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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Intake

2. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Total Instutution
The procedural criminal law
Parole
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

3. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
18
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The local police

4. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The U.S. Marshall
Trial by a judge without jury
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

5. Right to be competent at trail

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6. Motion for a direct verdict
Summer
Subpoena
Revocation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

7. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The FBI
Probation Rules

8. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Self-defense and insanity
The local police
Anger Managment

9. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Self-incrimination
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Make-believe family

10. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Society expects them to be criminals
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

11. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Probation
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Private attorneys

12. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Substantive Rights
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

13. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Subpoena
Increasing
Work Release
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

14. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
The U.S. Marshall
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Self-defense and insanity

15. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Maximum-Security
Make-believe family
Summer

16. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Probation Rules
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The FBI

17. Statutory Jurisdiction
Self-incrimination
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Make-believe family
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

18. Argument against the Death Penalty
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
16
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The U.S. Marshall

19. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The local police
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

20. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Parole
Jail
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

21. Truth in Sentencing
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
The views of powerful elites in society

22. Right to compulsory process
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

23. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
7 Million Americans
The views of powerful elites in society

24. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Marriage
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

25. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Intermediate Sanctions
Highway Patrol
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

26. Problems of Parole
Highway Patrol
Sentence served simultaneously
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

27. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Substantive Rights
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Intake

28. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
16
A fixed term of incarceration
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

29. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

30. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Young - male - minority - poor
Grand Jury
Trial by a judge without jury

31. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Summer
The local police

32. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Increasing
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

33. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Intermediate Sanctions
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

34. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Work Release
Society expects them to be criminals
Indigent Defendant

35. Concurrent Sentence
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The FBI
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Sentence served simultaneously

36. Bench Trial
Private attorneys
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Trial by a judge without jury

37. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
nolle prosequi
Restorative Justice
The place and its charecteristics
Shock Incarceration

38. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Private attorneys
Fine
Day Fees
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

39. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Shock Incarceration
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

40. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
$200 billion

41. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Self-defense and insanity
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

42. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
The FBI
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Community Treatment
Community Service Restitution

43. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
New York (Auburn) System
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

44. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Restorative Justice
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
16

45. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
$200 billion
7 Million Americans
The local police

46. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

47. Determinate Sentencing
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Higher
A fixed term of incarceration

48. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Substantive Rights
Defense Attorney
Went down steadily
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

49. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Went down steadily
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

50. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
New York (Auburn) System
Community Treatment
Minimum-Security Prison
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic