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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
Restorative Justice
Public Defender
Furlough

2. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Minimum-Security Prison
Indigent Defendant
The U.S. Marshall
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

3. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
$200 billion
16
Make-believe family

4. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Higher
The local police
The U.S. Marshall
Probation Rules

5. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Assembly line
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

6. Miranda Rights...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Shock Probation

7. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Sentence served one after another
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Self-incrimination

8. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Society expects them to be criminals

9. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

10. The substantive criminal law...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

11. Right to confront witnesses
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1.4 million
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Revocation

12. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
$200 billion
1.4 million

13. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Diversion
Community Service Restitution

14. Truth in Sentencing
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

15. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Trial by a judge without jury
The place and its charecteristics

16. Evidentiary Standard
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Minimum-Security Prison
7 Million Americans
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

17. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
Trial by a judge without jury
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Parole

18. The sentence
Revocation
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

19. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Trial by a judge without jury
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Prison

20. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

21. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Probation

22. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
nolle prosequi
Fine

23. Trial Process
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Minimum-Security Prison

24. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
7 Million Americans

25. Right to counsel
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

26. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Grand Jury
Super Maximum-Security Prison

27. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Pennsylvania System
Enter a plea

28. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Marriage
Make-believe family

29. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
The procedural criminal law
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

30. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Community Treatment
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

31. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
The U.S. Marshall
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Defense Attorney
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

32. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
90%
Grand Jury
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

33. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young - male - minority - poor
Trial by a judge without jury
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

34. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Recoupment
Sentence served one after another
Boot Camp

35. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Jail
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

36. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Established customs and traditions
Minimum-Security Prison
Pre-Sentence Investigation

37. Statutory Jurisdiction
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Went down steadily

38. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
18
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Pennsylvania System

39. Delinquents
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Should treat people of different classes equitably

40. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
The local police
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Substantive Rights
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

41. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
18
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

42. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Community Service Restitution
Defense Attorney
Maximum-Security
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

43. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

44. Right to be competent at trail

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45. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Private attorneys
Pennsylvania System
Total Instutution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

46. Problems of Parole
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Make-believe family
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

47. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

48. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Parole
Maximum-Security

49. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Revocation
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Marriage
Indigent Defendant

50. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Substantive Rights
The FBI
Shock Incarceration