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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

2. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Anger Managment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Young - male - minority - poor

3. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Pennsylvania System

4. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Forfeiture

5. The substantive criminal law...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Community Treatment
Boot Camp

6. Truth in Sentencing
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Maximum-Security
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

7. What is Duress?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

8. Duties of probation officers
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

9. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Intermediate Sanctions
A fixed term of incarceration
Diversion
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

10. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

11. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Defense Attorney
1.4 million
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

12. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Substantive Rights
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

13. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
7 Million Americans

14. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Highway Patrol
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Day Fees
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

15. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Indigent Defendant
Shock Probation
Intermediate Sanctions

16. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Minimum-Security Prison

17. Bench Trial
Assembly line
Trial by a judge without jury
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

18. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Highway Patrol
Forfeiture
The local police
Subpoena

19. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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20. Argument against the Death Penalty
Probation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

21. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Community Service Restitution
Diversion
Went down steadily

22. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Obstacle course
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Penitentiary House

23. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Prison
The procedural criminal law
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

24. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
nolle prosequi
Work Release
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

25. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
$200 billion
Minimum-Security Prison
Parole

26. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Enter a plea
Furlough

27. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Diversion
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

28. Good time
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Jail
The U.S. Marshall
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

29. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Prison
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

30. Competent Standard

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31. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Intermediate Sanctions
Grand Jury
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Marriage

32. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Restorative Justice

33. Determinate Sentencing
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Pennsylvania System
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
A fixed term of incarceration

34. Concurrent Sentence
Assembly line
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Sentence served simultaneously
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

35. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The local police
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Probation Rules

36. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Social agent
A crime that is considered especially immoral

37. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Total Instutution
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

38. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Higher
Day Fees

39. Right to an impartial jury
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

40. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The U.S. Marshall
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Probation

41. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Make-believe family
Sentence served one after another
Substantive Rights
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

42. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Jail
Trial by a judge without jury

43. Right to compulsory process
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
About 10 felony arrests per month
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

44. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Increasing
Defense Attorney

45. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Grand Jury
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
The place and its charecteristics
Indigent Defendant

46. Miranda Rights...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Fine
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

47. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Trial by a judge without jury
Jail
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
House Arrest

48. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Community Service Restitution

49. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Halfway House
Intermediate Sanctions
Assembly line
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

50. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Day Fees
Enter a plea
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates