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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Substantive Rights
Grand Jury
Test for one's competents to stand trial

2. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Established customs and traditions
Sentence served simultaneously
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
7 Million Americans

3. The substantive criminal law...
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
90%
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

4. Judicial Waiver
Forfeiture
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

5. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
Restorative Justice
Indigent Defendant
Sentence served simultaneously

6. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
House Arrest
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Penitentiary House
Self-defense and insanity

7. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Self-incrimination
Went down steadily
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
The local police

8. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Make-believe family
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
The views of powerful elites in society

9. Women Imprisoned
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

10. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
$200 billion

11. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Work Release
90%
Intake
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

12. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Halfway House
The U.S. Marshall
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young - male - minority - poor

13. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Public Defender
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Anger Managment

14. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Forfeiture
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Community Service Restitution
Grand Jury

15. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Self-incrimination
Increasing
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

16. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Sentence served simultaneously
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

17. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Intermediate Sanctions
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

18. Truth in Sentencing
Probation
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
About 10 felony arrests per month
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

19. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Boot Camp

20. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Assembly line
Work Release
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

21. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Shock Probation
90%

22. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Society expects them to be criminals
Substantive Rights
Work Release

23. Verdict
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

24. Trial Process
Increasing
Jail
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

25. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
90%
Probation
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

26. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

27. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

28. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Subpoena
Community Treatment
The place and its charecteristics
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

29. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Highway Patrol
House Arrest
Furlough
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

30. Problem of Re-entry
Diversion
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

31. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Fine
Forfeiture

32. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

33. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Make-believe family
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

34. Right to speedy trial
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

35. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
18
Total Instutution
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

36. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Shock Incarceration

37. Challenged for cause
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

38. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Social agent
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

39. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Grand Jury
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

40. Argument against the Death Penalty
Sentence served simultaneously
nolle prosequi
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

41. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
House Arrest
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

42. Miranda Rights...
The procedural criminal law
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Obstacle course

43. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Total Instutution
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

44. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Probation Rules
Shock Incarceration
The place and its charecteristics
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

45. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Young - male - minority - poor
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

46. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
Community Treatment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Parole

47. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Property crimes
House Arrest
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Day Fees

48. What is General Deterrence?
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Furlough
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

49. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Community Service Restitution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

50. Probation failure correlates to...
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Trial by a judge without jury
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history