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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Furlough
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Fine
Summer

2. Three Strikes Law
Higher
Pennsylvania System
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

3. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Shock Probation
Young - male - minority - poor

4. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
90%
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

5. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Substantive Rights
Make-believe family
The U.S. Marshall
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

6. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Jail
House Arrest
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

7. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Day Fees
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
$200 billion
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

8. Concurrent Sentence
Intermediate Sanctions
Sentence served simultaneously
Fine
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

9. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Fine
7 Million Americans
Increasing

10. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
90%
Parole
Indigent Defendant
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

11. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Society expects them to be criminals
Property crimes
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

12. Determinate Sentencing
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
A fixed term of incarceration
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

13. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Social agent
Work Release
Restorative Justice

14. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Substantive Rights
7 Million Americans

15. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Probation
Halfway House
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

16. Right to an impartial jury
Parole
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Shock Incarceration
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

17. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Self-incrimination
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

18. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Community Treatment
The place and its charecteristics

19. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Diversion

20. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Private attorneys
90%
A crime that is considered especially immoral

21. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
$200 billion
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
The FBI
Assembly line

22. Concurrent Jursidiction
Forfeiture
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Furlough
Went down steadily

23. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Prison
Sentence served one after another
Should treat people of different classes equitably

24. The substantive criminal law...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Halfway House
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

25. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
$200 billion
The place and its charecteristics
1.4 million

26. Goals of Punishment
Intake
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

27. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
New York (Auburn) System

28. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Recoupment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Restorative Justice

29. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Increasing

30. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Revocation

31. Trial Process
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
1.4 million
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Test for one's competents to stand trial

32. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Property crimes
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

33. Right to public trial
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Shock Probation
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

34. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Community Service Restitution
Summer
Diversion
The procedural criminal law

35. Jury Selection

36. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Intermediate Sanctions
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Property crimes

37. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Minimum-Security Prison
About 10 felony arrests per month
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Recoupment

38. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Self-defense and insanity
Penitentiary House

39. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Test for one's competents to stand trial

40. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

41. Capital Punishment
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Make-believe family

42. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Boot Camp
Penitentiary House
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

43. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Increasing
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Minimum-Security Prison

44. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Enter a plea
Fine
Substantive Rights
Diversion

45. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Summer
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

46. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

47. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Increasing
Jail
The FBI

48. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

49. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Community Service Restitution

50. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Fine
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Maximum-Security