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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

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Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Work Release
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

2. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
nolle prosequi
Recoupment
7 Million Americans
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

3. Mandatory Sentence
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Self-incrimination
Community Service Restitution
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

4. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

5. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Total Instutution
Sentence served one after another
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

6. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

7. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Community Service Restitution
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Sentence served simultaneously
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

8. Motion for a direct verdict
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Recoupment
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

9. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Fine
Intake
18

10. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Sentence served simultaneously

11. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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12. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Sentence served simultaneously
Forfeiture

13. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
16
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Went down steadily

14. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Property crimes
Revocation

15. Concurrent Sentence
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Sentence served simultaneously
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Total Instutution

16. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The local police
7 Million Americans
Were considered highly educated in their time period

17. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Established customs and traditions
Day Fees
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

18. Argument against the Death Penalty
Restorative Justice
Day Fees
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Minimum-Security Prison

19. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Sentence served simultaneously
Restorative Justice

20. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Halfway House
Work Release
1.4 million

21. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The place and its charecteristics
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Intake

22. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

23. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Test for one's competents to stand trial
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

24. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Shock Probation
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
$200 billion
Community Service Restitution

25. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Sentence served one after another
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

26. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Subpoena
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Make-believe family
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

27. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Went down steadily
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1.4 million

28. Delinquents
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

29. Verdict
$200 billion
House Arrest
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

30. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Total Instutution
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Social agent

31. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Highway Patrol
Intermediate Sanctions

32. Good time
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Indigent Defendant
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

33. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Enter a plea
Maximum-Security

34. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
The FBI
Intake

35. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Summer
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

36. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Substantive Rights
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Trial by a judge without jury

37. What are characteristics of inmates
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Summer
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Young - male - minority - poor

38. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
90%
Sentence served one after another
Trial by a judge without jury

39. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Marriage

40. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Prison
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Pre-Sentence Investigation

41. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Self-defense and insanity
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

42. Judicial Waiver
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Public Defender

43. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Society expects them to be criminals
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Halfway House

44. Statutory Jurisdiction
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Defense Attorney

45. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Pennsylvania System

46. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
nolle prosequi
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

47. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
The procedural criminal law
Recoupment
The views of powerful elites in society
House Arrest

48. The sentence
Day Fees
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

49. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
90%
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

50. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Probation
18
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Jail

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