Test your basic knowledge |

Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Work Release
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
16

2. Statutory Jurisdiction
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Total Instutution
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

3. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Marriage
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Revocation

4. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Fine
Prison
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

5. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Pennsylvania System
Marriage
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

6. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
A fixed term of incarceration
nolle prosequi

7. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Sentence served one after another
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

8. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Summer
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

9. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
A fixed term of incarceration
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

10. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Total Instutution
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Test for one's competents to stand trial

11. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Parole

12. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Increasing
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

13. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

14. Duties of probation officers
nolle prosequi
18
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Pennsylvania System

15. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Defense Attorney
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
The procedural criminal law
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

16. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
The FBI
Highway Patrol
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

17. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1.4 million
90%
Property crimes

18. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Day Fees
Jail
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Revocation

19. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

20. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

21. Problems of Parole
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Revocation
Super Maximum-Security Prison

22. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
The procedural criminal law
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Pennsylvania System

23. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Diversion
Enter a plea
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Forfeiture

24. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Work Release
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

25. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Total Instutution
Increasing
Higher

26. Right to an impartial judge
Recoupment
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Halfway House
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

27. Three Strikes Law
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The views of powerful elites in society
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

28. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Defense Attorney
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Obstacle course

29. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Obstacle course
The views of powerful elites in society
Young - male - minority - poor

30. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Pennsylvania System
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Revocation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

31. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Parole
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Diversion
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

32. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
18
Went down steadily
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

33. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Social agent
Grand Jury
Probation Rules

34. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Grand Jury
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

35. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Higher
Defense Attorney
A crime that is considered especially immoral
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

36. Indeterminate Sentencing
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Assembly line

37. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Established customs and traditions
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

38. What are characteristics of inmates
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Self-defense and insanity
Young - male - minority - poor
Work Release

39. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
About 10 felony arrests per month

40. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Sentence served simultaneously
The place and its charecteristics
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Grand Jury

41. Concurrent Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Sentence served simultaneously
Super Maximum-Security Prison

42. Women Imprisoned
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
7 Million Americans
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

43. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

44. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Property crimes
Public Defender
Recoupment

45. Trial Process
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Community Service Restitution

46. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
House Arrest

47. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Total Instutution
Work Release
Jail

48. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Self-defense and insanity
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Maximum-Security
Probation Rules

49. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Prison
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

50. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The U.S. Marshall
Increasing
Whether the person intentionally committed the act