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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Sentence served one after another
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

2. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Furlough
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

3. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Halfway House
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

4. Miranda Rights...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

5. Truth in Sentencing
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

6. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Grand Jury

7. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Increasing
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

8. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Recoupment
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
$200 billion

9. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Forfeiture
Substantive Rights
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

10. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
90%
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
A crime that is considered especially immoral

11. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Summer
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Recoupment

12. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Fine
The place and its charecteristics
Marriage
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

13. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Self-defense and insanity
1.4 million
Sentence served one after another
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

14. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Obstacle course
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Enter a plea

15. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Maximum-Security
90%
$200 billion
Intake

16. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Obstacle course
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

17. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Prison
Forfeiture
Sentence served simultaneously
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

18. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Maximum-Security
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

19. Right to public trial
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

20. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Obstacle course
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
A fixed term of incarceration
Restorative Justice

21. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
Defense Attorney
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

22. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Public Defender
Boot Camp
Probation Rules
Marriage

23. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Make-believe family
nolle prosequi
Community Service Restitution

24. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Shock Incarceration

25. Concurrent Sentence
Highway Patrol
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Sentence served simultaneously
Probation Rules

26. Right to speedy trial
Private attorneys
Forfeiture
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

27. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Subpoena
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Assembly line

28. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Society expects them to be criminals
Recoupment

29. Status Offenders
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Recoupment
Maximum-Security

30. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Indigent Defendant
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

31. What is General Deterrence?
Self-incrimination
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Young - male - minority - poor

32. Peremptory Challenge
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
A fixed term of incarceration
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

33. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Higher
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

34. Probation failure correlates to...
Higher
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

35. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Jail
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Intake

36. Challenged for cause
The place and its charecteristics
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Shock Probation

37. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Established customs and traditions
Restorative Justice
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Probation

38. Bench Trial
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Trial by a judge without jury

39. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
A fixed term of incarceration
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

40. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Minimum-Security Prison
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

41. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Forfeiture
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Indigent Defendant
16

42. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
New York (Auburn) System
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Defense Attorney
Social agent

43. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Work Release

44. Right to compulsory process
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The views of powerful elites in society
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

45. What is Duress?
Jail
Intake
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

46. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Shock Probation
Probation

47. Right to an impartial judge
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Intake

48. Statutory Jurisdiction
16
Parole
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Recoupment

49. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Enter a plea
Revocation
Grand Jury
Intermediate Sanctions

50. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment