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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Jail
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

2. Trial Process
Parole
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

3. Duties of probation officers
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

4. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Defense Attorney
Intermediate Sanctions
Maximum-Security
House Arrest

5. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Probation Rules
Sentence served simultaneously
Recoupment
nolle prosequi

6. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Intake
New York (Auburn) System
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

7. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Community Treatment
nolle prosequi
Self-defense and insanity

8. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Defense Attorney

9. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Higher
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Probation

10. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Day Fees
90%
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

11. Problem of Re-entry
16
Summer
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

12. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Sentence served simultaneously

13. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
New York (Auburn) System
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Probation

14. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Fine
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

15. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Boot Camp
1.4 million
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Substantive Rights

16. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

17. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

18. Models of sentencing
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Summer
Society expects them to be criminals

19. Good time
Pre-Sentence Investigation
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

20. Right to public trial
A fixed term of incarceration
Intermediate Sanctions
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
About 10 felony arrests per month

21. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Society expects them to be criminals
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

22. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Social agent
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Forfeiture
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

23. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Were considered highly educated in their time period
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

24. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Increasing
Private attorneys

25. Miranda Rights...
Increasing
Boot Camp
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

26. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Sentence served one after another
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
7 Million Americans
Should treat people of different classes equitably

27. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Increasing
Make-believe family
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

28. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

29. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Jail
Intermediate Sanctions
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Furlough

30. Problems of Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
7 Million Americans
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Private attorneys

31. Status Offenders
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

32. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Property crimes
18
Subpoena
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

33. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Intake
$200 billion
Make-believe family
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

34. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Private attorneys
About 10 felony arrests per month
Shock Incarceration

35. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
About 10 felony arrests per month

36. Indeterminate Sentencing
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

37. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Defense Attorney
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

38. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Self-defense and insanity
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

39. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Probation Rules
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

40. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Indigent Defendant
Assembly line
Anger Managment
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

41. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Self-incrimination
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

42. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Day Fees
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

43. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Sentence served one after another
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

44. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Shock Incarceration
Society expects them to be criminals
Super Maximum-Security Prison

45. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
About 10 felony arrests per month
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

46. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Restorative Justice
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

47. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Established customs and traditions
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Shock Probation

48. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
The FBI

49. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Sentence served simultaneously
$200 billion
New York (Auburn) System

50. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
90%
1.4 million
Prison
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults