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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Concurrent Jursidiction
Substantive Rights
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Higher
Sentence served one after another

2. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

3. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Community Service Restitution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
nolle prosequi

4. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Minimum-Security Prison
About 10 felony arrests per month

5. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Restitution
Substantive Rights
Property crimes
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

6. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Forfeiture
Marriage
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

7. Right to counsel
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Total Instutution
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

8. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
nolle prosequi
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The views of powerful elites in society

9. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Social agent
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

10. Argument against the Death Penalty
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Marriage
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

11. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Jail
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Sentence served simultaneously

12. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Intermediate Sanctions
Make-believe family

13. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Probation
Obstacle course
Self-incrimination
Work Release

14. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
Boot Camp
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Community Service Restitution

15. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Prison
Went down steadily
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Revocation

16. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restorative Justice
The views of powerful elites in society
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Restitution

17. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Fine
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Maximum-Security

18. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Boot Camp
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Grand Jury
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

19. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Pennsylvania System

20. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

21. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

22. What is General Deterrence?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Young - male - minority - poor
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Total Instutution

23. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Furlough
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

24. Consecutive sentence
Sentence served one after another
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

25. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Self-incrimination
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

26. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Intake
Grand Jury
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Anger Managment

27. Mandatory Sentence
1.4 million
Intake
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

28. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
The local police
Society expects them to be criminals
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

29. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
New York (Auburn) System
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The FBI
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

30. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Pennsylvania System
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

31. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Public Defender
Assembly line
Shock Probation

32. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
House Arrest
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Subpoena
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

33. Alternative Correctional Institution
Shock Probation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Young - male - minority - poor

34. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
90%
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The views of powerful elites in society
The procedural criminal law

35. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Sentence served simultaneously
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Super Maximum-Security Prison

36. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

37. Judicial Waiver
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Established customs and traditions

38. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
1.4 million
Penitentiary House
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Self-defense and insanity

39. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Halfway House
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

40. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Prison
Work Release
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

41. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
A fixed term of incarceration
Intermediate Sanctions

42. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Anger Managment
The procedural criminal law
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

43. Statutory Jurisdiction
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Shock Incarceration
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

44. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The U.S. Marshall
Test for one's competents to stand trial

45. Status Offenders
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Self-defense and insanity
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
$200 billion

46. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Young - male - minority - poor
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1.4 million
Self-defense and insanity

47. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Penitentiary House
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

48. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Furlough
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

49. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Community Service Restitution
Social agent

50. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Obstacle course
Indigent Defendant
Defense Attorney