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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
2. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
blood volume in cats
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
dehydration
advantages of the SC route of administration
3. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
ICF is small animals
ineffective osmole
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
sodium
4. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
TBW in adults
maintenance water requirement
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
5. Sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
maintenance water requirement
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
normal osmolality of body fluid
6. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
maintenance for a normal adult cow
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
edema
signs of hypovolemia
7. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
typical uses for IO route of administration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
sodium
8. 50 m;/kg/day
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
phases of a fluid therapy plan
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
9. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
10. Urinary -fecal
indications for canine plasma
sensible fluid losses
complications of the SC route of administration
sodium
11. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
iso-omolality of the body
TBW in adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
canine plasma
12. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
hypovolemia
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
indications for canine plasma
typical uses for IV route of administration
13. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
indications for canine plasma
total osmolality
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
sodium
14. 70% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
skin elasticity test
anion gap
15. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
blood volume in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
16. 8% body weight
blood volume in adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
17. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
dehydration
skin elasticity test
blood volume in adults
general properties of crystalloids
18. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
maintenance for a normal adult dog
advantages of the SC route of administration
anion gap
shock dose for hypertonic saline
19. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
hypertonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
total osmolality
Vetstarch
20. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
blood volume in adults
general properties of crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
insensible losses
21. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
ICF in large animals
bloodwork changes and dehydration
iso-omolality of the body
22. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
hydration parameters for physical examone
maintenance for a normal adult cow
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
total osmolality
23. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
iso-omolality of the body
ICF in large animals
goals of fluid resuscitation
24. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
normal vascular oncotic pressure
general properties of crystalloids
25. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
sodium
26. Changes in body weight over time.
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
phases of a fluid therapy plan
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
TBW in adults
27. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
maintenance water requirement
hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
Vetstarch
28. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
interstitial fluid
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
maintenance for a normal adult cat
29. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
shock does for hetastarch
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
ECF in large animal adults
30. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hypovolemia
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
indications for canine plasma
ineffective osmole
31. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
advantages of the IO route of administration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
goal of maintenance fluids
32. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
maintenance water requirement
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
law of electroneutrality
33. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
Vetstarch
ECF in large animal adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
effective osmoles
34. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
Vetstarch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
35. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
goals of fluid resuscitation
osmolality
plasma volume in cats
typical uses for IV route of administration
36. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
traditional shock dose
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
37. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
advantages of the IV route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
ECF in large animal adults
38. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
maintenance for a normal adult dog
advantages of the SC route of administration
tonicity
39. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
normal osmolality of body fluid
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
Vetstarch
alkalinizing crystalloids
40. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
total osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult cat
hypotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
41. Potential for transfusion reactions.
adverse effects of canine plasma
maintenance for a normal adult cow
law of electroneutrality
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
42. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
canine plasma
osmolality
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
43. 20 to 25 mmHG
normal vascular oncotic pressure
hypertonic crystalloids
insensible losses
skin elasticity test
44. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
extracellular fluid (ECF)
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
45. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
advantages of the IV route of administration
primary effect of colloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
46. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
blood volume in cats
potassium
dehydration
47. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
bloodwork changes and dehydration
dehydration
signs of hypovolemia
Vetstarch
48. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
osmolality
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
49. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
acidifying crystalloids
blood volume in adults
50. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
iso-omolality of the body
law of electroneutrality
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
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