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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Work Release
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Grand Jury
Fine

2. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
The local police
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Sentence served one after another

3. Delinquents
nolle prosequi
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Revocation

4. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
House Arrest
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

5. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Make-believe family
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

6. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Halfway House
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

7. Women Imprisoned
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
New York (Auburn) System

8. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Social agent

9. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

10. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Summer
Young - male - minority - poor
Maximum-Security

11. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Property crimes
Private attorneys
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

12. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
18
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Shock Probation

13. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
A fixed term of incarceration
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Total Instutution
The place and its charecteristics

14. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Substantive Rights
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

15. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Diversion
Forfeiture
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

16. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Anger Managment
Boot Camp
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Restitution

17. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
The views of powerful elites in society
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Private attorneys
Pennsylvania System

18. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Public Defender
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Penitentiary House

19. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

20. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Higher
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

21. Challenged for cause
Summer
Obstacle course
Probation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

22. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Forfeiture
The views of powerful elites in society

23. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Marriage
New York (Auburn) System
Assembly line
Recoupment

24. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Private attorneys
Society expects them to be criminals
Defense Attorney
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

25. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
nolle prosequi
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

26. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Anger Managment
Social agent
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Indigent Defendant

27. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Summer
Highway Patrol
Forfeiture

28. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Pennsylvania System
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

29. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Community Service Restitution
Pennsylvania System

30. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Probation Rules
$200 billion
Society expects them to be criminals

31. Judicial Waiver
Self-incrimination
Indigent Defendant
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Intermediate Sanctions

32. Alternative Correctional Institution
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Private attorneys

33. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Enter a plea
Established customs and traditions
Total Instutution

34. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Shock Probation
Defense Attorney
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

35. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Boot Camp
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

36. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
A fixed term of incarceration
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The procedural criminal law

37. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Assembly line
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Furlough

38. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
Higher
The local police
Social agent

39. Trial Process
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Should treat people of different classes equitably
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

40. The substantive criminal law...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Make-believe family
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

41. Right to be competent at trail

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42. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
A fixed term of incarceration
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Boot Camp
Should treat people of different classes equitably

43. Right to public trial
Property crimes
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

44. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Established customs and traditions
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

45. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Marriage
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
About 10 felony arrests per month

46. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Higher
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

47. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

48. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Day Fees
Property crimes
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Public Defender

49. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
nolle prosequi
Furlough

50. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
Sentence served one after another
Probation Rules
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

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