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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
18
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Halfway House
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

2. Bench Trial
Fine
Trial by a judge without jury
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Probation Rules

3. Problems of Parole
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Revocation
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits

4. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
7 Million Americans
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Property crimes
Intake

5. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Probation
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)

6. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Probation
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

7. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
Grand Jury
The place and its charecteristics
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Jail

8. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Should treat people of different classes equitably

9. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Social agent
Established customs and traditions

10. Concurrent Jursidiction
Young - male - minority - poor
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

11. Capital Punishment
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Community Service Restitution
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

12. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Probation Rules

13. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Total Instutution
Super Maximum-Security Prison
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present

14. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Social agent
Private attorneys

15. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Summer
Public Defender
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

16. Good time
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Maximum-Security
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
The views of powerful elites in society

17. Right to counsel
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
The place and its charecteristics
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

18. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Forfeiture
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

19. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Work Release
Established customs and traditions
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense

20. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Day Fees
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

21. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Recoupment
Parole

22. Evidentiary Standard
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Higher
Intermediate Sanctions
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

23. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Pennsylvania System

24. Duties of probation officers
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Subpoena
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

25. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Intake
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
The U.S. Marshall

26. The newest form of a maximum-security prison that uses high-level securtity mesasure to incapacitate the nation's most dangerous criminals. Most inmates are in lockdown 23 hours per day.
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Substantive Rights
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

27. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Fine
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Test for one's competents to stand trial

28. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Minimum-Security Prison
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Shock Incarceration

29. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Pennsylvania System
Should be whether the defendent has sufficient present ability to consult with defendents lawyers and defend one's self
Substantive Rights

30. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Revocation
Prison
Increasing
Work Release

31. A program requiring probationers to pay in part for the costs of their treatment.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Day Fees
About 10 felony arrests per month

32. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Make-believe family
Indigent Defendant
Property crimes

33. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Public Defender
nolle prosequi
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

34. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Selected random from tax records - Driver's Liscence records and voter registration
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)

35. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Assembly line
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Make-believe family

36. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
Fine
Trial by a judge without jury
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Assembly line

37. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Self-defense and insanity
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Marriage

38. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Day Fees
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Self-incrimination

39. What is the common criteria for juveniles to be diverted to community programs?
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Grand Jury
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture

40. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Intake
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

41. What is General Deterrence?
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

42. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
About 10 felony arrests per month
Self-incrimination
Community Service Restitution

43. The majority of criminal cases in the U.S are investigated by...
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Substantive Rights
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
The local police

44. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Obstacle course

45. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Obstacle course
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Total Instutution
Shock Probation

46. Who has a better record of defending clients; private or public attorneys?
Minimum-Security Prison
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Private attorneys
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

47. An argument in favor of the O.J. trial is likely to point to the fact that...
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
The U.S. Marshall
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

48. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Furlough

49. A community-based correctional facility that houses inmates before their outright released so that they can become gradually acclimatd to conventional society.
Self-defense and insanity
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Halfway House
Private attorneys

50. Is female involvement in violent crime increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
Assembly line
Marriage
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.