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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Parole
Intake
Shock Incarceration
Recoupment

2. Peremptory Challenge
Intake
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Diversion
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

3. Factors that Influence Sentencing
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
The place and its charecteristics

4. Concurrent Sentence
Maximum-Security
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Sentence served simultaneously

5. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Subpoena
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Diversion
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

6. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Defense Attorney
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

7. Trial Process
Prison
House Arrest
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Recoupment

8. Goals of Punishment
Self-incrimination
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
The local police
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution

9. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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10. The substantive criminal law...
Probation
Went down steadily
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments

11. What do police officers spend most of their time on patrol doing?
1.4 million
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
Maximum-Security
Sentence served one after another

12. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

13. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
The procedural criminal law
New York (Auburn) System
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Parole

14. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Shock Incarceration
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

15. Probation failure correlates to...
Self-defense and insanity
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
House Arrest

16. Are tv camara's aloud in federal court?
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
The FBI
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver

17. Right to compulsory process
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

18. A regimented - dehumanizing institution such as a prison in which like-situated people are kept in social isolation - cut off from the world at large.
Work Release
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Indigent Defendant
Total Instutution

19. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
18
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial

20. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The U.S. Marshall
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

21. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Intermediate Sanctions
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Subpoena
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

22. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Diversion

23. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
$200 billion
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
1.4 million

24. Mens reas is important in determining if a person can be held criminally responsible and refers specifically to...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
The procedural criminal law

25. Right to be competent at trail

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26. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Self-incrimination
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

27. Which is more common - violent crimes or property crimes?
Increasing
Property crimes
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history

28. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Shock Probation
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

29. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intermediate Sanctions
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

30. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
The procedural criminal law
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Halfway House
90%

31. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Enter a plea
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self

32. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Work Release

33. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Restorative Justice
Increasing
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

34. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Highway Patrol
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
The U.S. Marshall

35. Right to public trial
Substantive Rights
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

36. Three Strikes Law
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

37. Duties of probation officers
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Grand Jury
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

38. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Public Defender
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

39. What are characteristics of inmates
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Young - male - minority - poor
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Is favorable because it increases efficiency

40. Mandatory Sentence
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Went down steadily
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

41. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Indigent Defendant
Minimum-Security Prison
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

42. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

43. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
The views of powerful elites in society
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Prison

44. Judicial Waiver
The place and its charecteristics
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Diversion

45. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Community Service Restitution

46. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Restorative Justice
Higher
Make-believe family

47. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Private attorneys
Marriage
Higher

48. Delinquents
About 10 felony arrests per month
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Intake
Restorative Justice

49. Right to confront witnesses
Self-incrimination
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.

50. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Probation Rules
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
House Arrest
Parole