Instructions:

• Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
• If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
• Match each statement with the correct term.
• Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. How are epididymal cysts caused?
They are often multiple and most commonly arise in the head of the epididymis. Occassionally they occur as a complication of vasectomy - in which case they are full of sperm and are termed spermatocoeles.
Males represent 1% of all breast cancers. Features that would be suspicious would be: Older age - Unilateral gynaecomastia - Firm or hard nodules within the breast tissue - Remember to examine the axillary and supraclavicular fossae for lymphadenopat
A pharyngeal pouch is formed by the herniation of pharyngeal mucosa(known as a pulsion diverticulum) through its muscular coat at its weakest point(Killian's dehiscence) between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscles that make up the inferio
Lord's plication - Jaboulay's operation


2. What is the pathology of Sjogren's syndrome?
Undermined edge - Violaceous - Necrotic ulcer with hypertrophic margins
Lymphocyte-mediated destruction of the exocrine glands secondary to B-cell hyper-reactivity and associated loss of suppressor T-Cell activity
Clinical examination - Fine-needle aspiration which would show an opalescent fluid containing cholesterol crystals or pus.
Patients are usually symptom-free for a long period of time followed by dysphagia and hoarseness - associated with regurgitation of undigested foods - and associated weight-loss


3. What are the indications for preoperative Duplex ultrasound scanning
Third cranial nerve palsy - complete ptosis - Horner's syndrome - partial ptosis - Syphillis
Non-adherent dressing over ulcer plus wool bandage - Crepe bandage - Blue-line bandage - Adhesive bandage to prevent the other layers from slipping
Some surgeons would advocate that all patients should undergo Duplex scanning of the leg veins before any surgery is undertaken. Others would consider indications to be: Previous history of deep vein thrombosis - Any signs of chronic venous insuffici
It helps to give an indication as to What the exact aetiology is.


4. What are the seven signs in the hands that one should look for when assessing the thyroid status?
Osteomyelitis - infection transmitted to the bone through the stump - Stump ulceration - can be caused by pressure from the prosthesis - Stump neuroma - Swelling of the distal nerve as it tries to regrow following division; during the initial procedu
Increased sweating - Palmar erythema - Thyroid acropachy - Onycholysis - Areas of vitiligo - Pulse - Fine Tremor
Via chorda tympani to anterior two-thirds of the tongue
This is the array of plastic surgeon techniques of increasing complexity that is available to the surgeon and Which is used according to their suitability for individual patients


5. What is the aim of the tourniquet test?
Extrahepatic : caused by increased resistance to flow e.g : portal or splenic vein thrombosis - Intrahepatic : due to cirrhosis - right heart failure - sarcoidosis and schistosomiasis(the latter is the most important cause worldwide - ova of the para
The tourniquet test is designed to reveal the presence and site of incompetent veins - especially at the sites of connection between the superficial and deep venous systems.
This removes the possibility of recurrent disease appears to improves the outcome for patietns with significant eye disease and eliminates the need for annual TFT monitoring to assess remnant function. It does - of course - demand thyroxine replaceme
It helps to give an indication as to What the exact aetiology is.


6. What are the causes of a solitary thyroid nodule?
Non-Surgical - Reassure and 'Watch and Wait' - Surgical - Reason : Pain/Cosmesis and this is done with suction lipolysis via a small - remote incision Which is performed under local anaesthetic as a day case.
Sympathetic overstimulation and restrictive myopathy of levator palpebrae superioris
Mnemonic : PACT - Prominent nodule in a multinodular goitre - Adenoma - Cyst/Carcinoma/Lymphoma - Thyroiditis
Lymphangiomas can be:Cystic - Solid or diffuse - Cutaneous


7. What important questions should you ask in a patient with jaundice?
Have you noticed any change in the colour of your urine? Have you noticed any change in the colour of your stools? - Have you noticed yourself feeling itchy?
Chronic Liver disease - Right Heart Failure - Intra-abdominal Malignancy - Hypoalbuminaemia
Barium swallow may be useful - If diagnosis is in doubt - endoscopy with biopsies and brushings should be performed to exclude a carcinoma - Physiological function could be tested using 24-hour oesophageal pH studies to exclude reflux and manometry
Second most common type - Occurs most often on the trunk - Polypoid in shape and is raised - Smooth surface - Irregular edge - Frequently ulcerated


8. What is the classification of liposarcoma?
Autosomal recessive - 1 in 5000 to 40000 - Chromosome 6 is affected - It presents perinatally
Traditionally -Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy without need for postoperative replacement of thyroxine was recommended but more recently total thyroidectomy is the preferred procedure due to the risk of pathological change in the thyroid remnant nec
Tumour - parotid gland malignancy - Trauma - surgical - accidental e.g facial lacerations
Well-differentiated - Myxoid and round cell - Pleomorphic liposarcoma


9. What is the non-surgical treatment of venous ulcers?
High success - 50 to 70% will heal at 3 months - 80 to 90% at 12 months - The patient should be warned to avoid trauma to the affected area - Four-layer compression bandaging - Encourage rest and elevation of leg - Once healed - grade 2 compression s
Xeroderma pigmentosum - Gorlin's syndrome
Increased sweating - Palmar erythema - Thyroid acropachy - Onycholysis - Areas of vitiligo - Pulse - Fine Tremor
Antithyroid drugs - to inhibit thyroid peroxidase - Beta-blockers - to reduce the effect of excess circulating thyroxine on the cardiac system - Radioiodine - Treatment of choice - Single oral dose of 131 Iodine causes direct radiation damage to the


10. How can the extent of the obstruction be determined?
Third cranial nerve palsy - complete ptosis - Horner's syndrome - partial ptosis - Syphillis
An intravenous injection of contrast into the veins in the arm can illustrate the degree of obstruction - A CT Scan of the thorax may demonstrate the cause of the obstruction and the length of the SVC affected
Clinical examination - Fine-needle aspiration which would show an opalescent fluid containing cholesterol crystals or pus.
Males represent 1% of all breast cancers. Features that would be suspicious would be: Older age - Unilateral gynaecomastia - Firm or hard nodules within the breast tissue - Remember to examine the axillary and supraclavicular fossae for lymphadenopat


11. How would you treat a papilloma?
These are due to a defect through the linea alba adjacent to the umbilicus and usually due to obesity stretching the fibres.
Non-surgical : Leave alone if small and asymptomatic - Surgical : minimally invasive surgery or surgical excision
The simplest surgical technique is to excise the papilloma with a sharp pair of scissors - controlling bleeding from the central vascular component with a single suture. Alternatively - diathermy can be used to control the bleeding at the same time a
Injection sclerotherapy with 1% sodium tetradecyl sulphate - this has a high recurrence rate and indicated for postoperative recurrence of veins - below knee varicosities if the long saphenous vein and short saphenous vein are not involved.


12. What are the questions that should be asked when taking a history for a lump or ulcer?
Lobectomy - Pneumonectomy - Non-anatomical resection are often performed for traumatic injury - Sleeve resection
Irregular or nodular surface - Poorly defined edge with areas which are more like normal breast tissue in between more abnormal areas - Consistency : breast tumours are usually firm - rather than hard - Tenderness : usually non-tender - Fluctuation :
Onset and Continuous Symptoms - When did you first notice it? - What made you notice it? - Predisposing events? - How does it bother you? - What symptoms does it cause? - Has it changed since you first noticed it ? - Have you noticed any other lumps?
Below Knee - Above Knee


13. What questions should one ask to someone with dysphagia?
Cervical rib or prominent transverse process of the Chest X-ray or thoracic outlet views - Doppler examination may be useful in quantifying the postural changes and post-stenotic dilatation - Arteriograms of the subclavian artery may show a marked ki
Are you having difficulties swallowing liquids - or solids - or both? - Did the problem start suddenly or was the onset gradual? - Do you ever regurgitate food? - Can you eat a full meal? - How long have you had this problem for? - Where does the foo
Physical preparation - marking of side - explanation of procedure - anaesthetic work up - Pyschological preparation - Breast care nurse preoperatively and discussion of reasons for mastectomy - option of reconstructive surgery
Look - Feel - Press - Move - Listen - Transilluminate and Examine Surrounding Areas.


