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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Private attorneys
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

2. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Substantive Rights
18
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

3. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Prison
Community Treatment
Property crimes
Obstacle course

4. Problem of Re-entry
Young - male - minority - poor
nolle prosequi
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

5. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Summer
Probation Rules

6. The sentence
Obstacle course
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Total Instutution
Jail

7. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Went down steadily
Summer
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

8. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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9. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
A fixed term of incarceration
Anger Managment
1.4 million
Probation

10. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Established customs and traditions
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Shock Incarceration

11. Status Offenders
Private attorneys
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Minimum-Security Prison
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

12. Women Imprisoned
Increasing
Halfway House
Work Release
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

13. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Defense Attorney
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

14. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Parole
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Boot Camp
Trial by a judge without jury

15. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Defense Attorney
Indigent Defendant
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

16. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Marriage
Enter a plea
Pennsylvania System
Social agent

17. Competent Standard

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18. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Indigent Defendant

19. Three Strikes Law
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Halfway House

20. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
About 10 felony arrests per month
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

21. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Pennsylvania System
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
A crime that is considered especially immoral

22. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

23. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Make-believe family
Anger Managment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

24. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Probation
Substantive Rights
Jail

25. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Went down steadily
Probation
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

26. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Restorative Justice
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

27. Right to speedy trial
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

28. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

29. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
16
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

30. Miranda Rights...
Jail
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Obstacle course
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

31. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Young - male - minority - poor
Social agent
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

32. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Higher
Obstacle course
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

33. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Intermediate Sanctions
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Make-believe family
Anger Managment

34. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Shock Incarceration

35. Trial Process
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Obstacle course
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

36. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The U.S. Marshall

37. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Private attorneys
90%
Enter a plea

38. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

39. Mandatory Sentence
Property crimes
nolle prosequi
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

40. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Probation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

41. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Marriage
Fine

42. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
Defense Attorney
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

43. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

44. Right to compulsory process
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
New York (Auburn) System
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

45. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Subpoena
Shock Probation

46. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
New York (Auburn) System
Probation
Penitentiary House
Were considered highly educated in their time period

47. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Probation
Revocation
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Penitentiary House

48. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Penitentiary House
The FBI
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
The U.S. Marshall

49. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Restorative Justice

50. Motion for a direct verdict
Grand Jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards