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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1.4 million
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

2. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Sentence served simultaneously
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

3. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

4. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

5. Consecutive sentence
Sentence served one after another
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Parole
The U.S. Marshall

6. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Assembly line
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Jail
Went down steadily

7. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Pennsylvania System
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

8. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Young - male - minority - poor
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

9. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Revocation
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

10. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
90%
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Private attorneys
Social agent

11. Challenged for cause
Boot Camp
The U.S. Marshall
Probation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

12. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Fine
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The U.S. Marshall
Trial by a judge without jury

13. Statutory Jurisdiction
Forfeiture
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
A fixed term of incarceration

14. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Sentence served simultaneously
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

15. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Self-incrimination

16. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Intermediate Sanctions
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

17. Peremptory Challenge
Maximum-Security
Penitentiary House
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

18. Concurrent Sentence
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Sentence served simultaneously
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Increasing

19. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Fine
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Penitentiary House
Highway Patrol

20. Motion for a direct verdict
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

21. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The FBI
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

22. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
About 10 felony arrests per month
Sentence served one after another
The views of powerful elites in society

23. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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24. Right to an impartial jury
Public Defender
Anger Managment
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

25. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Summer
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

26. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

27. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
The FBI
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Obstacle course
Super Maximum-Security Prison

28. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Higher
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Self-incrimination

29. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Society expects them to be criminals
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
The place and its charecteristics
90%

30. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

31. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Community Treatment
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Self-incrimination

32. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
About 10 felony arrests per month
Intake
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

33. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Total Instutution
Assembly line

34. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Prison
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Total Instutution
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

35. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
18
Enter a plea
Sentence served one after another
Jail

36. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Maximum-Security
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Prison
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

37. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
House Arrest

38. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Social agent
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

39. The sentence
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Property crimes

40. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

41. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Penitentiary House
Intermediate Sanctions
Grand Jury

42. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
The place and its charecteristics
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
1.4 million
Diversion

43. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Subpoena
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

44. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Shock Probation
Defense Attorney
Recoupment

45. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Penitentiary House
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

46. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

47. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Summer
Property crimes

48. Factors that Influence Sentencing
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The procedural criminal law
Forfeiture
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

49. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Went down steadily
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Self-defense and insanity
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

50. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Summer
Subpoena
The procedural criminal law
About 10 felony arrests per month