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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Duties of probation officers
Self-defense and insanity
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Furlough

2. Bench Trial
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Intermediate Sanctions
Trial by a judge without jury
The U.S. Marshall

3. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

4. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Increasing
Obstacle course
Defense Attorney

5. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

6. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Probation Rules
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

7. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Anger Managment
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Should treat people of different classes equitably

8. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Trial by a judge without jury
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Anger Managment

9. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

10. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

11. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Day Fees
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Indigent Defendant
The place and its charecteristics

12. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
The local police
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Went down steadily

13. Consecutive sentence
Community Service Restitution
Public Defender
Sentence served one after another
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

14. Argument against the Death Penalty
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
18

15. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
The FBI
Intermediate Sanctions
Property crimes

16. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Boot Camp
Parole
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

17. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
16
Prison
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

18. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Recoupment
Assembly line
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

19. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Super Maximum-Security Prison
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

20. Mandatory Sentence
The U.S. Marshall
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
About 10 felony arrests per month
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

21. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
7 Million Americans
Self-incrimination

22. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Substantive Rights
About 10 felony arrests per month
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Prison

23. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The FBI

24. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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25. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
The place and its charecteristics
Anger Managment
$200 billion
Should treat people of different classes equitably

26. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
18
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Self-incrimination
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

27. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Established customs and traditions
Went down steadily
Super Maximum-Security Prison

28. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Society expects them to be criminals
16

29. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Highway Patrol
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

30. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The place and its charecteristics
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

31. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Established customs and traditions
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

32. The sentence
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

33. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Recoupment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
7 Million Americans
Society expects them to be criminals

34. Right to counsel
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Shock Incarceration
Community Service Restitution

35. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Shock Incarceration
Young - male - minority - poor
Pre-Sentence Investigation

36. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Trial by a judge without jury
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

37. Right to an impartial jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Parole

38. Right to an impartial judge
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The procedural criminal law
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

39. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Minimum-Security Prison
The local police

40. Verdict
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Sentence served one after another
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Make-believe family

41. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
The FBI
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
New York (Auburn) System
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

42. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Subpoena

43. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
A fixed term of incarceration
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
The FBI
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

44. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Fine
Prison
Higher
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

45. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Intake
Trial by a judge without jury

46. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Work Release
Marriage
The local police
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

47. Women Imprisoned
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

48. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Assembly line
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Self-incrimination

49. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
A fixed term of incarceration
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
18
Increasing

50. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Total Instutution
Social agent
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment