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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






2. Interstitial fluid + blood






3. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






4. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






5. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






6. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






7. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






8. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






9. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






10. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






11. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






12. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






13. 70% body weight






14. 50 m;/kg/day






15. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






16. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






17. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






18. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






19. Potential for transfusion reactions.






20. 300 mosm/L






21. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






22. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






23. 20 to 25 mmHG






24. 40% body weight






25. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






26. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






27. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






28. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






29. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






30. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






31. Total body water






32. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






33. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






34. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






35. 60% body weight






36. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






37. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






38. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






39. Sodium and associated anions






40. 6% body weight






41. Albumin






42. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






43. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






44. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






45. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






46. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






47. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






48. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






49. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






50. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality