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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Models of sentencing
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

2. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Assembly line

3. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
Social agent
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Boot Camp

4. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

5. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
The place and its charecteristics
Sentence served one after another

6. Right to counsel
Probation Rules
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
The local police
Society expects them to be criminals

7. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
$200 billion

8. Concurrent Sentence
16
Sentence served simultaneously
Make-believe family
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

9. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Defense Attorney
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

10. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Community Service Restitution
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Marriage

11. Right to compulsory process
Public Defender
Make-believe family
Social agent
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

12. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
18
Grand Jury
Recoupment
The U.S. Marshall

13. Trial Process
Minimum-Security Prison
Shock Probation
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

14. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Diversion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

15. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Total Instutution
Prison
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
About 10 felony arrests per month

16. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Halfway House
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Went down steadily

17. The sentence
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

18. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

19. Statutory Jurisdiction
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Society expects them to be criminals
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

20. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Marriage
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Shock Probation

21. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Day Fees
Restorative Justice
Pennsylvania System

22. What are characteristics of inmates
Intermediate Sanctions
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

23. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
Summer
18
Jail

24. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
House Arrest
1.4 million
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

25. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Assembly line
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Diversion

26. Competent Standard

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27. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
$200 billion
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Pennsylvania System

28. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Summer
Shock Probation
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

29. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1.4 million
Halfway House
Day Fees

30. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
7 Million Americans
Public Defender
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

31. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Public Defender
Boot Camp

32. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
16
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Were considered highly educated in their time period

33. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Subpoena
Maximum-Security
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

34. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
nolle prosequi
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Society expects them to be criminals

35. Miranda Rights...
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

36. Alternative Correctional Institution
Diversion
Make-believe family
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

37. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
House Arrest
A fixed term of incarceration
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

38. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
7 Million Americans
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

39. Three Strikes Law
Trial by a judge without jury
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Jail
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

40. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Community Service Restitution

41. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Restorative Justice
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

42. Bench Trial
Minimum-Security Prison
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Trial by a judge without jury
Self-defense and insanity

43. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Sentence served simultaneously
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

44. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
About 10 felony arrests per month

45. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
90%
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Total Instutution
Highway Patrol

46. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

47. Judicial Waiver
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Assembly line
1.4 million

48. Right to confront witnesses
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

49. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
The place and its charecteristics
Sentence served one after another
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

50. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The procedural criminal law
Sentence served one after another
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested