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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Jail
Social agent

2. Argument against the Death Penalty
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Indigent Defendant

3. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Went down steadily
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The views of powerful elites in society
Maximum-Security

4. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Prison
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

5. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Self-incrimination
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Make-believe family
Halfway House

6. Delinquents
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Should treat people of different classes equitably

7. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
New York (Auburn) System
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Indigent Defendant

8. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Young - male - minority - poor
Anger Managment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

9. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Pennsylvania System
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
House Arrest
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

10. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Indigent Defendant
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

11. Peremptory Challenge
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The procedural criminal law
Sentence served simultaneously

12. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Grand Jury
Maximum-Security
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

13. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Fine

14. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Halfway House
Probation

15. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The U.S. Marshall
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

16. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
The views of powerful elites in society
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1.4 million

17. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Assembly line
The procedural criminal law
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

18. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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19. Right to be competent at trail

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20. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

21. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Indigent Defendant
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

22. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Furlough
Day Fees
16
The place and its charecteristics

23. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Forfeiture
Recoupment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

24. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Boot Camp
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

25. Right to confront witnesses
Work Release
Community Treatment
Probation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

26. Problem of Re-entry
New York (Auburn) System
Defense Attorney
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Furlough

27. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
Property crimes
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Recoupment

28. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Restorative Justice
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Probation Rules

29. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

30. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Established customs and traditions
Prison
Self-defense and insanity
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

31. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

32. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Marriage
Public Defender
Furlough

33. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

34. The substantive criminal law...
Indigent Defendant
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

35. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

36. Status Offenders
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

37. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Community Treatment
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Fine

38. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
The procedural criminal law
Subpoena
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

39. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

40. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Substantive Rights
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

41. Mandatory Sentence
Community Service Restitution
Sentence served simultaneously
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Day Fees

42. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
$200 billion
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Increasing
Pre-Sentence Investigation

43. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Defense Attorney
Shock Probation
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

44. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The FBI
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Trial by a judge without jury

45. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Maximum-Security
Probation
The procedural criminal law
Super Maximum-Security Prison

46. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Jail
Increasing
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Marriage

47. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Young - male - minority - poor
Substantive Rights
Self-incrimination
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

48. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Defense Attorney
Marriage
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Minimum-Security Prison

49. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Halfway House
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

50. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Halfway House
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public