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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
law of electroneutrality
phases of a fluid therapy plan
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
2. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
shock dose for hypertonic saline
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
ICF in large animals
3. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
4. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
shock does for hetastarch
ICF is small animals
ICF in large animals
blood volume in adults
5. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
alkalinizing crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
maintenance water requirement
primary effect of colloids
6. 70% body weight
bloodwork changes and dehydration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
7. The loss of intravascular fluid.
adverse effects of canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
8. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
advantages of the SC route of administration
9. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
typical uses for IO route of administration
anion gap
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
10. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
signs of hypovolemia
categorizations of crystalloids
11. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
tonicity
edema
12. Extracellular water + intracellular water
total osmolality
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
dehydration
total body water (TBW)
13. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
anion gap
hydration parameters for physical examone
maintenance for a normal adult horse
14. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
general properties of crystalloids
sodium
15. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
complications of the SC route of administration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
16. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
bloodwork changes and dehydration
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance water requirement
ineffective osmole
17. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
total body water (TBW)
types of the fluids used for maintenance
categorizations of crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
18. Changes in body weight over time.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
hydroxyethyl starch
complications of catheterization
19. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
typical uses for IV route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmolality
20. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
complications of catheterization
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
21. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
mucous membrane moistness
hypertonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
22. Sodium and associated anions
signs of hypovolemia
maintenance for a normal adult horse
advantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
23. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
24. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
25. Potential for transfusion reactions.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
adverse effects of canine plasma
sodium
26. Albumin
ICF is small animals
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
normal vascular oncotic pressure
27. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
complications of catheterization
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
28. 40% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult dog
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
edema
29. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ICF in large animals
indications for canine plasma
complications of catheterization
edema
30. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
bloodwork changes and dehydration
acidifying crystalloids
ICF in large animals
31. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
advantages of the IV route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
32. Urinary -fecal
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
typical uses for IV route of administration
sensible fluid losses
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
33. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
sensible fluid losses
effective osmoles
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
34. Lower eyelid
ineffective osmole
tonicity
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
advantages of the IV route of administration
35. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
iso-omolality of the body
types of the fluids used for maintenance
skin elasticity test
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
36. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
ICF in large animals
goals of fluid resuscitation
dehydration
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
37. 60% body weight
phases of a fluid therapy plan
bloodwork changes and dehydration
TBW in adults
law of electroneutrality
38. 40 ml/kg/day
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
edema
maintenance for a normal adult horse
acidifying crystalloids
39. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
ICF is small animals
osmolality
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
total osmolality
40. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
insensible losses
dehydration
maintenance for a normal adult cat
41. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
advantages of the IO route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
potassium
42. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult dog
hypertonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
Vetstarch
43. 8% body weight
hydration parameters for physical examone
blood volume in adults
traditional shock dose
Vetstarch
44. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
ICF in large animals
hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
45. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
acidifying crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
types of the fluids used for maintenance
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
46. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
traditional shock dose
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
47. Interstitial fluid + blood
typical uses for IO route of administration
primary effect of colloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
canine plasma
48. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
law of electroneutrality
ECF in small animal adults
phases of a fluid therapy plan
typical uses for IV route of administration
49. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hydration parameters for physical examone
typical uses for IV route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
50. 30% body weight
advantages of the IV route of administration
shock does for hetastarch
complications of the SC route of administration
ICF in large animals
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