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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Established customs and traditions
The views of powerful elites in society

2. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Obstacle course
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Day Fees

3. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Increasing

4. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Community Service Restitution
Shock Incarceration
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

5. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Furlough
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Highway Patrol
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

6. Determinate Sentencing
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
A fixed term of incarceration
The place and its charecteristics

7. What is Duress?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Property crimes
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

8. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Went down steadily
Established customs and traditions
18
Sentence served one after another

9. Miranda Rights...
Prison
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Fine

10. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Maximum-Security

11. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Boot Camp
Work Release
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

12. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Young - male - minority - poor
Minimum-Security Prison

13. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Minimum-Security Prison
Property crimes
Pennsylvania System
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

14. Trial Process
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Sentence served one after another
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Went down steadily

15. Right to an impartial judge
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
16
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Should treat people of different classes equitably

16. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Penitentiary House
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

17. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Shock Probation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

18. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Summer
House Arrest
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
The FBI

19. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Self-incrimination

20. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
90%
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

21. Delinquents
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Enter a plea

22. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Intermediate Sanctions
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Subpoena
House Arrest

23. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Assembly line
A fixed term of incarceration
Probation

24. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Probation
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

25. Good time
Community Service Restitution
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

26. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
A crime that is considered especially immoral

27. Factors that Influence Sentencing
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

28. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Restitution
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

29. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

30. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Enter a plea
Private attorneys

31. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

32. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Established customs and traditions
Penitentiary House
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

33. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Sentence served simultaneously
Society expects them to be criminals
Obstacle course
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

34. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

35. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Probation Rules
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Self-defense and insanity

36. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Total Instutution
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Furlough
Restitution

37. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Shock Probation
The procedural criminal law

38. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Diversion
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Test for one's competents to stand trial

39. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Private attorneys
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The views of powerful elites in society

40. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
House Arrest
Self-defense and insanity
New York (Auburn) System
Substantive Rights

41. Challenged for cause
90%
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Anger Managment
Defense Attorney

42. Peremptory Challenge
Subpoena
The place and its charecteristics
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

43. Women Imprisoned
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

44. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Pennsylvania System
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

45. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Furlough

46. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Halfway House
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

47. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
About 10 felony arrests per month
Boot Camp

48. Mandatory Sentence
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Trial by a judge without jury
1.4 million

49. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Parole
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

50. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
7 Million Americans
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Cruel and Unusual Punishment