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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1.4 million
Went down steadily
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

2. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Self-defense and insanity
Indigent Defendant

3. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Restorative Justice
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Community Service Restitution

4. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Defense Attorney
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

5. Bench Trial
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
16
Trial by a judge without jury
Shock Incarceration

6. Evidentiary Standard
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

7. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

8. Miranda Rights...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

9. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Social agent
Property crimes

10. Right to an impartial jury
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
90%

11. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
House Arrest

12. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
The local police
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Recoupment

13. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Boot Camp
Probation
New York (Auburn) System
Probation Rules

14. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Highway Patrol
Penitentiary House
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Forfeiture

15. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
The U.S. Marshall
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

16. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

17. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Make-believe family
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

18. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Furlough

19. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Shock Incarceration
Restitution
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

20. Good time
Maximum-Security
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Pre-Sentence Investigation

21. Consecutive sentence
Jail
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Forfeiture
Sentence served one after another

22. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Sentence served simultaneously
Society expects them to be criminals
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Intermediate Sanctions

23. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Probation Rules
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Pennsylvania System

24. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Restitution
Self-defense and insanity
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

25. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Maximum-Security
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Substantive Rights
Went down steadily

26. Concurrent Sentence
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Diversion
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Sentence served simultaneously

27. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Shock Probation
Self-defense and insanity
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

28. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
Restorative Justice
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Test for one's competents to stand trial

29. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Intake
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

30. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Summer

31. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Established customs and traditions
Probation
Community Treatment

32. Models of sentencing
Subpoena
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

33. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The local police
Community Treatment
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

34. Goals of Punishment
The local police
Self-defense and insanity
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Were considered highly educated in their time period

35. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Restitution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
18
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

36. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The U.S. Marshall
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Increasing

37. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Maximum-Security
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

38. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Restitution
Recoupment
Community Service Restitution

39. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

40. Peremptory Challenge
Enter a plea
Make-believe family
Should treat people of different classes equitably
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

41. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Recoupment
Prison
Went down steadily

42. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Established customs and traditions
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
18
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

43. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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44. Truth in Sentencing
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

45. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
16
Indigent Defendant
Grand Jury

46. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Halfway House
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

47. Jury Selection

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48. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Intermediate Sanctions
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Grand Jury
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

49. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The place and its charecteristics
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

50. Mandatory Sentence
Established customs and traditions
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court