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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Right to an impartial judge
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Maximum-Security
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

2. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Self-defense and insanity
90%
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

3. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
House Arrest

4. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Enter a plea
A crime that is considered especially immoral

5. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Obstacle course
Forfeiture
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

6. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Prison
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Pennsylvania System
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

7. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Furlough
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Indigent Defendant

8. Miranda Rights...
Went down steadily
90%
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

9. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Minimum-Security Prison
Shock Probation
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

10. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Public Defender
Penitentiary House
$200 billion
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

11. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Anger Managment
The FBI
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

12. Verdict
Minimum-Security Prison
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Recoupment
About 10 felony arrests per month

13. Right to public trial
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Furlough
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

14. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
The views of powerful elites in society
A crime that is considered especially immoral
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Enter a plea

15. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Anger Managment
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Halfway House

16. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
18
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

17. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
The procedural criminal law
Work Release
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

18. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Penitentiary House

19. Three Strikes Law
Property crimes
Recoupment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

20. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Private attorneys
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Probation Rules

21. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Obstacle course

22. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Parole
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Self-defense and insanity

23. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Society expects them to be criminals
Day Fees
Young - male - minority - poor

24. Good time
Diversion
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
7 Million Americans

25. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Obstacle course
Revocation
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

26. Jury Selection

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27. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
The views of powerful elites in society
Probation Rules
Public Defender
Highway Patrol

28. Evidentiary Standard
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

29. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Went down steadily
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Obstacle course

30. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
House Arrest

31. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Boot Camp
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

32. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Higher
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

33. Bench Trial
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Restorative Justice
Trial by a judge without jury
The procedural criminal law

34. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Indigent Defendant
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

35. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

36. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Restorative Justice
Probation Rules
Make-believe family

37. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
New York (Auburn) System
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Anger Managment
The procedural criminal law

38. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

39. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Higher
Self-incrimination
Jail

40. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Make-believe family
Young - male - minority - poor
Social agent

41. Statutory Jurisdiction
Obstacle course
Shock Probation
Penitentiary House
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

42. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
nolle prosequi
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

43. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
16
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

44. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Assembly line
Total Instutution

45. Problems of Parole
Community Service Restitution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Prison
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

46. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Community Service Restitution
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

47. Mandatory Sentence
16
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

48. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Shock Incarceration
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Maximum-Security

49. Right to an impartial jury
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The place and its charecteristics
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
A crime that is considered especially immoral

50. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Parole
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Recoupment
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles