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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Problem of Re-entry
Sentence served simultaneously
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
New York (Auburn) System
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

2. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Work Release
Summer
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Forfeiture

3. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Work Release
Defense Attorney
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Jail

4. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Work Release
Intake
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Diversion

5. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Shock Incarceration
Pre-Sentence Investigation

6. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Increasing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Subpoena
The FBI

7. Miranda Rights...
Property crimes
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

8. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Self-incrimination
Grand Jury
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

9. Right to an impartial jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

10. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Diversion
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

11. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Grand Jury
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

12. Models of sentencing
Social agent
7 Million Americans
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
nolle prosequi

13. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Increasing
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

14. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The place and its charecteristics
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

15. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Young - male - minority - poor
Public Defender
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

16. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Work Release
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Fine

17. Bench Trial
Self-incrimination
The FBI
Diversion
Trial by a judge without jury

18. Consecutive sentence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Sentence served one after another
The procedural criminal law
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

19. Right to be competent at trail

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20. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Marriage
About 10 felony arrests per month

21. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Went down steadily
Intake
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

22. Verdict
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

23. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
The local police
Self-defense and insanity
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
The views of powerful elites in society

24. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Substantive Rights
The local police

25. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Forfeiture
Assembly line
Were considered highly educated in their time period

26. Alternative Correctional Institution
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Restorative Justice
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

27. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
A fixed term of incarceration
1.4 million
House Arrest

28. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

29. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Pennsylvania System
Jail
House Arrest

30. Women Imprisoned
Substantive Rights
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

31. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
nolle prosequi
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

32. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Parole

33. Truth in Sentencing
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

34. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Public Defender
Society expects them to be criminals
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

35. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

36. Indeterminate Sentencing
Went down steadily
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

37. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Probation

38. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Young - male - minority - poor
The place and its charecteristics
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

39. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Sentence served simultaneously
Work Release

40. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
$200 billion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

41. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Probation
Indigent Defendant
Intermediate Sanctions
Boot Camp

42. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Fine
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

43. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Total Instutution
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Sentence served one after another

44. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Intake
Social agent
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

45. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Maximum-Security
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Parole
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

46. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Make-believe family
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

47. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
1.4 million
Pennsylvania System
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

48. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

49. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Trial by a judge without jury
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Revocation
Probation Rules

50. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Public Defender
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Committed an act in violation of the penal code