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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
traditional shock dose
goal of maintenance fluids
2. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
skin elasticity test
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
3. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
TBW in adults
maintenance for a normal adult dog
hypertonic crystalloids
traditional shock dose
4. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
hypotonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
complications of the SC route of administration
5. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
extracellular fluid (ECF)
complications of catheterization
shock does for hetastarch
6. 30% body weight
sensible fluid losses
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
tonicity
ECF in large animal adults
7. 40 ml/kg/day
maintenance for a normal adult horse
canine plasma
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
maintenance water requirement
8. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
9. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
edema
hydration parameters for physical examone
osmolality
bloodwork changes and dehydration
10. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
11. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hypovolemia
hydroxyethyl starch
12. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
insensible losses
potassium
13. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
hypovolemia
goals of fluid resuscitation
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
14. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
goal of maintenance fluids
categorizations of crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
15. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
potassium
16. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
dehydration
typical uses for IO route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
17. 40% body weight
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
ICF is small animals
hydroxyethyl starch
properties of isotonic crystalloids
18. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
plasma volume in adults
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
dehydration
19. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
typical uses for IV route of administration
ECF in small animal adults
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
20. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
complications of catheterization
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
skin elasticity test
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
21. The loss of intravascular fluid.
blood volume in cats
total osmolality
hypovolemia
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
22. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
tonicity
ineffective osmole
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
23. 70% body weight
blood volume in adults
ICF is small animals
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
plasma volume in cats
24. 60% body weight
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in adults
sodium
maintenance for a normal adult dog
25. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
mucous membrane moistness
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
26. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
primary effect of colloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
complications of the SC route of administration
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
27. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
typical uses for IO route of administration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
shock does for hetastarch
insensible losses
28. Lower eyelid
insensible losses
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
signs of hypovolemia
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
29. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
maintenance water requirement
30. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
phases of a fluid therapy plan
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
31. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
bloodwork changes and dehydration
indications for canine plasma
blood volume in cats
32. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
types of the fluids used for maintenance
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
general properties of crystalloids
hypovolemia
33. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
sensible fluid losses
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
34. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
total osmolality
35. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
36. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
blood volume in adults
insensible losses
iso-omolality of the body
maintenance for a normal adult dog
37. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
typical uses for IV route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
signs of hypovolemia
maintenance for a normal adult horse
38. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
anion gap
alkalinizing crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
39. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult cat
maintenance for a normal adult dog
ICF is small animals
indications for canine plasma
40. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
maintenance for a normal adult cow
shock does for hetastarch
TBW in adults
sodium
41. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
plasma volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
42. Interstitial fluid + blood
hydroxyethyl starch
extracellular fluid (ECF)
total body water (TBW)
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
43. 20% body weight
mucous membrane moistness
ECF in small animal adults
ICF in large animals
signs of hypovolemia
44. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
maintenance water requirement
goal of maintenance fluids
45. 300 mosm/L
skin elasticity test
hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
normal osmolality of body fluid
46. Extracellular water + intracellular water
goals of fluid resuscitation
total body water (TBW)
complications of the SC route of administration
anion gap
47. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
48. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
blood volume in adults
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
49. Lateral neck skin
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
advantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
50. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
most important colloid in the blood
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)