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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Society expects them to be criminals
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The views of powerful elites in society

2. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Super Maximum-Security Prison

3. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
The local police
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

4. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Obstacle course
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

5. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
About 10 felony arrests per month

6. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Restitution
Day Fees

7. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Increasing
Grand Jury
Day Fees
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

8. Alternative Correctional Institution
16
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Young - male - minority - poor
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

9. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Obstacle course
Work Release

10. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Penitentiary House
Jail
Trial by a judge without jury
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

11. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Pennsylvania System
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

12. Models of sentencing
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

13. Bench Trial
Forfeiture
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Trial by a judge without jury
Prison

14. The substantive criminal law...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Enter a plea

15. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Halfway House
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Assembly line

16. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Subpoena
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

17. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Obstacle course
Defense Attorney
Social agent

18. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
About 10 felony arrests per month
Minimum-Security Prison
Shock Probation

19. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Community Treatment
Maximum-Security
Revocation
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

20. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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21. Problems of Parole
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Society expects them to be criminals
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

22. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
New York (Auburn) System
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Restorative Justice
Went down steadily

23. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
7 Million Americans
Sentence served one after another
The views of powerful elites in society
Self-defense and insanity

24. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Boot Camp
Jail

25. Consecutive sentence
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Restitution
Sentence served one after another
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

26. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Higher
Increasing
Super Maximum-Security Prison

27. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Penitentiary House
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

28. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Social agent
Higher
House Arrest

29. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Trial by a judge without jury
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

30. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Sentence served simultaneously
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-incrimination

31. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Revocation

32. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
18
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Shock Incarceration

33. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Intermediate Sanctions
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

34. Miranda Rights...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Furlough
The procedural criminal law
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

35. Statutory Jurisdiction
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Furlough

36. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Parole
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

37. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
16
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

38. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

39. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Boot Camp
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Shock Probation

40. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The local police
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

41. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
New York (Auburn) System
Probation Rules
nolle prosequi
Trial by a judge without jury

42. Truth in Sentencing
Penitentiary House
Enter a plea
About 10 felony arrests per month
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

43. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Marriage
18
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Property crimes

44. Good time
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

45. Right to confront witnesses
Minimum-Security Prison
Self-incrimination
Highway Patrol
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

46. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
The FBI
Minimum-Security Prison
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Jail

47. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

48. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Increasing

49. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Maximum-Security
Self-incrimination
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

50. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Assembly line
The procedural criminal law
Enter a plea