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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. A view of criminal justice that focuses on crime as an act against the community rather than the state
Highway Patrol
Young - male - minority - poor
Work Release
Restorative Justice

2. Challenged for cause
Established customs and traditions
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Grand Jury

3. According to Cohen's sub-culture or cultural deviance theory - gang values...
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Total Instutution
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

4. Women Imprisoned
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Probation Rules
Make-believe family
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

5. A prison treatment program that allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community and return to prison at night.
Work Release
18
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Probation Rules

6. An example of the criminal defense of EXCUSE is...
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile

7. Right to an impartial jury
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
The views of powerful elites in society

8. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Society expects them to be criminals
Marriage
Private attorneys
Self-incrimination

9. Indeterminate Sentencing
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
A fixed term of incarceration
Boot Camp
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

10. Judicial Waiver
Revocation
Self-incrimination
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room

11. An administrative act performed by a parole authority that remove a person from parole -or a judicial orded by a court removing a person from parole or probation - in response to a violation on the part of the parolee.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Jail
Revocation
Penitentiary House

12. What are the Defendants Legal Rights at Trial?
18
Defines what is criminal behavior and appropriate punishments
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
The views of powerful elites in society

13. What was significant about the Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899?
Counting the number of rapes in the U.S.
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
nolle prosequi

14. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
House Arrest
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Day Fees
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

15. Programs designed to help people who have become dependent on anger as a primary means of expressing themselves and those who inappropriately use anger or the threat of violence as a means to get their way.
Established that juveniles should be rehabilitated not punished and that children should not be treated as adults
Society expects them to be criminals
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Anger Managment

16. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Highway Patrol
Grand Jury
Revocation
Collecting taxes and supervising elections

17. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
Anger Managment
Were considered highly educated in their time period
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Social agent

18. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
A fixed term of incarceration
Penitentiary House
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

19. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Society expects them to be criminals
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Boot Camp

20. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
The procedural criminal law
90%
Boot Camp
Sentence served simultaneously

21. According to the Supreme Court - the following activities would not violate individual protections against illegal seasrch and seizure...
Intermediate Sanctions
Indigent Defendant
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

22. Argument against the Death Penalty
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive
Property crimes
7 Million Americans
Higher

23. Bench Trial
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Trial by a judge without jury
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

24. What are characteristics of inmates
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
Young - male - minority - poor
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

25. Concurrent Sentence
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Probation
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Sentence served simultaneously

26. Truth in Sentencing
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Grand Jury
Cruel and Unusual Punishment

27. According to choice theories of crime (classical school) - humans are'
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Super Maximum-Security Prison
Lengthy prison term for 3rd felony offense even if it is a minor offense
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic

28. Right to be competent at trail

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29. A short term militaristic correctional facility in which inmates undergo intensive physical conditioning and discipline.
Grand Jury
Established customs and traditions
Boot Camp
Were considered highly educated in their time period

30. Are Jury trial common in the U.S.?
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
The views of powerful elites in society
Miranda Waivers are particularly relevent to juveniles
Forfeiture

31. Right to compulsory process
Self-incrimination
Parole
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

32. According to Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory - crime rates in a geographic area can be explained by...
The place and its charecteristics
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

33. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
1. Impartial Judge; 2. Competent to Stand Trial; 3. Confront Witnesses; 4. Compulsory Process; 5. Impartial Jury; 6. Counsul; 7. Speedy Trial; 8. Public Trial
Shock Incarceration
Revocation
Probation

34. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards

35. Sir Robert Peel believed that police officers should...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Intermediate Sanctions
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order

36. A short prison sentence served in boot camp-type facilities
45 states have provisions that allow judges to transer cases to the adult court room
Shock Incarceration
16
18

37. Packer describes the crime models criminal justice system operating like an...
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Assembly line
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

38. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Restorative Justice
Commonly classified as Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) or Children in Need of Supervision (CHINS)
Public Defender

39. A person can challenge a guilty plea by...
Jail
Insanity - battared woman syndrome - status as a juvenile
Claiming he/she did not have effective counsul - claiming the plea was not made voluntarily and claiming that the prosecuter did not keep his/her promises made in the agreement
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community

40. The peak age for invovlment in violent crimes in the U.S. is...
Enter a plea
The place and its charecteristics
18
Jail

41. The Conflict View of criminal definitions assumes that criminal law expresses...
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
The views of powerful elites in society
18
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

42. Evidentiary Standard
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors

43. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
Make-believe family
Maximum-Security
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values

44. Packer describes the due process model of the criminal justice system operating like an...
Halfway House
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
Obstacle course
The local police

45. Right to an impartial judge
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest
$200 billion
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood

46. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Jail
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
1.4 million
Were considered highly educated in their time period

47. According to social reaction/labeling theory - some young people become criminals because...
1.4 million
There were too many police errors to trust the police evidence
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
Society expects them to be criminals

48. Factors that Influence Sentencing
Diversion
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts

49. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
New York (Auburn) System
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1. Investigate; 2. Intake; 3. Diagnosis; 4. Supervision; Risk Classification

50. The peak age for involvement in property crimes in the U.S is...
Restitution
90%
Jail
16