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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
New York (Auburn) System
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

2. Consecutive sentence
Sentence served one after another
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

3. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Pennsylvania System
Parole
16
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

4. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Public Defender
The place and its charecteristics
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

5. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
90%
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Work Release
Parole

6. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Community Treatment
Society expects them to be criminals
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Restorative Justice

7. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Test for one's competents to stand trial
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

8. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
About 10 felony arrests per month
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Restitution

9. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Private attorneys
Pennsylvania System
Minimum-Security Prison

10. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Assembly line
Total Instutution
Probation Rules

11. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Probation
Higher
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

12. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
1.4 million
90%

13. Right to compulsory process
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
House Arrest
Trial by a judge without jury
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

14. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Substantive Rights
Intermediate Sanctions
Community Treatment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

15. Indeterminate Sentencing
Assembly line
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

16. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Revocation
Furlough
Boot Camp

17. Evidentiary Standard
Shock Probation
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
About 10 felony arrests per month

18. Duties of probation officers
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
A fixed term of incarceration
Marriage
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

19. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Went down steadily
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

20. Statutory Jurisdiction
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Assembly line

21. What is Duress?
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Property crimes
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

22. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Highway Patrol
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

23. Right to an impartial judge
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Indigent Defendant

24. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Maximum-Security

25. The sizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
18
The place and its charecteristics
Forfeiture

26. Argument against the Death Penalty
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
House Arrest
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

27. Problems of Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Assembly line

28. Right to counsel
nolle prosequi
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Grand Jury

29. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

30. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Enter a plea
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

31. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Substantive Rights
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Anger Managment

32. What is General Deterrence?
Minimum-Security Prison
New York (Auburn) System
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

33. The substantive criminal law...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

34. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Assembly line
Indigent Defendant
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Substantive Rights

35. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Established customs and traditions
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
The views of powerful elites in society

36. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
90%
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

37. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
Higher
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Probation

38. Problem of Re-entry
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Maximum-Security

39. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
1.4 million
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

40. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
The place and its charecteristics
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
About 10 felony arrests per month

41. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
Total Instutution
Revocation

42. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Community Service Restitution
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Total Instutution

43. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
16
Day Fees

44. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Parole
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Fine

45. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Fine
Public Defender
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Property crimes

46. Right to an impartial jury
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Indigent Defendant
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

47. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Self-defense and insanity
Summer
Minimum-Security Prison
Boot Camp

48. Truth in Sentencing
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Shock Probation
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

49. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Intermediate Sanctions
Pennsylvania System
Summer

50. Women Imprisoned
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Young - male - minority - poor
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction