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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Penitentiary House
Self-incrimination
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

2. What is Duress?
Shock Probation
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

3. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1.4 million
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Public Defender

4. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Anger Managment
Intake
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

5. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Higher
Pennsylvania System
Parole

6. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Restitution
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

7. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Self-incrimination

8. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
A fixed term of incarceration
House Arrest
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

9. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Prison
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

10. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
nolle prosequi
Highway Patrol
90%
Substantive Rights

11. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Highway Patrol
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
The place and its charecteristics

12. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Community Service Restitution
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Halfway House

13. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Make-believe family
nolle prosequi
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

14. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Property crimes
Went down steadily
Recoupment
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

15. Right to compulsory process
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

16. Truth in Sentencing
Increasing
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

17. What are characteristics of inmates
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Fine

18. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Public Defender
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

19. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The views of powerful elites in society
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

20. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Summer
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

21. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Highway Patrol
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Forfeiture
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

22. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Sentence served simultaneously
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Furlough

23. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
Jail
Grand Jury
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

24. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Pennsylvania System
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Pre-Sentence Investigation

25. What is General Deterrence?
House Arrest
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Restitution
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

26. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Make-believe family
Recoupment

27. Right to speedy trial
Increasing
Community Service Restitution
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

28. Concurrent Sentence
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Sentence served simultaneously

29. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Boot Camp
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

30. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
16
The place and its charecteristics
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

31. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Substantive Rights
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

32. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

33. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Shock Incarceration
Restitution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

34. Miranda Rights...
Society expects them to be criminals
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

35. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Pennsylvania System
Defense Attorney
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Self-defense and insanity

36. Indeterminate Sentencing
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Probation Rules
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

37. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
The procedural criminal law
Minimum-Security Prison
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

38. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Higher
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

39. Competent Standard

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40. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Young - male - minority - poor
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

41. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Intake
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Recoupment
Private attorneys

42. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
90%
Society expects them to be criminals
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

43. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
7 Million Americans
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Shock Incarceration
The U.S. Marshall

44. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Probation Rules
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

45. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Boot Camp
Enter a plea
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

46. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Maximum-Security
Diversion
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Prison

47. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Trial by a judge without jury
Property crimes
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

48. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Increasing
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Trial by a judge without jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation

49. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Restorative Justice
Indigent Defendant
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Community Treatment

50. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Total Instutution
Property crimes