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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The procedural criminal law

2. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Society expects them to be criminals
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

3. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Probation
Self-defense and insanity
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

4. Models of sentencing
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The FBI
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

5. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
7 Million Americans
Total Instutution
The procedural criminal law
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

6. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
18
Trial by a judge without jury
Sentence served one after another

7. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The place and its charecteristics
Society expects them to be criminals

8. Problems of Parole
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Went down steadily
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

9. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Subpoena

10. Right to an impartial jury
Indigent Defendant
Test for one's competents to stand trial
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

11. Duties of probation officers
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Substantive Rights
Pennsylvania System
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

12. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Marriage
Sentence served one after another
The local police

13. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Restitution
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Property crimes
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

14. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Furlough
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
16

15. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Pennsylvania System

16. Jury Selection

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17. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Established customs and traditions
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Trial by a judge without jury

18. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Anger Managment
Probation Rules
Assembly line

19. Statutory Jurisdiction
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Probation
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

20. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

21. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
16
New York (Auburn) System
Shock Incarceration
Recoupment

22. Evidentiary Standard
Society expects them to be criminals
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

23. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Forfeiture
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Shock Incarceration
Defense Attorney

24. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Recoupment

25. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
The place and its charecteristics
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Maximum-Security

26. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Furlough
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
About 10 felony arrests per month
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

27. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The U.S. Marshall
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

28. Motion for a direct verdict
Halfway House
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

29. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Shock Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

30. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Indigent Defendant
Boot Camp
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

31. Determinate Sentencing
Substantive Rights
A fixed term of incarceration
The U.S. Marshall
Marriage

32. Competent Standard

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33. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
nolle prosequi
Forfeiture
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Maximum-Security

34. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Sentence served simultaneously
Make-believe family
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Revocation

35. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Grand Jury
Make-believe family
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

36. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Higher
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Defense Attorney
Shock Incarceration

37. Challenged for cause
Property crimes
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Boot Camp
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

38. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Test for one's competents to stand trial

39. What is General Deterrence?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Jail
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

40. Bench Trial
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Trial by a judge without jury
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Defense Attorney

41. Right to an impartial judge
90%
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Enter a plea

42. The sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

43. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
Defense Attorney
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

44. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
The procedural criminal law
90%
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

45. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Property crimes
Prison
nolle prosequi
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

46. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
House Arrest
Jail
Intermediate Sanctions

47. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Anger Managment
The views of powerful elites in society
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

48. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Furlough
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

49. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
$200 billion
Intermediate Sanctions

50. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1.4 million
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Total Instutution