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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Right to compulsory process
Sentence served one after another
Diversion
Community Treatment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

2. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Young - male - minority - poor
The U.S. Marshall

3. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
About 10 felony arrests per month
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

4. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
The FBI
Indigent Defendant

5. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
About 10 felony arrests per month

6. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
16
nolle prosequi
The views of powerful elites in society

7. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Furlough
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Social agent

8. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Indigent Defendant
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

9. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

10. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Restorative Justice
Marriage
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

11. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Prison
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
A crime that is considered especially immoral
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

12. Competent Standard

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13. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Community Treatment
Probation
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The U.S. Marshall

14. Three Strikes Law
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
18
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

15. Status Offenders
18
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

16. Argument against the Death Penalty
Went down steadily
Self-incrimination
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The local police

17. The sentence
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
The place and its charecteristics

18. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Self-incrimination
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

19. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Trial by a judge without jury
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Intake

20. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Probation
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

21. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Went down steadily
Pennsylvania System
Higher
Prison

22. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Highway Patrol
Self-incrimination
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

23. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Shock Probation
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Probation Rules
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

24. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Enter a plea
Diversion
Boot Camp

25. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
House Arrest
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

26. Women Imprisoned
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

27. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Grand Jury
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

28. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Higher
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

29. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

30. Statutory Jurisdiction
Work Release
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Day Fees

31. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Assembly line
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
nolle prosequi

32. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Pre-Sentence Investigation
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

33. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Established customs and traditions
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
$200 billion
Property crimes

34. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Defense Attorney
Boot Camp
A crime that is considered especially immoral

35. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Community Service Restitution
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Intake
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

36. Right to an impartial jury
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

37. Problem of Re-entry
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

38. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Community Service Restitution

39. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Trial by a judge without jury
Pennsylvania System
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Substantive Rights

40. Problems of Parole
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Higher

41. Delinquents
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Trial by a judge without jury
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
House Arrest

42. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
90%
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

43. Evidentiary Standard
Summer
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
House Arrest
1.4 million

44. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Social agent
Property crimes

45. Probation failure correlates to...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

46. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Young - male - minority - poor
Halfway House
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Revocation

47. Right to confront witnesses
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Private attorneys

48. Consecutive sentence
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Assembly line
Sentence served one after another

49. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
The FBI
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

50. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Obstacle course