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Criminal Justice

Subject : law

Instructions:

Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. About how many Americans are under some form of correctional supervision?
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Targets low level quality of life crimes to eliminate disorder in the community
7 Million Americans
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

2. What are considered problems with UCR statistics?
Grand Jury
Unreported crimes - police corruption - police errors
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
The search of abandoned property - the search of an open field - the fly-over search of property

3. What percentage of police departments require officers to have a college degree?
Self-defense and insanity
About 20% and most police departments require at least an associates degree
Self-incrimination
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors

4. The Supreme Court descison on NO EXCEPTIONS said that...
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Sentence served simultaneously
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial
Pennsylvania System

5. The least secure institution that houses white-colar and nonviolent offenders - maintains few security measures - and has liberal furlough and visitation policies.
Social agent
18
Minimum-Security Prison
Halfway House

6. Problem of Re-entry
Indigent Defendant
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
1.4 million

7. What time of year are crime rates in the U.S. the highest?
1. Large numbers of re-entering inmates; 2. Legal prohibition on kinds of employment; 3. Limits on obtaining licenses; 4. Restriction on freedom of movment
Responding to calls of service not chasing down criminals or making arrests
16
Summer

8. A prison system - developed in New York during the nineteenth centry - based on congregate work during the day and seperaton at night.
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
The views of powerful elites in society
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
New York (Auburn) System

9. The PRIMARY work of state law enforcement agencies involve...
Pennsylvania System
Most are in minimum security and are less violent
Highway Patrol
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more

10. Mandatory Sentence
The views of powerful elites in society
Parole
Penitentiary House
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

11. A place to detain people awaiting trial - to serve as a lockup for drunks and disorderly individuals - and to confine convicted misdemeanants serving sentences of less then ten
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
Jail

12. Right to counsel
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Went down steadily
Most are in minimum security and are less violent

13. Concurrent Jursidiction
Marriage
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
A crime that is considered especially immoral
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide

14. Probation failure correlates to...
Went down steadily
Young males - unemployed or low income - prior criminal record or history
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Prison

15. Are arrest rates of drug-related crime higher or lower then they were in the 1970's?
Guaranteed by the 6th amendment defendent may choose to waive the right to cousel and self-represent
Higher
Property crimes
The views of powerful elites in society

16. Argument against the Death Penalty
Shock Incarceration
Increasing
Can earn 10 to 15 days per month and sentence reduction
1. Probability of error; 2. Unfair use of discretion; 3. Misplaced vengeance; 4. Weak public support; 5. Little deterrent effect; 6. Race/Gender biases; 7. Brutal; 8. Expensive

17. According to Freud's psychological theory - deviant behavior is the result of...
Should treat people of different classes equitably
Unresolved personality conflicts in early childhood
Minimum-Security Prison
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests

18. An investigation performed by a probation officer attached to a trial court after the conviction of a defendent.
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Pre-Sentence Investigation

19. What is the criteria to determine whether someone is entitled to jury trial?
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Summer
If the punishment is 6 months in prisonment or more
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

20. A defendent who lacks the funds to hire a private attorney and is therefore entitled to free counsel.
Indigent Defendant
They frequently mistake the indentity of suspects
New York (Auburn) System
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

21. What is Duress?
An example of the criminal defense of Justification
Self-defense and insanity
1. First time offender; 2. Non-violent or status offender; 3. Alcahol or drug problem
Substantive Rights

22. Physical punishment or punishment that is far in excess of that given to people under similar circumstances and is therefore banned by the eighth amendment. The death penalty has so far not been considered cruel and unusual if it is administered in f
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
7 Million Americans
Community Treatment

23. Indeterminate Sentencing
Substantive Rights
Day Fees
Restorative Justice
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment

24. An attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defenders who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer.
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
Public Defender
Total Instutution
Statutory requirement - limits judges power

25. Evidentiary Standard
Is favorable because it increases efficiency
Depression and loneliness are common and inmates must learn coping behaviors
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Revocation

26. Problems of Parole
1. personal deficits; 2. social deficit; 3. Economic deficits; 4. Marriage and family deficits
Assembly line
Self-defense and insanity
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal

27. About how much does the U.S. spend on the criminal justice system every year?
$200 billion
Pre-Sentence Investigation
Recoupment
Trial by a judge without jury

28. According to Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of crime - a developmental theory - the following points are associated with reduced recidivism...
Fine
Subpoena
Marriage
If the officer supects that the person carrying weapons

