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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






2. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






3. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






4. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






5. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






6. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






7. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






8. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






9. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






10. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






11. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






12. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






13. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






14. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






15. Lateral neck skin






16. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






17. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






18. Total body water






19. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






20. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






21. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






22. 40 ml/kg/day






23. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






24. Urinary -fecal






25. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






26. 5% body weight






27. 50 m;/kg/day






28. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






29. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






30. 70% body weight






31. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






32. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






33. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






34. 30% body weight






35. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






36. 30% body weight






37. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






38. 300 mosm/L






39. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






40. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






41. 40% body weight






42. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






43. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






44. 60% body weight






45. Albumin






46. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






47. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






48. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






49. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






50. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium







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