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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
16
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The procedural criminal law
Defense Attorney

2. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

3. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Enter a plea
Community Treatment

4. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
Community Treatment
Young - male - minority - poor
7 Million Americans

5. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Forfeiture
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Restorative Justice

6. Trial Process
Community Treatment
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Revocation
Social agent

7. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
The FBI
Prison
Total Instutution
About 10 felony arrests per month

8. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
nolle prosequi
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
16

9. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Private attorneys
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Highway Patrol
Assembly line

10. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Went down steadily
Prison
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

11. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Revocation
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

12. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Self-defense and insanity
Social agent
Community Treatment
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

13. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Subpoena
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

14. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Restorative Justice

15. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
Restorative Justice
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The views of powerful elites in society

16. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Summer
Grand Jury
Self-defense and insanity
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

17. Capital Punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
The local police
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

18. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Diversion
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Shock Incarceration

19. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Society expects them to be criminals
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

20. Jury Selection

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21. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Jail
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

22. Challenged for cause
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1.4 million
Community Treatment
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

23. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Make-believe family
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

24. The sentence
Sentence served one after another
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

25. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Probation Rules
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Furlough

26. Statutory Jurisdiction
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Highway Patrol
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

27. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Forfeiture
Super Maximum-Security Prison

28. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Social agent
Community Service Restitution

29. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Substantive Rights

30. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Young - male - minority - poor
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

31. Competent Standard

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32. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
Marriage
16
Established customs and traditions

33. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
7 Million Americans
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Fine

34. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Shock Probation
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

35. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Property crimes
nolle prosequi
Sentence served simultaneously

36. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Established customs and traditions
Went down steadily
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

37. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Maximum-Security

38. Status Offenders
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

39. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

40. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Intake
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

41. Argument against the Death Penalty
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Day Fees
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

42. Delinquents
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Public Defender
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

43. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Anger Managment
Probation Rules
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

44. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
16
The views of powerful elites in society
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Property crimes

45. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
16
Day Fees
90%
Parole

46. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Summer
Revocation
Restorative Justice

47. Verdict
7 Million Americans
Prison
nolle prosequi
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

48. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

49. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Pennsylvania System
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Minimum-Security Prison

50. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public