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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Community Treatment
Probation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
nolle prosequi

2. Concurrent Jursidiction
Young - male - minority - poor
Substantive Rights
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

3. What is Duress?
Test for one's competents to stand trial
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The local police
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

4. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Obstacle course
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

5. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Shock Probation
Substantive Rights
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

6. Jury Selection

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7. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Anger Managment
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Went down steadily

8. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Enter a plea
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

9. Challenged for cause
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Property crimes
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

10. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Parole
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Shock Incarceration
Sentence served one after another

11. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Community Treatment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
About 10 felony arrests per month
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

12. Determinate Sentencing
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
A fixed term of incarceration
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Furlough

13. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Restorative Justice
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
90%
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

14. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Self-defense and insanity
Probation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Higher

15. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Diversion
Obstacle course
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

16. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

17. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Pennsylvania System
Property crimes
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
About 10 felony arrests per month

18. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Test for one's competents to stand trial

19. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

20. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Subpoena
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Self-defense and insanity
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

21. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Recoupment
Sentence served simultaneously
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

22. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
House Arrest
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

23. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Sentence served one after another
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Community Treatment

24. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Probation
90%
Penitentiary House
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

25. Capital Punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Shock Incarceration

26. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Day Fees
The procedural criminal law
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

27. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Defense Attorney
Restitution
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Private attorneys

28. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Day Fees
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

29. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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30. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Penitentiary House
Public Defender
The U.S. Marshall

31. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Prison
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Defense Attorney

32. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Shock Probation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

33. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Sentence served one after another
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

34. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Diversion
House Arrest
Intermediate Sanctions
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

35. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Diversion
The local police
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served simultaneously

36. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
nolle prosequi
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Indigent Defendant

37. Competent Standard

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38. Verdict
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Anger Managment
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

39. Right to speedy trial
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

40. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Increasing
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

41. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Established customs and traditions
18
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Marriage

42. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Shock Incarceration
Property crimes
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Society expects them to be criminals

43. What is General Deterrence?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Highway Patrol
Total Instutution
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

44. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Young - male - minority - poor
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

45. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Enter a plea
Pennsylvania System
Increasing

46. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Boot Camp

47. Right to confront witnesses
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Shock Incarceration
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

48. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Shock Probation
Highway Patrol
New York (Auburn) System

49. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Private attorneys
Community Service Restitution
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

50. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
Furlough
Private attorneys
Forfeiture