29. What are the three systems to transfer juveniles to adult court?
1. Concurrent Jurisdiction; 2. Statutory Jurisdiction; 3. Judicial Waiver
The accused must be brought to trial within 100 days of being arrested
Property crimes
Recoupment

30. How many percent of criminal defendents are considered indigent?
15 states allow the prosecutor to decide
Test for one's competents to stand trial
90%
1. guilty; 2. not guilty; 3. hung jury

31. A group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial.
Grand Jury
Rational - self- intersted and hedonistic
Juvenile records are confidential; in recent years states have passed statutes to allow for records to be accessed by court order
Self-incrimination

32. A form of intermediate sanction that requires that the convicted offender spend a designated amount of time per week in his or her own home-such as from 6:00 P.M. Friday until 8:00 A.M.
Minimum-Security Prison
Grand Jury
House Arrest
Work Release

33. About how many people are in prisons in the US?
Most widely used type of sentence - goal is to indivdualize punishment
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
1.4 million
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

34. Some of the policing reforms that August Vollmer proposed include...
Summer
No - jury trials are NOT very common in the U.S.
Police training - fingerprinting - and polygraph tests
Probation

35. Arguments for the Death Penalty

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36. Truth in Sentencing
Inmate must serve at least 85% of sentence imposed by court
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Tend to be in opposition to mainstream cultural values
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime

37. A sentence entailing the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community under the supervision of the court
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail
Probation
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
The right to compel witnesses via subpoena

38. In order for a case to be heard by the Supreme Court...
Committed an act in violation of the penal code
At least four justices have to agree that it should be heard by the Supreme Court and a writ of certiorari must be filed with the Supreme Court
Society expects them to be criminals
1. Severity of offense; 2. Prior criminal record; 3. Use of violence; 4. Use of weapons; 5. Motivation (money)

39. The 4th Amendment protects citizens from what?
If juror might be biased; if juror has knowledge of case; if unable to be impartial
Televised coverage is not permitted in federal courts
Illegally obtained confessions - cruel and unusual punishment and an impartial jury
Parole

40. According to Beccaria - the three criteria required for deterrence to work ainclude...
Defense Attorney
The procedural criminal law
Certainty of punishment - swiftness of punishment - punishment that is proportional to the severity of the crime
A crime that is considered especially immoral

41. The sentence
Determined by judge -statutory requirements and jury recommendation
Supreme court has established that criminal trials must remain public
When a jury member is challenged for no reason
House Arrest

42. What did the BAIL REFORM ACT of 1984 establish?
1. Jury Selection; 2. Opening Statement; 3. Prosecution Case; 4. Motion for Directed Verdict; 5. Closing Argument; 6. Direction to Jury; 7. Verdict; 8. Sentence; 9. Appeal
For criminal trials - the evidentairy standard is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
A fixed term of incarceration
PRESUMPTION of DETENTION to limit the release of suspects on bail

43. Peremptory Challenge
House Arrest
The U.S. Marshall
Whent he punishment of one offender deters others
When a jury member is challenged for no reason

44. A correctional institution that houses dangerous felons and maintains strict security measure - high walls - and limited contact with the outside world.
$200 billion
The U.S. Marshall
Maximum-Security
Furlough

45. During the araignment phase of the court process - defendants...
Community Service Restitution
Whether the person intentionally committed the act
Enter a plea
Grand Jury

46. A court order requiring a witness to appear in court at a specified time and place.
Subpoena
Pennsylvania System
Boot Camp
All evidence that is obtained illegally must be thrown out from the use at trial

47. Establishes the practices and processes of the criminal law
6 person jury is required by law jury must come to unanminous verdit
Collecting taxes and supervising elections
Fine
The procedural criminal law

48. Conditions or restriction mandated by the court that must be obeyed by a probationer
Probation Rules
Test for one's competents to stand trial
Judge directs jury to acquit the defendant because the prosecution has fail to prove the elements of the crime according to legal standards
nolle prosequi

49. The attempt by correctional agencies to maintain convicted offenders in the community instead of a secure facilty it includes probation - parole and residential programs.
Community Treatment
Defense Attorney
1. Incapactation; 2. Deterrence; 3. Moral 'an eye for an eye'; 4. Proportionality; 5. Public Opinion; 6. Low chance of error
Maximum-Security

50. Civil right that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits and to practice their religion.
Indigent Defendant
The death penalty only applies to first degree murder and only when aggravating circumstances are present
Substantive Rights
Judge should excuse himself or herself in there is a conflict of interest