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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Verdict
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The views of powerful elites in society
Private attorneys

2. Factors that Influence Sentencing
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Fine
Restorative Justice
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

3. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Sentence served one after another
Shock Probation
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

4. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Defense Attorney
Were considered highly educated in their time period

5. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Established customs and traditions
Super Maximum-Security Prison

6. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Maximum-Security
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

7. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Society expects them to be criminals
Probation
Restorative Justice
Increasing

8. Indeterminate Sentencing
Diversion
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Private attorneys
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

9. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The FBI
Fine
Penitentiary House

10. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Restorative Justice
Summer
Increasing
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

11. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Assembly line
House Arrest
nolle prosequi

12. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
New York (Auburn) System
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

13. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Were considered highly educated in their time period
New York (Auburn) System
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

14. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
nolle prosequi
Super Maximum-Security Prison

15. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Probation
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Day Fees

16. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Restitution
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
nolle prosequi
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

17. Women Imprisoned
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Total Instutution
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

18. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Fine
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Defense Attorney
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

19. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Halfway House
Recoupment
Parole

20. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Public Defender
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

21. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The place and its charecteristics
Revocation
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

22. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Total Instutution
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Anger Managment

23. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
A fixed term of incarceration

24. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

25. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

26. Evidentiary Standard
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

27. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Restorative Justice
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
New York (Auburn) System
Intermediate Sanctions

28. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Boot Camp
Social agent

29. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Fine
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The procedural criminal law

30. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

31. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

32. Good time
The place and its charecteristics
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Probation Rules

33. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Shock Incarceration
Public Defender

34. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Property crimes

35. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
The procedural criminal law
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Established customs and traditions

36. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

37. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Furlough
1.4 million
Shock Incarceration
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

38. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Intake
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Highway Patrol

39. Concurrent Sentence
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Sentence served simultaneously
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Young - male - minority - poor

40. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Sentence served simultaneously
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

41. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Trial by a judge without jury
Summer

42. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Summer
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

43. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
The local police
Established customs and traditions
Enter a plea
Higher

44. Three Strikes Law
7 Million Americans
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

45. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
90%
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Young - male - minority - poor

46. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Sentence served one after another
Jail
Assembly line

47. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

48. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Self-defense and insanity
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Community Service Restitution

49. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Private attorneys
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The views of powerful elites in society

50. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Probation
Furlough
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Indigent Defendant

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Criminal Justice

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