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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Good time
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Diversion
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

2. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Social agent
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

3. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Property crimes
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Boot Camp

4. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Private attorneys
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Young - male - minority - poor

5. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The procedural criminal law
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

6. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
House Arrest
Forfeiture
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

7. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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8. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Substantive Rights
Society expects them to be criminals
Anger Managment

9. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Property crimes
Went down steadily

10. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Recoupment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
New York (Auburn) System
Self-defense and insanity

11. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

12. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Shock Probation
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Revocation
Shock Incarceration

13. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Assembly line
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Enter a plea
The place and its charecteristics

14. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Intermediate Sanctions
Maximum-Security
A fixed term of incarceration
Highway Patrol

15. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Pennsylvania System
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
nolle prosequi
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

16. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Community Treatment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

17. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

18. Challenged for cause
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Grand Jury
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

19. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
Sentence served simultaneously
Were considered highly educated in their time period
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

20. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Private attorneys
Restorative Justice

21. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Increasing
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Private attorneys

22. Trial Process
90%
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

23. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
90%
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

24. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Anger Managment

25. The substantive criminal law...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Should treat people of different classes equitably

26. What is Duress?
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

27. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Self-incrimination
Indigent Defendant
Probation Rules
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

28. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

29. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Furlough
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
18
Work Release

30. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
16
Went down steadily

31. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Make-believe family
Increasing
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

32. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
7 Million Americans
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Parole
Trial by a judge without jury

33. Competent Standard

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34. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1.4 million

35. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Forfeiture
Halfway House
Intermediate Sanctions
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

36. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The views of powerful elites in society
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

37. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Halfway House
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

38. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Went down steadily
Fine

39. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Boot Camp
$200 billion
The local police

40. Peremptory Challenge
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Super Maximum-Security Prison
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The FBI

41. Argument against the Death Penalty
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Public Defender
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

42. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Young - male - minority - poor

43. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

44. Capital Punishment
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

45. Concurrent Jursidiction
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Diversion
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

46. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The U.S. Marshall
Make-believe family

47. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
16
The procedural criminal law
Recoupment
Obstacle course

48. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Boot Camp
Private attorneys
Diversion
Defense Attorney

49. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

50. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
Self-incrimination
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court