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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Problems of Parole
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

2. Miranda Rights...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Penitentiary House
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

3. Models of sentencing
Halfway House
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
nolle prosequi

4. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

5. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Forfeiture
Should treat people of different classes equitably

6. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Community Service Restitution
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Day Fees

7. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Assembly line

8. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Restorative Justice
Trial by a judge without jury

9. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The FBI
Defense Attorney

10. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Subpoena
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Maximum-Security

11. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Indigent Defendant
Increasing
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

12. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

13. Mandatory Sentence
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

14. Challenged for cause
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

15. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
16
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Intermediate Sanctions

16. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

17. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Forfeiture
Went down steadily
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

18. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Higher
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The views of powerful elites in society

19. Delinquents
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

20. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Higher
Assembly line
$200 billion

21. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
1.4 million
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Prison
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

22. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Jail
Subpoena
Boot Camp
Test for one's competents to stand trial

23. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Probation
90%
Social agent

24. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Diversion
Sentence served simultaneously
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Self-defense and insanity

25. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Obstacle course
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Make-believe family
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

26. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The views of powerful elites in society
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The U.S. Marshall

27. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Obstacle course
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Probation
The place and its charecteristics

28. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Penitentiary House
Sentence served simultaneously
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

29. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The U.S. Marshall
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

30. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Make-believe family
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Probation Rules
Jail

31. Three Strikes Law
Probation Rules
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Minimum-Security Prison
18

32. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Self-incrimination
Community Treatment
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

33. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Probation Rules

34. Right to counsel
Work Release
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Pennsylvania System

35. Concurrent Jursidiction
Maximum-Security
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

36. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
90%
The views of powerful elites in society

37. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Shock Probation
Marriage
Community Treatment

38. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Marriage
Sentence served simultaneously
Self-defense and insanity
$200 billion

39. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The procedural criminal law
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The place and its charecteristics
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

40. Bench Trial
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Probation Rules
Trial by a judge without jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

41. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Public Defender
Were considered highly educated in their time period
$200 billion
Increasing

42. Capital Punishment
Highway Patrol
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
A fixed term of incarceration
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

43. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Assembly line
Probation
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Summer

44. Concurrent Sentence
Anger Managment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Sentence served simultaneously
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

45. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Subpoena
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Trial by a judge without jury

46. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The FBI

47. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Shock Incarceration
Grand Jury
Work Release

48. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Revocation

49. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
New York (Auburn) System
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

50. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Community Service Restitution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
18
Revocation