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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Private attorneys

2. Statutory Jurisdiction
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The procedural criminal law
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

3. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Young - male - minority - poor
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

4. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Subpoena
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

5. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Public Defender
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Pre-Sentence Investigation

6. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Anger Managment
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Parole

7. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Society expects them to be criminals

8. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Community Treatment
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

9. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Highway Patrol
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

10. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Self-defense and insanity
Were considered highly educated in their time period

11. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Restitution
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Maximum-Security

12. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Higher
The place and its charecteristics

13. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Enter a plea
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

14. Mandatory Sentence
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
nolle prosequi
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

15. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Indigent Defendant
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Intake

16. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
A fixed term of incarceration
Increasing

17. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
The FBI
Forfeiture
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

18. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Recoupment
Probation

19. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
nolle prosequi
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

20. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Community Service Restitution
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
$200 billion

21. Consecutive sentence
Sentence served one after another
Substantive Rights
Pennsylvania System
Community Service Restitution

22. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Social agent
Anger Managment
Subpoena
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

23. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Went down steadily

24. Probation failure correlates to...
Summer
The views of powerful elites in society
New York (Auburn) System
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

25. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Forfeiture

26. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
7 Million Americans
18
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

27. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Prison
90%
Assembly line
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

28. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

29. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
18
Pennsylvania System
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

30. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
A fixed term of incarceration
The procedural criminal law
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Assembly line

31. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Penitentiary House
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Test for one's competents to stand trial
7 Million Americans

32. Goals of Punishment
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Total Instutution

33. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Prison
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Substantive Rights

34. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The views of powerful elites in society
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Probation Rules

35. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Restorative Justice

36. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Social agent
Total Instutution
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

37. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Boot Camp
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Indigent Defendant

38. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

39. Alternative Correctional Institution
18
Recoupment
Revocation
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

40. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Self-incrimination
nolle prosequi
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

41. Argument against the Death Penalty
The FBI
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Self-defense and insanity
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

42. Trial Process
Highway Patrol
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Social agent
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

43. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Furlough
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
nolle prosequi

44. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Halfway House
Sentence served one after another
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Diversion

45. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Forfeiture

46. Problem of Re-entry
The place and its charecteristics
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Social agent

47. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Maximum-Security
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Fine

48. Verdict
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Grand Jury

49. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Established customs and traditions
Prison

50. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Parole
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment