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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Halfway House
Self-defense and insanity
1.4 million
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

2. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Probation
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

3. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Highway Patrol
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

4. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Self-defense and insanity
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

5. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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6. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
1.4 million
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Community Treatment
Test for one's competents to stand trial

7. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
The FBI
Minimum-Security Prison
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Restorative Justice

8. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
The U.S. Marshall
Higher
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

9. Jury Selection

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10. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
7 Million Americans
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Higher

11. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
The U.S. Marshall
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

12. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

13. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Furlough
Maximum-Security
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

14. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Shock Incarceration
Obstacle course
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

15. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
About 10 felony arrests per month
Subpoena
Marriage
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

16. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
1.4 million
Anger Managment
New York (Auburn) System

17. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Probation
Defense Attorney
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Forfeiture

18. Women Imprisoned
Higher
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Established customs and traditions
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

19. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Diversion
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Anger Managment
Minimum-Security Prison

20. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Enter a plea
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The U.S. Marshall
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

21. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Self-incrimination
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Public Defender

22. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Pennsylvania System
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Were considered highly educated in their time period
House Arrest

23. Capital Punishment
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Higher
Anger Managment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

24. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Restorative Justice
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Intermediate Sanctions

25. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Halfway House
Diversion

26. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Pennsylvania System

27. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Summer
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

28. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Parole
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Defense Attorney

29. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Intermediate Sanctions
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

30. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Work Release
Summer
Subpoena
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

31. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
18

32. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Self-defense and insanity
Obstacle course
Shock Incarceration
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

33. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Minimum-Security Prison
Society expects them to be criminals

34. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Indigent Defendant
$200 billion
Boot Camp

35. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Halfway House
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

36. Mandatory Sentence
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Community Treatment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

37. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Substantive Rights
Make-believe family

38. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Sentence served simultaneously
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

39. The substantive criminal law...
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Diversion

40. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Society expects them to be criminals
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Subpoena
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

41. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

42. Concurrent Sentence
House Arrest
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Sentence served simultaneously
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

43. Good time
The local police
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Halfway House
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

44. Challenged for cause
House Arrest
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

45. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Maximum-Security
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Anger Managment

46. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Revocation
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

47. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Intermediate Sanctions
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Highway Patrol

48. Models of sentencing
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

49. Peremptory Challenge
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1.4 million

50. Argument against the Death Penalty
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Subpoena
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive