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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Self-defense and insanity
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

2. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Furlough
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Community Service Restitution

3. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
$200 billion
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

4. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Increasing
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

5. What is Duress?
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

6. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Private attorneys
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
7 Million Americans

7. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Fine

8. Evidentiary Standard
Subpoena
Private attorneys
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

9. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Self-defense and insanity
Self-incrimination
The place and its charecteristics
Furlough

10. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Work Release
Day Fees
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

11. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Halfway House
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Society expects them to be criminals

12. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Intake
Social agent
Substantive Rights
The views of powerful elites in society

13. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Diversion
1.4 million
The procedural criminal law
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

14. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
A fixed term of incarceration
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

15. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Trial by a judge without jury
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Private attorneys

16. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
The procedural criminal law
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

17. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The local police
Restorative Justice

18. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Total Instutution
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Pennsylvania System
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

19. Probation failure correlates to...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Summer
Society expects them to be criminals

20. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Grand Jury
18
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Diversion

21. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Social agent
Anger Managment
The U.S. Marshall
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

22. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
The views of powerful elites in society
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Penitentiary House

23. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
A fixed term of incarceration
Revocation
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

24. Argument against the Death Penalty
Parole
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Enter a plea
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

25. Miranda Rights...
90%
Subpoena
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
16

26. Concurrent Jursidiction
Community Service Restitution
A fixed term of incarceration
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

27. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
The views of powerful elites in society
Jail
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Were considered highly educated in their time period

28. Determinate Sentencing
Assembly line
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
A fixed term of incarceration
Defense Attorney

29. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
90%
Established customs and traditions
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

30. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Marriage
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
A crime that is considered especially immoral

31. Problems of Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Sentence served one after another
The procedural criminal law

32. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Penitentiary House
Anger Managment
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

33. What is General Deterrence?
Obstacle course
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
The views of powerful elites in society
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

34. Concurrent Sentence
Property crimes
Restitution
Sentence served simultaneously
Trial by a judge without jury

35. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Social agent
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Super Maximum-Security Prison
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

36. Jury Selection

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37. Judicial Waiver
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Increasing

38. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Restorative Justice
Trial by a judge without jury
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

39. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Furlough
Community Treatment

40. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Summer
Anger Managment
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
The FBI

41. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Probation Rules
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Work Release

42. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

43. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Assembly line
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

44. Right to confront witnesses
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Parole
Intermediate Sanctions

45. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served one after another

46. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Fine
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Furlough

47. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
Boot Camp
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Penitentiary House

48. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
$200 billion
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

49. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Community Service Restitution

50. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Halfway House
Jail
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
A fixed term of incarceration