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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extracellular water + intracellular water
maintenance water requirement
categorizations of crystalloids
insensible losses
total body water (TBW)
2. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
primary effect of colloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
iso-omolality of the body
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
3. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
categorizations of crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
4. 5% body weight
sodium
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
shock does for hetastarch
plasma volume in adults
5. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
advantages of the SC route of administration
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
ICF in large animals
normal vascular oncotic pressure
6. 300 mosm/L
general properties of crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
normal osmolality of body fluid
maintenance water requirement
7. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
8. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hypovolemia
typical uses for IO route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
9. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
advantages of the IO route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
complications of the SC route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
10. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
goals of fluid resuscitation
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
11. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
goal of maintenance fluids
plasma volume in cats
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
shock dose for hypertonic saline
12. Lateral neck skin
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
hydration parameters for physical examone
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
13. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
iso-omolality of the body
signs of hypovolemia
14. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
ICF in large animals
15. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
types of the fluids used for maintenance
canine plasma
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
16. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
properties of isotonic crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
dehydration
17. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
ECF in small animal adults
bloodwork changes and dehydration
goals of fluid resuscitation
advantages of the IV route of administration
18. 70% body weight
hydration parameters for physical examone
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance for a normal adult cow
19. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
general properties of crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
20. 30% body weight
ECF in large animal adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
canine plasma
hydration parameters for physical examone
21. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
indications for canine plasma
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
edema
22. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
advantages of the SC route of administration
effective osmoles
23. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
24. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
primary effect of colloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
25. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
alkalinizing crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
potassium
advantages of the SC route of administration
26. Potential for transfusion reactions.
typical uses for IO route of administration
total body water (TBW)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
27. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
blood volume in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
hypovolemia
28. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
ICF in large animals
29. Total body water
maintenance for a normal adult dog
plasma volume in cats
shock dose for hypertonic saline
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
30. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
blood volume in cats
properties of isotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
31. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
ICF in large animals
properties of isotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
32. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
potassium
maintenance water requirement
33. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
hypovolemia
Vetstarch
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
34. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
advantages of the IO route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
total osmolality
advantages of the SC route of administration
35. Changes in body weight over time.
effective osmoles
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
canine plasma
complications of the SC route of administration
36. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
ECF in large animal adults
normal vascular oncotic pressure
types of the fluids used for maintenance
hydroxyethyl starch
37. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
law of electroneutrality
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
38. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
ICF is small animals
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
complications of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
39. 40% body weight
ICF is small animals
properties of isotonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
40. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
osmolality
extracellular fluid (ECF)
41. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
TBW in adults
sensible fluid losses
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
dehydration
42. 30% body weight
ICF in large animals
goal of maintenance fluids
bloodwork changes and dehydration
categorizations of crystalloids
43. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
sodium
skin elasticity test
acidifying crystalloids
44. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
45. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the IO route of administration
anion gap
indications for canine plasma
46. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
total osmolality
ICF in large animals
maintenance for a normal adult dog
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
47. 40 ml/kg/day
goal of maintenance fluids
adverse effects of canine plasma
maintenance for a normal adult horse
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
48. Albumin
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
most important colloid in the blood
canine plasma
49. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
iso-omolality of the body
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
primary effect of colloids
50. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
hypovolemia
shock does for hetastarch
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