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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 40% body weight
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
insensible losses
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
2. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
shock dose for hypertonic saline
3. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
most important colloid in the blood
TBW in adults
adverse effects of canine plasma
4. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
total osmolality
advantages of the IV route of administration
skin elasticity test
signs of hypovolemia
5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
interstitial fluid
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
skin elasticity test
osmolality
6. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
effective osmoles
Vetstarch
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
7. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
normal vascular oncotic pressure
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
8. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
maintenance for a normal adult dog
phases of a fluid therapy plan
ECF in large animal adults
9. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
TBW in adults
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
total body water (TBW)
alkalinizing crystalloids
10. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
advantages of the SC route of administration
ineffective osmole
mucous membrane moistness
properties of isotonic crystalloids
11. 70% body weight
hydroxyethyl starch
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
complications of catheterization
alkalinizing crystalloids
12. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
blood volume in adults
bloodwork changes and dehydration
insensible losses
osmolality
13. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
14. 4% body weight
plasma volume in cats
categorizations of crystalloids
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
extracellular fluid (ECF)
15. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
goal of maintenance fluids
insensible losses
dehydration
16. Interstitial fluid + blood
advantages of the IV route of administration
extracellular fluid (ECF)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
17. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
ECF in large animal adults
law of electroneutrality
normal vascular oncotic pressure
blood volume in adults
18. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
dehydration
shock does for hetastarch
19. 50 m;/kg/day
goals of fluid resuscitation
TBW in adults
maintenance for a normal adult cat
maintenance for a normal adult cow
20. 300 mosm/L
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal osmolality of body fluid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
21. The concentration of effective osmoles.
law of electroneutrality
hypovolemia
tonicity
indications for canine plasma
22. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
types of the fluids used for maintenance
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
interstitial fluid
23. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
24. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
maintenance for a normal adult cat
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
25. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
sodium
complications of the SC route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
indications for canine plasma
26. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
indications for canine plasma
hypertonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
sensible fluid losses
27. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
goals of fluid resuscitation
hypotonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
28. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
29. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
iso-omolality of the body
primary effect of colloids
insensible losses
30. Total body water
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
31. Lower eyelid
advantages of the IO route of administration
goals of fluid resuscitation
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
total body water (TBW)
32. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
effective osmoles
hydroxyethyl starch
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
categorizations of crystalloids
33. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
iso-omolality of the body
34. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
sensible fluid losses
35. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hypovolemia
advantages of the IV route of administration
36. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
canine plasma
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
indications for canine plasma
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
37. 70% body weight
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
complications of the SC route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
38. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
goals of fluid resuscitation
TBW in adults
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
goal of maintenance fluids
39. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
maintenance for a normal adult horse
law of electroneutrality
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
40. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
complications of the SC route of administration
phases of a fluid therapy plan
hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
41. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
bloodwork changes and dehydration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
alkalinizing crystalloids
42. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
acidifying crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
complications of the SC route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
43. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
44. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
shock dose for hypertonic saline
indications for canine plasma
types of the fluids used for maintenance
45. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
maintenance for a normal adult horse
maintenance for a normal adult cat
signs of hypovolemia
46. 60% body weight
osmolality
extracellular fluid (ECF)
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
TBW in adults
47. 20 to 25 mmHG
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
48. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
plasma volume in cats
types of the fluids used for maintenance
maintenance for a normal adult cat
acidifying crystalloids
49. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
advantages of the IO route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
insensible losses
50. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
shock does for hetastarch
goal of maintenance fluids
canine plasma
tonicity