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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Minimum-Security Prison
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

2. What are characteristics of inmates
Young - male - minority - poor
Recoupment
Forfeiture
Higher

3. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Day Fees

4. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Obstacle course
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

5. A condition of probation in which the offender repays society or the victim of crime for the trouble the offender caused.
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Restitution
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

6. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

7. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Restorative Justice
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

8. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Assembly line
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others

9. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
The U.S. Marshall
A fixed term of incarceration
Property crimes

10. Competent Standard

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11. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Pennsylvania System
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Marriage
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

12. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Test for one's competents to stand trial
90%
Anger Managment
16

13. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Obstacle course
New York (Auburn) System

14. Right to compulsory process
Social agent
Defense Attorney
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Restitution

15. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Young - male - minority - poor
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Total Instutution
7 Million Americans

16. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Went down steadily
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Young - male - minority - poor
Diversion

17. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Forfeiture
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

18. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Social agent
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Probation Rules

19. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

20. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Community Treatment
Substantive Rights
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

21. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Work Release
Sentence served simultaneously
The U.S. Marshall
Marriage

22. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

23. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
The procedural criminal law
New York (Auburn) System
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Higher

24. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Community Service Restitution

25. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
90%
A fixed term of incarceration
About 10 felony arrests per month

26. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Public Defender
Intake
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Increasing

27. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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28. Right to be competent at trail

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29. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
A fixed term of incarceration
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
The U.S. Marshall
About 10 felony arrests per month

30. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Recoupment
A crime that is considered especially immoral

31. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
nolle prosequi
Sentence served one after another
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent

32. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
7 Million Americans
Grand Jury
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
90%

33. Capital Punishment
18
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

34. Women Imprisoned
Sentence served simultaneously
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Minimum-Security Prison
A fixed term of incarceration

35. Right to an impartial judge
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Highway Patrol
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

36. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Established customs and traditions
Society expects them to be criminals

37. Evidentiary Standard
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
A crime that is considered especially immoral
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

38. Models of sentencing
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
The procedural criminal law
Fine

39. Status Offenders
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Established customs and traditions
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Public Defender

40. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Intermediate Sanctions
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Maximum-Security
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

41. Jury Selection

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42. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Anger Managment
Make-believe family
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Minimum-Security Prison

43. Probation failure correlates to...
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Young - male - minority - poor
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

44. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Community Service Restitution
Maximum-Security
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Private attorneys

45. Problem of Re-entry
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Went down steadily
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

46. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Anger Managment
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Fine

47. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Halfway House
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
The U.S. Marshall
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

48. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Diversion
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

49. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Were considered highly educated in their time period
House Arrest
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

50. Challenged for cause
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Fine
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Recoupment