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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Social agent
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
nolle prosequi

2. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
16
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Maximum-Security

3. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Restitution
Probation Rules
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

4. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Recoupment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Intake

5. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
18
Public Defender
New York (Auburn) System

6. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Shock Incarceration
New York (Auburn) System
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

7. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Subpoena
nolle prosequi
Higher

8. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Went down steadily
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Established customs and traditions

9. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Forfeiture
Diversion
Revocation
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

10. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Summer
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Work Release

11. Trial Process
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Self-incrimination
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

12. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Established customs and traditions
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

13. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Fine
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Defense Attorney
Penitentiary House

14. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Sentence served simultaneously
Total Instutution
Obstacle course
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

15. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Probation
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Penitentiary House
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

16. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Sentence served one after another
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Halfway House
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

17. Three Strikes Law
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
16
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Fine

18. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Prison
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Highway Patrol

19. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Probation
Maximum-Security
Assembly line
Pre-Sentence Investigation

20. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Private attorneys
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Revocation
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

21. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1.4 million
Forfeiture
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

22. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Highway Patrol
The procedural criminal law
Summer
Property crimes

23. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
Property crimes
The place and its charecteristics
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

24. Problem of Re-entry
Shock Incarceration
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Subpoena
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

25. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

26. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Enter a plea
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

27. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Community Treatment
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Property crimes
Shock Incarceration

28. Bench Trial
$200 billion
7 Million Americans
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Trial by a judge without jury

29. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Super Maximum-Security Prison
90%
Pennsylvania System

30. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

31. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Young - male - minority - poor
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Increasing
Established customs and traditions

32. Right to be competent at trail

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33. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Social agent
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

34. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Recoupment
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

35. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
7 Million Americans
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Sentence served one after another
Jail

36. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Intake
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
18

37. Right to confront witnesses
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Obstacle course
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Maximum-Security

38. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

39. Mandatory Sentence
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

40. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Maximum-Security
Probation Rules
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

41. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Increasing
Obstacle course
Intermediate Sanctions
Summer

42. Peremptory Challenge
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

43. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Trial by a judge without jury
Increasing
A fixed term of incarceration
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

44. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Substantive Rights
Day Fees
Assembly line

45. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Self-incrimination
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

46. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

47. Right to counsel
Revocation
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Defense Attorney

48. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
nolle prosequi
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Marriage
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

49. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Should treat people of different classes equitably
House Arrest
Indigent Defendant

50. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Prison
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver