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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
complications of the SC route of administration
potassium
hydroxyethyl starch
hydration parameters for physical examone
2. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
total osmolality
ineffective osmole
acidifying crystalloids
3. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
normal vascular oncotic pressure
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
bloodwork changes and dehydration
4. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
5. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
canine plasma
goal of maintenance fluids
Vetstarch
6. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
blood volume in adults
normal vascular oncotic pressure
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
7. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
effective osmoles
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
8. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
edema
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
insensible losses
9. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
primary effect of colloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
typical uses for IV route of administration
10. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
goal of maintenance fluids
osmolality
11. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
most important colloid in the blood
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
Vetstarch
12. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
categorizations of crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
anion gap
types of the fluids used for maintenance
13. 70% body weight
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
general properties of crystalloids
14. 50 m;/kg/day
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult cow
insensible losses
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
15. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
dehydration
goals of fluid resuscitation
insensible losses
16. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
insensible losses
iso-omolality of the body
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
17. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the IO route of administration
anion gap
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
18. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
dehydration
advantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
total osmolality
19. Potential for transfusion reactions.
advantages of the IV route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
normal vascular oncotic pressure
phases of a fluid therapy plan
20. 300 mosm/L
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
typical uses for IO route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
21. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
total osmolality
hydroxyethyl starch
potassium
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
22. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
dehydration
complications of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
23. 20 to 25 mmHG
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
types of the fluids used for maintenance
bloodwork changes and dehydration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
24. 40% body weight
most important colloid in the blood
properties of isotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
canine plasma
25. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
ICF in large animals
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
26. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
plasma volume in adults
indications for canine plasma
typical uses for IO route of administration
27. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hydration parameters for physical examone
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
28. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
primary effect of colloids
goals of fluid resuscitation
traditional shock dose
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
29. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
typical uses for IV route of administration
alkalinizing crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
types of the fluids used for maintenance
30. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
types of the fluids used for maintenance
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
31. Total body water
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ECF in small animal adults
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
32. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
phases of a fluid therapy plan
shock dose for hypertonic saline
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
effective osmoles
33. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
edema
TBW in adults
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
34. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
advantages of the IV route of administration
goal of maintenance fluids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
tonicity
35. 60% body weight
TBW in adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
traditional shock dose
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
36. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
37. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
hypertonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
goals of fluid resuscitation
complications of catheterization
38. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
typical uses for IV route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
39. Sodium and associated anions
normal vascular oncotic pressure
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
anion gap
40. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
shock does for hetastarch
osmolality
interstitial fluid
41. Albumin
most important colloid in the blood
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
42. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
goals of fluid resuscitation
hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
43. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ineffective osmole
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
44. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
bloodwork changes and dehydration
anion gap
plasma volume in adults
45. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
canine plasma
signs of hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
46. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
shock does for hetastarch
properties of isotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
47. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
48. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
complications of the SC route of administration
blood volume in adults
typical uses for IO route of administration
total osmolality
49. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
law of electroneutrality
canine plasma
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
normal vascular oncotic pressure
50. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
general properties of crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
goal of maintenance fluids
advantages of the IO route of administration