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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






2. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






3. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






4. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






5. Potential for transfusion reactions.






6. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






7. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






8. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






9. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






10. Lateral neck skin






11. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






12. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






13. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






14. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






15. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






16. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






17. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






18. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






19. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






20. 5% body weight






21. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






22. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






23. Interstitial fluid + blood






24. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






25. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






26. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






27. 30% body weight






28. Sodium and associated anions






29. 50 m;/kg/day






30. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






31. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






32. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






33. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test






34. 70% body weight






35. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






36. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






37. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






38. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






39. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






40. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






41. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






42. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






43. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






44. Changes in body weight over time.






45. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






46. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






47. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






48. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






49. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






50. 20% body weight







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