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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Society expects them to be criminals
Pennsylvania System
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

2. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Recoupment
Parole

3. Determinate Sentencing
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Higher
A fixed term of incarceration
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

4. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Pennsylvania System
Social agent

5. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Intermediate Sanctions
90%
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

6. Problems of Parole
Substantive Rights
Sentence served simultaneously
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Jail

7. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Shock Probation
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Forfeiture
Self-incrimination

8. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Forfeiture

9. Evidentiary Standard
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Were considered highly educated in their time period

10. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Marriage
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Property crimes

11. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Higher
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Community Treatment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

12. Status Offenders
Obstacle course
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

13. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Subpoena
Went down steadily

14. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Society expects them to be criminals
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Prison
1.4 million

15. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Established customs and traditions
Went down steadily
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

16. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Work Release
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Increasing

17. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Sentence served simultaneously
90%
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

18. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Day Fees
Subpoena
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

19. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
Sentence served simultaneously
Forfeiture
Penitentiary House

20. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Anger Managment
Penitentiary House
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

21. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
Recoupment
Public Defender
Community Treatment

22. Right to public trial
Highway Patrol
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

23. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The U.S. Marshall
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

24. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Prison
Maximum-Security
Sentence served simultaneously
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

25. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Public Defender
Increasing

26. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Increasing
The views of powerful elites in society
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

27. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Sentence served simultaneously
Day Fees
Obstacle course
Forfeiture

28. Problem of Re-entry
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Substantive Rights
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

29. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
90%
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

30. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Assembly line
Shock Probation
Penitentiary House

31. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Society expects them to be criminals
Self-incrimination
Shock Incarceration

32. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Maximum-Security
Established customs and traditions
Diversion

33. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Forfeiture
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Intake

34. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The FBI

35. Concurrent Jursidiction
Were considered highly educated in their time period
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Work Release
House Arrest

36. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Increasing
Young - male - minority - poor
Went down steadily

37. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
Make-believe family
Parole
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

38. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Shock Incarceration
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

39. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
House Arrest
Substantive Rights
16
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

40. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
New York (Auburn) System
Probation Rules
Shock Probation
Property crimes

41. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
A crime that is considered especially immoral

42. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Anger Managment
90%
Enter a plea
Intake

43. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
18
Make-believe family
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Intermediate Sanctions

44. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Trial by a judge without jury
The local police
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
18

45. Capital Punishment
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
7 Million Americans

46. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Prison
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

47. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
About 10 felony arrests per month
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The FBI
Enter a plea

48. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Social agent
16

49. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Jail
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

50. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction