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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Probation Rules
Subpoena
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

2. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1.4 million
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

3. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
7 Million Americans
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
House Arrest

4. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Penitentiary House
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Highway Patrol

5. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Total Instutution
7 Million Americans

6. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
About 10 felony arrests per month
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

7. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Summer
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Indigent Defendant

8. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Young - male - minority - poor
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1.4 million

9. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
Fine
Diversion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

10. Right to public trial
Pennsylvania System
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

11. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
About 10 felony arrests per month
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

12. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Public Defender
Maximum-Security
Make-believe family
$200 billion

13. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

14. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Shock Incarceration
1.4 million

15. Women Imprisoned
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Intermediate Sanctions
Went down steadily
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

16. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Diversion
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

17. Right to an impartial judge
Defense Attorney
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Restitution
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

18. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Community Service Restitution
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
The place and its charecteristics

19. Models of sentencing
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

20. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Day Fees

21. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Marriage
Society expects them to be criminals
Pennsylvania System

22. What is General Deterrence?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Super Maximum-Security Prison
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

23. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Anger Managment
The place and its charecteristics
Highway Patrol
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

24. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

25. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

26. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Marriage
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Restitution

27. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Community Service Restitution
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Revocation

28. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intermediate Sanctions
16
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

29. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Penitentiary House

30. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Community Treatment
Assembly line

31. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Public Defender
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

32. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Young - male - minority - poor
16
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

33. Capital Punishment
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
18
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

34. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Substantive Rights
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
The FBI
Summer

35. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Parole
The U.S. Marshall
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Property crimes

36. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Anger Managment
Maximum-Security
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

37. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Forfeiture
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Probation

38. Alternative Correctional Institution
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Went down steadily
About 10 felony arrests per month

39. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Make-believe family
Established customs and traditions
Total Instutution
Fine

40. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

41. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The U.S. Marshall
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Trial by a judge without jury

42. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Highway Patrol
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Fine
Jail

43. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Furlough
New York (Auburn) System
Jail

44. Duties of probation officers
The place and its charecteristics
House Arrest
Community Service Restitution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

45. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
The local police
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Jail

46. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
$200 billion
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
7 Million Americans

47. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Restorative Justice

48. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Went down steadily
90%
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

49. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
16
Restorative Justice
Private attorneys
Forfeiture

50. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Defense Attorney