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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
7 Million Americans
Minimum-Security Prison
$200 billion

2. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
House Arrest
Intermediate Sanctions

3. Right to counsel
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
About 10 felony arrests per month
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

4. Problem of Re-entry
Prison
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

5. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Restorative Justice
Social agent

6. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Summer
House Arrest
Should treat people of different classes equitably
18

7. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
7 Million Americans
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Total Instutution
Obstacle course

8. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Diversion
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

9. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
$200 billion

10. Three Strikes Law
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Higher
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Fine

11. Verdict
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Jail
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

12. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Self-defense and insanity
Private attorneys

13. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Furlough
Marriage
The local police
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

14. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Community Treatment
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

15. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Shock Probation
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

16. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Trial by a judge without jury
Self-defense and insanity
Minimum-Security Prison
Should treat people of different classes equitably

17. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
$200 billion
Recoupment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Went down steadily

18. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Shock Probation
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

19. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-defense and insanity
Increasing
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

20. Consecutive sentence
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Sentence served one after another
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

21. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Highway Patrol
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

22. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Intermediate Sanctions
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

23. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

24. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Indigent Defendant
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

25. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Sentence served simultaneously

26. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Enter a plea
Higher
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

27. Right to an impartial jury
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

28. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Public Defender
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

29. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

30. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
7 Million Americans
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

31. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Restitution
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Halfway House
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

32. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
A fixed term of incarceration
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

33. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
$200 billion
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

34. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
About 10 felony arrests per month
Prison
A fixed term of incarceration

35. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The U.S. Marshall
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Parole

36. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
Property crimes
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Trial by a judge without jury

37. Arguments for the Death Penalty

38. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Summer
Shock Incarceration
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

39. Argument against the Death Penalty
Diversion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Jail

40. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1.4 million
Subpoena
Grand Jury

41. Right to confront witnesses
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
New York (Auburn) System

42. Peremptory Challenge
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

43. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Furlough
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

44. Trial Process
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Established customs and traditions
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

45. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1.4 million
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

46. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

47. Problems of Parole
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Increasing
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

48. Evidentiary Standard
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

49. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Established customs and traditions
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Obstacle course
Test for one's competents to stand trial

50. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The FBI
Public Defender
The views of powerful elites in society
Went down steadily