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• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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• Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the mechanical obstruction causes of dysphagia?

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2. What are the four commonest types of malignant melanoma?
20%
An arterial bruit may indicate alcoholic hepatits and carcinoma. A venous hum is associated with portal hypertension and if this is secondary to cirrhosis with a patent umbilical vein(or varices in the falciform ligament) - this is known as the Cruve
Mnemonic: SNAiL - Superficial spreading - Nodular melanoma - Acral lentiginous melanoma - Lentigo maligna melanoma
Renal transplantation is indicated in end stage renal failure - the commonest reasons in the UK are:Diabetes mellitus - Hypertensive renal disease - Glomerulonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease


3. What are the causes of atrial fibrillation?
Cardiac disease - hypertension -myocardial infarction -ischaemia -mitral valve disease - cardiomyopathy -endocarditis - Respiratory disease - Pneumonia - lung cancer - sarcoidosis - Other: Hypothyroidism and idiopathic ( lone AF)
Notching on the underside of the ribs may be seen on a chest x-ray - this sign is caused by erosion by the intercostal collateral vessels - On the chest x-ray the aorta may be abnormal - it contains two bulges - the 'three sign' - A barium swallow sh
Weight loss - Change in bowel habit - Loss of appetite - Back pain
Donor renal artery is anastamosed to either the internal or external iliac artery - The donor renal vein is anastamosed to the external iliac vein - The ureter is anastamosed seperately to the patient's bladder - The renal pelvis the most anterior st


4. Which normal tissues are particularly affected by radiotherapy?
Tissues with rapid turnover(epidermal layers of the skin - small intestine - bone marrow stem cells) - Tissues with a limited ability to repopulate(spinal cord and gonads)
Mnemonic : HIS PRIPS - Ischaemia/gangrene - Haemorrhage - Retraction - Prolapse/intussusception - Parastomal Hernia - Stenosis - Skin excoriation
Vascular - Cerebrovascular accident - Tumour - acoustic neuroma - Infection - Meningitis(rarely
Cardiac failure - Tricuspid regurgitation - Constrictive pericarditis


5. What are the surgical treatment options for hydrocoele?

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6. What immunizations would you need to organize in the event of performing a splenectomy?

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7. How do carcinomas of the oesophagus present?
Preoperative - Age -Immunocompromised state -obesity -malignancy -abdominal distension from obstruction or ascites - Operate - Poor technical closure of the wound -placing drains through wounds - Postoperative - wound infection or haematoma - early m
It will show you if it is malignant or inflammatory
The procedure can be performed under a regional(brachial plexus) - local or general anaesthesia - A longitudinal incision 3-4cm in length is made over the distal third of the forearm midway between the radial artery and the cephalic vein - The cephal
The characteristic presentation is insidious with progressive weight-loss and dysphagia - The patient initally hass difficulty swallowing solids and often describes the food getting stuck in the lower part of the oesophagus - They may also describe o


8. In What age group is papillary carcinoma more common in?
Open lymph node excision biopsy - Block dissection of the neck - Radical Neck Dissection
Commonest in children and young adults(P for Paediatric)
Paraumbilical herniae occur around the umbilical scar. They are uncommon before the age of 40 years and can become large. Peristalsis can be observed through the skin when the defect is large. The neck of the sac is often tight and held with a fibrou
Hyperkeratoses(thickening of the keratin layer) - Focal parakeratosis - Irregular acanthosis - Basal layer atypia only


9. Why are 98% of varicocoeles left-side?
Left spermatic vein is more vertical where it connects to the left renal vein - The left renal vein can be compressed by the colon - The left testicular vein is longer than the right - It frequently lack a terminal valve which serves to try to preven
Presence of multiple neurofibromas in a patient - in combination with other dermatological manifestations(six cafe-au-lait psots) - It is an autosomal dominant condition with two types: 1 and 2.
Unhealthy -necrotic and infected tissue - Irradiated tissue - Exposed cortical bone without periosteum - Tendon without peritendon - Cartilage without perichondrium
Sympathetic overstimulation and restrictive myopathy of levator palpebrae superioris


10. What do you know about the epidemiology of thyroglossal cysts?
Infections within the oesophagus especially candidiasis and herpes simplex - Pharyngitis - Occasionally ulceration over the lower third of the oesophagus
Should The Children Ever Find Lumps Readily
Rare - Worldwide distribution - Equally common in males and females - Rarely present at birth - 40% present in the first decade and can even present late in the ninth decade
Well-localized abscesses are treated by incision and drainage under antibiotic cover - Larger lesions are treated by radical excision and full-thickness skin grafting usually harvested from the groins or abdomen


11. What would you tell to a lady with varicose veins about the proposed surgery?
Non-surgical : Leave alone if small and asymptomatic - Surgical : minimally invasive surgery or surgical excision
Mnemonic : NO SPECS - No signs or symptoms - Only signs of upper lid retraction and stare - with or without lid lag and exopthalmos - Soft-tissue involvement - Proptosis - Exopthalmos - Corneal Involvement - Slight loss due to optic nerve involvemen
Procedure usually performed as a day case - Need to wear tight-fitting stockings for 6 weeks preoperatively - No driving for 1 week - Does not alter the skin changes - including skin flares - May not improve symptoms such as aching - Risk of recurren
Less than 0.5


12. What types of wounds are prone to hypertrophic and keloid scar formation?
Mean age is 50 years at presentation(F for fifty)
Wounds associated with - Infection - Trauma - Burns - Tension especially over the sternum such as after CABG - Wounds on certain areas of the body
Use of truss or corset - Weight loss and management of other risk factors
It helps to give an indication as to What the exact aetiology is.


13. What is the aim of cardiopulmonary bypass?
It will show you if it is malignant or inflammatory
The aim of bypass is to provide a systemic circulation while the heart is stopped and emptied of blood.
Autosomal dominant - 1 in 500 - Chromosomes 4 and 16 are affected - Age of Presentation is between 30s and 50s
Via the bloodstream(R is equal to red is equal to blood)


14. How should you organize information when talking about a disease?
Definition - Incidence - Sex - Geography - Aetiology - Pathogenesis - Macroscopic Pathology - Microscopic Pathology - Prognosis - Symptoms - Signs - Investigations - Treatment
Neoplasia(benign -malignant -lymphoma and leukaemia) - Stone(sialolithiasis) - Infection/inflammation(mumps -acute sialadenitis -chronic recurrent sialadenitis -HIV - salivary gland disease) - Autoimmune(sjogren's syndrome) - Infiltration(sarcoidosis
Varicocoeles are dilated tortuous 'varicose' veins in the pampiniform plexus - the network of veins that drains the testis - They usually occur in 15% of younger men - often around puberty - and are thought to have an anatomical basis - If they appea
The incidence is low approximately 4 per 100 -000 per year - The histological varieties are papillary -follicular -medullary - anaplastic and lymphoma(malignant) with papillary being the most common at 70% of the cases.(Mnemonic : MAL-FP)


15. What are the indications of median sternotomy?
Emergency procedures e.g following penetrating chest trauma - Cardiac surgery - Resection of lung cancer
Non-surgical : Leave alone if small and asymptomatic - Surgical : minimally invasive surgery or surgical excision
Grade 3 compression stockings to apply 40mmHg pressure at the ankles - Intermittent pneumatic compression device - Cellulitis should be treated - Advise patient to elevate their leg as much as possible and stress the importance of cleanliness and car
Rapid growth and pain(on history) - Hyperemic hot skin - Hard consistency - Fixed to skin and underlying muscle - Irregular surface or ill-defined edge - Facial nerve involvement


16. What is an epigastric hernia?
The pressure cuff is inflated over the upper arm and the systolic pressure measured at the brachial artery using a Doppler probe - The cuff is then placed over the calf. - When the dorsalis pedis pulse has been located with the Doppler - the cuff is
An abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the linea alba - usually halfway between the xiphoid process and umbilicus
It arises de novo
Small red capillary naevus - Develops on the trunk in middle-age - No clinical significance


17. What are the 'transudate' causes of a pleural effusion?
Non-surgical : risk factor modification such as establishment of good diabetic control and for recurrent infections eradication of nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus with antiseptics and/or antibiotics such as chlorhexidine and mupirocin - Surgi
Cardiac failure - Metabolic disorders leading to hypoalbuminaemia such as Cirrhosis and Nephrotic syndrome
Results from persistence of part of the thyroglossal tract - which marks development descent of the thyroid gland
Hepatitis - Decompensated chronic liver disease - Drugs


18. Assuming a patient has obstructive jaundice - how should this patient be investigated?
This is the array of plastic surgeon techniques of increasing complexity that is available to the surgeon and Which is used according to their suitability for individual patients
Urine should be tested for raised bilirubin - Full Blood Count - Evidence of anemia in GI malignancies or associated infection - Renal function - any evidence for hepatorenal syndrome - Liver Function Tests -Clotting - functional assessment of hepati
The five Ms - Mechanical - obstructive symptoms - Malignancy - Marred Beauty - cosmetic reasons - Medical treatment failure - thyrotoxicosis - Mediastinal(retrosternal) extension - unable to perform FNAC or monitor change clinically
Increase in size - Ulceration - Change in colour - Irritation - Bleeding - Halo of pigmentation - Satellite nodules - Enlarged local lymph nodes - Evidence of distant spread


19. What clinical features would make you suspect that a parotid swelling is malignant in nature?
Mnemonic: WBC - White - blanching of digits - Blue - cyanosis of pain - Crimson - reactive hyperaemia - fingers turn red in colour
Rapid growth and pain(on history) - Hyperemic hot skin - Hard consistency - Fixed to skin and underlying muscle - Irregular surface or ill-defined edge - Facial nerve involvement
Injection sclerotherapy with 1% sodium tetradecyl sulphate - this has a high recurrence rate and indicated for postoperative recurrence of veins - below knee varicosities if the long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein are not involved.
Raynaud's phenomenon - Thrombangiitis obliterans - Takayasu's arteritis


20. What are patients with Sjogren's syndrome at risk of?

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21. What do patients with rest pain typically get more severe pain at night?
Duplex - shows area of reflux and deep venous occlusion - Venography - ascending which identifies deep venous patency and perforator incompetence and descending which identifies areas of reflux - Varicography - shows sites of communication - Ambulato
Essentially to treat complications not amenable to medical therapy such as:Intra-abdominal abscesses that cannot be drained radiologically - Enterocutaneous fistulae - Stenosis causing obstructive symptoms - Control of acute/chronic bleeding
The pain is caused by a reduced blood supply to the distal aspects of the limb. The pain gets worse at night because the perfusion of the limb is further reduced when the patient is lying down - This is due to: Decreased cardiac output at night - Red
Neuropathic - 45 to 60% of ulcers - Ischaemic due to peripheral occlusive arterial disaese - 10% of ulcers - Mixed neuroischaemic - 25-45% of ulcers


22. What are the benign diseases of the breast?
Congenital abnormalities - Aberrations of normal development and involution( fibroadenomas -breast cysts -sclerotic or fibrotic lesions) - Non-ANDI conditions such as infections -lipomas -fat necrosis
Preoperative - Age -Immunocompromised state -obesity -malignancy -abdominal distension from obstruction or ascites - Operate - Poor technical closure of the wound -placing drains through wounds - Postoperative - wound infection or haematoma - early m
Inflammation : inflammatory bowel disease -especially Crohn's disease - Diverticular disease - tuberculosis - Malignancy : Often following spontaneous rupture and abscess formation by the tumour - Radiotherapy : Pelvic irradiation can damage the inte
Pigmented freckles around the lips and inside the mouth - associated with intestinal intussusception and gastrointestinal bleeding from colonic polyps


23. What are the complications of the surgical removal of a branchial cyst?
Wound complications - Recurrence - Damage to adjacent neurovascular structures
Weight loss - Change in bowel habit - Loss of appetite - Back pain
Cirrhosis - Malignancy - Lymphatic rupture or damage
Recurrence of the cyst - Developement of a chronic -discharging sinus


24. How do you treat a thyroglossal cyst?

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25. What is a secondary hydrocoele?
Well-differentiated - Myxoid and round cell - Pleomorphic liposarcoma
A branchial cyst is thought to develop because of a failure of fusion of the embryonic second and third branchial arches. An alternative - and currently - popular - hypothesis is that it is an acquired condition due to cystic degeneration in cervical
Mneumonic : I - CHUM - Infection(frequent) - Calcification - Ulceration - sebaceous Horn formation - Malignant change
The vaginal type of hydrocoele may be secondary to a number of local pathologies: Testicular tumours - Torsion - Orchitis - Trauma - Following inguinal hernia repair


26. What is the differential diagnosis of a testicular tumour?
Hepatitis - Decompensated chronic liver disease - Drugs
Low approach - Lockwood - Transinguinal repair - Lotheissen - High approach - McEvedy
Painless - Associated with normal appearance of the surrounding skin - Associated with local sensory loss
Testicular tumours can be mimicked by chronic or old infection leading to scarring such as in orchitis or tuberculosis - Occasionally a long-standing hydrocoele may develop calcification and become harder - clinically similar to a tumour - Tumours oc


27. What are single lumps in the breast more likely to be ?
Fibroadenomas - Breast cysts - Fat necrosis - Breast cancer
Arising inside the parotid gland - Arising outside the parotid gland
Neoplasia(benign -malignant -lymphoma and leukaemia) - Stone(sialolithiasis) - Infection/inflammation(mumps -acute sialadenitis -chronic recurrent sialadenitis -HIV - salivary gland disease) - Autoimmune(sjogren's syndrome) - Infiltration(sarcoidosis
Lymphocyte-mediated destruction of the exocrine glands secondary to B-cell hyper-reactivity and associated loss of suppressor T-Cell activity


28. What are the complications of a cystic hygroma?
It helps to give an indication as to What the exact aetiology is.
Complications include cosmetic symptoms but important problems are encountered in the perinatal period: Before delivery it may obstruct delivery - After delivery : respiratory obstruction and obstruction of swallowing
Lead shields to protect the eyes and gonads - Dose-fractionation - Prior chemotherapy - Regional hypothermia - Radiolabelled antibodies
Necrotizing vasculitis - Purpuric -haemorrhagic bullae


29. What are the non-surgical options for Raynauds
Hyperthyroidism - Recurrent - Hypothyroidism - Hypertrophic scarring
Risk factor modification - stopping smoking - good diabetic and hypertensive control and optimized serum lipid levels - Symptom modification - avoidance of drugs which might worsen symptoms - commencement of low-dose aspirin daily -IV prostaglandins
Physical preparation - marking of side - explanation of procedure - anaesthetic work up - Pyschological preparation - Breast care nurse preoperatively and discussion of reasons for mastectomy - option of reconstructive surgery
Use of gloves and discontinuing any predisposing drugs e.g beta blockers - Using warm pads in gloves and socks in the winter - Encourage patients to stop smoking


30. What are the major causes of post-hepatic jaundice?
Autoimmune condition - Intermittent or constant swelling of one or all of the salivary glands
Arising from the skin and soft tissues - sebaceous cysts -sarcoma -lipoma -epigastric hernia - Arising from the gastrointestinal tract - carcinoma of the stomach -hepatomegaly -pancreatic ca - pancreatic pseudocyst - Arising from the vascular system
Gall stones - Carcinoma head of pancreas - Lymph nodes
The advantages of having surgery are a six-fold reduction in the rate of stroke at 3 years - The operative risk of stroke is 2% and operative mortality 1-2% - Specific risks of haematoma -hypoglossal nerve injury and numbness of the ipsilateral earlo


31. It is know that the pulses are preserved in the diabetic - why is this?
Early mobilization is important - They should keep the area clean and wash carefully -especially after the clip/sutures have been removed - They are able to bathe immediately - They may need to be off work for 6 weeks if their job involves heavy lift
Calcification of the walls of the vessel preserves the pulses until late in the natural history of disease - and prevent the sphygmomanometer from compressing the vessels. This tends to lead to an abnormally(and reassuringly) high ankle brachial pres
State of the skin/subcutanaeous tissues - Sites of fascia defects - Site of incompetence(including the Trendelenburg and Tourniquet Tests)
More worrying features for a tumour would include: Thick or irregular wall - Extensive calcification within the cavity or wall of the cyst - Multilocular cysts


32. What are the causes of superior vena cava obstruction?
Collagen antibodies are present in 45% of patients - There is an association with HLA-B5 - Angiography has typical appearances of normal proximal vessels with distal occlusion and 'corkscrew' collaterals.
Neoplasia(benign -malignant -lymphoma and leukaemia) - Stone(sialolithiasis) - Infection/inflammation(mumps -acute sialadenitis -chronic recurrent sialadenitis -HIV - salivary gland disease) - Autoimmune(sjogren's syndrome) - Infiltration(sarcoidosis
Uncommon sensory component of facial nerve carrying cutaneous impulses from the anterior wall of the external auditory meatus known as nervus intermedius or pars intermedia of Wrisberg
Causes can be divided into pathology within and outside the SVC. Within the SVC obstruction tends to be as a consequence of thrombosis within intravenous jugular or subclavian lines(CPV Lines) - especially when hyperosmolar solutions are infused for


33. What is the classic presentation of renal cell carcinoma?

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34. What are the categorical causes of digital clubbing?
It reduces intravascular hydrostatic pressure and the stockings increase extracellular hydrostatic pressure - together reducing the level of tissue oedema.
Idiopathic Which is the most common - Gastrointestinal - Respiratory - Cardiac - Rare causes
Purple-blue naevus found on face -lips and mucous membrane of the mouth - Present from birth and does not change in size thereafter - Found on limbs in association with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.
Scar extends beyond wound margins - It is found mostly on earlobes - chin -neck -shoulder and chest.


