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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
maintenance for a normal adult horse
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
effective osmoles
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
2. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
general properties of crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
hydration parameters for physical examone
3. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
adverse effects of canine plasma
ICF in large animals
4. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
mucous membrane moistness
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
5. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
edema
tonicity
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
6. Potential for transfusion reactions.
typical uses for IO route of administration
blood volume in adults
adverse effects of canine plasma
anion gap
7. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
bloodwork changes and dehydration
extracellular fluid (ECF)
8. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
complications of the SC route of administration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
maintenance for a normal adult dog
9. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
plasma volume in adults
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
10. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
edema
sodium
11. 40% body weight
advantages of the SC route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
plasma volume in cats
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
12. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
ECF in large animal adults
skin elasticity test
ECF in small animal adults
adverse effects of canine plasma
13. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
primary effect of colloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
dehydration
14. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
goals of fluid resuscitation
typical uses for IV route of administration
blood volume in adults
15. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
plasma volume in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance water requirement
complications of the SC route of administration
16. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
primary effect of colloids
hydration parameters for physical examone
TBW in adults
effective osmoles
17. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
shock does for hetastarch
18. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
traditional shock dose
ICF in large animals
acidifying crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
19. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
sensible fluid losses
law of electroneutrality
mucous membrane moistness
20. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
extracellular fluid (ECF)
indications for canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
shock dose for hypertonic saline
21. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
skin elasticity test
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
phases of a fluid therapy plan
22. Changes in body weight over time.
ECF in small animal adults
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
23. 4% body weight
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
osmolality
plasma volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult cat
24. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
extracellular fluid (ECF)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
25. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
categorizations of crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
ECF in small animal adults
26. 30% body weight
ECF in large animal adults
advantages of the SC route of administration
dehydration
typical uses for IO route of administration
27. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
insensible losses
hypotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
28. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
canine plasma
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
29. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hypotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
effective osmoles
30. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
maintenance water requirement
primary effect of colloids
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
edema
31. 8% body weight
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in adults
extracellular fluid (ECF)
32. Extracellular water + intracellular water
goals of fluid resuscitation
ICF is small animals
total body water (TBW)
most important colloid in the blood
33. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
iso-omolality of the body
ineffective osmole
34. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
iso-omolality of the body
goal of maintenance fluids
advantages of the IO route of administration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
35. 300 mosm/L
adverse effects of canine plasma
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
normal osmolality of body fluid
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
36. 50 m;/kg/day
blood volume in cats
typical uses for IO route of administration
Vetstarch
maintenance for a normal adult cow
37. 60% body weight
normal osmolality of body fluid
typical uses for IV route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
TBW in adults
38. Urinary -fecal
normal vascular oncotic pressure
sensible fluid losses
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
39. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
goals of fluid resuscitation
anion gap
traditional shock dose
typical uses for IV route of administration
40. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
general properties of crystalloids
41. 5% body weight
ECF in large animal adults
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
phases of a fluid therapy plan
42. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
maintenance for a normal adult cat
total body water (TBW)
43. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
ECF in small animal adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
44. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
tonicity
goals of fluid resuscitation
anion gap
mucous membrane moistness
45. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
hydroxyethyl starch
potassium
advantages of the IV route of administration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
46. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
plasma volume in adults
potassium
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
47. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
sodium
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
48. The concentration of effective osmoles.
tonicity
potassium
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
49. Lateral neck skin
advantages of the IO route of administration
plasma volume in adults
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
50. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
normal vascular oncotic pressure
signs of hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
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