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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Delinquents
Minimum-Security Prison
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

2. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Increasing

3. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
Diversion
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

4. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

5. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Probation Rules
Shock Probation
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

6. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Private attorneys
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Community Service Restitution

7. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Diversion
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

8. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Recoupment
18
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

9. Evidentiary Standard
Intermediate Sanctions
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

10. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Test for one's competents to stand trial

11. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Sentence served simultaneously
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

12. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Furlough
Indigent Defendant

13. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Maximum-Security
The place and its charecteristics
Minimum-Security Prison
Total Instutution

14. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

15. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
7 Million Americans
Forfeiture
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

16. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
90%
Halfway House
About 10 felony arrests per month

17. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Substantive Rights
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
nolle prosequi

18. Statutory Jurisdiction
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
A fixed term of incarceration
Indigent Defendant

19. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

20. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Prison
Fine
Revocation
Probation

21. Motion for a direct verdict
Substantive Rights
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Revocation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

22. Right to speedy trial
The local police
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

23. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Work Release
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
16
90%

24. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Trial by a judge without jury
nolle prosequi
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

25. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Self-defense and insanity
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Day Fees

26. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Obstacle course
The views of powerful elites in society
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Indigent Defendant

27. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Sentence served simultaneously
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1.4 million
Marriage

28. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
House Arrest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Forfeiture

29. Goals of Punishment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
New York (Auburn) System
Anger Managment

30. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

31. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

32. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

33. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Increasing
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Pennsylvania System

34. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
The local police
Parole
The FBI
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

35. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

36. The substantive criminal law...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Recoupment
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

37. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Sentence served one after another
Trial by a judge without jury
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Halfway House

38. Right to an impartial judge
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Penitentiary House
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Super Maximum-Security Prison

39. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Fine

40. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
nolle prosequi
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Enter a plea

41. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Grand Jury
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Probation Rules
New York (Auburn) System

42. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Maximum-Security
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

43. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Shock Incarceration

44. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Penitentiary House
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The local police
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

45. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Total Instutution
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

46. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Intermediate Sanctions
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Community Service Restitution

47. Right to counsel
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Prison

48. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Private attorneys
Obstacle course
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

49. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Assembly line
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

50. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
$200 billion
Maximum-Security
Intake