14. Why do these neuropathic ulcers form?
The insensitive - mechanically abnormal - dry foot is at risk from unperceived external trauma e.g from shoes and from repetitive painless injury e.g foreign body in shoe. Progressive skin loss and ulceration may occur.
Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon associated with other diseases
Look - Feel - Press - Move - Listen - Transilluminate and Examine Surrounding Areas.
Third cranial nerve palsy - complete ptosis - Horner's syndrome - partial ptosis - Syphillis


15. What is a cyst?
Duplex Ultrasound - Angiography - CT/MRI
An abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the linea alba - usually halfway between the xiphoid process and umbilicus
Intracranial - Intratemporal - Extratemporal
An abnormal sac containing gas -fluid or semisolid material - with an epithelial lining


16. What are the causes of a false aneurysm?
Surgery is indicated for: Symptomatic aneurysms - Those containing thrombus - Those greater than 2cm
Non-surgical - if the cyst is not troublesome - it should not be removed - especially in younger men - because there is risk of operative damage and postoperative fibrosis causing subfertility - Surgical - very large or painful cysts can be removed a
Traumatic - Iatrogenic(following angiography and bypass)
Carcinoma of the stomach and oesophagus - lymphomas and with endocrine disorders such as acromegaly - Cushing's - diabetes complicated by severe insulin resistance


17. What is the aetiology of enterocutaneous fistulae?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


18. What is the pathogenesis of an acquired dermoid cyst?
Solar keratosses are squamous cell carcinoma in situ
May affect people from puberty to 30 years - Females are more affected than males - Black and Hispanic Races are effected the most.
Scar extends beyond wound margins - It is found mostly on earlobes - chin -neck -shoulder and chest.
It is due to forced implantation of skin into subcutaneous tissues following an injury. Normally found in areas of the body prone to injury such as fingers. Suspect if you see an adult in exam.


19. What other part of the body can be affected by hyperhidrosis?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


20. What are the non-surgical treatment options for coarctation of aorta?
Non-Surgical - mechanical pressure therapy(day and night for up to 1 year) and topical silicone gel sheets - Surgical : Revision of scar with closure by direct suturing - local Z-plasty or skin grafting to avoid excessive tension - Intralesional ster
The aim of bypass is to provide a systemic circulation while the heart is stopped and emptied of blood.
Investigation and treatment of concurrent abnormalities - Management of hypertension
Mnemonic: SNAiL - Superficial spreading - Nodular melanoma - Acral lentiginous melanoma - Lentigo maligna melanoma


21. What are the secretomotor branches of the facial nerve?
Black discolouration of the skin
Collagen antibodies are present in 45% of patients - There is an association with HLA-B5 - Angiography has typical appearances of normal proximal vessels with distal occlusion and 'corkscrew' collaterals.
Via greater superficial petrosal nerve to lacrimal - nasal and palatine glands
Raynaud's phenomenon - Thrombangiitis obliterans - Takayasu's arteritis


22. What are the complications with regards to the surgical treatment of a ganglion?
1
Thyroid function tests - hyperthyroid - Ultrasound - dimensions of goitre and nodules looking for dominant nodules or cysts for FNAC - Chest X-ray as a retrosternal goitre may compress the trachea
Wound complications - Recurrence - Damage to adjacent neurovascular structures
Mnemonic : PISS - Persistent Pain - Incarceration/Intestinal Obstruction(often intermittent) - Strangulation - Skin Excoriation


23. What are the non-surgical treatment options for lymphoedema?
Grade 3 compression stockings to apply 40mmHg pressure at the ankles - Intermittent pneumatic compression device - Cellulitis should be treated - Advise patient to elevate their leg as much as possible and stress the importance of cleanliness and car
Defined as portal vein pressure of more than 10mmHg(normal 5-10). Portal blood flow through the liver is greatly reduced or even reversed in the most severe cases
Are you having difficulties swallowing liquids - or solids - or both? - Did the problem start suddenly or was the onset gradual? - Do you ever regurgitate food? - Can you eat a full meal? - How long have you had this problem for? - Where does the foo
In the presence of jaundice if a mass(the gall bladder) is palpable in the right upper quadrant - the cause is unlikely to be due to gallstones.


24. What associations of coarctation are you aware of?
Below Knee - Above Knee
Form of telangiectasias - Central arteriole with leg-like branches Which blanch on central pressure - Found over upper torso - head and neck in adults - Associated with chronic liver disease and pregnancy
Coarctation may be associated with:Bicuspid aortic valcves - Aortic stenosis - Aneurysms in the circle of Wilis
Surgical treatment involved complete excision but the full extent of the cyst should be established with suitable radiographic views such as x-ray or CT scan.


25. What are the treatment options available for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the skin?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


26. What is the surgical treatment of coarctation of aorta?
The causes of pain in the leg can be divided into: Musculoskeletal such as pathologies of the knee -ankle or hip - Neurological such as spinal stenosis which leads to spinal claudication - Vascular such as intermittent claudication and deep vein thro
End-to-end anastamosis - patching and the use of the left subclavian artery as a flap are all surgical options
Ischaemic ulcers can be extremely painful and even removing the bandages from around the ulcer can cause pain that lasts for several hours. The analgesic ladder would be appropriate in this situation starting from simple oral agents -stronger oral ag
Produces IgM - to capture and process foreign antigen - Filters especially encapsulated microorganisms e.g pneumococcus - Sequesters and removes old red blood cells and platelets - Recycles iron - Pools platelets(30% of total platelets within spleen)


27. What is a pharyngeal pouch?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


28. What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
The major risk is embolic stroke(4% per year) which results from thrombus accumulating in an inefficiently contracting left atrium - Emboli can also lodge in the mesenteric vessel - causing intestinal ischaemia - Patients are also at risk from acute
The incompetent vein is below the level of the tourniquest
Three arteries - artery to vas deferens -testicular artery -cremasteric artery - Three nerves - ilioinguinal nerve on the front of the cord - nerve to cremaster and autonomic nerves - Three other structures - vas deferens - pampiniform plexus of vein
Colour changes - Trophic changes - Vascular angle


29. What is the mainstay of treatment in ascites?
1
The mainstay of treatment of ascites is to treat the underlying condition and to place the patient on a weight reduction program - with the help of diuretic - and a low-sodium diet.
A branchial cyst is thought to develop because of a failure of fusion of the embryonic second and third branchial arches. An alternative - and currently - popular - hypothesis is that it is an acquired condition due to cystic degeneration in cervical
Fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis - MRI to exclude deep-lobe involvement


30. What is the pathogenesis of umbilical herniae?
A hypervascular mas displacing the bifurcation of the carotid arteries
Truelove classification - Gastrointestinal symptoms : passage of bloody stools more than 6 times per day - Systemic signs : tachycardia and pyrexia - Laboratory findings : anaemia and CRP more than 30
These are due to a defect through the linea alba adjacent to the umbilicus and usually due to obesity stretching the fibres.
If untreated - 25% progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma


31. How is 'matching' of transplanted kidneys performed?
Pressure effects - Deafness with involvement of the 8th cranial nerve - Sarcomatous transformation - Intra-abdominal effects - Skeletal changes
At two levels:ABO Compatibility - HLA Compatibility
malignant change?
The aorta is narrowed below the origin of the left subclavian artery and therefore blood flow to the abdomen and legs is reduced - The prominent vessels over the back are large collateral that have developed to bypass the obstruction and supply the l


32. What investigations may help confirm the diagnosis of thoracic outlet obstruction?
Cervical rib or prominent transverse process of the Chest X-ray or thoracic outlet views - Doppler examination may be useful in quantifying the postural changes and post-stenotic dilatation - Arteriograms of the subclavian artery may show a marked ki
Blood Tests:FBC - to look for raised white cell count in infection - Liver function - to look out for hypoalbuminaemia or evidence of hepatic dysfunction - Clotting - functional hepatic impairment - CRP/ESR - increased in infection/inflammation and i
Remnants of a patent processus vaginalis - Arise from the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels at operation - passing obliquely through the deep inguinal ring and travelling along the inguinal canal with the spermatic cord - Ma
Tenderness over the graft - Reduction in urine output - Rising creatinine


33. How does follicular carcinoma spread?
Dohlman's procedure - endoscopic diathermy resection of the posterior pharyngeal wall or endoscopic stapling with less risk of fistula formation and consequent mediastinitis
Via the bloodstream(R is equal to red is equal to blood)
Surgical treatment involves complete excision of the cyst.
Benign skin lesions: Moles -freckles -lentigo -pigmented seborrhoeic keratoses - dermatofibromas and thrombosed haemangiomas - When it comes to malignant skin lesions - pigmented basal cell carcinomas


