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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ineffective osmole
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
2. 4% body weight
most important colloid in the blood
plasma volume in cats
tonicity
mucous membrane moistness
3. Interstitial fluid + blood
hypertonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
4. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
traditional shock dose
extracellular fluid (ECF)
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
hypotonic crystalloids
5. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
sensible fluid losses
goals of fluid resuscitation
osmolality
bloodwork changes and dehydration
6. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
goals of fluid resuscitation
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
7. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
Vetstarch
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
8. 50 m;/kg/day
goal of maintenance fluids
typical uses for IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cow
bloodwork changes and dehydration
9. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
10. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
adverse effects of canine plasma
anion gap
general properties of crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
11. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
advantages of the IO route of administration
12. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
general properties of crystalloids
goals of fluid resuscitation
most important colloid in the blood
edema
13. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
ECF in large animal adults
dehydration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
14. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
goal of maintenance fluids
effective osmoles
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
15. 8% body weight
hydroxyethyl starch
alkalinizing crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
blood volume in adults
16. 20% body weight
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
ECF in small animal adults
properties of isotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
17. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
shock does for hetastarch
effective osmoles
skin elasticity test
sodium
18. Urinary -fecal
advantages of the IV route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
sensible fluid losses
hypertonic crystalloids
19. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
osmolality
anion gap
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
20. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
effective osmoles
interstitial fluid
normal vascular oncotic pressure
21. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
plasma volume in cats
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
ICF in large animals
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
22. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
maintenance for a normal adult cow
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
23. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
law of electroneutrality
maintenance water requirement
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
24. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
25. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
types of the fluids used for maintenance
most important colloid in the blood
normal vascular oncotic pressure
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
26. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
normal osmolality of body fluid
advantages of the SC route of administration
shock does for hetastarch
complications of catheterization
27. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
potassium
28. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
insensible losses
blood volume in adults
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
29. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
acidifying crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
30. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
signs of hypovolemia
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
31. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
goal of maintenance fluids
hypotonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
32. 300 mosm/L
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
sensible fluid losses
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
33. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
skin elasticity test
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
34. 40 ml/kg/day
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
anion gap
maintenance for a normal adult horse
most important colloid in the blood
35. 70% body weight
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
36. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
indications for canine plasma
advantages of the SC route of administration
phases of a fluid therapy plan
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
37. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
edema
ECF in large animal adults
law of electroneutrality
38. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
advantages of the IV route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
39. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
maintenance for a normal adult horse
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
plasma volume in adults
advantages of the IV route of administration
40. 5% body weight
skin elasticity test
iso-omolality of the body
advantages of the SC route of administration
plasma volume in adults
41. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
42. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
potassium
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
hydration parameters for physical examone
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
43. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
maintenance for a normal adult cow
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
44. Extracellular water + intracellular water
total body water (TBW)
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
blood volume in cats
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
45. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
iso-omolality of the body
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
anion gap
properties of isotonic crystalloids
46. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
blood volume in adults
extracellular fluid (ECF)
47. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
48. 40% body weight
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
most important colloid in the blood
ICF is small animals
signs of hypovolemia
49. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
50. Lateral neck skin
typical uses for IO route of administration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
TBW in adults