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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Probation
Summer
Assembly line
Intermediate Sanctions

2. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Social agent
Work Release

3. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Indigent Defendant
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The place and its charecteristics

4. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Social agent

5. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Self-defense and insanity
Recoupment

6. Right to compulsory process
Assembly line
New York (Auburn) System
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Property crimes

7. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Assembly line
Indigent Defendant
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Shock Probation

8. Indeterminate Sentencing
Prison
Jail
Self-defense and insanity
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

9. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Total Instutution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Highway Patrol

10. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
90%
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Forfeiture
A crime that is considered especially immoral

11. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Jail
Obstacle course

12. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Young - male - minority - poor
House Arrest
Anger Managment
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

13. Challenged for cause
Intake
Furlough
Grand Jury
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

14. Peremptory Challenge
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Diversion
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

15. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Jail
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

16. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Make-believe family
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Increasing

17. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Diversion
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

18. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Pre-Sentence Investigation
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

19. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
Enter a plea
Increasing
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

20. Duties of probation officers
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Minimum-Security Prison
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

21. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Halfway House
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1.4 million

22. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Higher
Indigent Defendant
Super Maximum-Security Prison

23. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Highway Patrol
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
nolle prosequi

24. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Shock Incarceration
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

25. Women Imprisoned
Furlough
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

26. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Forfeiture
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
The local police

27. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
The procedural criminal law
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

28. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Intake
Substantive Rights
Went down steadily
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

29. Motion for a direct verdict
Marriage
The procedural criminal law
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

30. What is Duress?
Assembly line
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

31. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
The local police
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Intermediate Sanctions

32. Right to be competent at trail

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33. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Assembly line
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

34. Probation failure correlates to...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
$200 billion
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Private attorneys

35. Concurrent Sentence
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Sentence served simultaneously
Community Treatment

36. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Grand Jury
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Community Treatment
Young - male - minority - poor

37. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Subpoena
Intermediate Sanctions
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

38. Goals of Punishment
$200 billion
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

39. Problems of Parole
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
16
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Sentence served simultaneously

40. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

41. Trial Process
Subpoena
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Sentence served simultaneously

42. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Self-incrimination
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Day Fees

43. Right to speedy trial
Increasing
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Probation

44. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Community Treatment
Probation Rules
House Arrest

45. Consecutive sentence
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Highway Patrol
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Sentence served one after another

46. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Revocation
A crime that is considered especially immoral

47. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Property crimes

48. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Intermediate Sanctions
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The local police

49. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Penitentiary House
Intake
Defense Attorney

50. Models of sentencing
The local police
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

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