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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
sensible fluid losses
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
2. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ECF in large animal adults
3. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
dehydration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
goals of fluid resuscitation
4. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
skin elasticity test
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
advantages of the SC route of administration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
5. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
canine plasma
typical uses for IV route of administration
hypovolemia
bloodwork changes and dehydration
6. 4% body weight
Vetstarch
extracellular fluid (ECF)
plasma volume in cats
alkalinizing crystalloids
7. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
typical uses for IV route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
advantages of the IO route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
8. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
categorizations of crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
maintenance water requirement
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
9. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hypertonic crystalloids
ineffective osmole
total osmolality
10. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
11. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of canine plasma
normal osmolality of body fluid
12. Extracellular water + intracellular water
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
traditional shock dose
total body water (TBW)
13. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult dog
maintenance for a normal adult horse
general properties of crystalloids
anion gap
14. Potential for transfusion reactions.
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
canine plasma
adverse effects of canine plasma
15. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
advantages of the IV route of administration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
16. 40 ml/kg/day
maintenance for a normal adult horse
typical uses for IO route of administration
hydration parameters for physical examone
TBW in adults
17. Sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
traditional shock dose
canine plasma
maintenance water requirement
18. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
acidifying crystalloids
typical uses for IV route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
19. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
phases of a fluid therapy plan
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
skin elasticity test
osmolality
20. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
21. 6% body weight
adverse effects of canine plasma
blood volume in cats
ECF in small animal adults
interstitial fluid
22. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
typical uses for IV route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
23. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
plasma volume in cats
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
24. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
tonicity
25. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
typical uses for IV route of administration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
general properties of crystalloids
26. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
skin elasticity test
sensible fluid losses
tonicity
hypertonic crystalloids
27. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
alkalinizing crystalloids
28. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
goals of fluid resuscitation
29. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
extracellular fluid (ECF)
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
properties of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
30. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
shock dose for hypertonic saline
bloodwork changes and dehydration
traditional shock dose
31. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
interstitial fluid
blood volume in adults
phases of a fluid therapy plan
canine plasma
32. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
indications for canine plasma
complications of catheterization
normal vascular oncotic pressure
primary effect of colloids
33. 30% body weight
general properties of crystalloids
ICF in large animals
sodium
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
34. 20 to 25 mmHG
normal vascular oncotic pressure
complications of the SC route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
ICF in large animals
35. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
traditional shock dose
36. Albumin
types of the fluids used for maintenance
most important colloid in the blood
adverse effects of canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
37. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
complications of the SC route of administration
law of electroneutrality
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
38. 70% body weight
types of the fluids used for maintenance
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
tonicity
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
39. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
anion gap
40. 50 m;/kg/day
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
maintenance for a normal adult cow
ineffective osmole
sodium
41. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
goals of fluid resuscitation
law of electroneutrality
hypovolemia
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
42. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
law of electroneutrality
ineffective osmole
hydration parameters for physical examone
43. 70% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult dog
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
44. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
indications for canine plasma
general properties of crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
45. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
osmolality
advantages of the SC route of administration
shock does for hetastarch
46. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
anion gap
47. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
maintenance water requirement
maintenance for a normal adult horse
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
general properties of crystalloids
48. Interstitial fluid + blood
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
plasma volume in cats
extracellular fluid (ECF)
49. 40% body weight
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
sensible fluid losses
TBW in adults
50. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
total body water (TBW)
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
osmolality
ineffective osmole
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