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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
nolle prosequi

2. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
The procedural criminal law
Anger Managment
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Enter a plea

3. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The views of powerful elites in society
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

4. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Substantive Rights
Furlough

5. What are characteristics of inmates
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

6. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Community Service Restitution
Diversion
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

7. Concurrent Sentence
Property crimes
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Sentence served simultaneously
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

8. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The place and its charecteristics
A crime that is considered especially immoral

9. What is General Deterrence?
7 Million Americans
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Probation
Highway Patrol

10. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
The views of powerful elites in society
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
nolle prosequi

11. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Probation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Sentence served one after another
Intake

12. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Indigent Defendant

13. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Indigent Defendant
Diversion

14. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Established customs and traditions
Sentence served simultaneously
Private attorneys
Defense Attorney

15. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
The place and its charecteristics
The FBI
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Day Fees

16. Challenged for cause
Revocation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
The procedural criminal law

17. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

18. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

19. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Subpoena
The FBI
Shock Probation
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

20. What is Duress?
Fine
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

21. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The views of powerful elites in society
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

22. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

23. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Restorative Justice
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

24. Right to an impartial jury
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

25. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Test for one's competents to stand trial

26. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Public Defender
Were considered highly educated in their time period
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Community Treatment

27. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
1.4 million
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Parole
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

28. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Parole
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

29. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Society expects them to be criminals
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Trial by a judge without jury
Probation

30. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
New York (Auburn) System
Highway Patrol
Increasing

31. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Shock Probation
90%
Established customs and traditions
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

32. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Defense Attorney
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Super Maximum-Security Prison

33. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
The FBI
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Pre-Sentence Investigation

34. Motion for a direct verdict
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Work Release
Day Fees
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

35. Competent Standard

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36. Indeterminate Sentencing
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Recoupment
Pennsylvania System
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

37. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

38. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Intake
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

39. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Minimum-Security Prison
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

40. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Restorative Justice
Probation Rules
New York (Auburn) System
The views of powerful elites in society

41. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
House Arrest
Grand Jury

42. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Work Release
Indigent Defendant
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

43. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Boot Camp
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

44. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Parole
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

45. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Anger Managment
90%
Subpoena

46. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Halfway House
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Diversion

47. Argument against the Death Penalty
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
$200 billion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

48. Right to be competent at trail

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49. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Halfway House
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Restitution
Make-believe family

50. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
The FBI
Boot Camp
Make-believe family
Maximum-Security