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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
90%
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Society expects them to be criminals
Shock Probation

2. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Subpoena
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
About 10 felony arrests per month
Were considered highly educated in their time period

3. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Diversion
The U.S. Marshall
Private attorneys
Young - male - minority - poor

4. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The local police
Pre-Sentence Investigation

5. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

6. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Pennsylvania System
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Restitution
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

7. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Self-defense and insanity

8. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Obstacle course
Sentence served simultaneously
The U.S. Marshall

9. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Enter a plea
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

10. Right to public trial
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Restitution
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

11. Capital Punishment
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Indigent Defendant
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

12. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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13. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The views of powerful elites in society
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
nolle prosequi

14. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Trial by a judge without jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

15. Goals of Punishment
Social agent
The U.S. Marshall
House Arrest
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

16. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
7 Million Americans
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

17. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The FBI

18. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Revocation
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Established customs and traditions

19. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Furlough
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
A crime that is considered especially immoral

20. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Total Instutution
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

21. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Obstacle course
Maximum-Security
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Intermediate Sanctions

22. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

23. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Went down steadily
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

24. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The U.S. Marshall
Went down steadily
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

25. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Pennsylvania System
1.4 million
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

26. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Assembly line
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1.4 million

27. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Probation

28. Right to be competent at trail

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29. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Shock Probation
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Halfway House

30. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Anger Managment
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

31. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

32. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Self-incrimination
House Arrest
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Maximum-Security

33. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Penitentiary House
Revocation
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

34. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Parole
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Self-defense and insanity
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

35. Truth in Sentencing
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

36. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Shock Incarceration
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

37. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Trial by a judge without jury

38. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Established customs and traditions
Highway Patrol

39. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Subpoena
Defense Attorney
Intermediate Sanctions

40. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Diversion
Established customs and traditions
Restorative Justice
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

41. Women Imprisoned
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Forfeiture
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

42. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Marriage
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

43. Three Strikes Law
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The place and its charecteristics
Defense Attorney
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

44. What is Duress?
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
16

45. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
18
Subpoena
The views of powerful elites in society

46. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Self-incrimination
Public Defender
Assembly line

47. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Property crimes
Probation Rules
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Parole

48. Competent Standard

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49. Determinate Sentencing
Grand Jury
A fixed term of incarceration
Intake
Shock Probation

50. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Established customs and traditions
Should treat people of different classes equitably
nolle prosequi
Self-defense and insanity