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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 40% body weight






2. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






3. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






4. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






6. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






7. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






8. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






9. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






10. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






11. 70% body weight






12. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






13. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






14. 4% body weight






15. 6% body weight






16. Interstitial fluid + blood






17. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






18. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






19. 50 m;/kg/day






20. 300 mosm/L






21. The concentration of effective osmoles.






22. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






23. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






24. 20% body weight






25. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






26. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






27. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






28. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






29. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






30. Total body water






31. Lower eyelid






32. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






33. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






34. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






35. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






36. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






37. 70% body weight






38. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






39. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






40. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






41. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






42. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






43. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






44. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






45. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






46. 60% body weight






47. 20 to 25 mmHG






48. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






49. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






50. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.