34. What are the causes of a mass in the right iliac fossa?
Vascular symptoms - Risk factors for arterial disease - Fitness for surgery
Skin and soft tissues such as a sebaceous cyst -lipoma or sarcoma - Bowel - ca caecum - crohns mass in terminal ileum - TB terminal ileum - appendicular mass or abscess - Gynaecological organs - ovarian tumours or fibroid uterus - Male Reproductive S
Complications should be divided into specific to the amputation and general for any operation - and also immediate within 24 hours - early up to 1 month and late beyond 1 month
Open lymph node excision biopsy - Block dissection of the neck - Radical Neck Dissection


35. What investigations would be helpful in confirming the diagnosis of coarctation of aorta?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


36. How do you treat this condition?
Fibrous tissue invades the tunica intima and media of the vein and breaks up the smooth muscle - preventing the maintenance of adequate vascular tone. These changes are patchy and may not affect adjacent segments of vein.
Reassurance - if symptoms are not distressing for the patient Medical - aluminium hexachloride solution painting for axillary hyperhidrosis Surgical - Axillary - excise hair bearing/intradermal Botulinum A Neurotoxin - Palmar - cervical sympathectomy
Neo-rectum is created in a pelvic reservoir - Stage 1 : resection of colon and/or rectum - Stage 2 : Construction of an ileal reservoir - Which is anastamosed to the anus - this is usually covered with a diverting loop ileostomy proximal to the pouch
Antithyroid drugs - to inhibit thyroid peroxidase - Beta-blockers - to reduce the effect of excess circulating thyroxine on the cardiac system - Radioiodine - Treatment of choice - Single oral dose of 131 Iodine causes direct radiation damage to the


37. What are the non-surgical options for Raynauds
Use of gloves and discontinuing any predisposing drugs e.g beta blockers - Using warm pads in gloves and socks in the winter - Encourage patients to stop smoking
These are due to a defect through the linea alba adjacent to the umbilicus and usually due to obesity stretching the fibres.
Ligation of the incompetent SFJ or SPJ with stripping of the involved vein and stab avulsion of varicosities - Ligation of incompetent perforating vessels - Subcutaneous endoscopic perforator surgery
Reflux Trahere transplantation - Kistner's operation - Obstruction: Palma Operation - Warren Bypass


38. Assuming a patient has obstructive jaundice - how should this patient be investigated?
Urine should be tested for raised bilirubin - Full Blood Count - Evidence of anemia in GI malignancies or associated infection - Renal function - any evidence for hepatorenal syndrome - Liver Function Tests -Clotting - functional assessment of hepati
Benign skin lesions: Moles -freckles -lentigo -pigmented seborrhoeic keratoses - dermatofibromas and thrombosed haemangiomas - When it comes to malignant skin lesions - pigmented basal cell carcinomas
Autoimmune thrombocytopaenia/haemolytic anemia - Hereditary spherocytosis - Thrombotic thrombocytopenia - Sickle cell/thalessemia - Myelofibrosis - occasionally in CML - Hodgkin's
Some surgeons would advocate that all patients should undergo Duplex scanning of the leg veins before any surgery is undertaken. Others would consider indications to be: Previous history of deep vein thrombosis - Any signs of chronic venous insuffici


39. What other non-surgical treatments are available for ischaemic ulcers?
Dilatation of normal capillaries - Can be secondary to skin irradiation - Can be part of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Neoplasia(benign -malignant -lymphoma and leukaemia) - Stone(sialolithiasis) - Infection/inflammation(mumps -acute sialadenitis -chronic recurrent sialadenitis -HIV - salivary gland disease) - Autoimmune(sjogren's syndrome) - Infiltration(sarcoidosis
Risk factor modification - stopping smoking - good diabetic and hypertensive control and optimized serum lipid levels - Symptom modification - avoidance of drugs which might worsen symptoms - commencement of low-dose aspirin daily -IV prostaglandins
Solar keratosses are squamous cell carcinoma in situ


40. What are the features of superficial spreading melanoma?
Mneumonic : BEDD - Base - Edge - Describe structure visualized at the base of the ulcer - Discharge
Risk factor modification - stopping smoking - good diabetic and hypertensive control and optimized serum lipid levels - Symptom modification - avoidance of drugs which might worsen symptoms - commencement of low-dose aspirin daily -IV prostaglandins
Occurs most often on the legs of women and the backs of men - Red -white and blue in colour - Irregular edge - Usually palpable but thin
TIMEC - Trauma/Tumor - Infection/Inflammation/Ischemia - Metabolic -Mechanical - Endocrine - Congenital