35. What complication can neurofibromata give rise to?
It is important to exclude malignant tumours such as: Malignant melanoma - Basal cell carcinoma
A blepharoplasty can be performed where excess skin and fat are removed.
Pressure effects - Deafness with involvement of the 8th cranial nerve - Sarcomatous transformation - Intra-abdominal effects - Skeletal changes
A neurofibroma is a benign tumour derived from peripheral nerve elements.


36. What are the features of a femoral hernia?
Found below the inguinal ligament - Usually not reducible - Commoner in women - but inguinal herniae are still commoner in women than femoral hernias. Risk of strangulation is high - Cough impulse usually absent
Lobectomy - Pneumonectomy - Non-anatomical resection are often performed for traumatic injury - Sleeve resection
General - Specific
A skin flap consists of tissue - or tissues - transferred from one site of the body to another - while maintaining a continuous blood supply through a vascular pedicle.


37. What is Adiposis dolorosa or Dercum's disease associated with?
Mneumonic : LIST Lymphoma and Leukaemia - Infection(further subdivided into Bacterial - Viral - Protozoal and Toxoplasmosis) - Sarcoidosis - Tumours
Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon associated with other diseases
Skin : as above - Lungs : pneumonitis - pulmonary fibrosis - Heart : Ischemic heart disease - Arteries: radiation arteritis -Spinal cord : myelopathy - Gonadal damage : infertility - Thyroid : hypothyroidism due to depletion of follicular thyroid cel
Peripheral Neuropathy


38. What should you mention when considering the management of a surgical patient?
History - Examination - Special Investigations - Treatment
Causes may be classified as the 3 Ps: Physiological - Pathological - decreased androgens - androgen resistance - increased secretion -increased peripheral aromatization - Potions that is drugs such as recreational drugs - GI drugs - cardiovascular dr
Early - haematoma - Intermediate - Infection and nerve damage e.g saphenous in stripping - Late - Recurrence
It is a collagen vascular disease - caused by infiltrate of plasma cells into the arterial wall - This leads to luminal thrombosis and affects small and medium-sized arteries of the lower limb - Eventually - collagen is deposited and forms a thick fi


39. What are the complications of a sebaceous cyst?
Inspect - Protrusion of the tongue - Swallowing - Palpate(from the back) - Continue Accordingly(Neck Decision Circle)
Skin : as above - Lungs : pneumonitis - pulmonary fibrosis - Heart : Ischemic heart disease - Arteries: radiation arteritis -Spinal cord : myelopathy - Gonadal damage : infertility - Thyroid : hypothyroidism due to depletion of follicular thyroid cel
Truelove classification - Gastrointestinal symptoms : passage of bloody stools more than 6 times per day - Systemic signs : tachycardia and pyrexia - Laboratory findings : anaemia and CRP more than 30
Mneumonic : I - CHUM - Infection(frequent) - Calcification - Ulceration - sebaceous Horn formation - Malignant change


40. What is the adequate treatment for minimal lesion(less than 1cm) in thyroid cancer?
Defective gene on chromosome 22 with variable penetrance - Cutaneous signs are less often seen in this type.
Unilateral total lobectomy and isthmusectomy
Aneurysms are most common in: Men - Aged more than 60 years - Smokers - Hypertensive patients - Often strong family history
Ductal carcinoma which account for approximately 70% of cancers - Lobular carcinoma which accounts for 20% of cancers - Others such as mucinous -tubular -medullary which accounts for approximately 10% of cancers


41. How do true umbilical herniae occur?
Inflammation : inflammatory bowel disease -especially Crohn's disease - Diverticular disease - tuberculosis - Malignancy : Often following spontaneous rupture and abscess formation by the tumour - Radiotherapy : Pelvic irradiation can damage the inte
Motility disorders - diffuse oesophageal spasm and achalasia - Neurological disease such as myaesthenia gravis - bulbar palsy including MND and cerebrovascular accident with involvement of the 9th -10th and 12th cranial nerves.
True umbilical herniae occur through the umbilical scar and are usually congenital in origin and particulary common in patients of Afro-Caribbean origin
Commoner in females - Results from polyclonal immunoglobulins against thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor Which bind and stimulate the receptor - these antibodies are found in 90% of patients - Hyperthyroidism with goitre - Thyroid eye disease - Thy


