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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
2. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
skin elasticity test
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
ICF is small animals
3. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
4. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
5. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
traditional shock dose
plasma volume in cats
hydration parameters for physical examone
6. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
anion gap
primary effect of colloids
potassium
acidifying crystalloids
7. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult horse
maintenance for a normal adult dog
goals of fluid resuscitation
8. Interstitial fluid + blood
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
maintenance for a normal adult dog
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
extracellular fluid (ECF)
9. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
traditional shock dose
insensible losses
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
10. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
skin elasticity test
goal of maintenance fluids
advantages of the IO route of administration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
11. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the IV route of administration
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
12. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
extracellular fluid (ECF)
maintenance for a normal adult dog
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
most important colloid in the blood
13. 4% body weight
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
maintenance for a normal adult dog
plasma volume in cats
acidifying crystalloids
14. 20% body weight
plasma volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
ECF in small animal adults
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
15. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
normal osmolality of body fluid
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
16. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
total body water (TBW)
general properties of crystalloids
anion gap
hypotonic crystalloids
17. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
interstitial fluid
total osmolality
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
ECF in large animal adults
18. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
law of electroneutrality
indications for canine plasma
iso-omolality of the body
19. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in adults
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
20. Potential for transfusion reactions.
maintenance for a normal adult dog
mucous membrane moistness
adverse effects of canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
21. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
general properties of crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
22. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
goal of maintenance fluids
hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
23. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
tonicity
ineffective osmole
24. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
typical uses for IV route of administration
traditional shock dose
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
25. Lateral neck skin
hydroxyethyl starch
indications for canine plasma
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
insensible losses
26. Sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
Vetstarch
interstitial fluid
blood volume in cats
27. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
traditional shock dose
advantages of the IO route of administration
28. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
hydroxyethyl starch
total osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult cat
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
29. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
iso-omolality of the body
goal of maintenance fluids
primary effect of colloids
effective osmoles
30. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
skin elasticity test
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
31. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
categorizations of crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
mucous membrane moistness
hydroxyethyl starch
32. Urinary -fecal
sensible fluid losses
osmolality
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
signs of hypovolemia
33. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
maintenance water requirement
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the IV route of administration
total body water (TBW)
34. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
tonicity
35. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
tonicity
TBW in adults
types of the fluids used for maintenance
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
36. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
general properties of crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
signs of hypovolemia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
37. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
normal vascular oncotic pressure
law of electroneutrality
plasma volume in adults
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
38. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
insensible losses
ECF in small animal adults
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
39. The concentration of effective osmoles.
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
40. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
traditional shock dose
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
Vetstarch
signs of hypovolemia
41. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
42. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
typical uses for IV route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
blood volume in adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
43. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
44. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult cat
ECF in small animal adults
anion gap
law of electroneutrality
45. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
Vetstarch
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
ECF in small animal adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
46. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
interstitial fluid
traditional shock dose
phases of a fluid therapy plan
47. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
potassium
maintenance for a normal adult horse
bloodwork changes and dehydration
typical uses for IO route of administration
48. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
shock dose for hypertonic saline
49. 30% body weight
dehydration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
ICF in large animals
sodium
50. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
adverse effects of canine plasma
ICF in large animals
general properties of crystalloids
goals of fluid resuscitation
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