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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






2. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






3. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






4. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






5. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






6. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






7. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






8. 300 mosm/L






9. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






10. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






11. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






12. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






13. 30% body weight






14. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






15. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






16. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






17. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






18. Lateral neck skin






19. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






20. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






21. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






22. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






23. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






24. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






25. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test






26. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






27. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






28. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






29. Extracellular water + intracellular water






30. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






31. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






32. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






33. 20% body weight






34. The concentration of effective osmoles.






35. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






36. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






37. 50 m;/kg/day






38. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






39. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






40. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






41. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






42. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






43. 4% body weight






44. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






45. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






46. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






47. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






48. Interstitial fluid + blood






49. Sodium and associated anions






50. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases