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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Consecutive sentence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Intermediate Sanctions
Sentence served one after another
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

2. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Probation Rules
The FBI

3. Challenged for cause
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Were considered highly educated in their time period

4. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Higher

5. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Assembly line

6. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Higher
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
The FBI

7. Right to be competent at trail

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8. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Forfeiture
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
nolle prosequi

9. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Sentence served simultaneously

10. Mandatory Sentence
Diversion
Forfeiture
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

11. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
New York (Auburn) System
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Defense Attorney
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

12. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Penitentiary House
Highway Patrol

13. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Maximum-Security
Pennsylvania System
Trial by a judge without jury

14. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

15. Evidentiary Standard
The U.S. Marshall
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

16. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

17. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
About 10 felony arrests per month
The local police
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

18. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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19. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
1.4 million
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Established customs and traditions
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

20. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Minimum-Security Prison
Boot Camp

21. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Highway Patrol
Intake
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

22. Capital Punishment
Property crimes
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

23. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Indigent Defendant
Probation Rules
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

24. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Revocation
Furlough
A crime that is considered especially immoral
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

25. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
The views of powerful elites in society
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

26. Alternative Correctional Institution
Make-believe family
Were considered highly educated in their time period
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

27. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Fine
Shock Incarceration

28. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Forfeiture
Enter a plea
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

29. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

30. Trial Process
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

31. Models of sentencing
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

32. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Sentence served one after another
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

33. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Work Release
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

34. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Jail
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Public Defender
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

35. Goals of Punishment
Highway Patrol
Intermediate Sanctions
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
House Arrest

36. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Self-incrimination
Work Release

37. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

38. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Probation
Subpoena
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Restitution

39. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Penitentiary House
Day Fees
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Enter a plea

40. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Restorative Justice
Highway Patrol
Maximum-Security
Society expects them to be criminals

41. Women Imprisoned
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

42. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Self-incrimination
nolle prosequi

43. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

44. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Total Instutution
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

45. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Probation
Young - male - minority - poor

46. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Revocation
Sentence served simultaneously
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

47. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Work Release

48. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Young - male - minority - poor
Should treat people of different classes equitably
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

49. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Enter a plea
Pre-Sentence Investigation

50. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Young - male - minority - poor
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Obstacle course
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture