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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
iso-omolality of the body
general properties of crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
osmolality
2. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
ICF is small animals
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
3. Sodium and associated anions
adverse effects of canine plasma
most important colloid in the blood
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
4. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
Vetstarch
5. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
alkalinizing crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
advantages of the IO route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
6. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
maintenance for a normal adult horse
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
maintenance for a normal adult dog
goal of maintenance fluids
7. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
sensible fluid losses
skin elasticity test
insensible losses
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
8. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
alkalinizing crystalloids
potassium
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
9. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
Vetstarch
advantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
maintenance for a normal adult dog
10. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
anion gap
11. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
complications of the SC route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
plasma volume in adults
shock does for hetastarch
12. Total body water
traditional shock dose
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in cats
total body water (TBW)
13. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
alkalinizing crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
canine plasma
14. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
hydration parameters for physical examone
ICF in large animals
15. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
traditional shock dose
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
normal vascular oncotic pressure
16. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
effective osmoles
complications of the SC route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
17. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
law of electroneutrality
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
potassium
maintenance for a normal adult cat
18. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
hypertonic crystalloids
traditional shock dose
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
19. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
acidifying crystalloids
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
canine plasma
20. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
traditional shock dose
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
complications of catheterization
21. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
mucous membrane moistness
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
22. 50 m;/kg/day
plasma volume in cats
law of electroneutrality
maintenance for a normal adult cow
ICF in large animals
23. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
sodium
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
Vetstarch
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
24. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
25. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
hypertonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
26. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
tonicity
typical uses for IO route of administration
hydration parameters for physical examone
properties of isotonic crystalloids
27. The loss of intravascular fluid.
extracellular fluid (ECF)
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
blood volume in adults
hypovolemia
28. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
plasma volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
29. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
types of the fluids used for maintenance
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
30. 30% body weight
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
sensible fluid losses
ICF in large animals
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
31. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
blood volume in adults
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
anion gap
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
32. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
maintenance for a normal adult cow
extracellular fluid (ECF)
interstitial fluid
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
33. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
adverse effects of canine plasma
extracellular fluid (ECF)
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
34. 20% body weight
advantages of the IV route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
ECF in small animal adults
35. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
blood volume in adults
normal vascular oncotic pressure
36. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
ICF is small animals
insensible losses
osmolality
maintenance water requirement
37. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
maintenance for a normal adult cat
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
typical uses for IV route of administration
38. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
blood volume in cats
primary effect of colloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
39. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
40. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
phases of a fluid therapy plan
goals of fluid resuscitation
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hypotonic crystalloids
41. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hydration parameters for physical examone
complications of catheterization
insensible losses
42. 40% body weight
hypovolemia
ICF is small animals
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
43. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
Vetstarch
potassium
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
44. 60% body weight
skin elasticity test
TBW in adults
blood volume in cats
maintenance water requirement
45. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
blood volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
46. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance for a normal adult cat
potassium
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
47. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
adverse effects of canine plasma
advantages of the IV route of administration
tonicity
indications for canine plasma
48. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
ICF is small animals
hydroxyethyl starch
skin elasticity test
49. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
mucous membrane moistness
dehydration
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
50. Urinary -fecal
sodium
plasma volume in adults
edema
sensible fluid losses