper lid retraction and stare - with or without lid lag and exopthalmos - Soft-tissue involvement - Proptosis - Exopthalmos - Corneal Involvement - Slight loss due to optic nerve involvemen


37. What is a keratoacanthoma?
A caring and competent approach - A good examination technique - An ability to elicit and draw conclusions from physical signs
Non-Surgical - mechanical pressure therapy(day and night for up to 1 year) and topical silicone gel sheets - Surgical : Revision of scar with closure by direct suturing - local Z-plasty or skin grafting to avoid excessive tension - Intralesional ster
A keratoacanthoma is a benign overgrowth of hair follicle cells that produces a central plug of keratin. It is rapidly growing - forming within 6 weeks and regressing after 6 weeks - leaving a depressed scar. Clinically and cytologically they may loo
A branchial cyst is thought to develop because of a failure of fusion of the embryonic second and third branchial arches. An alternative - and currently - popular - hypothesis is that it is an acquired condition due to cystic degeneration in cervical


38. What are the characteristics that suggest malignancy in skin lesions?
Increase in size - Ulceration - Change in colour - Irritation - Bleeding - Halo of pigmentation - Satellite nodules - Enlarged local lymph nodes - Evidence of distant spread
Small -punched out ulcers - Often over medial aspect of lower leg
Painless - Associated with normal appearance of the surrounding skin - Associated with local sensory loss
Well-differentiated - Myxoid and round cell - Pleomorphic liposarcoma


39. What about umbilical herniae in children?
Minor defects in neonates are common but usually repair spontaneously. In children - umbilical herniae are mor common; they tend to have a narrow neck and folds of peritoneum stuck within this neck - which can occassionally strangulate. Most cases re
Ductal carcinoma which account for approximately 70% of cancers - Lobular carcinoma which accounts for 20% of cancers - Others such as mucinous -tubular -medullary which accounts for approximately 10% of cancers
A dermoid cyst is a skin-lined cyst deep to the skin. They may be congenital or acquired.
malignant change?


40. What should one point out when describing the features of a thyroid swelling?
Size - Tenderness - Mobility - Consistency
Ligation of the incompetent SFJ or SPJ with stripping of the involved vein and stab avulsion of varicosities - Ligation of incompetent perforating vessels - Subcutaneous endoscopic perforator surgery
Familial e.g 'hazel nails' - pachydermoperiostitis - Graves' disease - Unilaterally seen in axillary artery aneurysm and brachial arteriovenous malformation
Leave alone if asymptomatic and if patient does not want intervention - Intervene only when extensive or for cosmetic reasons with local radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy using interferon-alpha -doxorubicin and intralesional vinblastine.


41. What is a dermatofibroma?
History - Examination - Special Investigations - Treatment
Well-differentiated - Myxoid and round cell - Pleomorphic liposarcoma
Truelove classification - Gastrointestinal symptoms : passage of bloody stools more than 6 times per day - Systemic signs : tachycardia and pyrexia - Laboratory findings : anaemia and CRP more than 30
A dermatofibroma is a benign neoplasm of dermal fibroblasts.


42. What is the pathophysiology of coarctation?
The aorta is narrowed below the origin of the left subclavian artery and therefore blood flow to the abdomen and legs is reduced - The prominent vessels over the back are large collateral that have developed to bypass the obstruction and supply the l
Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy leaving approximately 4g of thyroid tissue on each side of the trachea
Skin and soft tissues such as a sebaceous cyst -lipoma or sarcoma - Bowel - ca caecum - crohns mass in terminal ileum - TB terminal ileum - appendicular mass or abscess - Gynaecological organs - ovarian tumours or fibroid uterus - Male Reproductive S
Lymphangiomas can be:Cystic - Solid or diffuse - Cutaneous


43. What types of wounds are prone to hypertrophic and keloid scar formation?
Left spermatic vein is more vertical where it connects to the left renal vein - The left renal vein can be compressed by the colon - The left testicular vein is longer than the right - It frequently lack a terminal valve which serves to try to preven
It is a point halfway along a line joining the ASIS and the midline Which is equal to the location of femoral artery
Wounds associated with - Infection - Trauma - Burns - Tension especially over the sternum such as after CABG - Wounds on certain areas of the body
Non-surgical : Leave alone if small and asymptomatic - Surgical : minimally invasive surgery or surgical excision


