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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Fine
The place and its charecteristics

2. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Subpoena

3. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

4. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Society expects them to be criminals
Restorative Justice
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

5. Good time
The U.S. Marshall
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Work Release
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

6. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Penitentiary House
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

7. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
Halfway House
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

8. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Shock Incarceration
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

9. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Social agent
Community Treatment
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error

10. Motion for a direct verdict
Indigent Defendant
The views of powerful elites in society
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

11. Consecutive sentence
Diversion
The place and its charecteristics
Established customs and traditions
Sentence served one after another

12. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
Increasing
Furlough
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Sentence served one after another

13. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The procedural criminal law
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

14. Problems of Parole
7 Million Americans
Property crimes
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Public Defender

15. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

16. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Penitentiary House
Subpoena
nolle prosequi
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

17. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Shock Probation

18. Jury Selection

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19. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Minimum-Security Prison

20. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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21. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
The local police
Total Instutution
Day Fees
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

22. Concurrent Jursidiction
Indigent Defendant
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Work Release
7 Million Americans

23. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Make-believe family
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

24. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Total Instutution
The local police
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

25. What are characteristics of inmates
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
18
Grand Jury
Young - male - minority - poor

26. Status Offenders
Anger Managment
Community Service Restitution
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

27. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Private attorneys
90%

28. Right to compulsory process
Restorative Justice
Social agent
Higher
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

29. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Maximum-Security
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Jail

30. Peremptory Challenge
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Society expects them to be criminals

31. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
The U.S. Marshall
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Summer
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

32. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
90%
Probation Rules
Parole

33. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Private attorneys
Highway Patrol
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

34. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
Went down steadily
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

35. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Day Fees
Social agent
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

36. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Super Maximum-Security Prison
The FBI
Shock Probation
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

37. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
A fixed term of incarceration
Defense Attorney
Anger Managment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

38. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Revocation
Probation Rules

39. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Shock Incarceration
Probation
Enter a plea

40. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Marriage
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Work Release
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

41. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Self-defense and insanity
Summer
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Increasing

42. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Jail
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

43. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Self-incrimination

44. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

45. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Boot Camp
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

46. The sentence
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Pre-Sentence Investigation
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

47. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Obstacle course
House Arrest

48. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

49. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Self-defense and insanity
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

50. Right to be competent at trail

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