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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Maximum-Security
Test for one's competents to stand trial

2. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Make-believe family
Higher
The FBI

3. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Intake
Summer
nolle prosequi

4. Judicial Waiver
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Diversion
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

5. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

6. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Forfeiture
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Probation
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

7. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Social agent
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Obstacle course

8. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Restitution
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
18
New York (Auburn) System

9. Duties of probation officers
Established customs and traditions
Sentence served one after another
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

10. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
Grand Jury
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
House Arrest

11. Mandatory Sentence
Enter a plea
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Community Treatment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

12. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Pennsylvania System
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The place and its charecteristics
Indigent Defendant

13. Motion for a direct verdict
Work Release
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

14. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Shock Incarceration
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

15. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
About 10 felony arrests per month

16. Factors that Influence Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Summer
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

17. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Summer
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

18. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Boot Camp
Private attorneys
Established customs and traditions

19. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The views of powerful elites in society
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Should treat people of different classes equitably

20. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

21. Consecutive sentence
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Sentence served one after another
Halfway House
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

22. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
nolle prosequi
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

23. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Property crimes
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

24. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Recoupment
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

25. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Public Defender
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
The local police
18

26. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The procedural criminal law
Work Release

27. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Community Treatment
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The U.S. Marshall

28. Right to be competent at trail

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29. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
Restitution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Penitentiary House

30. Truth in Sentencing
Subpoena
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

31. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The place and its charecteristics
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Day Fees

32. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Private attorneys
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Trial by a judge without jury

33. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Restitution
Established customs and traditions
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

34. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Shock Incarceration
Went down steadily
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

35. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Young - male - minority - poor
Day Fees
Halfway House
Pre-Sentence Investigation

36. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Public Defender
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

37. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Intermediate Sanctions
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Grand Jury
A crime that is considered especially immoral

38. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Defense Attorney
Should treat people of different classes equitably

39. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Intake
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

40. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Total Instutution
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Jail
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

41. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Penitentiary House
Grand Jury
Restitution
Enter a plea

42. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
New York (Auburn) System
Pre-Sentence Investigation
7 Million Americans
Prison

43. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The views of powerful elites in society
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Self-incrimination

44. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Pennsylvania System
The procedural criminal law
Maximum-Security

45. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

46. Goals of Punishment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

47. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
90%
Forfeiture
Trial by a judge without jury

48. The substantive criminal law...
Prison
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

49. Verdict
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Halfway House

50. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Summer
Fine