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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Day Fees
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
House Arrest

2. Evidentiary Standard
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Jail

3. Problem of Re-entry
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Went down steadily
Substantive Rights
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

4. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

5. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Self-defense and insanity
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

6. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
The place and its charecteristics
Defense Attorney
Recoupment
Social agent

7. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Restitution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
nolle prosequi
Fine

8. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
The U.S. Marshall
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

9. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Community Service Restitution
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Pre-Sentence Investigation

10. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
The local police
The U.S. Marshall

11. Statutory Jurisdiction
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
About 10 felony arrests per month
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Young - male - minority - poor

12. Verdict
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

13. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Substantive Rights
Society expects them to be criminals
The place and its charecteristics
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

14. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Forfeiture
90%

15. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
90%
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
18

16. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
New York (Auburn) System
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

17. Trial Process
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Self-defense and insanity

18. Delinquents
Assembly line
Shock Probation
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Went down steadily

19. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Self-incrimination
Intake
A fixed term of incarceration

20. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Private attorneys
Restorative Justice

21. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The place and its charecteristics
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Assembly line

22. What is General Deterrence?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
The procedural criminal law
Shock Probation

23. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Community Treatment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Diversion
Penitentiary House

24. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Forfeiture
Were considered highly educated in their time period

25. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Intake

26. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
The procedural criminal law
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
House Arrest

27. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
7 Million Americans
Public Defender

28. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

29. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Self-incrimination
Total Instutution

30. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Probation Rules
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

31. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Highway Patrol
Work Release
The U.S. Marshall
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

32. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Defense Attorney
Private attorneys
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

33. What is Duress?
7 Million Americans
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Shock Incarceration

34. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Subpoena
A fixed term of incarceration

35. Three Strikes Law
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
A fixed term of incarceration
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

36. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Fine
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
A crime that is considered especially immoral

37. Women Imprisoned
Intake
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Defense Attorney

38. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
The FBI
Higher
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

39. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Pennsylvania System

40. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

41. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Subpoena
Society expects them to be criminals

42. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Boot Camp
Recoupment
Established customs and traditions

43. Concurrent Sentence
Sentence served simultaneously
Increasing
Subpoena
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

44. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Halfway House
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Parole
Super Maximum-Security Prison

45. Truth in Sentencing
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Total Instutution

46. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Public Defender
Society expects them to be criminals
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

47. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Prison

48. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Revocation
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

49. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
$200 billion
Increasing
Recoupment

50. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Forfeiture
Parole
Were considered highly educated in their time period