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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
edema
alkalinizing crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
iso-omolality of the body
2. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
ICF is small animals
typical uses for IO route of administration
potassium
ECF in large animal adults
3. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
indications for canine plasma
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
edema
4. Lateral neck skin
primary effect of colloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
plasma volume in cats
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
5. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
phases of a fluid therapy plan
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
plasma volume in cats
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
6. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
ICF in large animals
skin elasticity test
total body water (TBW)
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
7. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
8. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
skin elasticity test
complications of catheterization
Vetstarch
maintenance for a normal adult cat
9. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
phases of a fluid therapy plan
effective osmoles
plasma volume in cats
10. 50 m;/kg/day
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult cow
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
11. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
shock does for hetastarch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
12. 70% body weight
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
indications for canine plasma
13. 30% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
ECF in large animal adults
complications of the SC route of administration
14. Potential for transfusion reactions.
adverse effects of canine plasma
complications of the SC route of administration
typical uses for IO route of administration
maintenance water requirement
15. 70% body weight
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
16. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
types of the fluids used for maintenance
total osmolality
anion gap
ineffective osmole
17. Sodium and associated anions
phases of a fluid therapy plan
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
maintenance for a normal adult dog
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
18. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
bloodwork changes and dehydration
hypertonic crystalloids
19. Urinary -fecal
goals of fluid resuscitation
complications of catheterization
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
sensible fluid losses
20. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
adverse effects of canine plasma
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
ICF is small animals
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
21. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
22. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
advantages of the SC route of administration
typical uses for IO route of administration
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
goals of fluid resuscitation
23. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
maintenance for a normal adult dog
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
24. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
skin elasticity test
ECF in large animal adults
25. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
interstitial fluid
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
26. 20 to 25 mmHG
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
total body water (TBW)
sodium
27. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
law of electroneutrality
ECF in large animal adults
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
28. The concentration of effective osmoles.
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
tonicity
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
extracellular fluid (ECF)
29. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
total body water (TBW)
anion gap
mucous membrane moistness
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
30. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
advantages of the IO route of administration
sodium
anion gap
shock dose for hypertonic saline
31. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
blood volume in adults
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
32. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
ICF in large animals
phases of a fluid therapy plan
osmolality
33. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
signs of hypovolemia
properties of isotonic crystalloids
sodium
34. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
law of electroneutrality
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
typical uses for IV route of administration
traditional shock dose
35. 40 ml/kg/day
properties of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
mucous membrane moistness
36. 8% body weight
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in adults
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
37. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
general properties of crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
38. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
interstitial fluid
adverse effects of canine plasma
effective osmoles
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
39. 20% body weight
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
shock does for hetastarch
ECF in small animal adults
40. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
ineffective osmole
acidifying crystalloids
phases of a fluid therapy plan
categorizations of crystalloids
41. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
typical uses for IV route of administration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
phases of a fluid therapy plan
goal of maintenance fluids
42. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
adverse effects of canine plasma
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
43. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
traditional shock dose
insensible losses
goal of maintenance fluids
44. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
blood volume in cats
ICF is small animals
45. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
indications for canine plasma
mucous membrane moistness
46. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the SC route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult dog
shock dose for hypertonic saline
47. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
plasma volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult dog
48. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
edema
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
49. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult cat
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
signs of hypovolemia
traditional shock dose
50. Extracellular water + intracellular water
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
total body water (TBW)
complications of catheterization
osmolality
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