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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
maintenance for a normal adult cow
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
osmolality
typical uses for IV route of administration
2. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
traditional shock dose
advantages of the IV route of administration
3. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
iso-omolality of the body
maintenance for a normal adult cow
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
4. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
normal vascular oncotic pressure
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
potassium
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
5. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
properties of isotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
canine plasma
6. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
advantages of the IV route of administration
plasma volume in cats
signs of hypovolemia
maintenance water requirement
7. 70% body weight
typical uses for IV route of administration
hypovolemia
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
8. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
hypotonic crystalloids
9. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
anion gap
mucous membrane moistness
hydroxyethyl starch
10. 40 ml/kg/day
hydration parameters for physical examone
maintenance for a normal adult horse
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
acidifying crystalloids
11. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
tonicity
hydroxyethyl starch
12. 5% body weight
plasma volume in adults
ECF in large animal adults
potassium
blood volume in adults
13. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
most important colloid in the blood
iso-omolality of the body
hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
14. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
hydroxyethyl starch
effective osmoles
maintenance for a normal adult horse
maintenance for a normal adult dog
15. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
normal osmolality of body fluid
primary effect of colloids
16. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
mucous membrane moistness
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
17. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
acidifying crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
hypovolemia
18. 40% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
19. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
shock does for hetastarch
maintenance water requirement
mucous membrane moistness
20. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
phases of a fluid therapy plan
blood volume in adults
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
insensible losses
21. 20 to 25 mmHG
normal vascular oncotic pressure
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
properties of isotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
22. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
shock dose for hypertonic saline
interstitial fluid
dehydration
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
23. Extracellular water + intracellular water
typical uses for IO route of administration
law of electroneutrality
most important colloid in the blood
total body water (TBW)
24. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
maintenance water requirement
plasma volume in adults
25. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
alkalinizing crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
plasma volume in adults
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
26. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
phases of a fluid therapy plan
total osmolality
total body water (TBW)
27. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
categorizations of crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
goal of maintenance fluids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
28. 30% body weight
insensible losses
advantages of the IO route of administration
ICF in large animals
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
29. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
ECF in large animal adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
30. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hypovolemia
anion gap
31. Lower eyelid
primary effect of colloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
ICF in large animals
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
32. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
ECF in small animal adults
typical uses for IV route of administration
potassium
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
33. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
bloodwork changes and dehydration
canine plasma
maintenance for a normal adult horse
34. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
shock does for hetastarch
typical uses for IV route of administration
general properties of crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
35. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
blood volume in cats
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
36. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
Vetstarch
law of electroneutrality
most important colloid in the blood
bloodwork changes and dehydration
37. Potential for transfusion reactions.
iso-omolality of the body
adverse effects of canine plasma
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
38. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
potassium
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
39. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
complications of the SC route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
canine plasma
Vetstarch
40. 70% body weight
properties of isotonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
41. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
tonicity
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
42. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
shock does for hetastarch
ECF in small animal adults
advantages of the IV route of administration
skin elasticity test
43. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
shock dose for hypertonic saline
ICF in large animals
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
44. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
skin elasticity test
advantages of the SC route of administration
sodium
45. The concentration of effective osmoles.
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
total body water (TBW)
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
tonicity
46. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
skin elasticity test
insensible losses
blood volume in cats
iso-omolality of the body
47. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
mucous membrane moistness
ICF in large animals
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
48. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
maintenance water requirement
adverse effects of canine plasma
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
traditional shock dose
49. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
ECF in large animal adults
complications of catheterization
law of electroneutrality
50. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
types of the fluids used for maintenance
indications for canine plasma
maintenance water requirement
total osmolality
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