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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






2. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






3. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






4. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






5. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






6. 40% body weight






7. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






8. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






9. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






10. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






11. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






12. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






13. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






14. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






15. The loss of intravascular fluid.






16. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






17. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






18. Potential for transfusion reactions.






19. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






20. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






21. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






22. Changes in body weight over time.






23. 50 m;/kg/day






24. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






25. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






26. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






27. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






28. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






29. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






30. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






31. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






32. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






33. 4% body weight






34. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






35. Extracellular water + intracellular water






36. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






37. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






38. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






39. 6% body weight






40. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






41. 30% body weight






42. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






43. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






44. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






45. The concentration of effective osmoles.






46. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






47. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






48. 8% body weight






49. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






50. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium