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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






2. 30% body weight






3. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






4. Changes in body weight over time.






5. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






6. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






7. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






8. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






9. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






10. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






11. Interstitial fluid + blood






12. 20% body weight






13. 8% body weight






14. 4% body weight






15. Potential for transfusion reactions.






16. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






17. Lateral neck skin






18. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






19. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






20. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






21. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






22. 40% body weight






23. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






24. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






25. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






26. 70% body weight






27. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






28. Albumin






29. 40 ml/kg/day






30. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






31. The concentration of effective osmoles.






32. 30% body weight






33. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






34. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






35. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






36. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






37. Total body water






38. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






39. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






40. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






41. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






42. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






43. 40% body weight






44. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






45. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






46. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






47. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






48. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






49. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






50. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -







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