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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Trial by a judge without jury
Probation Rules
Penitentiary House

2. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Defense Attorney
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

3. Factors that Influence Sentencing
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
A crime that is considered especially immoral

4. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intermediate Sanctions
Restorative Justice
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
The FBI

5. Status Offenders
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Community Service Restitution
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

6. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
90%
The procedural criminal law
The place and its charecteristics
Parole

7. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Penitentiary House
Day Fees
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
The FBI

8. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
Trial by a judge without jury
90%
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Social agent

9. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

10. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

11. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Diversion
Private attorneys

12. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Restitution

13. Judicial Waiver
Intermediate Sanctions
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Intake

14. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Boot Camp
Shock Incarceration
Grand Jury
The place and its charecteristics

15. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Subpoena
Shock Probation
Maximum-Security
18

16. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Should treat people of different classes equitably

17. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Public Defender
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
90%

18. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
nolle prosequi
Furlough
Parole
Day Fees

19. Right to confront witnesses
Shock Incarceration
Higher
Trial by a judge without jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

20. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Established customs and traditions
Community Treatment
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Diversion

21. Right to speedy trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

22. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Parole
Boot Camp

23. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
A crime that is considered especially immoral
The place and its charecteristics
Intermediate Sanctions
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

24. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Super Maximum-Security Prison
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Property crimes
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

25. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
1.4 million
Community Treatment
Sentence served simultaneously
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

26. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Boot Camp
Forfeiture

27. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
The FBI
Recoupment
Defense Attorney
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

28. Consecutive sentence
Anger Managment
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Sentence served one after another
Obstacle course

29. Indeterminate Sentencing
Higher
New York (Auburn) System
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

30. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Subpoena
18

31. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
7 Million Americans
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

32. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
90%
Defense Attorney
Higher
Established customs and traditions

33. Right to an impartial jury
Work Release
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The procedural criminal law
The U.S. Marshall

34. Truth in Sentencing
Marriage
Public Defender
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

35. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Intake
Substantive Rights
Self-incrimination
Day Fees

36. Bench Trial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Trial by a judge without jury
A fixed term of incarceration
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

37. Capital Punishment
Intake
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
1.4 million
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

38. Verdict
Indigent Defendant
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

39. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
Substantive Rights
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

40. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
16
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Increasing

41. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
18
Prison
Went down steadily

42. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Social agent
Assembly line
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Society expects them to be criminals

43. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Halfway House
Super Maximum-Security Prison
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

44. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

45. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Grand Jury
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
nolle prosequi

46. Problems of Parole
Restorative Justice
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
7 Million Americans
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

47. Jury Selection

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48. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
New York (Auburn) System
Private attorneys

49. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
About 10 felony arrests per month
Subpoena

50. Peremptory Challenge
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
$200 billion
Defense Attorney
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons