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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
7 Million Americans
New York (Auburn) System

2. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Trial by a judge without jury
Self-incrimination

3. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

4. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Probation Rules
Private attorneys
The FBI

5. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Obstacle course
Public Defender
Boot Camp
Community Treatment

6. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

7. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Sentence served simultaneously
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The place and its charecteristics
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

8. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Enter a plea
Went down steadily

9. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The place and its charecteristics

10. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

11. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
18
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

12. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Higher

13. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Furlough
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

14. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The U.S. Marshall

15. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
7 Million Americans
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Sentence served simultaneously

16. Jury Selection

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17. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Subpoena
Grand Jury
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

18. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Trial by a judge without jury
A crime that is considered especially immoral

19. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Restorative Justice
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Parole

20. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

21. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Assembly line
Boot Camp

22. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Shock Incarceration
1.4 million
Revocation

23. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Prison
Property crimes
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

24. Challenged for cause
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

25. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Young - male - minority - poor
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

26. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
New York (Auburn) System
Halfway House

27. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Highway Patrol
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Intermediate Sanctions
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

28. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Enter a plea
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Subpoena
Revocation

29. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
About 10 felony arrests per month
Probation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

30. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Community Service Restitution
Revocation

31. Verdict
Highway Patrol
Intermediate Sanctions
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

32. Determinate Sentencing
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
A fixed term of incarceration
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Self-defense and insanity

33. Good time
90%
Young - male - minority - poor
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Restitution

34. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Public Defender
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Diversion
Higher

35. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
A fixed term of incarceration
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Were considered highly educated in their time period

36. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Total Instutution
About 10 felony arrests per month
Indigent Defendant
Intermediate Sanctions

37. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
7 Million Americans
Day Fees
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

38. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Boot Camp

39. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Recoupment
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

40. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Grand Jury
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

41. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Parole
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

42. Truth in Sentencing
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Make-believe family
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

43. Competent Standard

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44. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Revocation
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

45. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Penitentiary House
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

46. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Halfway House
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

47. Women Imprisoned
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Public Defender
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Should treat people of different classes equitably

48. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Higher

49. Status Offenders
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Work Release

50. Right to speedy trial
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits