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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Statutory Jurisdiction
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Obstacle course

2. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
Subpoena
Substantive Rights
Boot Camp

3. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Penitentiary House
7 Million Americans
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

4. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Established customs and traditions
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Marriage
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

5. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Restorative Justice
Indigent Defendant
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Intake

6. Capital Punishment
Enter a plea
Make-believe family
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

7. Right to public trial
Halfway House
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Trial by a judge without jury

8. Probation failure correlates to...
Highway Patrol
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

9. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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10. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Recoupment
Society expects them to be criminals
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Went down steadily

11. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Furlough

12. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Trial by a judge without jury
Highway Patrol
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Probation

13. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Highway Patrol
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The views of powerful elites in society
New York (Auburn) System

14. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Summer
Defense Attorney
Test for one's competents to stand trial
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

15. Truth in Sentencing
Property crimes
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

16. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Test for one's competents to stand trial
About 10 felony arrests per month
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

17. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Intake
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Increasing

18. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Diversion
The views of powerful elites in society
Community Treatment

19. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The U.S. Marshall
Diversion

20. Right to be competent at trail

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21. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
7 Million Americans
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

22. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

23. Goals of Punishment
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
About 10 felony arrests per month

24. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Prison
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Work Release
Maximum-Security

25. Peremptory Challenge
Forfeiture
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

26. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Forfeiture
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Probation Rules
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

27. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
The local police
Sentence served one after another
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

28. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Maximum-Security
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Make-believe family
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

29. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Boot Camp
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

30. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Property crimes
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Went down steadily
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

31. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Increasing
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Established customs and traditions

32. Bench Trial
The FBI
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Trial by a judge without jury

33. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Forfeiture

34. Motion for a direct verdict
nolle prosequi
Pennsylvania System
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

35. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Jail
Boot Camp
Restorative Justice

36. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Young - male - minority - poor

37. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Restorative Justice
Summer

38. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Halfway House
90%
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

39. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Sentence served one after another

40. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Restorative Justice
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Higher

41. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Self-defense and insanity
Probation Rules
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

42. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Social agent
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

43. Right to confront witnesses
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
A fixed term of incarceration
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

44. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Sentence served one after another
Self-incrimination

45. What are characteristics of inmates
Prison
Young - male - minority - poor
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
About 10 felony arrests per month

46. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Intermediate Sanctions
Halfway House
Diversion
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

47. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Furlough
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

48. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Sentence served one after another
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Enter a plea

49. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

50. Delinquents
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

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