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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Pre-Sentence Investigation
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

2. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Probation

3. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Private attorneys
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

4. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
1.4 million
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

5. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

6. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Boot Camp
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Furlough

7. Goals of Punishment
Defense Attorney
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Went down steadily

8. Capital Punishment
Higher
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Sentence served simultaneously

9. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Make-believe family
Community Service Restitution
Society expects them to be criminals
Restitution

10. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Parole

11. Peremptory Challenge
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Self-defense and insanity
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Super Maximum-Security Prison

12. What is Duress?
Subpoena
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Society expects them to be criminals
Revocation

13. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

14. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The local police
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

15. Jury Selection

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16. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Intermediate Sanctions
Penitentiary House
Furlough

17. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Make-believe family
Society expects them to be criminals
Anger Managment
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

18. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Furlough
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Total Instutution

19. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Work Release
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
nolle prosequi

20. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
The FBI
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

21. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Penitentiary House
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

22. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Diversion
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Social agent
Private attorneys

23. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
A fixed term of incarceration
Minimum-Security Prison
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Public Defender

24. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Work Release
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

25. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Went down steadily
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

26. Right to speedy trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The views of powerful elites in society
Shock Probation
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

27. Competent Standard

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28. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Sentence served simultaneously
Assembly line

29. Right to counsel
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Restorative Justice
Diversion
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

30. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Obstacle course
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Total Instutution

31. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
$200 billion
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Revocation

32. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Furlough
Penitentiary House
Indigent Defendant
Diversion

33. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Property crimes
Obstacle course
The FBI

34. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Boot Camp
Total Instutution
Probation Rules
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

35. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Social agent
Super Maximum-Security Prison

36. Problems of Parole
The place and its charecteristics
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

37. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Total Instutution
Shock Incarceration
Public Defender
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

38. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
House Arrest
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Shock Probation

39. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Fine

40. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Probation Rules
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Assembly line

41. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Marriage
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

42. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
Halfway House
Minimum-Security Prison
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

43. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Fine

44. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Make-believe family
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Established customs and traditions

45. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Pennsylvania System
The U.S. Marshall
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

46. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The procedural criminal law
Assembly line
Defense Attorney

47. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Jail
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

48. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Went down steadily
Pre-Sentence Investigation

49. Right to public trial
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Social agent
nolle prosequi
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

50. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
7 Million Americans
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
A crime that is considered especially immoral