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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Furlough
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

2. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

3. The substantive criminal law...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Diversion
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

4. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Pre-Sentence Investigation
About 10 felony arrests per month
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

5. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Social agent
Self-defense and insanity
Increasing

6. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Intermediate Sanctions

7. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
A fixed term of incarceration
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
7 Million Americans

8. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Obstacle course
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

9. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Make-believe family
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Were considered highly educated in their time period

10. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-defense and insanity
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Total Instutution

11. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Furlough
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Restitution

12. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Minimum-Security Prison
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

13. Argument against the Death Penalty
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Substantive Rights
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

14. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Parole
The views of powerful elites in society
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

15. Probation failure correlates to...
$200 billion
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Intermediate Sanctions

16. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

17. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Summer
Total Instutution
7 Million Americans
Enter a plea

18. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Defense Attorney
The place and its charecteristics
Private attorneys

19. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
The U.S. Marshall
Property crimes
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

20. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Young - male - minority - poor

21. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Intermediate Sanctions
The procedural criminal law
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

22. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Shock Incarceration
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Total Instutution
Super Maximum-Security Prison

23. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Subpoena
Private attorneys

24. Status Offenders
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Grand Jury

25. Capital Punishment
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

26. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Defense Attorney
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Subpoena

27. Right to confront witnesses
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
16

28. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Grand Jury
Community Treatment
Trial by a judge without jury

29. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Maximum-Security
Private attorneys
1.4 million
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

30. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Trial by a judge without jury
Highway Patrol
90%
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

31. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Diversion
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Halfway House

32. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Work Release
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Were considered highly educated in their time period

33. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1.4 million
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Test for one's competents to stand trial

34. Competent Standard

35. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Maximum-Security
Community Service Restitution
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

36. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Private attorneys
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
nolle prosequi

37. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Probation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
A crime that is considered especially immoral

38. Evidentiary Standard
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

39. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
About 10 felony arrests per month
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
House Arrest

40. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Diversion
Furlough
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Defense Attorney

41. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
New York (Auburn) System
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Higher

42. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

43. Alternative Correctional Institution
Assembly line
Anger Managment
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

44. Challenged for cause
Intermediate Sanctions
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Forfeiture
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

45. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Maximum-Security
Day Fees

46. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Highway Patrol

47. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
Obstacle course
Forfeiture
Parole

48. Peremptory Challenge
Increasing
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Maximum-Security
Community Treatment

49. Factors that Influence Sentencing
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Recoupment
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

50. Concurrent Sentence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Indigent Defendant
Sentence served simultaneously