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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Good time
A fixed term of incarceration
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

2. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Grand Jury
The FBI
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

3. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
The place and its charecteristics
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults

4. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Established customs and traditions
Probation Rules
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

5. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Young - male - minority - poor
Jail
Self-incrimination

6. Problem of Re-entry
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
16
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

7. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Indigent Defendant
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The views of powerful elites in society

8. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Shock Incarceration
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

9. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
About 10 felony arrests per month
Public Defender
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Society expects them to be criminals

10. Determinate Sentencing
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
A fixed term of incarceration
Fine
Young - male - minority - poor

11. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Social agent
About 10 felony arrests per month
16

12. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Indigent Defendant
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

13. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Shock Incarceration

14. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
The views of powerful elites in society
Restorative Justice
Defense Attorney
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment

15. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Substantive Rights
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Probation

16. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
Maximum-Security
1.4 million
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

17. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Substantive Rights

18. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Self-incrimination
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Restorative Justice
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

19. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Private attorneys

20. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Public Defender
Pennsylvania System
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

21. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
The local police
Summer
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Public Defender

22. Delinquents
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Penitentiary House
Forfeiture
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

23. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Enter a plea
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Indigent Defendant

24. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Self-defense and insanity
The U.S. Marshall
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

25. Status Offenders
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Probation Rules
Young - male - minority - poor

26. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
nolle prosequi
Make-believe family
Anger Managment
Halfway House

27. The use of an alternative to trial - such as referral to treament or employment programs.
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Diversion

28. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Private attorneys
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The views of powerful elites in society

29. A correctional policy that allow inates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training - for employment - or to maintain famly ties.
About 10 felony arrests per month
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Furlough

30. Levying a money payment on offenders to compensate society for their misdeeds
The views of powerful elites in society
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Assembly line
Fine

31. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Prison

32. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Society expects them to be criminals
Revocation
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

33. Right to an impartial judge
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
nolle prosequi
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

34. Truth in Sentencing
Community Treatment
Diversion
$200 billion
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

35. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Day Fees
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

36. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
The local police
Public Defender
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Recoupment

37. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
nolle prosequi
Recoupment
18
Work Release

38. Consecutive sentence
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Sentence served one after another

39. Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
The local police
The place and its charecteristics
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

40. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Total Instutution
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Diversion

41. Right to public trial
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Higher
Recoupment

42. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Enter a plea
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Property crimes

43. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Minimum-Security Prison
Established customs and traditions
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

44. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

45. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Prison
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Higher

46. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Community Treatment
Assembly line
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

47. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Restorative Justice
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
The views of powerful elites in society

48. Right to compulsory process
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Public Defender
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

49. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Restitution
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

50. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Diversion
Self-defense and insanity
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards