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Digital Audio

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. More accuracy in low amplitudes and less in higher amplitudes






2. The amount of energy at each wavelength






3. Ratio of magnitude of the analytical signal to the magnitude of the background noise signal






4. More aggressive lossy data reduction techniques that require further manipulation of the stereo field; Examples are 'Intensity' & 'M-S'






5. A situation where a calculated value cannot fit into the number of digits reserved for it






6. Same as 'aliasing'






7. The frequency range that is allowed through a filter






8. Algorithm uses matrix of a mid/side microphone pair to determine a side signal & that signal is reduced then distributed as code in stereo






9. Sony sigma- delta modulation based technology that bypasses the decimation and interpolation steps found in PCM converters






10. Lossless Format; Can hold up to 25GB on a single- layer disc and 50GB on a dual- layer disc






11. The ability of a digital system to perform complex DSP without running into problems with overflow or loss of resolution






12. The more bits allocated during quantization - the more accurate the measurement






13. Sum of all harmonics; Sum of sine and cosine waves which have frequencies f - 2f - 3f - 4f...






14. Most significant lossless coding technique in current use; Measure of disorder in which long strings of data are represented by short symbols and uses the shortest symbols to represent the most common repetitive audio data maximizing data reduction






15. Inner ear component that attaches to the stapes and helps to decrease the amplitude of vibrations; Causes the masking phenomenon






16. 1st commercially successful AoE format for the transmission of digital audio - video - and control signals over 64- channel 100Mbps Ethernet networks






17. Signal that uses variable voltage to create continuous waves resulting in an inexact transmission






18. Snippets of time in which frequency analysis takes place in a perceptual codec






19. Reduces A/D sample rate from the oversampled rate to nominal rate by turning series of one- bit samples into a series of multi- bit PCM samples; (ex. => 2.8MHz sample rate converted to 44.1kHz and simultaneously converts 1-Bit samples to multi- bit);






20. The continuous loss of signal strengths as a signal travels through a medium






21. Mixing data and control characters in a single operation






22. Allowance of noise floor below that which is required for the final product






23. Data reduction technique that does not effect quality of original audio; No effect on original quality; Typically around 50% reduction; Exact reconstruction of digital code for the audio signal






24. Process that begins with a fast FFT analysis of the spectra of two input signals - then the multiplication of like frequencies - and IFFT to finalize the process






25. Data reduction technique that selectively removes original information in order to significantly reduce the file size; Some data is lost; Files can be reduced up to 99% in size (90% with no perceived sound quality loss); Bit rate effects the perceive






26. Unit of measurement that is equal to one billionth of a meter






27. Built into DAWs; Bits are added when signals are mixed together to avoid clipping






28. 'Reconstructing' part of digital audio






29. Allows for an internal sample rate at multiples of the input and output rates; Alleviates the need for steep 'brickwall' filters; Often combined with internal '1- bit' processing; Increases smoothing effect






30. Computer program or device capable of encoding and/or decoding a digital data stream with the end result being a reduced file size






31. Multi-Bit Words; (Pulse Code Modulation)






32. Have odd numbered harmonics






33. Describes various optical disc characteristics including the size and shape of the disc - the size of pits - the speed at which the disc spins - and a multitude of aspects regarding the specifications of the player itself






34. Psychoacoustic model of data reduction used for general audio compression that aims to transmit only features perceptible to the human ear; Useful for mastering streaming media






35. Number or variable that represents the number of times the base of a power is used as a factor; Defines magnitude






36. The difference in volume between the loudest and quietest sounds of a source






37. Six channel (five speakers and one subwoofer for bass) digital surround sound system by Dolby






38. Method of sampling data at a higher resolution (higher sample rate) as a means of reducing harmonic content during D/A conversion; (x2) oversampling gets rid of all odd harmonic content






39. Decibels Full Scale






40. The act of a frequency swinging back and forth with a steady - uninterrupted rhythm






41. Measure of sound pressure over the frequency spectrum - for which a listener perceives a constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones






42. Used when the reference pressure of a sound is 20 microPa (0.00002); Sound Pressure Level; Measure of amplitude






43. Based on psychoacoustics - these are the basis of frequency analysis for a perceptual codec;






44. Series of dots and dashes representing the letters of the alphabet; Most common letters are represented by the shortest dots and dashes; Example of entropy coding






45. Reduces the percieved distortion due to quantization error; Low level white noise source is introduced to make the profile of the quantization 'noise' more irregular; Useful when reducing the number of bits per word in a signal (i.e. when converting






46. Pertaining to hearing or sound; Combination of the intensity of air pressure molecules with amplitude






47. French mathematician that noted that any complex sound can be broken down into a series of component pure tones






48. Eight channel digital surround sound system by Dolby






49. Toshiba developed digital audio interface utilizes fiber optics as a transmission medium.






50. Digital (binary) measurements of how long each pulse is either on or off; Width of increasing voltage or decreasing voltage is assigned a 1 or 0 respectively







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