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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
anion gap
normal vascular oncotic pressure
goals of fluid resuscitation
2. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
hydroxyethyl starch
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
ECF in large animal adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
3. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
4. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
law of electroneutrality
sodium
skin elasticity test
indications for canine plasma
5. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
typical uses for IO route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
typical uses for IV route of administration
6. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
alkalinizing crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
hypertonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
7. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult dog
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
ICF in large animals
signs of hypovolemia
8. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
edema
effective osmoles
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
9. 40% body weight
bloodwork changes and dehydration
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
properties of isotonic crystalloids
osmolality
10. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
11. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
maintenance for a normal adult cat
total osmolality
hypotonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
12. 40 ml/kg/day
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
maintenance for a normal adult horse
blood volume in adults
13. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
complications of catheterization
hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
14. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hypotonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
maintenance for a normal adult cow
15. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
anion gap
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
advantages of the SC route of administration
16. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
insensible losses
properties of isotonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
17. Urinary -fecal
typical uses for IO route of administration
skin elasticity test
shock does for hetastarch
sensible fluid losses
18. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
phases of a fluid therapy plan
general properties of crystalloids
TBW in adults
plasma volume in adults
19. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
sodium
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
bloodwork changes and dehydration
goals of fluid resuscitation
20. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
anion gap
21. 70% body weight
ICF in large animals
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
canine plasma
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
22. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
anion gap
blood volume in adults
23. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
interstitial fluid
24. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
general properties of crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
potassium
bloodwork changes and dehydration
25. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
phases of a fluid therapy plan
skin elasticity test
26. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
potassium
shock does for hetastarch
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
27. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
phases of a fluid therapy plan
maintenance water requirement
goal of maintenance fluids
typical uses for IV route of administration
28. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
acidifying crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
canine plasma
29. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
complications of the SC route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
most important colloid in the blood
30. 6% body weight
hydration parameters for physical examone
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in cats
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
31. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
primary effect of colloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
32. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
potassium
sensible fluid losses
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
33. 30% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult cow
ECF in large animal adults
ICF in large animals
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
34. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
potassium
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
shock does for hetastarch
35. 5% body weight
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
advantages of the IV route of administration
36. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
indications for canine plasma
skin elasticity test
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
alkalinizing crystalloids
37. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
dehydration
maintenance for a normal adult cow
ECF in small animal adults
general properties of crystalloids
38. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the IO route of administration
39. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
complications of catheterization
insensible losses
bloodwork changes and dehydration
40. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
typical uses for IO route of administration
blood volume in adults
types of the fluids used for maintenance
41. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
shock does for hetastarch
shock dose for hypertonic saline
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
42. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ineffective osmole
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
types of the fluids used for maintenance
43. The concentration of effective osmoles.
tonicity
anion gap
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
44. Changes in body weight over time.
ICF in large animals
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
complications of the SC route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
45. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
hypovolemia
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
46. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
types of the fluids used for maintenance
phases of a fluid therapy plan
47. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
interstitial fluid
canine plasma
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
48. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
skin elasticity test
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
49. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
edema
bloodwork changes and dehydration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
50. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
mucous membrane moistness
iso-omolality of the body
goal of maintenance fluids