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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Alternative Correctional Institution
The place and its charecteristics
New York (Auburn) System
Should treat people of different classes equitably
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

2. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Minimum-Security Prison
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

3. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
The place and its charecteristics

4. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Minimum-Security Prison
Intake
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

5. Determinate Sentencing
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Work Release
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
A fixed term of incarceration

6. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Public Defender

7. What are characteristics of inmates
New York (Auburn) System
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Diversion
Young - male - minority - poor

8. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
7 Million Americans
Established customs and traditions

9. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
7 Million Americans
Shock Probation

10. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Probation
Restitution
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

11. Consecutive sentence
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Make-believe family
Sentence served one after another
Sentence served simultaneously

12. Verdict
The U.S. Marshall
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

13. Concurrent Sentence
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
House Arrest
Sentence served simultaneously

14. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Society expects them to be criminals
Jail
16

15. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
The procedural criminal law

16. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Society expects them to be criminals
Jail
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

17. Status Offenders
Highway Patrol
Self-defense and insanity
New York (Auburn) System
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

18. Goals of Punishment
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The local police
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Jail

19. Indeterminate Sentencing
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Prison

20. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
16
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

21. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Forfeiture
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

22. Challenged for cause
Total Instutution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

23. Good time
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Substantive Rights
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

24. Women Imprisoned
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
About 10 felony arrests per month

25. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Pennsylvania System
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

26. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The views of powerful elites in society
Restitution
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Make-believe family

27. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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28. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Sentence served simultaneously
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Halfway House
Day Fees

29. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Sentence served simultaneously
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Day Fees
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

30. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Maximum-Security
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Defense Attorney
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

31. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Intermediate Sanctions
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

32. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Obstacle course
Restorative Justice
Prison
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

33. Right to confront witnesses
Obstacle course
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Parole

34. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Trial by a judge without jury
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1.4 million

35. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Enter a plea
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Self-defense and insanity
Obstacle course

36. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Assembly line

37. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Forfeiture
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

38. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Jail
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
nolle prosequi

39. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Revocation
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Marriage
Substantive Rights

40. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Work Release
Society expects them to be criminals
A crime that is considered especially immoral

41. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Recoupment
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

42. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

43. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Intermediate Sanctions
New York (Auburn) System
Highway Patrol

44. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Recoupment
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

45. Capital Punishment
Make-believe family
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Boot Camp

46. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Probation Rules
Society expects them to be criminals
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Community Service Restitution

47. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Anger Managment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Should treat people of different classes equitably

48. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Penitentiary House
Summer

49. Peremptory Challenge
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

50. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Shock Probation
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The local police
90%