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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

2. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Sentence served simultaneously
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Trial by a judge without jury
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

3. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Property crimes

4. Models of sentencing
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Furlough

5. Women Imprisoned
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

6. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Community Service Restitution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

7. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Trial by a judge without jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Assembly line

8. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
The procedural criminal law
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

9. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Public Defender
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

10. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Make-believe family
Were considered highly educated in their time period
House Arrest

11. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1.4 million
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

12. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

13. Capital Punishment
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Summer
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

14. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Boot Camp
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Self-defense and insanity
Public Defender

15. Peremptory Challenge
Community Treatment
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Intermediate Sanctions

16. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Private attorneys
Shock Probation
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

17. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Went down steadily
The views of powerful elites in society
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

18. Competent Standard

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19. The sentence
Assembly line
Sentence served simultaneously
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

20. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
90%
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Forfeiture

21. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Substantive Rights
Indigent Defendant
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
A crime that is considered especially immoral

22. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Penitentiary House
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Young - male - minority - poor

23. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Anger Managment
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
90%
Pennsylvania System

24. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
The place and its charecteristics
The local police
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

25. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Recoupment
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Minimum-Security Prison
Halfway House

26. Three Strikes Law
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

27. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Obstacle course
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

28. Consecutive sentence
Anger Managment
Went down steadily
Sentence served one after another
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

29. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Restorative Justice
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Intermediate Sanctions
Grand Jury

30. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

31. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
The procedural criminal law
16
Shock Incarceration
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

32. Indeterminate Sentencing
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Forfeiture
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

33. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Probation
Maximum-Security
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

34. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Parole
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Marriage
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

35. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Established customs and traditions
18
New York (Auburn) System

36. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Self-defense and insanity
Boot Camp
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

37. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Highway Patrol
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Summer

38. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
The views of powerful elites in society
Substantive Rights
Total Instutution
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

39. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Public Defender
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

40. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Increasing
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

41. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Public Defender
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Pre-Sentence Investigation
16

42. Right to an impartial jury
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

43. Concurrent Jursidiction
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Make-believe family

44. Good time
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

45. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Prison
Halfway House
About 10 felony arrests per month

46. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Forfeiture
Day Fees
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

47. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
About 10 felony arrests per month
Defense Attorney
$200 billion

48. What is General Deterrence?
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

49. Statutory Jurisdiction
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Fine
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Pennsylvania System

50. Argument against the Death Penalty
Marriage
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution