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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
dehydration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
general properties of crystalloids
complications of catheterization
2. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
osmolality
goal of maintenance fluids
ICF in large animals
types of the fluids used for maintenance
3. Lateral neck skin
signs of hypovolemia
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
hypotonic crystalloids
4. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
edema
general properties of crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
sensible fluid losses
advantages of the IV route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
6. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
total body water (TBW)
traditional shock dose
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
7. Changes in body weight over time.
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
plasma volume in cats
alkalinizing crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
8. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
goals of fluid resuscitation
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
total osmolality
9. 4% body weight
goal of maintenance fluids
hydroxyethyl starch
properties of isotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
10. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
11. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
shock does for hetastarch
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
12. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
typical uses for IO route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
13. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
ineffective osmole
blood volume in cats
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
14. The concentration of effective osmoles.
typical uses for IV route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
tonicity
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
15. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
hypovolemia
effective osmoles
skin elasticity test
16. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
complications of the SC route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
17. 60% body weight
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
alkalinizing crystalloids
TBW in adults
18. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
interstitial fluid
19. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
phases of a fluid therapy plan
shock dose for hypertonic saline
plasma volume in cats
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
20. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
normal osmolality of body fluid
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult dog
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
21. The loss of intravascular fluid.
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
acidifying crystalloids
hypovolemia
traditional shock dose
22. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
indications for canine plasma
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
23. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
dehydration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
24. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
types of the fluids used for maintenance
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
25. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
indications for canine plasma
complications of the SC route of administration
skin elasticity test
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
26. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
hydroxyethyl starch
bloodwork changes and dehydration
typical uses for IO route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
27. 20 to 25 mmHG
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
hypotonic crystalloids
effective osmoles
normal vascular oncotic pressure
28. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
tonicity
effective osmoles
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
29. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
goal of maintenance fluids
iso-omolality of the body
alkalinizing crystalloids
ICF is small animals
30. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult cat
maintenance for a normal adult horse
categorizations of crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
31. Extracellular water + intracellular water
primary effect of colloids
total body water (TBW)
alkalinizing crystalloids
edema
32. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
ICF is small animals
ECF in large animal adults
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
hydration parameters for physical examone
33. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
potassium
general properties of crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
34. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
hypertonic crystalloids
effective osmoles
complications of catheterization
hydroxyethyl starch
35. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
acidifying crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
types of the fluids used for maintenance
36. 70% body weight
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
mucous membrane moistness
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
37. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
mucous membrane moistness
iso-omolality of the body
skin elasticity test
Vetstarch
38. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
39. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
Vetstarch
ineffective osmole
categorizations of crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
40. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
41. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
edema
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
42. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
complications of catheterization
hypotonic crystalloids
43. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
sodium
anion gap
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
44. 50 m;/kg/day
mucous membrane moistness
maintenance for a normal adult cow
law of electroneutrality
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
45. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
law of electroneutrality
typical uses for IO route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
typical uses for IV route of administration
46. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
sodium
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
47. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
Vetstarch
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
sodium
hypotonic crystalloids
48. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
advantages of the IV route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
49. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
blood volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
maintenance water requirement
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
50. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
phases of a fluid therapy plan