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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
advantages of the IO route of administration
plasma volume in cats
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
2. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
potassium
maintenance for a normal adult cow
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
3. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
TBW in adults
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
total osmolality
4. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
advantages of the IV route of administration
tonicity
ECF in large animal adults
hypotonic crystalloids
5. Lower eyelid
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
skin elasticity test
goal of maintenance fluids
6. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
plasma volume in adults
dehydration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
skin elasticity test
7. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
8. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
advantages of the SC route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
insensible losses
interstitial fluid
9. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
sodium
edema
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
10. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
dehydration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
hypovolemia
11. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
complications of catheterization
interstitial fluid
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
12. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
tonicity
indications for canine plasma
goals of fluid resuscitation
maintenance for a normal adult cat
13. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
adverse effects of canine plasma
normal vascular oncotic pressure
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
14. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
general properties of crystalloids
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
15. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
advantages of the SC route of administration
ICF in large animals
16. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
dehydration
ECF in large animal adults
properties of isotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
17. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
potassium
plasma volume in cats
18. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult dog
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
19. Changes in body weight over time.
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
blood volume in cats
plasma volume in cats
20. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
goals of fluid resuscitation
shock does for hetastarch
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
21. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
hypovolemia
normal vascular oncotic pressure
typical uses for IV route of administration
advantages of the IO route of administration
22. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
23. 20 to 25 mmHG
normal vascular oncotic pressure
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
categorizations of crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
24. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
effective osmoles
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
bloodwork changes and dehydration
25. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
anion gap
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
26. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
shock dose for hypertonic saline
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
advantages of the IV route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
27. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
plasma volume in cats
total body water (TBW)
28. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
sodium
maintenance for a normal adult cow
most important colloid in the blood
hydroxyethyl starch
29. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
primary effect of colloids
blood volume in adults
total osmolality
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
30. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
ICF in large animals
ECF in small animal adults
dehydration
31. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
types of the fluids used for maintenance
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
most important colloid in the blood
general properties of crystalloids
32. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
potassium
extracellular fluid (ECF)
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult cat
33. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
ICF is small animals
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
34. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
dehydration
advantages of the IO route of administration
total osmolality
35. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
interstitial fluid
hydroxyethyl starch
general properties of crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
36. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
interstitial fluid
phases of a fluid therapy plan
hydration parameters for physical examone
37. The loss of intravascular fluid.
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
hypovolemia
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
effective osmoles
38. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
maintenance water requirement
skin elasticity test
maintenance for a normal adult horse
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
39. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
maintenance water requirement
primary effect of colloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
potassium
40. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
typical uses for IO route of administration
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
goal of maintenance fluids
41. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
dehydration
hypertonic crystalloids
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
42. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
alkalinizing crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
43. 20% body weight
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
alkalinizing crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
Vetstarch
44. 40% body weight
interstitial fluid
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
most important colloid in the blood
advantages of the IV route of administration
45. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
potassium
maintenance water requirement
46. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
skin elasticity test
canine plasma
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
47. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
traditional shock dose
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
48. 60% body weight
TBW in adults
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
dehydration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
49. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
total osmolality
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
50. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
hydration parameters for physical examone
indications for canine plasma
traditional shock dose