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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Higher
Grand Jury
The views of powerful elites in society
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

2. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Intake
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1.4 million

3. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Pennsylvania System
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

4. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
A crime that is considered especially immoral
About 10 felony arrests per month
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Test for one's competents to stand trial

5. Right to an impartial jury
Total Instutution
Should treat people of different classes equitably
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Diversion

6. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Prison

7. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Subpoena
Established customs and traditions
Grand Jury
Shock Probation

8. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Property crimes
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

9. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Summer

10. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Community Treatment
Assembly line
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

11. Right to an impartial judge
Probation
90%
Self-incrimination
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

12. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Obstacle course
18
Enter a plea

13. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Revocation
Went down steadily
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

14. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

15. Jury Selection

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16. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Diversion
Total Instutution
Highway Patrol
Fine

17. Competent Standard

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18. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
$200 billion
Maximum-Security
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

19. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Intermediate Sanctions
Fine

20. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Boot Camp
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Social agent

21. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Public Defender
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

22. Judicial Waiver
The place and its charecteristics
Property crimes
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Minimum-Security Prison

23. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Substantive Rights
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Make-believe family

24. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Probation Rules
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Shock Probation
Established customs and traditions

25. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
90%
Assembly line
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

26. Right to compulsory process
Probation
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

27. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Probation Rules
Community Treatment

28. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Increasing
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

29. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1.4 million
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Grand Jury

30. What is Duress?
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Community Service Restitution
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

31. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Subpoena
Obstacle course
$200 billion
Forfeiture

32. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Maximum-Security

33. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Halfway House
Subpoena
7 Million Americans
The FBI

34. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The FBI
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

35. Evidentiary Standard
Halfway House
nolle prosequi
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

36. Trial Process
nolle prosequi
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

37. Alternative Correctional Institution
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

38. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

39. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

40. Probation failure correlates to...
Self-defense and insanity
Forfeiture
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

41. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Work Release
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

42. Right to confront witnesses
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

43. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Jail
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
The local police
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

44. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Recoupment
Pennsylvania System
16

45. Duties of probation officers
About 10 felony arrests per month
Higher
Pennsylvania System
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

46. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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47. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Boot Camp

48. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Minimum-Security Prison
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

49. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Make-believe family
Revocation
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

50. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Halfway House
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Private attorneys
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests