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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
typical uses for IV route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
2. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
advantages of the IO route of administration
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
total osmolality
3. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
advantages of the IV route of administration
skin elasticity test
4. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
ECF in small animal adults
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
most important colloid in the blood
law of electroneutrality
5. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
types of the fluids used for maintenance
osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult cat
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
6. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
insensible losses
shock dose for hypertonic saline
types of the fluids used for maintenance
shock does for hetastarch
7. Potential for transfusion reactions.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
adverse effects of canine plasma
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
8. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
9. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
maintenance for a normal adult horse
maintenance water requirement
sensible fluid losses
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
10. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
signs of hypovolemia
hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
goals of fluid resuscitation
11. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
insensible losses
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
advantages of the SC route of administration
12. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
potassium
total osmolality
blood volume in adults
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
13. 30% body weight
ICF in large animals
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
ECF in large animal adults
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
14. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
adverse effects of canine plasma
maintenance water requirement
interstitial fluid
15. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
ECF in small animal adults
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
interstitial fluid
advantages of the IO route of administration
16. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
hypovolemia
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
17. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
insensible losses
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
traditional shock dose
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
18. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
types of the fluids used for maintenance
sodium
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
19. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
bloodwork changes and dehydration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
hydration parameters for physical examone
20. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
effective osmoles
bloodwork changes and dehydration
skin elasticity test
advantages of the IV route of administration
21. 40% body weight
ICF is small animals
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
traditional shock dose
22. Extracellular water + intracellular water
total body water (TBW)
Vetstarch
extracellular fluid (ECF)
traditional shock dose
23. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
mucous membrane moistness
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
total osmolality
signs of hypovolemia
24. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
alkalinizing crystalloids
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
advantages of the SC route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
25. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
anion gap
complications of catheterization
hydroxyethyl starch
skin elasticity test
26. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
dehydration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
27. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
osmolality
ECF in small animal adults
28. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
mucous membrane moistness
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
plasma volume in adults
29. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
anion gap
maintenance for a normal adult cow
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
30. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
signs of hypovolemia
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
31. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ineffective osmole
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
32. Albumin
ICF in large animals
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
most important colloid in the blood
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
33. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
34. Total body water
properties of isotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
plasma volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult dog
35. 8% body weight
normal vascular oncotic pressure
blood volume in adults
canine plasma
interstitial fluid
36. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
goal of maintenance fluids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
total osmolality
37. 60% body weight
types of the fluids used for maintenance
TBW in adults
primary effect of colloids
hypotonic crystalloids
38. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
ECF in small animal adults
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
traditional shock dose
39. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
iso-omolality of the body
40. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
complications of the SC route of administration
goals of fluid resuscitation
edema
hydroxyethyl starch
41. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
Vetstarch
law of electroneutrality
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
plasma volume in adults
42. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
advantages of the IV route of administration
alkalinizing crystalloids
43. 20 to 25 mmHG
properties of isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal vascular oncotic pressure
44. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
general properties of crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
insensible losses
45. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
alkalinizing crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
goals of fluid resuscitation
general properties of crystalloids
46. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
shock does for hetastarch
types of the fluids used for maintenance
goal of maintenance fluids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
47. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
dehydration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
insensible losses
maintenance for a normal adult cat
48. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
blood volume in cats
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
most important colloid in the blood
typical uses for IO route of administration
49. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
primary effect of colloids
sensible fluid losses
ICF is small animals
traditional shock dose
50. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
effective osmoles
shock does for hetastarch
complications of the SC route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cat
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