41. How would you investigate a patient who was referred with a carotid bruit?
The advantages of having surgery are a six-fold reduction in the rate of stroke at 3 years - The operative risk of stroke is 2% and operative mortality 1-2% - Specific risks of haematoma -hypoglossal nerve injury and numbness of the ipsilateral earlo
The patient should have a full workup for atherosclerosis - General investigations : Urinalysis for proteinuria - marker of atherosclerotic renal disease - Blood tests: FBC for anemia - which might precipitate symptoms - Renal function for possible u
0.5 to 0.8
High success - 50 to 70% will heal at 3 months - 80 to 90% at 12 months - The patient should be warned to avoid trauma to the affected area - Four-layer compression bandaging - Encourage rest and elevation of leg - Once healed - grade 2 compression s


42. What are the causes of massive splenomegaly?
Myelofibrosis - Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Malaria - Tropical splenomegaly - Kala-azar(visceral leishmaniasis)
Found above the inguinal ligament - Usually reducible - Commoner in males - 6:1 - Risk of strangulation is low - Cough impulse present
Remove goitrogens from diet(e.g cabbage) - Thyroxine 0.1/0.3 mg per day - If thyrotoxicosis treat as in Graves' disease - Aspiration of cysts with cytology to exclude malignancy - Radioiodine for elderly patients - particularly those unfit for surger
The Branham-Nicoladoni sign indicates the degree of shunting and cardiac impairment resulting from a large AV fistula - The carotid pulse is palpated and then a tourniquet placed around the proximal affected limb and inflated above systolic pressure


43. What are the rare causes of digital clubbing?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


44. How would you treat this condition?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


45. What is the non-surgical treatment of varicocoele?
A skin flap consists of tissue - or tissues - transferred from one site of the body to another - while maintaining a continuous blood supply through a vascular pedicle.
Transfemoral radiological embolization of the testicular vein - using either a spring coil or sclerosant
A lipoma is a benign tumour consisting of mature fat cells.
A pharyngeal pouch is formed by the herniation of pharyngeal mucosa(known as a pulsion diverticulum) through its muscular coat at its weakest point(Killian's dehiscence) between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscles that make up the inferio


46. What is a dermoid cyst?
A cystic swelling related to a synovial lined caivity - either a joint or a tendon sheath
The insensitive - mechanically abnormal - dry foot is at risk from unperceived external trauma e.g from shoes and from repetitive painless injury e.g foreign body in shoe. Progressive skin loss and ulceration may occur.
A dermoid cyst is a skin-lined cyst deep to the skin. They may be congenital or acquired.
(H)infection - Hypoparathyroidism which leads to hypocalcemia


47. Raynaud's syndrome

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


48. What is the pathophysiology of coarctation?
This removes the possibility of recurrent disease appears to improves the outcome for patietns with significant eye disease and eliminates the need for annual TFT monitoring to assess remnant function. It does - of course - demand thyroxine replaceme
The aorta is narrowed below the origin of the left subclavian artery and therefore blood flow to the abdomen and legs is reduced - The prominent vessels over the back are large collateral that have developed to bypass the obstruction and supply the l
A enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the skin
The patient should have a full workup for atherosclerosis - General investigations : Urinalysis for proteinuria - marker of atherosclerotic renal disease - Blood tests: FBC for anemia - which might precipitate symptoms - Renal function for possible u


49. How are they classified?
Salmonella typhi - Mycotic aneurysms as a result of staphylococcal infection - Syphilitic aneurysms
Mnemonic : PISS - Persistent Pain - Incarceration/Intestinal Obstruction(often intermittent) - Strangulation - Skin Excoriation
Xeroderma pigmentosum - Gorlin's syndrome
Lymphangiomas can be:Cystic - Solid or diffuse - Cutaneous


50. In patients with gynaecomastia - what would make you concerned the patient may have a breast cancer?
Cervical rib or prominent transverse process of the Chest X-ray or thoracic outlet views - Doppler examination may be useful in quantifying the postural changes and post-stenotic dilatation - Arteriograms of the subclavian artery may show a marked ki
A cystic swelling related to a synovial lined caivity - either a joint or a tendon sheath
Males represent 1% of all breast cancers. Features that would be suspicious would be: Older age - Unilateral gynaecomastia - Firm or hard nodules within the breast tissue - Remember to examine the axillary and supraclavicular fossae for lymphadenopat
Fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis - MRI to exclude deep-lobe involvement