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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Restitution
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
New York (Auburn) System
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

2. Right to an impartial jury
Maximum-Security
The views of powerful elites in society
Restorative Justice
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit

3. The federal agency responsible for the witness protection program and fugitive investigations is...
Parole
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
The U.S. Marshall
Defense Attorney

4. Right to compulsory process
The procedural criminal law
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

5. In the common law - a crime that is considered mala in se is...
Private attorneys
Went down steadily
Community Treatment
A crime that is considered especially immoral

6. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

7. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
The U.S. Marshall
Anger Managment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

8. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Society expects them to be criminals
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
7 Million Americans

9. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
A crime that is considered especially immoral
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree

10. A state of federal correctional institution for incarceration of felony offenders for term of one year or more.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Prison
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Subpoena

11. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Intake
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

12. In female prisons - substitute family groups with a faux father - mother and siblings.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Recoupment
Make-believe family
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court

13. An alternative sanction that requires an offender to work in the community at such task as cleaning public parks or working with disabled children in lieu of an incarceration sentence.
Community Service Restitution
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

14. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
Work Release
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Society expects them to be criminals
Sentence served simultaneously

15. Right to an impartial judge
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Intake
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

16. Why are investigations of police misconduct tricky?
Pre-Sentence Investigation
About 10 felony arrests per month
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.

17. The 5th amendment protects citizens from...
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons
Self-incrimination
A crime that is considered especially immoral
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

18. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Enter a plea
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Subpoena

19. A sentence in which offenders serve a short prison term before they begin probation - to impress them with the pain of imprisonment.
Shock Probation
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
90%
Grand Jury

20. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

21. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Revocation
Young - male - minority - poor
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Intake

22. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Intermediate Sanctions
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction

23. Jury Selection

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24. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Community Treatment
Minimum-Security Prison
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Sentence served simultaneously

25. Competent Standard

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26. Women Imprisoned
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Indigent Defendant
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence

27. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Jail
$200 billion
Self-defense and insanity

28. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Highway Patrol
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Forfeiture
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.

29. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

30. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Social agent
Trial by a judge without jury
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Boot Camp

31. The initial reaction in prison is usually...
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
The local police
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

32. An example of the criminal defense of justifaction is...
Highway Patrol
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Self-defense and insanity

33. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
About 10 felony arrests per month
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

34. Stare decisis refers to the concept that legal decisions should be based on...
Established customs and traditions
Highway Patrol
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
A fixed term of incarceration

35. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Intake
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Probation

36. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Defense Attorney
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public

37. The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorites.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Self-defense and insanity
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Parole

38. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Subpoena
Sentence served one after another

39. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
Restorative Justice
Probation
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest

40. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Diversion
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

41. Prison Rape/Sexual Coercion
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Forfeiture
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

42. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects

43. Broken window policing is a strategy in which police officer...
Defense Attorney
Intake
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
Should treat people of different classes equitably

44. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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45. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Boot Camp
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Substantive Rights
Shock Probation

46. Delinquents
Community Service Restitution
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

47. The decision by a prosecuttor to drop a case after a complaint has been made because of - for examples - insufficatient edvidence.
Forfeiture
nolle prosequi
Should treat people of different classes equitably
$200 billion

48. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Social agent
Summer
Super Maximum-Security Prison
7 Million Americans

49. Judicial Waiver
Fine
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Sentence served one after another
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

50. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Sentence served one after another
Higher
Should treat people of different classes equitably
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present