42. Simple cyst Treatment
Sympathetic overstimulation and restrictive myopathy of levator palpebrae superioris
Treatment with radiotherapy and doxorubicin gives best survival of 1 year
The major differential diagnoses would be with a renal tumour and adult polcystic kidney disease and if there is any doubt of a tumour - then the cyst fluid may be sent for cytological analysis
Mayo's 'vest-over-pants' operation is the most widely accepted repair for these herniae


43. What investigations would you perform to help you in your diagnosis?
Barium swallow Which is usually diagnostic - Rigid endoscopy if neoplasia suspected
Prehepatic jaundice can occur due to haemolysis - especially following a transfusion - Hepatic jaundice can result from the use of halogenated anaesthetics - sepsis or intra- or postoperative hypotension - Post-hepatic jaundice can occur due to bilia
Via chorda tympani to anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Dissection of the hernial sac from surrounding tissues and definitioni of tissue bordering the defect on all sides to 2-3cm - Closing the defect(if small) and/or using mesh overlapping adequately( more than 5 to 8cm) over normal tissues to allows for


44. What is a ganglion?
Non-surgical : cryotherapy - topical application of 5-fluorouracil - retinoic acid - Surgical : Shaving of affected skin
A cystic swelling related to a synovial lined caivity - either a joint or a tendon sheath
Lobectomy - Pneumonectomy - Non-anatomical resection are often performed for traumatic injury - Sleeve resection
Primary disease occurring in isolation


45. Simple cysts are found in 33% of patients by the age of 60. How should they be managed?
Sturge-Weber syndrome is the association of a facial port-wine stain with a corresponding haemangioma in the brain - leading to contralateral focal fits.
History and Clinical Examination - they usually present incidentally but occasionally with a renal mass or haematuria
General - Specific
Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy leaving approximately 4g of thyroid tissue on each side of the trachea


46. What are the 3 objectives that one should look out for in the palpation of varicose veins?
A pyogenic granuloma is a rapidly growing capillary haemangioma whic usually measures less than 1cm in diameter
State of the skin/subcutanaeous tissues - Sites of fascia defects - Site of incompetence(including the Trendelenburg and Tourniquet Tests)
Peripheral Neuropathy
Conservative - Medical - Surgical


47. What elements are ascertained in a thyroid history with regards to symptoms arising from the swelling?
Lobectomy - Pneumonectomy - Non-anatomical resection are often performed for traumatic injury - Sleeve resection
Non-surgical - same as in incisional hernia with possible investigations : LFTs - H.pylori serology and Upper GI endoscopy
10% per year
Duration and change in size - Cosmetic symptoms - Discomfort during swallowing/dysphagia - Dyspnoea - Hoarseness - Pain


48. What is a pharyngeal pouch?

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49. What are the other options other than open AAA repair?
Endovascular repair - Laparoscopic repaire of abdominal aneurysms is the subject of current clinical trials
Stoma diarrhoea - related to water and electrolyte imbalances - hypokalemia being the commonest and most important consequence - Nutritional disorders - Stones - both gall stones and renal stones increase in frequency following an ileostomy - Psychos
The vaginal type of hydrocoele may be secondary to a number of local pathologies: Testicular tumours - Torsion - Orchitis - Trauma - Following inguinal hernia repair
The aorta is narrowed below the origin of the left subclavian artery and therefore blood flow to the abdomen and legs is reduced - The prominent vessels over the back are large collateral that have developed to bypass the obstruction and supply the l


50. What is the purpose of limb elevation in the non-surgical treatment of lymphoedema?
Mnemonic : L-SHAPE - Lymph node/Lipoma of the cord - Sapheno-varix/Skin lesions(sebaceous cyst/lipoma -etc) - Hernia - inguinal or femoral - Aneurysmal dilatation of the femoral artery - Psoas abscess or bursa - Ectopic/undescended testes
A blepharoplasty can be performed where excess skin and fat are removed.
Excision of an entire lung
It reduces intravascular hydrostatic pressure and the stockings increase extracellular hydrostatic pressure - together reducing the level of tissue oedema.