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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The concentration of effective osmoles.
maintenance for a normal adult cow
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
tonicity
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
2. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
typical uses for IV route of administration
plasma volume in adults
normal vascular oncotic pressure
3. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
properties of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
ICF is small animals
blood volume in adults
4. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
normal osmolality of body fluid
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
blood volume in adults
5. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
advantages of the SC route of administration
ECF in small animal adults
effective osmoles
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
6. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
traditional shock dose
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
7. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
maintenance for a normal adult horse
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
hydroxyethyl starch
8. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
9. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
primary effect of colloids
complications of the SC route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
10. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
typical uses for IO route of administration
interstitial fluid
11. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
typical uses for IV route of administration
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
advantages of the IO route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
12. 60% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
TBW in adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
13. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
hydration parameters for physical examone
edema
total osmolality
advantages of the SC route of administration
14. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
interstitial fluid
acidifying crystalloids
15. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
interstitial fluid
sodium
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
16. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
Vetstarch
ECF in small animal adults
potassium
17. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
total body water (TBW)
edema
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
18. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
shock dose for hypertonic saline
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
typical uses for IO route of administration
19. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
traditional shock dose
typical uses for IO route of administration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
20. 20 to 25 mmHG
typical uses for IO route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
21. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
typical uses for IV route of administration
edema
dehydration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
22. 4% body weight
interstitial fluid
maintenance for a normal adult horse
plasma volume in cats
primary effect of colloids
23. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
hypertonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
primary effect of colloids
plasma volume in adults
24. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
25. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
general properties of crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
ECF in small animal adults
insensible losses
26. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
acidifying crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
27. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ineffective osmole
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
indications for canine plasma
Vetstarch
28. Total body water
ECF in small animal adults
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
indications for canine plasma
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
29. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
30. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
traditional shock dose
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
types of the fluids used for maintenance
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
31. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hydration parameters for physical examone
ineffective osmole
mucous membrane moistness
32. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
edema
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
33. 6% body weight
maintenance water requirement
shock does for hetastarch
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
blood volume in cats
34. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
Vetstarch
35. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
skin elasticity test
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the IV route of administration
canine plasma
36. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
edema
shock dose for hypertonic saline
37. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
types of the fluids used for maintenance
total body water (TBW)
38. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
39. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
anion gap
Vetstarch
TBW in adults
40. Changes in body weight over time.
effective osmoles
extracellular fluid (ECF)
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
41. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
advantages of the IV route of administration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
law of electroneutrality
shock does for hetastarch
42. 20% body weight
general properties of crystalloids
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
ECF in small animal adults
hypertonic crystalloids
43. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
skin elasticity test
sensible fluid losses
bloodwork changes and dehydration
44. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
law of electroneutrality
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult horse
45. Albumin
total body water (TBW)
normal vascular oncotic pressure
TBW in adults
most important colloid in the blood
46. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
properties of isotonic crystalloids
47. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
iso-omolality of the body
bloodwork changes and dehydration
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
48. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
mucous membrane moistness
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of isotonic crystalloids
49. The loss of intravascular fluid.
advantages of the IV route of administration
effective osmoles
hypovolemia
tonicity
50. 5% body weight
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
plasma volume in adults
sensible fluid losses
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