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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
New York (Auburn) System

2. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Recoupment
Public Defender
Summer
Make-believe family

3. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
Young - male - minority - poor
Marriage
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

4. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Substantive Rights
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

5. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Highway Patrol
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Restorative Justice
Marriage

6. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Trial by a judge without jury
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Shock Incarceration

7. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Fine

8. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Indigent Defendant
Shock Incarceration

9. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
nolle prosequi
New York (Auburn) System
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

10. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Intake
Boot Camp
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

11. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Self-incrimination
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Community Treatment
Prison

12. Motion for a direct verdict
Parole
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
New York (Auburn) System
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

13. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

14. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Private attorneys
Minimum-Security Prison
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

15. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
The FBI
Sentence served simultaneously
18
Fine

16. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Maximum-Security
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Subpoena

17. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Went down steadily
Probation Rules
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

18. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

19. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
New York (Auburn) System
Revocation
Prison

20. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Society expects them to be criminals

21. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
7 Million Americans
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

22. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Pennsylvania System
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Community Service Restitution

23. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

24. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Highway Patrol
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

25. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Self-incrimination
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Sentence served one after another

26. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Substantive Rights
7 Million Americans
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Halfway House

27. Right to compulsory process
Revocation
Penitentiary House
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

28. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Substantive Rights
Halfway House
90%
Self-defense and insanity

29. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Restorative Justice
$200 billion
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

30. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
The U.S. Marshall
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Minimum-Security Prison

31. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The views of powerful elites in society
Summer
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Property crimes

32. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Social agent
1.4 million
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

33. Argument against the Death Penalty
Self-incrimination
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Restorative Justice

34. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Assembly line
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The place and its charecteristics
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

35. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Diversion
Work Release
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

36. Models of sentencing
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Assembly line
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Boot Camp

37. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Substantive Rights
Assembly line
Parole
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

38. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Boot Camp
Pennsylvania System
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

39. Jury Selection

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40. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Shock Probation
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Make-believe family
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

41. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

42. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Forfeiture
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Shock Probation
90%

43. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Substantive Rights
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Pennsylvania System

44. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Probation Rules

45. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Prison
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Intermediate Sanctions

46. Challenged for cause
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Established customs and traditions
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

47. Duties of probation officers
Private attorneys
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Boot Camp

48. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Shock Incarceration
Highway Patrol

49. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Minimum-Security Prison
Enter a plea
Halfway House
Public Defender

50. Three Strikes Law
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Halfway House
Is favorable because it increases efficiency