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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
mucous membrane moistness
total osmolality
advantages of the IV route of administration
2. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
advantages of the IV route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
canine plasma
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
3. 70% body weight
hypotonic crystalloids
anion gap
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
TBW in adults
4. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
maintenance for a normal adult cow
shock dose for hypertonic saline
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
5. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
signs of hypovolemia
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
tonicity
6. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
7. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
sodium
anion gap
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
8. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
TBW in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
9. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
acidifying crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
10. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
complications of the SC route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
indications for canine plasma
11. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
typical uses for IV route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
alkalinizing crystalloids
12. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
maintenance water requirement
complications of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in cats
13. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
maintenance for a normal adult dog
Vetstarch
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
14. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
adverse effects of canine plasma
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
sensible fluid losses
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
15. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
maintenance for a normal adult horse
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
blood volume in adults
16. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
interstitial fluid
Vetstarch
17. 40% body weight
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
sodium
18. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
19. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
skin elasticity test
types of the fluids used for maintenance
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
20. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
signs of hypovolemia
law of electroneutrality
mucous membrane moistness
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
21. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
canine plasma
typical uses for IO route of administration
categorizations of crystalloids
22. 20% body weight
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
ECF in small animal adults
hypotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
23. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
24. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
normal vascular oncotic pressure
25. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
phases of a fluid therapy plan
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
primary effect of colloids
26. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
sodium
general properties of crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
27. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
edema
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
acidifying crystalloids
28. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
effective osmoles
ineffective osmole
dehydration
Vetstarch
29. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
ECF in small animal adults
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
30. 60% body weight
TBW in adults
maintenance for a normal adult dog
ICF is small animals
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
31. 20 to 25 mmHG
goals of fluid resuscitation
skin elasticity test
normal vascular oncotic pressure
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
32. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
plasma volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
goal of maintenance fluids
33. 70% body weight
general properties of crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
advantages of the SC route of administration
34. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
typical uses for IO route of administration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
advantages of the IO route of administration
35. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance water requirement
maintenance for a normal adult cat
anion gap
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
36. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
indications for canine plasma
hydration parameters for physical examone
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
37. 8% body weight
ECF in large animal adults
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
shock does for hetastarch
blood volume in adults
38. 6% body weight
plasma volume in adults
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
blood volume in cats
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
39. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hypovolemia
sodium
plasma volume in cats
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
40. Potential for transfusion reactions.
skin elasticity test
adverse effects of canine plasma
blood volume in adults
extracellular fluid (ECF)
41. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
mucous membrane moistness
indications for canine plasma
advantages of the SC route of administration
primary effect of colloids
42. 300 mosm/L
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
normal osmolality of body fluid
ICF in large animals
43. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
traditional shock dose
hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
44. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of isotonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
45. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
mucous membrane moistness
goal of maintenance fluids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
insensible losses
46. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
47. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
tonicity
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
48. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
blood volume in cats
osmolality
complications of the SC route of administration
extracellular fluid (ECF)
49. Sodium and associated anions
total osmolality
maintenance water requirement
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
advantages of the SC route of administration
50. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
typical uses for IV route of administration
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
complications of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids