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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Pennsylvania System
nolle prosequi
Marriage
A fixed term of incarceration

2. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
The place and its charecteristics
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

3. Probation failure correlates to...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Boot Camp

4. Right to be competent at trail

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5. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Furlough
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

6. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Obstacle course
Work Release

7. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Subpoena
Fine
Assembly line

8. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Pre-Sentence Investigation

9. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Marriage
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

10. Goals of Punishment
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

11. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Recoupment
Private attorneys
Summer

12. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
18
Defense Attorney
Forfeiture
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

13. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1.4 million
Revocation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

14. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Defense Attorney
Grand Jury
Community Treatment

15. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Shock Incarceration
Intake
Restitution
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

16. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

17. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
A crime that is considered especially immoral
The U.S. Marshall

18. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Restitution
Minimum-Security Prison
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

19. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Substantive Rights
Maximum-Security
Intermediate Sanctions

20. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Property crimes
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Jail
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

21. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Private attorneys
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Furlough
A fixed term of incarceration

22. Peremptory Challenge
Penitentiary House
Defense Attorney
House Arrest
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

23. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

24. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
1.4 million
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Private attorneys

25. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Pennsylvania System
Trial by a judge without jury
House Arrest

26. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Assembly line
Forfeiture
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

27. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Highway Patrol
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Higher

28. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Day Fees
Prison

29. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Increasing
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

30. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Diversion
90%
7 Million Americans

31. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Self-incrimination
Enter a plea
Diversion
Prison

32. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Probation
Shock Incarceration
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

33. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Diversion
nolle prosequi
Grand Jury
Increasing

34. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Self-incrimination

35. What is General Deterrence?
Grand Jury
Community Treatment
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

36. The substantive criminal law...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Subpoena
Highway Patrol

37. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Public Defender
Marriage

38. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Day Fees
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

39. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Prison
1.4 million
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

40. Good time
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Boot Camp
Indigent Defendant
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

41. Problem of Re-entry
Diversion
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

42. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

43. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
7 Million Americans
Shock Probation
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

44. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Private attorneys
Intake
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

45. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Summer

46. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Fine
Young - male - minority - poor
Society expects them to be criminals

47. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

48. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
Enter a plea
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

49. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Grand Jury
Anger Managment
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

50. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Intake
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.