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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
$200 billion
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

2. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Community Treatment
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
16

3. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Defense Attorney
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Sentence served one after another

4. Good time
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Defense Attorney
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

5. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Diversion
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

6. Women Imprisoned
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

7. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Maximum-Security
Subpoena
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

8. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Were considered highly educated in their time period
90%
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

9. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Assembly line
Probation Rules
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

10. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
A fixed term of incarceration
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

11. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
The views of powerful elites in society

12. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Forfeiture
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Shock Probation

13. Probation failure correlates to...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Established customs and traditions

14. Goals of Punishment
Restitution
Jail
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

15. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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16. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Restorative Justice
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
About 10 felony arrests per month
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

17. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Trial by a judge without jury
Defense Attorney
The FBI

18. Models of sentencing
Probation Rules
Defense Attorney
Social agent
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

19. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Society expects them to be criminals
Revocation

20. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Restorative Justice
Sentence served one after another
Boot Camp

21. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Maximum-Security

22. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

23. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Halfway House
Restorative Justice
Prison
Grand Jury

24. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Grand Jury

25. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Test for one's competents to stand trial
The views of powerful elites in society
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

26. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
Penitentiary House
Restitution
The views of powerful elites in society

27. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
New York (Auburn) System
Highway Patrol
Trial by a judge without jury

28. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Jail
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Summer

29. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

30. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Halfway House
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Prison
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

31. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Anger Managment
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Subpoena
Established customs and traditions

32. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Sentence served one after another

33. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

34. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Shock Incarceration
The place and its charecteristics
Young - male - minority - poor
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

35. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Halfway House
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

36. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Probation
Indigent Defendant
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

37. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Prison
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

38. Statutory Jurisdiction
Obstacle course
Test for one's competents to stand trial
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

39. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Restorative Justice
Intermediate Sanctions
Penitentiary House
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

40. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
The local police
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Make-believe family
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

41. The substantive criminal law...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Forfeiture
Restitution

42. Bench Trial
Highway Patrol
Revocation
Work Release
Trial by a judge without jury

43. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Community Service Restitution
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

44. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Probation
$200 billion
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

45. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Intake
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

46. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Work Release
The local police
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

47. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Trial by a judge without jury
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
90%
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

48. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
7 Million Americans
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

49. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Defense Attorney
Property crimes
Should treat people of different classes equitably

50. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Boot Camp
New York (Auburn) System
Private attorneys
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem