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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Probation failure correlates to...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

2. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Penitentiary House
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

3. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
New York (Auburn) System
Recoupment
Private attorneys

4. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Forfeiture
Went down steadily
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Grand Jury

5. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

6. Models of sentencing
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Fine
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

7. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Anger Managment
1.4 million
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

8. Challenged for cause
Intake
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
7 Million Americans
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

9. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Probation Rules
A fixed term of incarceration
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Parole

10. Problems of Parole
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Public Defender
Grand Jury
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

11. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Probation Rules
Should treat people of different classes equitably
House Arrest

12. Three Strikes Law
Marriage
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

13. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Maximum-Security
Revocation

14. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Jail

15. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Went down steadily
Boot Camp
Public Defender

16. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
A fixed term of incarceration
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

17. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
House Arrest
Intake

18. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Enter a plea
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Revocation

19. Miranda Rights...
About 10 felony arrests per month
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

20. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Halfway House
Prison

21. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Trial by a judge without jury
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Pennsylvania System
Intake

22. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Established customs and traditions
About 10 felony arrests per month
The U.S. Marshall

23. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Highway Patrol
Assembly line

24. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Penitentiary House
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Enter a plea
Summer

25. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
nolle prosequi
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Anger Managment

26. Competent Standard

27. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Highway Patrol

28. Truth in Sentencing
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Subpoena

29. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

30. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Forfeiture
The views of powerful elites in society

31. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Penitentiary House
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

32. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

33. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Higher
Society expects them to be criminals
Should treat people of different classes equitably

34. Concurrent Jursidiction
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Community Service Restitution

35. Trial Process
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Revocation
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

36. The substantive criminal law...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
$200 billion
The local police

37. What is Duress?
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
90%
$200 billion

38. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Summer
Private attorneys

39. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Established customs and traditions
Prison
Day Fees
Marriage

40. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Increasing
The views of powerful elites in society
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
90%

41. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
The place and its charecteristics
Day Fees
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

42. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Anger Managment
Restorative Justice
Minimum-Security Prison

43. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Parole
Indigent Defendant

44. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The local police
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
New York (Auburn) System

45. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Minimum-Security Prison
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

46. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
7 Million Americans
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Self-incrimination

47. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

48. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Boot Camp
16

49. Problem of Re-entry
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

50. Motion for a direct verdict
Public Defender
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests