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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Highway Patrol
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Test for one's competents to stand trial
1.4 million

2. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
$200 billion
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

3. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
The FBI
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Young - male - minority - poor

4. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Boot Camp

5. Mandatory Sentence
Shock Probation
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

6. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Parole
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Private attorneys
Marriage

7. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Marriage
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Enter a plea

8. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Boot Camp
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

9. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1.4 million
Defense Attorney
Parole

10. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Summer
Work Release
Fine

11. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Self-incrimination
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Halfway House

12. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Day Fees
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Intermediate Sanctions
Pre-Sentence Investigation

13. Right to counsel
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Sentence served one after another
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Fine

14. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Obstacle course
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
90%
The FBI

15. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Self-incrimination
Restitution
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

16. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Property crimes
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Sentence served one after another
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

17. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

18. Concurrent Jursidiction
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

19. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The place and its charecteristics
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

20. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Penitentiary House
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

21. What are characteristics of inmates
Indigent Defendant
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Young - male - minority - poor
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

22. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Furlough
1.4 million
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

23. The sentence
Jail
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Community Treatment

24. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

25. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Marriage
Subpoena
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Summer

26. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Probation
Total Instutution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

27. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Grand Jury
Total Instutution

28. Bench Trial
Young - male - minority - poor
Probation
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Trial by a judge without jury

29. Verdict
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

30. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Parole
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

31. Right to an impartial jury
Were considered highly educated in their time period
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

32. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
Maximum-Security
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Penitentiary House

33. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Diversion
18
A fixed term of incarceration
90%

34. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
House Arrest
The local police
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

35. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
Higher
Probation Rules
$200 billion
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

36. Truth in Sentencing
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

37. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Revocation
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

38. Determinate Sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
A fixed term of incarceration
Sentence served simultaneously
Revocation

39. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Social agent
Parole

40. Models of sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

41. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

42. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Property crimes
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

43. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
The U.S. Marshall
Intake
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

44. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Boot Camp

45. Women Imprisoned
Defense Attorney
Sentence served simultaneously
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

46. The substantive criminal law...
The procedural criminal law
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Prison
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

47. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Restorative Justice
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

48. Right to compulsory process
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Forfeiture
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

49. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
90%
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Community Service Restitution

50. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Went down steadily
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

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