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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






2. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






3. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






4. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






5. 20% body weight






6. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






7. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






8. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






9. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






10. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






11. 50 m;/kg/day






12. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






13. 40% body weight






14. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






15. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






16. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






17. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






18. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






19. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






20. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






21. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test






22. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






23. 5% body weight






24. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






25. Urinary -fecal






26. 30% body weight






27. Lower eyelid






28. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






29. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






30. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






31. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






32. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






33. Lateral neck skin






34. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






35. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






36. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






37. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






38. 40% body weight






39. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






40. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






41. 8% body weight






42. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






43. The concentration of effective osmoles.






44. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






45. Albumin






46. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






47. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






48. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






49. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






50. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction







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