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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Intake
Recoupment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
nolle prosequi

2. Peremptory Challenge
Penitentiary House
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Day Fees
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

3. Right to speedy trial
7 Million Americans
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The views of powerful elites in society

4. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
nolle prosequi
Enter a plea
Sentence served simultaneously
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

5. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Increasing
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Private attorneys

6. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Penitentiary House

7. Mandatory Sentence
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

8. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Make-believe family
The FBI
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

9. Problems of Parole
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Intake
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

10. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
The local police
Sentence served simultaneously
Intake
The U.S. Marshall

11. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
New York (Auburn) System
Intake
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Trial by a judge without jury

12. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Halfway House
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Revocation

13. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Higher
Subpoena
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Probation

14. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Halfway House
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Sentence served simultaneously
Property crimes

15. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
The procedural criminal law

16. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Sentence served one after another
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Should treat people of different classes equitably

17. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Anger Managment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The procedural criminal law

18. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Defense Attorney
Penitentiary House

19. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Self-defense and insanity
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

20. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Self-defense and insanity

21. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Fine
Recoupment

22. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Jail
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

23. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Higher
Private attorneys

24. Jury Selection

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25. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Probation Rules
Substantive Rights
Restitution
The FBI

26. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

27. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Public Defender
Grand Jury

28. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Pennsylvania System
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

29. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The FBI
A crime that is considered especially immoral

30. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Maximum-Security
90%
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

31. Judicial Waiver
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Diversion
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

32. Challenged for cause
Probation
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Increasing

33. Probation failure correlates to...
Boot Camp
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

34. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Anger Managment

35. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Grand Jury
Jail
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

36. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Assembly line
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

37. Right to an impartial judge
Jail
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

38. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

39. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Went down steadily
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

40. Consecutive sentence
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Sentence served one after another
House Arrest
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

41. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
House Arrest
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation
Summer

42. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

43. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
90%

44. Good time
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

45. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Restitution
Work Release
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Prison

46. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Anger Managment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

47. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Jail
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
A fixed term of incarceration

48. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Obstacle course
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Young - male - minority - poor

49. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
nolle prosequi
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

50. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
18
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Shock Incarceration