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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Private attorneys

2. Delinquents
Community Treatment
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Intermediate Sanctions
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

3. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Higher
Public Defender

4. Women Imprisoned
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

5. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
A fixed term of incarceration
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The views of powerful elites in society

6. Concurrent Sentence
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Sentence served simultaneously
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
18

7. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
The views of powerful elites in society
About 10 felony arrests per month
House Arrest

8. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
The place and its charecteristics
Private attorneys
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

9. Determinate Sentencing
The local police
A fixed term of incarceration
Penitentiary House
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

10. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
About 10 felony arrests per month
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

11. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Self-defense and insanity

12. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Penitentiary House
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Enter a plea
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

13. Factors that Influence Sentencing
House Arrest
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

14. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Established customs and traditions
The place and its charecteristics
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

15. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Grand Jury
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Assembly line

16. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Community Treatment
Sentence served simultaneously
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

17. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
The U.S. Marshall
New York (Auburn) System
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Were considered highly educated in their time period

18. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
7 Million Americans
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

19. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
Revocation
Pennsylvania System
Diversion

20. Competent Standard

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21. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Assembly line
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Social agent

22. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

23. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

24. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Substantive Rights
Summer
Trial by a judge without jury
Make-believe family

25. Probation failure correlates to...
Shock Incarceration
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Total Instutution

26. What is Duress?
Community Service Restitution
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

27. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Self-defense and insanity
The FBI
About 10 felony arrests per month
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

28. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Highway Patrol
Diversion
Self-incrimination

29. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Higher
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

30. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Forfeiture
1.4 million
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

31. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
House Arrest

32. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Society expects them to be criminals
Higher

33. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Self-incrimination
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Highway Patrol

34. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
16

35. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Obstacle course
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Probation Rules

36. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Day Fees
nolle prosequi
Shock Probation
Private attorneys

37. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Jail
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Test for one's competents to stand trial
90%

38. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Penitentiary House
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Fine

39. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

40. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Community Service Restitution
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

41. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
The FBI

42. Right to be competent at trail

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43. Right to public trial
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Day Fees

44. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Subpoena
Obstacle course
Indigent Defendant
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

45. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
16
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Substantive Rights

46. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Public Defender
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The U.S. Marshall

47. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Enter a plea
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
18
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

48. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Community Treatment

49. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
The place and its charecteristics
Property crimes
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

50. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Work Release