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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
Parole
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

2. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The local police
Fine
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

3. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Young - male - minority - poor
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

4. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Parole
About 10 felony arrests per month
A fixed term of incarceration
Shock Incarceration

5. Status Offenders
Make-believe family
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

6. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Community Service Restitution
Summer
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Social agent

7. What is Duress?
Diversion
90%
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

8. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Assembly line
Jail
Penitentiary House

9. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

10. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Indigent Defendant
The place and its charecteristics
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

11. Right to an impartial jury
Property crimes
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation

12. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
New York (Auburn) System
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Minimum-Security Prison
A crime that is considered especially immoral

13. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Summer
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

14. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Diversion
Society expects them to be criminals
Fine
Obstacle course

15. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Probation
Enter a plea

16. Determinate Sentencing
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
New York (Auburn) System
A fixed term of incarceration

17. Competent Standard

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18. Judicial Waiver
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Revocation

19. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
House Arrest
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Self-incrimination
Recoupment

20. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

21. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Maximum-Security
Property crimes
Were considered highly educated in their time period
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

22. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

23. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Minimum-Security Prison
Intake
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

24. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Forfeiture
Shock Probation
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Marriage

25. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Recoupment
Day Fees
About 10 felony arrests per month

26. Alternative Correctional Institution
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Intermediate Sanctions
Anger Managment

27. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Increasing

28. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
18
Probation Rules
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

29. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Day Fees
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

30. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates

31. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Fine
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

32. Evidentiary Standard
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Substantive Rights
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

33. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
90%
Defense Attorney
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Sentence served one after another

34. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Grand Jury
Fine
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

35. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
The FBI

36. Peremptory Challenge
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Probation Rules
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Intake

37. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
The U.S. Marshall
$200 billion
Day Fees
Should treat people of different classes equitably

38. NCVS crime statistics are likely to be better then the UCR crimes statistics in...
Defense Attorney
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

39. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Self-incrimination
Revocation
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Marriage

40. Miranda Rights...
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
16
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

41. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Intake
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

42. Indeterminate Sentencing
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
About 10 felony arrests per month
The U.S. Marshall
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

43. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Revocation
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Private attorneys

44. Right to compulsory process
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Probation Rules

45. Challenged for cause
Intermediate Sanctions
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Property crimes

46. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Fine
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Substantive Rights

47. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Subpoena
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

48. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Marriage
Probation
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

49. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Increasing
Whether the person intentionally committed the act

50. What are characteristics of inmates
Sentence served simultaneously
Young - male - minority - poor
Work Release
Diversion