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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






2. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






3. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






4. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






5. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






6. 4% body weight






7. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






8. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






9. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






10. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






11. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






12. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






13. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






14. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






15. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






16. Changes in body weight over time.






17. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






18. Urinary -fecal






19. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






20. Potential for transfusion reactions.






21. 30% body weight






22. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






23. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






24. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






25. Lower eyelid






26. 20% body weight






27. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






28. Lateral neck skin






29. The concentration of effective osmoles.






30. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






31. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






32. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






33. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






34. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






35. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






36. 8% body weight






37. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






38. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






39. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






40. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






41. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






42. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






43. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






44. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






45. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






46. Albumin






47. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






48. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






49. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






50. 40 ml/kg/day