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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Community Service Restitution
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Went down steadily
Furlough

2. Capital Punishment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
A fixed term of incarceration
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The local police

3. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Society expects them to be criminals
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Community Treatment
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

4. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Community Treatment
Social agent
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

5. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
The procedural criminal law
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

6. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Make-believe family
$200 billion
Were considered highly educated in their time period
The views of powerful elites in society

7. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Marriage
Community Service Restitution

8. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
The place and its charecteristics
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

9. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Marriage
Society expects them to be criminals
Defense Attorney
Shock Incarceration

10. Right to public trial
Substantive Rights
Trial by a judge without jury
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

11. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Penitentiary House

12. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Parole
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Shock Probation

13. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Substantive Rights
Summer

14. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Halfway House
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Higher
Grand Jury

15. Concurrent Sentence
Should treat people of different classes equitably
A fixed term of incarceration
Sentence served simultaneously
Probation

16. Trial Process
Enter a plea
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

17. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
The local police
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Established customs and traditions

18. Determinate Sentencing
A fixed term of incarceration
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Subpoena
Community Treatment

19. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Shock Incarceration
Parole
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

20. Consecutive sentence
Work Release
Sentence served one after another
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Maximum-Security

21. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1.4 million
Highway Patrol
The U.S. Marshall

22. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Self-defense and insanity
The views of powerful elites in society

23. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Super Maximum-Security Prison

24. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
1.4 million
Private attorneys

25. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Community Service Restitution
Intake
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Halfway House

26. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Trial by a judge without jury
Prison
Were considered highly educated in their time period

27. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The views of powerful elites in society
Summer
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

28. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Boot Camp

29. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
90%
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

30. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Intermediate Sanctions
Community Treatment
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

31. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Self-incrimination
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

32. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Assembly line

33. Argument against the Death Penalty
Substantive Rights
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

34. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Make-believe family
Shock Probation
Diversion
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

35. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
Restitution
7 Million Americans
Jail

36. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Private attorneys
A fixed term of incarceration
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

37. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
The place and its charecteristics
Intermediate Sanctions
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

38. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
16
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Sentence served simultaneously
Parole

39. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
7 Million Americans
Self-defense and insanity
Total Instutution
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

40. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Young - male - minority - poor
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Fine
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

41. Good time
The views of powerful elites in society
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Penitentiary House

42. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Young - male - minority - poor
Social agent
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

43. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Work Release
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Highway Patrol
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

44. Statutory Jurisdiction
Went down steadily
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
The local police
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

45. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Anger Managment
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

46. Motion for a direct verdict
Self-incrimination
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

47. Peremptory Challenge
The local police
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

48. Alternative Correctional Institution
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Community Service Restitution
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

49. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
New York (Auburn) System
Halfway House
Shock Incarceration
Assembly line

50. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Minimum-Security Prison
Probation Rules
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial