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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Assembly line
Pennsylvania System
Indigent Defendant
Parole

2. Indeterminate Sentencing
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Indigent Defendant
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

3. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
18
Established customs and traditions
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

4. Evidentiary Standard
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
A fixed term of incarceration

5. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Grand Jury
Sentence served simultaneously

6. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
House Arrest
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1.4 million
Sentence served simultaneously

7. Status Offenders
$200 billion
Community Service Restitution
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

8. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Higher

9. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
Sentence served simultaneously
House Arrest
The FBI
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

10. Right to public trial
Private attorneys
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement

11. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

12. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
90%
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Public Defender
Self-defense and insanity

13. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Shock Incarceration
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

14. What is Duress?
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Total Instutution

15. Delinquents
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Grand Jury
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

16. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
Highway Patrol
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

17. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Private attorneys
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
7 Million Americans
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration

18. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
The local police
Anger Managment
Maximum-Security

19. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Young - male - minority - poor
Obstacle course
The views of powerful elites in society
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

20. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Obstacle course
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

21. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Recoupment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
The views of powerful elites in society
7 Million Americans

22. Verdict
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Sentence served one after another
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

23. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Diversion
Sentence served simultaneously
Make-believe family

24. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Shock Incarceration
Established customs and traditions
Self-incrimination

25. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Higher
Furlough
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Work Release

26. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Prison
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Private attorneys
Probation Rules

27. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Established customs and traditions
Self-defense and insanity

28. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
7 Million Americans
Furlough
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

29. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Probation

30. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Restitution
Property crimes
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

31. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Total Instutution
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

32. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Recoupment
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

33. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

34. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

35. Consecutive sentence
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
New York (Auburn) System
Sentence served one after another

36. Statutory Jurisdiction
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
A fixed term of incarceration
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
90%

37. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The procedural criminal law
Boot Camp
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

38. Right to speedy trial
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
16
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

39. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Intermediate Sanctions

40. Three Strikes Law
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Public Defender
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Jail

41. Right to an impartial jury
Obstacle course
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Young - male - minority - poor
Parole

42. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
90%
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

43. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Forfeiture
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
18

44. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Social agent
About 10 felony arrests per month

45. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Shock Probation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

46. Factors that Influence Sentencing
nolle prosequi
Probation Rules
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

47. Models of sentencing
Defense Attorney
Should treat people of different classes equitably
16
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

48. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
18

49. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Young - male - minority - poor
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Property crimes

50. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Trial by a judge without jury
Increasing
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Assembly line