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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Established customs and traditions
Private attorneys
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Parole

2. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Subpoena
Established customs and traditions
Marriage
Public Defender

3. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Minimum-Security Prison
Pennsylvania System
Prison
Social agent

4. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Make-believe family
Forfeiture

5. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Summer
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Public Defender

6. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Revocation
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Summer

7. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Forfeiture
The views of powerful elites in society
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

8. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Trial by a judge without jury
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
The procedural criminal law

9. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Marriage

10. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

11. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Anger Managment
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

12. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
18
1.4 million
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Self-defense and insanity

13. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

14. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Intake
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
House Arrest
Substantive Rights

15. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
16
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

16. Status Offenders
Self-incrimination
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

17. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
The U.S. Marshall
Forfeiture
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

18. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Shock Probation

19. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Penitentiary House
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

20. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

21. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Parole
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

22. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Furlough
The FBI

23. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
The U.S. Marshall
The local police
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

24. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Fine
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

25. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Sentence served one after another
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

26. Consecutive sentence
nolle prosequi
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Sentence served one after another
Fine

27. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
The FBI
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
$200 billion
Day Fees

28. Delinquents
Total Instutution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

29. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Community Treatment
Assembly line
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

30. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
A fixed term of incarceration
Prison
Maximum-Security

31. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Self-defense and insanity
Subpoena
Summer

32. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Jail
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

33. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
nolle prosequi
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Should treat people of different classes equitably

34. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Increasing
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

35. Evidentiary Standard
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

36. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Fine
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

37. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Total Instutution
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Marriage

38. Trial Process
Make-believe family
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Intermediate Sanctions

39. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
The place and its charecteristics
Recoupment
Property crimes
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

40. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Enter a plea
Halfway House
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

41. Jury Selection

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42. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Minimum-Security Prison
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Community Service Restitution

43. Peremptory Challenge
Established customs and traditions
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The U.S. Marshall

44. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Young - male - minority - poor

45. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Shock Probation
Established customs and traditions

46. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The U.S. Marshall
Diversion

47. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Jail
Pennsylvania System
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

48. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Probation Rules
Halfway House
Pre-Sentence Investigation

49. Right to be competent at trail

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50. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Work Release
Penitentiary House
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits