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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Grand Jury
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

2. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Work Release
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
7 Million Americans

3. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Probation
Self-incrimination
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

4. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Minimum-Security Prison
New York (Auburn) System
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

5. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The FBI
Trial by a judge without jury

6. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
18
Halfway House
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

7. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
16
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Went down steadily
Society expects them to be criminals

8. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Subpoena
Assembly line
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

9. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Defense Attorney
Enter a plea
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Probation

10. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Make-believe family
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Intermediate Sanctions

11. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Substantive Rights
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Super Maximum-Security Prison

12. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served one after another

13. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Higher
The place and its charecteristics
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

14. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Sentence served one after another
Young - male - minority - poor
The place and its charecteristics
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

15. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

16. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Young - male - minority - poor
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Assembly line
Trial by a judge without jury

17. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
The U.S. Marshall
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Jail
Substantive Rights

18. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Maximum-Security

19. Determinate Sentencing
Test for one's competents to stand trial
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Property crimes
A fixed term of incarceration

20. Right to be competent at trail

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21. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
The FBI
Revocation
Obstacle course
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

22. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Highway Patrol
The local police
Public Defender
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

23. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Probation
Community Service Restitution
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Furlough

24. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Established customs and traditions
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

25. Problems of Parole
Work Release
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

26. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
Make-believe family
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

27. Concurrent Jursidiction
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

28. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Public Defender
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Parole
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

29. Challenged for cause
Jail
Were considered highly educated in their time period
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

30. Competent Standard

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31. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Restitution
Shock Incarceration

32. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Pennsylvania System
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Work Release
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

33. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

34. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Parole
Day Fees
Community Service Restitution
Should treat people of different classes equitably

35. Motion for a direct verdict
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Test for one's competents to stand trial
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

36. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Recoupment
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

37. Right to confront witnesses
The FBI
The procedural criminal law
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

38. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Parole
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Anger Managment
Probation

39. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
The U.S. Marshall
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
nolle prosequi

40. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Super Maximum-Security Prison
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Indigent Defendant

41. Peremptory Challenge
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

42. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Probation

43. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
The local police

44. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
16
Revocation
Society expects them to be criminals
Social agent

45. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
16
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

46. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Restitution

47. Delinquents
Self-incrimination
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Enter a plea

48. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The local police
Society expects them to be criminals

49. Indeterminate Sentencing
The local police
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Minimum-Security Prison

50. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1.4 million