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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
maintenance for a normal adult cat
alkalinizing crystalloids
effective osmoles
sodium
2. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
ECF in small animal adults
advantages of the IV route of administration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
3. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
categorizations of crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
bloodwork changes and dehydration
4. 8% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult horse
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
blood volume in adults
shock dose for hypertonic saline
5. 50 m;/kg/day
plasma volume in cats
sodium
phases of a fluid therapy plan
maintenance for a normal adult cow
6. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
osmolality
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
potassium
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
7. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
sodium
maintenance for a normal adult horse
canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
8. 20 to 25 mmHG
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
9. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
blood volume in cats
adverse effects of canine plasma
10. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
iso-omolality of the body
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
11. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ineffective osmole
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
12. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
13. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ICF in large animals
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
edema
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
14. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
goals of fluid resuscitation
alkalinizing crystalloids
sodium
properties of isotonic crystalloids
15. 40% body weight
complications of the SC route of administration
TBW in adults
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
categorizations of crystalloids
16. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
ICF is small animals
osmolality
hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
17. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
shock does for hetastarch
most important colloid in the blood
18. Albumin
blood volume in cats
most important colloid in the blood
ICF is small animals
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
19. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
20. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
total osmolality
hydroxyethyl starch
canine plasma
21. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
adverse effects of canine plasma
22. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
hypovolemia
categorizations of crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
ECF in small animal adults
23. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
interstitial fluid
24. 4% body weight
categorizations of crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
properties of isotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
25. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
categorizations of crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
extracellular fluid (ECF)
dehydration
26. 40 ml/kg/day
dehydration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
most important colloid in the blood
tonicity
27. Changes in body weight over time.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
total body water (TBW)
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
28. 40% body weight
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
ICF is small animals
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
29. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
complications of catheterization
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
insensible losses
30. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
categorizations of crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
acidifying crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
31. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
skin elasticity test
advantages of the IV route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch
edema
32. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hypovolemia
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
maintenance for a normal adult cat
33. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
goal of maintenance fluids
effective osmoles
34. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
hydration parameters for physical examone
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ICF is small animals
35. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
signs of hypovolemia
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
indications for canine plasma
36. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
complications of the SC route of administration
ICF in large animals
insensible losses
sensible fluid losses
37. Potential for transfusion reactions.
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
advantages of the IO route of administration
38. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
ICF in large animals
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
39. Extracellular water + intracellular water
ECF in small animal adults
total body water (TBW)
hypotonic crystalloids
TBW in adults
40. 5% body weight
plasma volume in adults
traditional shock dose
complications of the SC route of administration
effective osmoles
41. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
typical uses for IV route of administration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
osmolality
42. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goals of fluid resuscitation
goal of maintenance fluids
edema
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
43. The concentration of effective osmoles.
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
shock does for hetastarch
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
44. 30% body weight
mucous membrane moistness
primary effect of colloids
ECF in large animal adults
indications for canine plasma
45. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
normal osmolality of body fluid
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
anion gap
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
46. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
iso-omolality of the body
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
47. Urinary -fecal
sensible fluid losses
interstitial fluid
hypotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
48. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
ineffective osmole
goals of fluid resuscitation
indications for canine plasma
advantages of the IO route of administration
49. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
hydroxyethyl starch
primary effect of colloids
50. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
properties of isotonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
hypotonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution