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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

2. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Substantive Rights
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Society expects them to be criminals
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

3. Mandatory Sentence
Self-defense and insanity
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Diversion
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

4. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Minimum-Security Prison
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Should treat people of different classes equitably

5. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Revocation
Halfway House
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

6. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Intake
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

7. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Work Release
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

8. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Assembly line

9. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Restitution
Sentence served one after another

10. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Forfeiture
Minimum-Security Prison
The views of powerful elites in society
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

11. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Enter a plea
Community Service Restitution
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

12. Challenged for cause
Increasing
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

13. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Intermediate Sanctions

14. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Went down steadily
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

15. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Pennsylvania System
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Self-incrimination

16. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Substantive Rights
Obstacle course

17. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Substantive Rights
Young - male - minority - poor
Boot Camp
Social agent

18. Truth in Sentencing
The place and its charecteristics
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Anger Managment

19. Competent Standard

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20. The sentence
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Summer
Sentence served simultaneously

21. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Probation
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Defense Attorney

22. Concurrent Sentence
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Sentence served simultaneously
Intermediate Sanctions

23. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Subpoena
Defense Attorney
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

24. Verdict
New York (Auburn) System
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Boot Camp
Society expects them to be criminals

25. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Diversion
Subpoena
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

26. Right to speedy trial
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Society expects them to be criminals
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Shock Probation

27. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Furlough
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

28. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Assembly line
The FBI

29. Duties of probation officers
Total Instutution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Super Maximum-Security Prison
A fixed term of incarceration

30. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Went down steadily
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Work Release

31. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Work Release
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Test for one's competents to stand trial

32. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Fine
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

33. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Minimum-Security Prison
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Probation Rules

34. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Intermediate Sanctions

35. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Sentence served one after another
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Probation Rules

36. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Established customs and traditions
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

37. Evidentiary Standard
Restitution
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

38. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
About 10 felony arrests per month
Went down steadily
Public Defender

39. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Revocation
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

40. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Obstacle course
Work Release

41. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

42. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Intake
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Assembly line
Day Fees

43. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Jail
7 Million Americans
Young - male - minority - poor
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

44. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
Total Instutution
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Went down steadily

45. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Sentence served one after another
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Obstacle course

46. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
18
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Self-defense and insanity
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

47. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Property crimes
Probation Rules
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

48. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
The local police
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Parole
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

49. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Higher
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

50. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Society expects them to be criminals
18
Summer