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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
7 Million Americans
Assembly line
Indigent Defendant

2. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Service Restitution
Community Treatment
1.4 million
A fixed term of incarceration

3. Motion for a direct verdict
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
Obstacle course
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Self-incrimination

4. Competent Standard

5. Alternative Correctional Institution
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Probation Rules
Boot Camp
1. prison farms and camps; 2. Shock Incarations; 3. Community correctional facilities; 4. Private prisons

6. The group of punishment falling between probation and prison. Community-based sanction - including house arrest and intensive supervision - serve as alternatives to incarceration.
Intermediate Sanctions
Restorative Justice
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

7. Process by which the state later recovers some or all of the cost of providing free legal counsel to an indigent defendant.
Recoupment
Summer
Self-incrimination
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

8. What is one problem with eye-witnesses?
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate

9. Mandatory Sentence
Self-defense and insanity
Loyalty is a critical component of the police subculture
Statutory requirement - limits judges power
A crime that is considered especially immoral

10. In colonial America - the county sheriff's job included...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
New York (Auburn) System

11. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
About 10 felony arrests per month
Assembly line
Trial by a judge without jury

12. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Young - male - minority - poor
Boot Camp

13. The policing style associated with police officers belief that it is his duty to be a first line responder to various problems in the community is...
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Social agent
1.4 million
Parole

14. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Intermediate Sanctions
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

15. Indeterminate Sentencing
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
An example of the criminal defense of Justification

16. The officers of the London Metropolitan Police...
Anger Managment
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Shock Probation

17. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Substantive Rights
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

18. Evidentiary Standard
The FBI
Pre-Sentence Investigation
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Self-incrimination

19. From 1995 to 2005 - the crime rate in the U.S...
Went down steadily
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Work Release

20. According to Packer's due process model of criminal justice - plea bargaining...
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas

21. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
Increasing
Total Instutution
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
7 Million Americans

22. Delinquents
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
Grand Jury
Assembly line
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles

23. Right to compulsory process
Work Release
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
Grand Jury
A fixed term of incarceration

24. Problem of Re-entry
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Grand Jury
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury

25. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
1.4 million
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

26. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
90%
The local police
Increasing
Public Defender

27. According to the stop and frisk rule - established by the Terry vs Ohio case a police officer may stop and frisk a person...
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

28. The investigation of the murder of a postal worker would fall within the jurisdiction of...
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
The FBI
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

29. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Went down steadily
Anger Managment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

30. Right to public trial
Enter a plea
It has been long routine in penal instutitions; there are 123 rape victims per 1000 inmates. According to inmates prison staff commit more crimes then other inmates
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Super Maximum-Security Prison

31. Legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case - representing to final appeal.
Pennsylvania System
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
1. determinate; 2. mandatory; 3. interminate
Defense Attorney

32. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
1. General Deterrence; 2. Specific Deterrence; 3. Incapaition; 4. Rehab; 5. Restitution
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
A fixed term of incarceration

33. Capital Punishment
Fine
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Young - male - minority - poor
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

34. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification
Minimum-Security Prison
Society expects them to be criminals
Community Service Restitution

35. Statutory Jurisdiction
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
The place and its charecteristics
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

36. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
Jail
1.4 million
Committed an act in violation of the penal code

37. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
The place and its charecteristics
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests

38. Common concerns with the privatization of policing includes...
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Accountability of private police to legal standards of policing and equity in treatment of rich and poor areas
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
nolle prosequi

39. A prison system - developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteeth centry - based on total isolation and individual pentence.
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Pennsylvania System
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

40. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
Sentence served one after another
House Arrest

41. The substantive criminal law...
Maximum-Security
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
7 Million Americans
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

42. Challenged for cause
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Shock Probation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

43. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
29 states automatically exclude some offenses from juvenile court (EX. Rape/Murder)
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court

44. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Revocation
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested

45. The average officers makes how many felony arrests per month?
About 10 felony arrests per month
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Furlough
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem

46. How confidential are juvenile records kept?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Intermediate Sanctions

47. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Make-believe family
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Shock Incarceration

48. A correctional institution for those convicted of major crimes
Penitentiary House
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Work Release
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

49. Right to confront witnesses
Restitution
Total Instutution
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment.
Went down steadily

50. The process in which a probation officer settles cases at the initial appearance before the onset of formal criminal proceeding.
Diversion
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
Intake