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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






2. 20 to 25 mmHG






3. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






4. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






5. 30% body weight






6. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






7. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






8. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






9. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






10. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






11. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






12. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






13. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






14. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






15. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






16. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






17. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






18. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






19. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






20. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






21. 20% body weight






22. 70% body weight






23. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






24. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






25. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






26. Lateral neck skin






27. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






28. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






29. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






30. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






31. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






32. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






33. Potential for transfusion reactions.






34. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






35. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






36. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






37. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






38. The concentration of effective osmoles.






39. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






40. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






41. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






42. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






43. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






44. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






45. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






46. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






47. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






48. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






49. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






50. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75