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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is General Deterrence?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
nolle prosequi
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

2. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Property crimes
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1.4 million

3. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Total Instutution

4. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Intermediate Sanctions
Indigent Defendant

5. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Society expects them to be criminals

6. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Sentence served one after another

7. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Sentence served simultaneously
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

8. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Recoupment
16
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

9. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Young - male - minority - poor
Sentence served simultaneously
Anger Managment

10. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Sentence served one after another
18
Parole
Forfeiture

11. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
Self-defense and insanity
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

12. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Minimum-Security Prison
Revocation

13. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
1.4 million
Diversion
Total Instutution
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

14. Miranda Rights...
Property crimes
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

15. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Anger Managment

16. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Higher
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

17. Status Offenders
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

18. Duties of probation officers
Work Release
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Marriage
Forfeiture

19. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Assembly line
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

20. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Indigent Defendant

21. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Subpoena

22. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Fine
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

23. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Shock Incarceration
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

24. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
90%
Penitentiary House
Grand Jury

25. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
nolle prosequi
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

26. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Higher
Went down steadily
Private attorneys

27. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Social agent
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

28. Three Strikes Law
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Jail
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

29. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Jail
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

30. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Self-incrimination
18
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

31. Right to an impartial jury
Assembly line
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Make-believe family

32. Consecutive sentence
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
About 10 felony arrests per month
Indigent Defendant
Sentence served one after another

33. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Total Instutution
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

34. Problems of Parole
Revocation
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Summer
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

35. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Halfway House
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1.4 million

36. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

37. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
18
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

38. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Boot Camp
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

39. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Went down steadily
Restorative Justice
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

40. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Property crimes
Super Maximum-Security Prison
A fixed term of incarceration
Subpoena

41. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Self-incrimination
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
About 10 felony arrests per month

42. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Went down steadily

43. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Grand Jury
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

44. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Established customs and traditions
House Arrest
Sentence served simultaneously

45. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Self-defense and insanity
Intermediate Sanctions
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

46. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

47. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The place and its charecteristics
Defense Attorney
Shock Incarceration

48. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Anger Managment
90%
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

49. Right to speedy trial
About 10 felony arrests per month
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

50. Problem of Re-entry
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self