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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Duress?
Society expects them to be criminals
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
House Arrest
Went down steadily

2. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Pennsylvania System
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

3. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
House Arrest
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The U.S. Marshall

4. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Diversion
Make-believe family
Anger Managment
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

5. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Society expects them to be criminals
Enter a plea
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Recoupment

6. Jury Selection

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7. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Restorative Justice
Assembly line
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

8. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
90%
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Public Defender

9. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
The U.S. Marshall
The place and its charecteristics
Defense Attorney
$200 billion

10. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
The place and its charecteristics
House Arrest
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

11. Alternative Correctional Institution
New York (Auburn) System
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
The U.S. Marshall
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

12. Indeterminate Sentencing
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Went down steadily
Revocation
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

13. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Assembly line
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

14. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
The procedural criminal law
Shock Probation
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

15. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Summer

16. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
The FBI
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Day Fees
Restitution

17. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Revocation
Shock Probation

18. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Probation
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

19. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Forfeiture
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Sentence served one after another
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

20. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
90%
Boot Camp
Shock Incarceration
Minimum-Security Prison

21. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Marriage
Went down steadily
Social agent

22. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Day Fees
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

23. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
New York (Auburn) System
Community Treatment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

24. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Probation Rules
Halfway House
The local police
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

25. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Total Instutution
nolle prosequi
Intake
Self-defense and insanity

26. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

27. Argument against the Death Penalty
Established customs and traditions
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
House Arrest

28. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Young - male - minority - poor
Fine
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

29. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Trial by a judge without jury

30. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
16
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

31. Status Offenders
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Higher
nolle prosequi
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

32. The sentence
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Boot Camp
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

33. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1.4 million
Jail
Test for one's competents to stand trial

34. Right to an impartial judge
Self-incrimination
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

35. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Trial by a judge without jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

36. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Subpoena
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Indigent Defendant

37. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Intake
Penitentiary House
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Test for one's competents to stand trial

38. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Intermediate Sanctions
Prison
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

39. Capital Punishment
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
The procedural criminal law
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Obstacle course

40. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Marriage
Boot Camp
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

41. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Social agent
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

42. Goals of Punishment
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Enter a plea
Young - male - minority - poor
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

43. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Established customs and traditions
Anger Managment

44. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
16
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Obstacle course

45. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
18
90%
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

46. Delinquents
Assembly line
Furlough
Jail
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

47. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
7 Million Americans
$200 billion

48. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Should treat people of different classes equitably

49. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Sentence served simultaneously
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Forfeiture
Established customs and traditions

50. Problem of Re-entry
Obstacle course
Diversion
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

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