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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Peremptory Challenge
Total Instutution
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

2. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Pennsylvania System
Trial by a judge without jury
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

3. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
House Arrest
Intermediate Sanctions

4. Right to counsel
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Defense Attorney
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

5. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

6. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Marriage

7. What are characteristics of inmates
Probation Rules
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Young - male - minority - poor

8. What is General Deterrence?
Parole
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

9. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Diversion
Furlough
Grand Jury
Minimum-Security Prison

10. Women Imprisoned
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Shock Probation
New York (Auburn) System

11. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
The procedural criminal law
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Halfway House

12. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Probation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Self-defense and insanity

13. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Indigent Defendant
7 Million Americans
Society expects them to be criminals
Boot Camp

14. Right to public trial
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Shock Incarceration
Diversion

15. Competent Standard

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16. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
7 Million Americans
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

17. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Day Fees
18
Diversion
Community Treatment

18. Miranda Rights...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

19. Right to an impartial jury
The procedural criminal law
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Self-incrimination

20. Evidentiary Standard
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

21. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Penitentiary House
The views of powerful elites in society
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

22. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
House Arrest
Work Release
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

23. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Intermediate Sanctions
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

24. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Maximum-Security
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

25. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
About 10 felony arrests per month
Were considered highly educated in their time period
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

26. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Probation Rules
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

27. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Revocation
16

28. Right to an impartial judge
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Society expects them to be criminals
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

29. Capital Punishment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Probation Rules
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

30. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Parole
Shock Probation

31. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Jail
Society expects them to be criminals
The views of powerful elites in society

32. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

33. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Pennsylvania System
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

34. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Halfway House
The place and its charecteristics
Intermediate Sanctions

35. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Furlough
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

36. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
18

37. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Parole
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

38. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Subpoena
Shock Incarceration

39. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Shock Incarceration
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

40. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Minimum-Security Prison
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Make-believe family

41. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Increasing
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Boot Camp
Social agent

42. Motion for a direct verdict
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Trial by a judge without jury
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Pennsylvania System

43. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
90%
Obstacle course
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Young - male - minority - poor

44. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Should treat people of different classes equitably

45. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
New York (Auburn) System
Halfway House
Grand Jury
Should treat people of different classes equitably

46. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Trial by a judge without jury
Penitentiary House
Jail

47. What is Duress?
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
About 10 felony arrests per month

48. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The local police
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
A fixed term of incarceration

49. The sentence
Substantive Rights
Went down steadily
Community Service Restitution
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

50. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Subpoena
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Intake