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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Bench Trial
Sentence served one after another
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Trial by a judge without jury
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

2. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Penitentiary House

3. Right to confront witnesses
18
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Property crimes
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

4. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Assembly line
The local police
Furlough
Fine

5. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The place and its charecteristics

6. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
About 10 felony arrests per month
18
Revocation
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

7. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Prison

8. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Higher
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

9. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
New York (Auburn) System
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Restitution

10. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Obstacle course
16
Summer
nolle prosequi

11. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
The FBI
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Day Fees
Work Release

12. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Enter a plea
Increasing

13. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Intake
Substantive Rights
Subpoena

14. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Sentence served one after another
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Grand Jury
$200 billion

15. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Subpoena

16. Right to be competent at trail

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17. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Revocation
A crime that is considered especially immoral

18. Competent Standard

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19. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Boot Camp
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

20. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
Went down steadily
Boot Camp
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

21. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
90%
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

22. What is General Deterrence?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

23. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
House Arrest
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

24. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

25. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Society expects them to be criminals
Higher
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

26. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Public Defender
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

27. Motion for a direct verdict
Parole
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Halfway House
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

28. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Young - male - minority - poor
Shock Incarceration
Enter a plea

29. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Make-believe family
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

30. Right to an impartial judge
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

31. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Jail
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Probation

32. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Higher
Intermediate Sanctions
The procedural criminal law

33. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Penitentiary House
Probation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The place and its charecteristics

34. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Public Defender
Restorative Justice
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

35. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
7 Million Americans
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Summer
Super Maximum-Security Prison

36. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Boot Camp
Recoupment
Enter a plea

37. Determinate Sentencing
Anger Managment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
A fixed term of incarceration

38. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

39. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Fine
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
New York (Auburn) System

40. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
7 Million Americans
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Day Fees

41. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Anger Managment

42. Delinquents
The FBI
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The views of powerful elites in society

43. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
18
Enter a plea
New York (Auburn) System

44. Miranda Rights...
Went down steadily
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Grand Jury
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

45. Models of sentencing
Society expects them to be criminals
Indigent Defendant
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Community Service Restitution

46. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Assembly line
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Restitution
Public Defender

47. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Community Treatment
Higher
Day Fees
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

48. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Trial by a judge without jury
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Marriage

49. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
nolle prosequi
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

50. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Self-incrimination
Jail
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room