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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
complications of catheterization
tonicity
2. Lateral neck skin
categorizations of crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
3. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
advantages of the SC route of administration
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
4. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
mucous membrane moistness
ICF is small animals
properties of isotonic crystalloids
phases of a fluid therapy plan
5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
hypovolemia
interstitial fluid
6. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
total body water (TBW)
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
7. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
extracellular fluid (ECF)
types of the fluids used for maintenance
most important colloid in the blood
advantages of the IO route of administration
8. Urinary -fecal
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
interstitial fluid
types of the fluids used for maintenance
9. 40% body weight
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
skin elasticity test
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
hydroxyethyl starch
10. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
indications for canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
shock dose for hypertonic saline
normal vascular oncotic pressure
11. Changes in body weight over time.
potassium
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
mucous membrane moistness
ICF is small animals
12. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
extracellular fluid (ECF)
typical uses for IV route of administration
13. Interstitial fluid + blood
maintenance for a normal adult cat
adverse effects of canine plasma
extracellular fluid (ECF)
hypovolemia
14. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance water requirement
sodium
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
15. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
traditional shock dose
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
adverse effects of canine plasma
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
16. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
dehydration
general properties of crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
17. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
shock dose for hypertonic saline
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
18. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
iso-omolality of the body
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
19. 70% body weight
plasma volume in cats
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
20. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
types of the fluids used for maintenance
maintenance for a normal adult horse
maintenance for a normal adult dog
ECF in small animal adults
21. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
indications for canine plasma
shock dose for hypertonic saline
sensible fluid losses
typical uses for IO route of administration
22. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
goals of fluid resuscitation
typical uses for IO route of administration
23. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ineffective osmole
maintenance water requirement
anion gap
skin elasticity test
24. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
edema
categorizations of crystalloids
sodium
25. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
plasma volume in cats
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
26. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
typical uses for IO route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
complications of catheterization
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
27. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
effective osmoles
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
28. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
mucous membrane moistness
29. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
canine plasma
advantages of the IV route of administration
ineffective osmole
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
30. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
dehydration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
31. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
normal osmolality of body fluid
typical uses for IV route of administration
insensible losses
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
32. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
dehydration
33. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
iso-omolality of the body
34. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
35. 300 mosm/L
ICF is small animals
normal osmolality of body fluid
hypotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
36. Total body water
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in adults
37. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
potassium
alkalinizing crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
plasma volume in adults
38. 5% body weight
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
plasma volume in adults
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
ECF in large animal adults
39. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
potassium
40. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
mucous membrane moistness
Vetstarch
41. Extracellular water + intracellular water
total body water (TBW)
phases of a fluid therapy plan
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
effective osmoles
42. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
advantages of the IO route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
43. 50 m;/kg/day
maintenance for a normal adult cow
signs of hypovolemia
blood volume in cats
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
44. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
total body water (TBW)
types of the fluids used for maintenance
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
45. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
types of the fluids used for maintenance
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
ECF in large animal adults
46. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
advantages of the SC route of administration
total osmolality
categorizations of crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
47. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
ICF is small animals
advantages of the IV route of administration
Vetstarch
primary effect of colloids
48. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
total osmolality
shock dose for hypertonic saline
properties of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
49. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
acidifying crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
ECF in small animal adults
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
50. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
signs of hypovolemia
interstitial fluid
adverse effects of canine plasma
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