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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
typical uses for IV route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
2. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
advantages of the IV route of administration
3. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
normal vascular oncotic pressure
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
4. Lateral neck skin
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
skin elasticity test
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
sodium
5. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ICF in large animals
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
6. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
anion gap
hydroxyethyl starch
blood volume in cats
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
7. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
osmolality
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
8. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
general properties of crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
acidifying crystalloids
9. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
insensible losses
iso-omolality of the body
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
phases of a fluid therapy plan
10. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
canine plasma
bloodwork changes and dehydration
11. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
hydration parameters for physical examone
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
ineffective osmole
law of electroneutrality
12. Lower eyelid
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
goals of fluid resuscitation
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
13. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
most important colloid in the blood
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
traditional shock dose
14. 20 to 25 mmHG
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
goals of fluid resuscitation
normal vascular oncotic pressure
extracellular fluid (ECF)
15. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
TBW in adults
hypovolemia
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
16. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
potassium
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
hypotonic crystalloids
17. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
categorizations of crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
18. 50 m;/kg/day
maintenance for a normal adult cow
dehydration
typical uses for IV route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
19. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
hypovolemia
edema
20. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
plasma volume in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
potassium
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
21. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
phases of a fluid therapy plan
dehydration
ECF in large animal adults
22. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
complications of the SC route of administration
total osmolality
hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult cat
23. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ineffective osmole
hydration parameters for physical examone
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
24. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
plasma volume in adults
effective osmoles
goals of fluid resuscitation
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
25. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
adverse effects of canine plasma
bloodwork changes and dehydration
maintenance for a normal adult cat
26. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
Vetstarch
blood volume in cats
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
indications for canine plasma
27. 40% body weight
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
extracellular fluid (ECF)
mucous membrane moistness
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
28. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hypovolemia
hydration parameters for physical examone
29. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
blood volume in adults
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
properties of isotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
30. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
TBW in adults
extracellular fluid (ECF)
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
31. 4% body weight
most important colloid in the blood
plasma volume in cats
total osmolality
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
32. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
complications of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
33. Changes in body weight over time.
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
hypovolemia
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
34. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
35. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
shock dose for hypertonic saline
typical uses for IV route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch
law of electroneutrality
36. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
hypertonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
37. Extracellular water + intracellular water
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
total body water (TBW)
bloodwork changes and dehydration
effective osmoles
38. 5% body weight
complications of catheterization
insensible losses
interstitial fluid
plasma volume in adults
39. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
normal vascular oncotic pressure
bloodwork changes and dehydration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
40. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
dehydration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
plasma volume in cats
41. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
ICF in large animals
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
42. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult horse
types of the fluids used for maintenance
43. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
complications of catheterization
sodium
hydration parameters for physical examone
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
44. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
anion gap
mucous membrane moistness
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
45. Albumin
hydroxyethyl starch
most important colloid in the blood
plasma volume in cats
interstitial fluid
46. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
law of electroneutrality
47. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
typical uses for IV route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
acidifying crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
48. The loss of intravascular fluid.
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
TBW in adults
hypovolemia
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
49. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
tonicity
phases of a fluid therapy plan
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
advantages of the SC route of administration
50. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
ineffective osmole
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