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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
The U.S. Marshall
Enter a plea
Day Fees
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

2. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

3. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Restitution
Furlough

4. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Halfway House
Increasing
Shock Probation

5. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Intermediate Sanctions
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

6. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Subpoena
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

7. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

8. Bench Trial
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Trial by a judge without jury
Self-incrimination
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

9. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
nolle prosequi
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Sentence served simultaneously
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

10. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

11. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Work Release
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

12. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Recoupment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

13. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Sentence served one after another

14. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Self-defense and insanity
Increasing
The local police

15. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Increasing
Pre-Sentence Investigation
New York (Auburn) System

16. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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17. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Intermediate Sanctions
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

18. Evidentiary Standard
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Work Release
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Super Maximum-Security Prison

19. Good time
Shock Incarceration
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
90%
Forfeiture

20. Consecutive sentence
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Sentence served one after another
Maximum-Security

21. Goals of Punishment
Jail
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Private attorneys
The views of powerful elites in society

22. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Pennsylvania System
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

23. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

24. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Boot Camp
Obstacle course
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

25. Verdict
18
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

26. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Self-incrimination
Maximum-Security
Sentence served one after another
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

27. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Property crimes
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Intake
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

28. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Highway Patrol
Self-defense and insanity
Parole

29. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Diversion
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The local police
Sentence served one after another

30. What is Duress?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

31. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Community Treatment

32. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

33. Trial Process
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

34. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Community Service Restitution
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

35. Judicial Waiver
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

36. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Public Defender
Jail

37. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Assembly line
About 10 felony arrests per month
Pre-Sentence Investigation

38. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
nolle prosequi
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Minimum-Security Prison

39. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Private attorneys
Defense Attorney
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

40. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Established customs and traditions
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Indigent Defendant
Forfeiture

41. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Sentence served one after another
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Private attorneys
Community Treatment

42. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Public Defender
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Furlough
The place and its charecteristics

43. What are characteristics of inmates
Restitution
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Young - male - minority - poor
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

44. Concurrent Jursidiction
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
$200 billion
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

45. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
7 Million Americans
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Super Maximum-Security Prison

46. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

47. Duties of probation officers
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Higher
Furlough
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

48. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Make-believe family
Recoupment
Minimum-Security Prison

49. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Probation Rules
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Test for one's competents to stand trial

50. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Pennsylvania System
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Society expects them to be criminals
Shock Probation

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