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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Shock Incarceration
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Shock Probation

2. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Forfeiture
Diversion

3. Right to an impartial judge
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Increasing

4. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Anger Managment
Public Defender

5. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Higher
Probation Rules
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

6. Mandatory Sentence
Shock Incarceration
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

7. Indeterminate Sentencing
Marriage
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

8. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
Sentence served one after another
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

9. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Forfeiture
Test for one's competents to stand trial

10. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Private attorneys
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

11. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Fine
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Minimum-Security Prison

12. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Total Instutution
Diversion
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

13. Challenged for cause
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Grand Jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial

14. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Defense Attorney
A fixed term of incarceration
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

15. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Day Fees
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

16. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Penitentiary House
Diversion
Intermediate Sanctions
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

17. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Obstacle course
The local police
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

18. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The U.S. Marshall
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

19. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Sentence served simultaneously
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Established customs and traditions

20. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The views of powerful elites in society
A fixed term of incarceration
Jail

21. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Obstacle course
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

22. Concurrent Sentence
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Sentence served simultaneously
Intake
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

23. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Sentence served simultaneously
Recoupment
Minimum-Security Prison
Pennsylvania System

24. Competent Standard

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25. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Summer
Boot Camp

26. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Marriage
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
The views of powerful elites in society

27. Right to compulsory process
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Parole
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

28. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
A fixed term of incarceration

29. Alternative Correctional Institution
Fine
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
New York (Auburn) System

30. Argument against the Death Penalty
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

31. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
90%
Highway Patrol
Pennsylvania System
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

32. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
A crime that is considered especially immoral
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Highway Patrol
Community Service Restitution

33. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Assembly line

34. Probation failure correlates to...
Pennsylvania System
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Were considered highly educated in their time period

35. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

36. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Prison
Restitution
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Shock Incarceration

37. The substantive criminal law...
Society expects them to be criminals
Total Instutution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

38. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

39. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Obstacle course
The views of powerful elites in society
1.4 million
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

40. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Parole
Assembly line
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

41. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
16
Public Defender
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

42. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Enter a plea
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
About 10 felony arrests per month

43. Models of sentencing
90%
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

44. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Restitution
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

45. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Sentence served one after another
Increasing

46. Status Offenders
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

47. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The procedural criminal law

48. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Obstacle course
Recoupment
Self-defense and insanity
Super Maximum-Security Prison

49. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Community Treatment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

50. Truth in Sentencing
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Summer
Revocation