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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
A fixed term of incarceration
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Shock Probation

2. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Make-believe family
Society expects them to be criminals
Grand Jury

3. Mandatory Sentence
The U.S. Marshall
Society expects them to be criminals
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

4. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Revocation
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

5. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Sentence served one after another
Highway Patrol
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Higher

6. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

7. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
New York (Auburn) System
Were considered highly educated in their time period
About 10 felony arrests per month
Grand Jury

8. Problem of Re-entry
Higher
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Obstacle course

9. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Test for one's competents to stand trial
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

10. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Community Service Restitution
House Arrest
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
nolle prosequi

11. Truth in Sentencing
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

12. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Grand Jury
Super Maximum-Security Prison

13. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Young - male - minority - poor
Social agent
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

14. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
Halfway House
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
A crime that is considered especially immoral

15. Bench Trial
House Arrest
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Trial by a judge without jury
Were considered highly educated in their time period

16. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
7 Million Americans
Recoupment
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

17. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Penitentiary House
7 Million Americans
Probation Rules
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

18. Verdict
Highway Patrol
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Fine

19. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
The FBI
Established customs and traditions
Grand Jury
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

20. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Self-defense and insanity
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Total Instutution

21. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Summer
$200 billion
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

22. The sentence
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Went down steadily
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

23. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Furlough
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Penitentiary House
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

24. Good time
Minimum-Security Prison
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Parole
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

25. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
18
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

26. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Private attorneys
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Society expects them to be criminals
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

27. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Private attorneys

28. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Restitution

29. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Shock Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
$200 billion
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

30. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Day Fees
Pre-Sentence Investigation

31. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Trial by a judge without jury
Minimum-Security Prison
Fine
New York (Auburn) System

32. Evidentiary Standard
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Assembly line

33. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Forfeiture
1.4 million
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

34. Competent Standard

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35. Problems of Parole
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

36. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
The place and its charecteristics
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Intermediate Sanctions
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

37. Concurrent Jursidiction
1.4 million
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

38. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
The views of powerful elites in society
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

39. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

40. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Anger Managment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

41. Indeterminate Sentencing
Highway Patrol
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
16

42. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
7 Million Americans

43. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Intermediate Sanctions
A fixed term of incarceration
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

44. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The views of powerful elites in society
Private attorneys

45. Motion for a direct verdict
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served simultaneously
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

46. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

47. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

48. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Minimum-Security Prison
Self-defense and insanity
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

49. Goals of Punishment
About 10 felony arrests per month
Penitentiary House
House Arrest
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

50. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
About 10 felony arrests per month
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Subpoena