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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Test for one's competents to stand trial
7 Million Americans

2. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Jail

3. Right to be competent at trail

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4. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Penitentiary House
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

5. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Halfway House
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Jail

6. Problems of Parole
$200 billion
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
nolle prosequi
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

7. Status Offenders
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Make-believe family

8. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
The FBI
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Private attorneys

9. Verdict
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

10. The substantive criminal law...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Furlough
Halfway House

11. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Shock Incarceration
New York (Auburn) System

12. Right to confront witnesses
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Revocation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Indigent Defendant

13. Indeterminate Sentencing
Highway Patrol
A fixed term of incarceration
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

14. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Diversion
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

15. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Community Treatment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Day Fees
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

16. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
$200 billion
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Make-believe family

17. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Society expects them to be criminals
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Were considered highly educated in their time period

18. Problem of Re-entry
Furlough
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Intake

19. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Boot Camp
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

20. Right to speedy trial
Sentence served one after another
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
The local police
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

21. Women Imprisoned
Parole
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The local police
Community Service Restitution

22. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Trial by a judge without jury
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Property crimes
90%

23. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Total Instutution
House Arrest

24. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
18
The local police
Subpoena

25. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Revocation
Forfeiture
Indigent Defendant
Intake

26. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Higher
Maximum-Security

27. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

28. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
A fixed term of incarceration

29. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The U.S. Marshall
The views of powerful elites in society
Pre-Sentence Investigation

30. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
The U.S. Marshall

31. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The procedural criminal law
Revocation

32. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Halfway House
nolle prosequi
Public Defender

33. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Young - male - minority - poor
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
90%
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

34. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Higher
$200 billion
Summer
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

35. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Substantive Rights
Self-defense and insanity

36. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Intermediate Sanctions
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Higher

37. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

38. What is General Deterrence?
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1.4 million
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

39. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
New York (Auburn) System
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Indigent Defendant

40. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Community Service Restitution
Work Release
Increasing

41. Challenged for cause
7 Million Americans
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

42. Factors that Influence Sentencing
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

43. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Minimum-Security Prison
Furlough
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

44. Probation failure correlates to...
Day Fees
The U.S. Marshall
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

45. Miranda Rights...
Obstacle course
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

46. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
18
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

47. Models of sentencing
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Jail
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

48. Evidentiary Standard
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Work Release
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Minimum-Security Prison

49. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Self-incrimination
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Indigent Defendant

50. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Sentence served simultaneously
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation