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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Pennsylvania System
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

2. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Established customs and traditions
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Went down steadily
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

3. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Make-believe family
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

4. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Highway Patrol
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

5. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Furlough
Property crimes
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

6. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

7. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served simultaneously
Make-believe family
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

8. Right to an impartial jury
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Substantive Rights
Make-believe family
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

9. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Work Release
Enter a plea
$200 billion

10. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
House Arrest
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Day Fees
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

11. Bench Trial
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Trial by a judge without jury
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Jail

12. Right to an impartial judge
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Community Service Restitution
Restitution
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

13. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Work Release
Fine
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
7 Million Americans

14. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Increasing
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

15. The sentence
Minimum-Security Prison
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Substantive Rights
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

16. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Went down steadily
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

17. Indeterminate Sentencing
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Probation Rules
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

18. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Assembly line
Went down steadily
Halfway House
Obstacle course

19. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Shock Probation
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

20. Right to compulsory process
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

21. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
The place and its charecteristics
Indigent Defendant
Enter a plea

22. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Day Fees
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

23. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Halfway House
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

24. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

25. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Prison
Sentence served simultaneously

26. Women Imprisoned
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Revocation
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Parole

27. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Shock Incarceration
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Restitution

28. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Intake
Private attorneys
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

29. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Community Treatment
Probation
Subpoena
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

30. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Trial by a judge without jury

31. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Summer

32. Good time
Penitentiary House
Social agent
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

33. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
New York (Auburn) System
Went down steadily

34. Delinquents
Diversion
Intake
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

35. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Defense Attorney
Higher
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Young - male - minority - poor

36. Problems of Parole
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Enter a plea
Fine
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

37. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Social agent
Restorative Justice

38. Alternative Correctional Institution
Community Treatment
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

39. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Community Treatment
Day Fees
Society expects them to be criminals

40. Consecutive sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Sentence served one after another
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

41. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Total Instutution
Substantive Rights
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

42. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Halfway House
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Established customs and traditions

43. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Jail
Self-defense and insanity
Pre-Sentence Investigation

44. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Community Treatment
The procedural criminal law
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

45. The substantive criminal law...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

46. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

47. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
Intake
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

48. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Restorative Justice
The U.S. Marshall
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

49. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Grand Jury
A fixed term of incarceration

50. Models of sentencing
16
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults