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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Right to an impartial judge
Minimum-Security Prison
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Community Service Restitution

2. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Fine
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

3. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Increasing
Day Fees
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

4. Capital Punishment
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Marriage
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Jail

5. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Sentence served simultaneously

6. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The place and its charecteristics
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

7. Three Strikes Law
Probation Rules
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Community Treatment

8. Models of sentencing
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

9. Women Imprisoned
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Established customs and traditions
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

10. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
The local police
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

11. Trial Process
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Self-defense and insanity
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

12. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
18
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Marriage
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

13. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Established customs and traditions
Sentence served simultaneously
About 10 felony arrests per month
Sentence served one after another

14. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Restitution
Maximum-Security
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

15. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Penitentiary House
Halfway House
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

16. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
$200 billion
Went down steadily

17. Goals of Punishment
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The U.S. Marshall
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

18. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Marriage
House Arrest
Private attorneys

19. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Revocation
Increasing

20. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
$200 billion
Jail
Society expects them to be criminals
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

21. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Established customs and traditions
Society expects them to be criminals
Work Release

22. Mandatory Sentence
The place and its charecteristics
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

23. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
A fixed term of incarceration
Pennsylvania System
About 10 felony arrests per month
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

24. Right to be competent at trail

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25. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Subpoena
16

26. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Subpoena
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Minimum-Security Prison

27. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Assembly line
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
The FBI

28. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Intermediate Sanctions
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

29. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Probation Rules

30. Delinquents
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Restorative Justice

31. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
1.4 million
Private attorneys
Penitentiary House
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

32. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Established customs and traditions
Shock Probation
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

33. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Furlough
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Day Fees
7 Million Americans

34. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
The procedural criminal law
Total Instutution
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

35. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Assembly line
Highway Patrol
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

36. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
Public Defender
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

37. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

38. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
1.4 million
Public Defender
Summer
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

39. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
16

40. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Enter a plea
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Higher

41. The substantive criminal law...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Established customs and traditions
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

42. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Shock Probation
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

43. The sentence
Obstacle course
Community Service Restitution
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

44. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Higher
Went down steadily
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

45. Good time
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Restitution

46. What is General Deterrence?
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Self-defense and insanity
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

47. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Property crimes
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1.4 million
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

48. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
New York (Auburn) System

49. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Community Service Restitution
Property crimes

50. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Property crimes
Sentence served simultaneously
The views of powerful elites in society
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)