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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
New York (Auburn) System
Fine
Established customs and traditions
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

2. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Substantive Rights
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Prison

3. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Shock Incarceration
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Work Release

4. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Society expects them to be criminals
Shock Incarceration
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-defense and insanity

5. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
House Arrest
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

6. Right to compulsory process
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

7. Problems of Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Self-incrimination
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

8. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Went down steadily
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Defense Attorney

9. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Self-defense and insanity
Substantive Rights
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Probation Rules

10. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1.4 million
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

11. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

12. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Parole
Shock Probation
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Marriage

13. Alternative Correctional Institution
Community Treatment
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

14. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The views of powerful elites in society
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

15. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
The views of powerful elites in society
The FBI

16. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Community Treatment
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Enter a plea

17. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
Summer
The procedural criminal law
The local police
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

18. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Anger Managment
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

19. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
The views of powerful elites in society
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

20. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Young - male - minority - poor
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The local police
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

21. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
The place and its charecteristics
Restorative Justice
Self-incrimination
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

22. Probation failure correlates to...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

23. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Total Instutution

24. Concurrent Sentence
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Sentence served simultaneously

25. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
About 10 felony arrests per month
1.4 million
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Increasing

26. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Shock Probation
Enter a plea
Public Defender

27. Determinate Sentencing
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
A fixed term of incarceration
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Marriage

28. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Highway Patrol
Young - male - minority - poor
Pennsylvania System
House Arrest

29. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Obstacle course
Increasing
90%
Society expects them to be criminals

30. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Restitution
Grand Jury

31. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Intake
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

32. Bench Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
Probation
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Social agent

33. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Recoupment
The procedural criminal law

34. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Revocation
1.4 million
7 Million Americans

35. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Highway Patrol
Restorative Justice
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Self-incrimination

36. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
The U.S. Marshall
Defense Attorney
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

37. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Defense Attorney
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Social agent
Forfeiture

38. Motion for a direct verdict
Self-defense and insanity
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Diversion
Trial by a judge without jury

39. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Anger Managment
The procedural criminal law
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Should treat people of different classes equitably

40. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Self-incrimination
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The local police
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

41. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
90%

42. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Public Defender

43. Competent Standard

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44. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Trial by a judge without jury
Day Fees
Marriage

45. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Restorative Justice
Grand Jury

46. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Total Instutution
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Shock Incarceration

47. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Day Fees
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Increasing

48. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
The local police
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Established customs and traditions

49. Argument against the Death Penalty
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Pennsylvania System
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Highway Patrol

50. Women Imprisoned
Probation Rules
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

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