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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Public Defender
Substantive Rights
Anger Managment
Intermediate Sanctions

2. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Probation Rules
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

3. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Highway Patrol
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

4. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Grand Jury
Community Service Restitution
Day Fees

5. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
16

6. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Sentence served one after another
Self-defense and insanity
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

7. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Property crimes
The procedural criminal law
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Enter a plea

8. Capital Punishment
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-defense and insanity
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

9. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Established customs and traditions
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Pennsylvania System
Highway Patrol

10. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Minimum-Security Prison
Maximum-Security

11. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Property crimes
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
A crime that is considered especially immoral
nolle prosequi

12. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Substantive Rights
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

13. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Probation Rules
The procedural criminal law
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
The FBI

14. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Highway Patrol
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

15. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Revocation
Restitution
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

16. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Work Release
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

17. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Young - male - minority - poor
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Summer
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

18. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Went down steadily
Private attorneys
Self-incrimination
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

19. Right to counsel
Diversion
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
A fixed term of incarceration
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

20. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Jail
A fixed term of incarceration
Society expects them to be criminals

21. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Increasing
Halfway House

22. Trial Process
Public Defender
Restorative Justice
Intermediate Sanctions
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

23. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Society expects them to be criminals

24. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
The place and its charecteristics
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Trial by a judge without jury

25. Right to confront witnesses
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Went down steadily

26. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
Restorative Justice
Social agent
Self-defense and insanity

27. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Probation Rules
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

28. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Anger Managment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Marriage

29. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Subpoena
New York (Auburn) System
$200 billion

30. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Indigent Defendant
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Enter a plea

31. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

32. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Maximum-Security
House Arrest
Revocation
$200 billion

33. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Public Defender
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The local police
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

34. Goals of Punishment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

35. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Went down steadily
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Grand Jury

36. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Enter a plea
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
nolle prosequi

37. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Probation
The procedural criminal law
7 Million Americans
Shock Probation

38. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

39. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Furlough
The views of powerful elites in society
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1.4 million

40. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

41. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Summer
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Boot Camp
Highway Patrol

42. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Community Treatment

43. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Test for one's competents to stand trial
The FBI

44. Concurrent Jursidiction
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
House Arrest
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

45. Verdict
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Summer
About 10 felony arrests per month

46. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Day Fees
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Society expects them to be criminals
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

47. Motion for a direct verdict
Obstacle course
Parole
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

48. Statutory Jurisdiction
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Society expects them to be criminals
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Probation

49. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Penitentiary House
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

50. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Maximum-Security
Jail
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-defense and insanity