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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






2. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






3. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






4. Extracellular water + intracellular water






5. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






6. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






7. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






8. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






9. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






10. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






11. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






12. 40 ml/kg/day






13. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






14. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






15. 70% body weight






16. Lateral neck skin






17. Total body water






18. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






19. 40% body weight






20. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






21. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






22. 40% body weight






23. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






24. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






25. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






26. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






27. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






28. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






29. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test






30. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






31. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






32. The loss of intravascular fluid.






33. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






34. 70% body weight






35. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






36. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






37. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






38. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






39. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






40. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






41. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






42. 30% body weight






43. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






44. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






45. Potential for transfusion reactions.






46. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






47. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






48. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






49. Albumin






50. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.







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