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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Fine
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Community Treatment
Revocation

2. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Work Release
The views of powerful elites in society
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Fine

3. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Highway Patrol
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

4. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Increasing

5. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Property crimes

6. Good time
The local police
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation Rules

7. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Restitution
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

8. Miranda Rights...
1.4 million
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

9. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Social agent
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

10. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Shock Incarceration
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

11. Peremptory Challenge
Established customs and traditions
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Diversion
Day Fees

12. Factors that Influence Sentencing
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Highway Patrol
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

13. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

14. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
The FBI
New York (Auburn) System
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

15. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Recoupment
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

16. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
16
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

17. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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18. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
A fixed term of incarceration
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

19. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
7 Million Americans
Probation

20. Consecutive sentence
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Sentence served one after another
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

21. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Grand Jury
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Pre-Sentence Investigation

22. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Shock Probation
Restorative Justice

23. Probation failure correlates to...
Recoupment
Grand Jury
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

24. Problems of Parole
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Total Instutution
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

25. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The views of powerful elites in society
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Pennsylvania System

26. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Make-believe family
Shock Probation

27. Alternative Correctional Institution
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Probation

28. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

29. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Parole
Anger Managment

30. Delinquents
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Fine
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

31. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Grand Jury
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Established customs and traditions
Boot Camp

32. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

33. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
About 10 felony arrests per month
Defense Attorney

34. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Social agent
Marriage
Increasing

35. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
nolle prosequi

36. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Probation
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Minimum-Security Prison

37. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
New York (Auburn) System
Recoupment

38. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Defense Attorney
Restorative Justice

39. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Restorative Justice
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

40. Problem of Re-entry
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

41. The sentence
Boot Camp
Prison
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

42. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Social agent
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Public Defender
Subpoena

43. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
18
Community Treatment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

44. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Minimum-Security Prison
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Revocation

45. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Went down steadily
Probation Rules

46. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Work Release
House Arrest
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

47. Indeterminate Sentencing
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Sentence served simultaneously
The views of powerful elites in society

48. Mandatory Sentence
Highway Patrol
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Penitentiary House
Total Instutution

49. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Intake
Defense Attorney
Young - male - minority - poor

50. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The procedural criminal law