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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Substantive Rights
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

2. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Pennsylvania System
Prison
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

3. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Society expects them to be criminals
Day Fees

4. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Community Service Restitution

5. Concurrent Jursidiction
90%
7 Million Americans
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
18

6. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Furlough
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Public Defender

7. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
7 Million Americans
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

8. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Substantive Rights
Self-defense and insanity

9. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
7 Million Americans

10. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Probation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Total Instutution

11. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Total Instutution
House Arrest
Work Release
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

12. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The place and its charecteristics
Community Treatment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

13. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Intermediate Sanctions
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

14. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Private attorneys
Marriage
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

15. Motion for a direct verdict
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The place and its charecteristics
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

16. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Trial by a judge without jury
Society expects them to be criminals
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

17. Concurrent Sentence
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Higher
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Sentence served simultaneously

18. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
16
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Parole
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

19. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The local police
Highway Patrol
Community Treatment

20. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Enter a plea
Forfeiture
Shock Probation
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

21. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Shock Probation
Revocation
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

22. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Make-believe family
Restorative Justice
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

23. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Obstacle course
Pennsylvania System
Increasing
Assembly line

24. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Boot Camp

25. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Obstacle course
nolle prosequi
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
A fixed term of incarceration

26. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Test for one's competents to stand trial
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Penitentiary House

27. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
New York (Auburn) System
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

28. Factors that Influence Sentencing
House Arrest
New York (Auburn) System
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

29. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
About 10 felony arrests per month

30. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Restitution
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Community Treatment
16

31. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Property crimes
The U.S. Marshall
Diversion

32. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Prison
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

33. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Parole

34. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
House Arrest
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

35. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Community Service Restitution
Intake
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Defense Attorney

36. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Probation
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Social agent

37. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Shock Incarceration
Assembly line
90%
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

38. Problems of Parole
Super Maximum-Security Prison
16
Minimum-Security Prison
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

39. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Sentence served simultaneously
Fine
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

40. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Assembly line
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Day Fees

41. Right to public trial
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Sentence served one after another
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

42. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
Total Instutution
The procedural criminal law
nolle prosequi

43. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Fine
Social agent
Assembly line

44. Mandatory Sentence
Went down steadily
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

45. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
The local police
Intake
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

46. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Fine
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Enter a plea

47. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Grand Jury
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Furlough
Halfway House

48. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Restorative Justice
Probation
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
A crime that is considered especially immoral

49. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Social agent

50. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The procedural criminal law