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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Judicial Waiver
Furlough
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

2. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Pennsylvania System
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

3. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

4. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Established customs and traditions
18
Public Defender
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

5. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
The U.S. Marshall
Anger Managment
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

6. Right to compulsory process
Obstacle course
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
The views of powerful elites in society

7. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Community Service Restitution

8. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Self-incrimination
Work Release
Property crimes

9. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

10. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Penitentiary House
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
A crime that is considered especially immoral

11. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Maximum-Security
House Arrest
Day Fees
Minimum-Security Prison

12. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Community Service Restitution
Furlough

13. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Indigent Defendant
Intake
Property crimes
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

14. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Sentence served one after another
Went down steadily
The procedural criminal law

15. Factors that Influence Sentencing
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Boot Camp
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

16. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Furlough
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
7 Million Americans
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

17. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intake
The FBI
Intermediate Sanctions
Restorative Justice

18. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Self-incrimination
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

19. Challenged for cause
Forfeiture
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Assembly line

20. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
nolle prosequi
Fine
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Minimum-Security Prison

21. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Work Release

22. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Day Fees
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Recoupment
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

23. Right to an impartial jury
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Parole
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

24. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Society expects them to be criminals
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Private attorneys
Restorative Justice

25. What is General Deterrence?
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Forfeiture
The FBI

26. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

27. Concurrent Jursidiction
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Defense Attorney
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

28. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Enter a plea
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

29. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Indigent Defendant
Parole
The place and its charecteristics
Property crimes

30. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Assembly line
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

31. The sentence
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

32. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
New York (Auburn) System
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Private attorneys
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

33. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Society expects them to be criminals
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Obstacle course

34. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

35. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Went down steadily
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

36. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Obstacle course
Summer
Diversion
The procedural criminal law

37. The substantive criminal law...
The views of powerful elites in society
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

38. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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39. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Parole
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Jail

40. Motion for a direct verdict
The procedural criminal law
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Forfeiture
Shock Probation

41. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
nolle prosequi

42. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Society expects them to be criminals
Intermediate Sanctions

43. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Increasing
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Self-defense and insanity

44. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Pennsylvania System

45. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Community Service Restitution
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Established customs and traditions

46. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Make-believe family
Intermediate Sanctions
Day Fees
Community Treatment

47. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Pennsylvania System
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

48. Problems of Parole
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Penitentiary House
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

49. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Restorative Justice
Substantive Rights
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

50. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The U.S. Marshall