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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Higher
Prison
16
Recoupment

2. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Probation Rules
Social agent
New York (Auburn) System
7 Million Americans

3. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Halfway House
Diversion
The FBI

4. Models of sentencing
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Fine
Enter a plea
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

5. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Minimum-Security Prison
18
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

6. Three Strikes Law
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

7. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Indigent Defendant
7 Million Americans
Self-defense and insanity
Went down steadily

8. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
Enter a plea
Restitution
Obstacle course

9. Right to an impartial judge
The procedural criminal law
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The views of powerful elites in society
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

10. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
The local police
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Private attorneys
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

11. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The procedural criminal law

12. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Went down steadily
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

13. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Revocation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

14. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Trial by a judge without jury
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
nolle prosequi
Intake

15. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Self-defense and insanity
Shock Incarceration
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

16. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Penitentiary House
Marriage

17. Truth in Sentencing
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

18. Determinate Sentencing
Enter a plea
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
A fixed term of incarceration

19. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Increasing
Revocation

20. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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21. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The views of powerful elites in society
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Diversion

22. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Grand Jury
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
A crime that is considered especially immoral

23. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Intake

24. Good time
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

25. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Grand Jury
Restitution
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Halfway House

26. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
nolle prosequi
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Penitentiary House

27. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Recoupment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
$200 billion

28. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Penitentiary House
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

29. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Day Fees
Furlough
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

30. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Boot Camp
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Intermediate Sanctions

31. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Community Service Restitution
$200 billion
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

32. Goals of Punishment
Boot Camp
Work Release
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

33. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

34. Judicial Waiver
Subpoena
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

35. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Work Release
Prison
Halfway House
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

36. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Super Maximum-Security Prison
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

37. Alternative Correctional Institution
The procedural criminal law
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The local police
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

38. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Social agent
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Total Instutution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

39. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Anger Managment
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
The local police

40. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
90%
Revocation
Anger Managment

41. Consecutive sentence
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Sentence served one after another
Shock Probation

42. Capital Punishment
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

43. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Total Instutution
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
18
Should treat people of different classes equitably

44. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The views of powerful elites in society
Shock Incarceration
Intermediate Sanctions

45. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Trial by a judge without jury

46. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Day Fees
A fixed term of incarceration
Community Treatment

47. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

48. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Highway Patrol
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Minimum-Security Prison
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

49. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

50. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Self-incrimination
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values