44. How might a patient with a popliteal aneurysms present?
Non-Surgical : leave alone if asymptomatic and if patient does not want intervention - Surgical : Simple excision followed by histology
Popliteal aneurysms represent 80% of all peripheral (non-aortic) aneurysms - The patient may have presented with a lump behind the knee if the aneurysm has grown to such a size that it has expanded beyond the popliteal fossa - 50% present with distal
Jaundice is yellow discolouration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by the accumulation of bile pigments.
Diet should be normal - Bag should be changed once or twice a day(needs to be emptied more frequently than this if it is urine or fluid faeces) - Ileostomies should have the base plate under the bag changed every 5 days and the bag changed daily - Ps


45. What is the definition of an enterocutaneous fistula?
Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia/haemolytic anemia - Hereditary spherocytosis - Thrombotic thrombocytopenia - Sickle cell/thalessemia - Myelofibrosis - occasionally in CML - Hodgkin's
A enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the skin
Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon associated with other diseases
Necrotizing vasculitis - Purpuric -haemorrhagic bullae


46. With which conditions would an ascitic exudate be expected?
The reason for repairing abdominal aortic aneurysm is to avoid complications - The following aneurysms should be repaired: Symptomatic aneurysms(back pain - tenderness over the aneurysm on palpation -distal embolic events - ruptured/leaked aneurysms)
The elective mortality from open AAA repair is 5% but this figure may be lower in specialist centres - If the patient suffers a ruptured aneurysm and reaches the hospital - their operative mortality rises to 50% - but only 50% of patients reach hospi
Cirrhosis - Malignancy - Lymphatic rupture or damage
These are due to a defect through the linea alba adjacent to the umbilicus and usually due to obesity stretching the fibres.


47. What are the indications for surgery in ulcerative colitis?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


48. Why is total thyroidectomy preferred in the surgical treatment of Graves' disease?
Results from persistence of part of the thyroglossal tract - which marks development descent of the thyroid gland
Osteomyelitis - infection transmitted to the bone through the stump - Stump ulceration - can be caused by pressure from the prosthesis - Stump neuroma - Swelling of the distal nerve as it tries to regrow following division; during the initial procedu
This removes the possibility of recurrent disease appears to improves the outcome for patietns with significant eye disease and eliminates the need for annual TFT monitoring to assess remnant function. It does - of course - demand thyroxine replaceme
Arising inside the parotid gland - Arising outside the parotid gland


49. How does papillary carcinoma spread?
Via the lymphatic route(Y for yellow = lymph)
It is often advised as the problem usually gets worse with age and there is risk of infertility.
Hidradenitis suppurative - also known as acne inversa - is now considered a disease of follicular occlusion rather than an inflammatory or infectious process of the apocrine glands. Abscesses form recurrently and this causes the characteristic perman
Regular skin inspection - Frequent turning of immobile patients( 2 to 4 hourly) - Massage - Toileting - The use of special mattresses and cushion which redistribute the pressure on at-risk areas


50. What clinical features would make you suspect that a parotid swelling is malignant in nature?
Rapid growth and pain(on history) - Hyperemic hot skin - Hard consistency - Fixed to skin and underlying muscle - Irregular surface or ill-defined edge - Facial nerve involvement
Gumma of tertiary syphillis has a typical punched-out ulcer - over the anterior surface of the lower leg and has a yellow coloured 'wash leather' base. - Scalloped border
The incidence is low approximately 4 per 100 -000 per year - The histological varieties are papillary -follicular -medullary - anaplastic and lymphoma(malignant) with papillary being the most common at 70% of the cases.(Mnemonic : MAL-FP)
This removes the possibility of recurrent disease appears to improves the outcome for patietns with significant eye disease and eliminates the need for annual TFT monitoring to assess remnant function. It does - of course - demand thyroxine replaceme