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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The concentration of effective osmoles.






2. 8% body weight






3. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






4. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






5. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






6. 50 m;/kg/day






7. 40% body weight






8. 70% body weight






9. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






10. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






11. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






12. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






13. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






14. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






15. 5% body weight






16. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






17. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






18. Lateral neck skin






19. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






20. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






21. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






22. 40 ml/kg/day






23. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






24. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






25. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






26. The loss of intravascular fluid.






27. Total body water






28. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






29. 30% body weight






30. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






31. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






32. 30% body weight






33. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






34. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






35. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






36. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






37. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






38. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






39. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






40. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






41. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






42. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






43. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






44. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






45. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






46. 300 mosm/L






47. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






48. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






49. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






50. Albumin







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