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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Assembly line

2. Verdict
Obstacle course
Defense Attorney
nolle prosequi
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

3. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Shock Probation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Parole

4. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
Assembly line
1.4 million
Society expects them to be criminals

5. Models of sentencing
The place and its charecteristics
House Arrest
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

6. Probation failure correlates to...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Summer
Were considered highly educated in their time period

7. Bench Trial
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Revocation
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Trial by a judge without jury

8. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Community Service Restitution
Self-defense and insanity
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Penitentiary House

9. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Defense Attorney
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Restitution

10. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
New York (Auburn) System
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

11. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Defense Attorney
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Probation Rules

12. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Intermediate Sanctions

13. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Pennsylvania System
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

14. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Revocation
Minimum-Security Prison

15. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Trial by a judge without jury
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
7 Million Americans

16. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Restitution
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Super Maximum-Security Prison
$200 billion

17. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Sentence served simultaneously
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Fine
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

18. Right to counsel
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Highway Patrol
Should treat people of different classes equitably

19. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
Indigent Defendant
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

20. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Trial by a judge without jury
Prison
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Were considered highly educated in their time period

21. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Probation
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

22. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

23. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Self-defense and insanity
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Defense Attorney

24. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Jail
Property crimes

25. Jury Selection

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26. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Parole
Enter a plea

27. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Restitution
Pre-Sentence Investigation

28. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Established customs and traditions
Day Fees
Probation Rules

29. Problem of Re-entry
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

30. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Property crimes
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Parole
Society expects them to be criminals

31. Miranda Rights...
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Highway Patrol
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

32. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Total Instutution
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

33. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Obstacle course
Indigent Defendant
Highway Patrol

34. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
Society expects them to be criminals
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Sentence served simultaneously

35. What is Duress?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Sentence served one after another
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Indigent Defendant

36. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The procedural criminal law
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

37. Mandatory Sentence
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
About 10 felony arrests per month

38. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
7 Million Americans
About 10 felony arrests per month

39. The sentence
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
$200 billion
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

40. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Recoupment
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

41. Three Strikes Law
The procedural criminal law
Property crimes
Work Release
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

42. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Subpoena
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Penitentiary House
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

43. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
Subpoena
Intermediate Sanctions
The local police

44. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Community Service Restitution
A crime that is considered especially immoral

45. Capital Punishment
Sentence served one after another
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Anger Managment

46. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
18
Social agent
Marriage

47. Right to speedy trial
Marriage
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Trial by a judge without jury
Self-incrimination

48. Right to be competent at trail

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49. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
18
Higher
Penitentiary House

50. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Property crimes
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification