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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
About 10 felony arrests per month
Jail
Revocation

2. Right to confront witnesses
Went down steadily
The local police
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

3. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
16

4. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Penitentiary House
Substantive Rights

5. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Super Maximum-Security Prison
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Anger Managment

6. Truth in Sentencing
Summer
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Obstacle course
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

7. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
Day Fees
The views of powerful elites in society
Probation Rules

8. Alternative Correctional Institution
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1.4 million
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

9. Right to counsel
Indigent Defendant
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Self-defense and insanity
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

10. What are characteristics of inmates
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Young - male - minority - poor
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Self-incrimination

11. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Probation

12. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
18
House Arrest
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

13. Evidentiary Standard
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Restorative Justice

14. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Obstacle course
Pre-Sentence Investigation

15. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
7 Million Americans
nolle prosequi
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

16. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Penitentiary House
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Parole
Pennsylvania System

17. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

18. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
nolle prosequi
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Increasing
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

19. Duties of probation officers
Fine
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

20. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Pennsylvania System
Parole
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

21. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
The local police
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
About 10 felony arrests per month
Total Instutution

22. Miranda Rights...
Self-defense and insanity
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

23. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Intermediate Sanctions
Work Release
Community Treatment

24. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Day Fees
Should treat people of different classes equitably
$200 billion
Society expects them to be criminals

25. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Highway Patrol
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

26. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Enter a plea
A crime that is considered especially immoral
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

27. Trial Process
Should treat people of different classes equitably
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
House Arrest
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

28. What is General Deterrence?
The place and its charecteristics
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Sentence served simultaneously

29. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Young - male - minority - poor

30. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Grand Jury
Society expects them to be criminals

31. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Intake
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Diversion

32. Judicial Waiver
The U.S. Marshall
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Community Treatment

33. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Prison
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

34. Peremptory Challenge
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Went down steadily
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

35. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The FBI
Probation Rules

36. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Increasing
Penitentiary House
Boot Camp

37. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
House Arrest
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Indigent Defendant
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

38. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Established customs and traditions
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

39. Jury Selection

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40. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Subpoena
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Went down steadily

41. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The views of powerful elites in society
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The U.S. Marshall

42. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

43. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Revocation
The place and its charecteristics

44. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
18

45. Problems of Parole
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

46. Challenged for cause
Fine
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
The procedural criminal law
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

47. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Assembly line
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

48. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Marriage
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

49. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Assembly line
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Social agent

50. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The local police
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense