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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
nolle prosequi
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Restitution

2. Miranda Rights...
Shock Incarceration
Shock Probation
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

3. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Parole
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Social agent
Work Release

4. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Higher
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Parole

5. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Established customs and traditions
Restorative Justice

6. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
Sentence served simultaneously
Shock Probation
Maximum-Security

7. Challenged for cause
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Young - male - minority - poor
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

8. Right to an impartial judge
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
90%

9. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The FBI

10. Bench Trial
Recoupment
Trial by a judge without jury
Grand Jury
$200 billion

11. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Boot Camp
The U.S. Marshall
Young - male - minority - poor

12. Truth in Sentencing
Young - male - minority - poor
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

13. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
The U.S. Marshall
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Self-defense and insanity

14. Consecutive sentence
Restorative Justice
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Sentence served one after another
Increasing

15. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
New York (Auburn) System
Shock Incarceration
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Intermediate Sanctions

16. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

17. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Halfway House
Went down steadily
$200 billion
Parole

18. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Restitution
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

19. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Trial by a judge without jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

20. Right to be competent at trail

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21. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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22. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
16
7 Million Americans
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Property crimes

23. Goals of Punishment
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Increasing

24. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

25. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
7 Million Americans
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Established customs and traditions
Substantive Rights

26. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

27. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Marriage
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Higher
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

28. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Trial by a judge without jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Maximum-Security
Assembly line

29. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

30. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Subpoena
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
The local police

31. Judicial Waiver
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Day Fees
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

32. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Probation
Marriage
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

33. Argument against the Death Penalty
Private attorneys
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

34. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Subpoena
Sentence served simultaneously
Indigent Defendant

35. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Forfeiture
Private attorneys

36. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Summer
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

37. Alternative Correctional Institution
Young - male - minority - poor
Property crimes
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

38. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
nolle prosequi
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

39. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Anger Managment
Community Treatment
The U.S. Marshall
Marriage

40. Women Imprisoned
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

41. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Make-believe family
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

42. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Probation Rules
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

43. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Grand Jury
Community Service Restitution

44. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Property crimes
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
16

45. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Fine
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

46. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Pennsylvania System
$200 billion
Halfway House
Shock Probation

47. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
The local police
Higher
Fine
Prison

48. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
Property crimes
90%
Revocation

49. Right to counsel
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

50. Evidentiary Standard
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Community Service Restitution
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt