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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

2. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

3. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Increasing
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Day Fees

4. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
Self-defense and insanity
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

5. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Defense Attorney
16
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

6. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1.4 million
Were considered highly educated in their time period

7. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Obstacle course
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

8. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Furlough
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Make-believe family
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

9. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Society expects them to be criminals
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Pennsylvania System

10. The substantive criminal law...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Assembly line
New York (Auburn) System
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

11. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Anger Managment
Pennsylvania System
New York (Auburn) System

12. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

13. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Restitution

14. Right to compulsory process
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

15. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Minimum-Security Prison
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

16. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Sentence served one after another
Penitentiary House
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Maximum-Security

17. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Assembly line
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

18. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

19. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Intake

20. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Private attorneys
Higher

21. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Defense Attorney
Jail

22. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Young - male - minority - poor
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Work Release

23. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Self-incrimination
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

24. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Assembly line
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Forfeiture

25. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The views of powerful elites in society
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
House Arrest

26. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Total Instutution
Intermediate Sanctions
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

27. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Revocation
New York (Auburn) System
Jail
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

28. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Enter a plea
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Were considered highly educated in their time period
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

29. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The U.S. Marshall
The procedural criminal law

30. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Highway Patrol
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

31. Delinquents
Self-defense and insanity
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
The FBI
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

32. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
The U.S. Marshall
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Assembly line
Defense Attorney

33. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Trial by a judge without jury

34. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Make-believe family
Penitentiary House
Increasing
Test for one's competents to stand trial

35. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Restorative Justice
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

36. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Young - male - minority - poor
The views of powerful elites in society
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

37. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
nolle prosequi
Diversion
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

38. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

39. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Pennsylvania System
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

40. Right to be competent at trail

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41. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Highway Patrol
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Enter a plea

42. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Substantive Rights
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

43. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Pennsylvania System
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Highway Patrol

44. Problem of Re-entry
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Increasing
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

45. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Make-believe family

46. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Summer
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Probation

47. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

48. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
16
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Revocation
Sentence served one after another

49. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
The FBI
Marriage
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Super Maximum-Security Prison

50. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
16
A fixed term of incarceration
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests