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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Minimum-Security Prison

2. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Should treat people of different classes equitably

3. Problem of Re-entry
Assembly line
Higher
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

4. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Indigent Defendant
Summer
New York (Auburn) System

5. The substantive criminal law...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
New York (Auburn) System
Probation

6. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Recoupment
Property crimes
Enter a plea

7. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Went down steadily
Indigent Defendant

8. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
About 10 felony arrests per month
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Pennsylvania System

9. Evidentiary Standard
Society expects them to be criminals
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

10. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

11. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

12. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Probation
Were considered highly educated in their time period
90%

13. Women Imprisoned
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The FBI

14. Goals of Punishment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Higher
Diversion

15. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
90%
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Grand Jury
Intermediate Sanctions

16. What are characteristics of inmates
Recoupment
Maximum-Security
Young - male - minority - poor
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

17. Statutory Jurisdiction
Pennsylvania System
Highway Patrol
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Intake

18. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Increasing
Established customs and traditions
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

19. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Self-defense and insanity
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

20. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Intake
About 10 felony arrests per month

21. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Self-defense and insanity

22. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Total Instutution
Restitution
Established customs and traditions
A crime that is considered especially immoral

23. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Public Defender
Fine

24. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Minimum-Security Prison
Substantive Rights
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

25. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Public Defender
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

26. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Went down steadily
Diversion

27. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Marriage
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

28. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
1.4 million
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Halfway House

29. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The procedural criminal law
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

30. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Substantive Rights
House Arrest
The local police
Make-believe family

31. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Parole
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Fine

32. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

33. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Summer
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

34. Probation failure correlates to...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Maximum-Security
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

35. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Went down steadily
Pennsylvania System

36. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Indigent Defendant
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
A crime that is considered especially immoral

37. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Probation Rules
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Social agent

38. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Marriage
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Make-believe family

39. Judicial Waiver
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Intermediate Sanctions
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

40. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Restitution
Self-defense and insanity
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

41. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Trial by a judge without jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Community Service Restitution

42. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Furlough
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

43. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Higher
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

44. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
7 Million Americans
Marriage
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
90%

45. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
90%
Intermediate Sanctions
Penitentiary House

46. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Minimum-Security Prison
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Maximum-Security

47. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1.4 million
Halfway House
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

48. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Prison
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Recoupment
Increasing

49. Delinquents
Minimum-Security Prison
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
90%

50. Alternative Correctional Institution
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
90%
1.4 million
Forfeiture