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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Self-defense and insanity
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

2. Evidentiary Standard
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Society expects them to be criminals
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Fine

3. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Recoupment
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Make-believe family

4. Argument against the Death Penalty
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Maximum-Security
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

5. Goals of Punishment
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Shock Incarceration

6. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Increasing
Intake
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Total Instutution

7. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

8. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
Intermediate Sanctions
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

9. Factors that Influence Sentencing
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Self-defense and insanity
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

10. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intermediate Sanctions
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Highway Patrol
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

11. Probation failure correlates to...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Revocation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

12. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Forfeiture
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Enter a plea
Property crimes

13. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Grand Jury
Social agent
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

14. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Higher
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
18

15. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The procedural criminal law
Were considered highly educated in their time period

16. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Shock Incarceration
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Shock Probation
Anger Managment

17. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Public Defender
Recoupment
Boot Camp
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

18. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Trial by a judge without jury
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
$200 billion
Self-incrimination

19. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Enter a plea
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Shock Probation

20. Concurrent Sentence
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Sentence served simultaneously
The U.S. Marshall
Halfway House

21. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Went down steadily
New York (Auburn) System
Fine
Society expects them to be criminals

22. Miranda Rights...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

23. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Probation
Young - male - minority - poor
Make-believe family

24. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Parole
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

25. What is Duress?
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Jail
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Subpoena

26. Indeterminate Sentencing
Parole
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Went down steadily

27. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Boot Camp
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Marriage

28. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Went down steadily
Prison
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

29. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Probation Rules
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Assembly line

30. Right to counsel
1.4 million
16
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

31. Problem of Re-entry
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Marriage
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

32. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Revocation
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Property crimes

33. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Marriage
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

34. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Restorative Justice
New York (Auburn) System
Highway Patrol
Shock Incarceration

35. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Went down steadily
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Pennsylvania System

36. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
18
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

37. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Day Fees
Self-incrimination
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Self-defense and insanity

38. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Furlough
Jail

39. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Probation
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

40. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Shock Incarceration
Should treat people of different classes equitably
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

41. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Enter a plea
The FBI
Defense Attorney
Halfway House

42. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Self-defense and insanity

43. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

44. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Subpoena
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Work Release
16

45. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Pennsylvania System
Test for one's competents to stand trial

46. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Highway Patrol
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

47. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Sentence served one after another
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Day Fees
The local police

48. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
The views of powerful elites in society
Sentence served one after another
A fixed term of incarceration

49. Right to confront witnesses
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Assembly line
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

50. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Jail
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial