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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
16
Subpoena
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

2. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Anger Managment
Property crimes
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

3. Probation failure correlates to...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Assembly line
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

4. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Anger Managment
16
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

5. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Minimum-Security Prison
Went down steadily
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Halfway House

6. Concurrent Jursidiction
Make-believe family
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Young - male - minority - poor
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

7. Evidentiary Standard
Subpoena
Boot Camp
Shock Probation
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

8. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Substantive Rights
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

9. Judicial Waiver
Fine
Minimum-Security Prison
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

10. Right to an impartial judge
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Self-defense and insanity
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

11. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation Rules

12. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Day Fees

13. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Defense Attorney

14. Delinquents
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
90%
Assembly line

15. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The U.S. Marshall
Community Treatment
16

16. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
7 Million Americans
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

17. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Work Release
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Intermediate Sanctions

18. What is General Deterrence?
18
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
New York (Auburn) System
Restorative Justice

19. Capital Punishment
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Revocation
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Assembly line

20. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Boot Camp
The place and its charecteristics
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Shock Probation

21. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Halfway House
Private attorneys
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Parole

22. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Trial by a judge without jury
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Social agent
Pre-Sentence Investigation

23. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Shock Incarceration
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

24. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Community Service Restitution
Went down steadily
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

25. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Revocation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

26. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Self-defense and insanity
Assembly line
Established customs and traditions

27. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Society expects them to be criminals
Minimum-Security Prison

28. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The views of powerful elites in society
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
The local police

29. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
The FBI
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

30. Truth in Sentencing
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

31. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
1.4 million
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Community Service Restitution
Probation

32. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Enter a plea
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

33. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Grand Jury
The place and its charecteristics

34. Right to speedy trial
Increasing
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
New York (Auburn) System
Should treat people of different classes equitably

35. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Diversion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
New York (Auburn) System

36. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Established customs and traditions
Parole
Highway Patrol
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

37. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Assembly line

38. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Forfeiture
Pennsylvania System
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Intermediate Sanctions

39. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

40. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
7 Million Americans
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The local police
Higher

41. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Day Fees
Subpoena
Assembly line
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

42. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Highway Patrol
Sentence served simultaneously
Super Maximum-Security Prison
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

43. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Public Defender
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Were considered highly educated in their time period

44. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Increasing
Substantive Rights
Assembly line
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

45. Models of sentencing
Highway Patrol
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
New York (Auburn) System
Sentence served simultaneously

46. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Penitentiary House
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Intermediate Sanctions

47. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Defense Attorney
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Probation

48. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Highway Patrol
Restorative Justice
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

49. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Community Treatment
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Penitentiary House

50. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Forfeiture
7 Million Americans