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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
2. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
types of the fluids used for maintenance
signs of hypovolemia
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
total osmolality
3. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
types of the fluids used for maintenance
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
4. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
traditional shock dose
Vetstarch
blood volume in adults
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
5. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
ICF is small animals
hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
6. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
total body water (TBW)
osmolality
shock does for hetastarch
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
7. 20 to 25 mmHG
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
normal vascular oncotic pressure
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ICF is small animals
8. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
most important colloid in the blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
categorizations of crystalloids
9. Potential for transfusion reactions.
dehydration
osmolality
adverse effects of canine plasma
shock does for hetastarch
10. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
goal of maintenance fluids
general properties of crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
11. Albumin
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
insensible losses
most important colloid in the blood
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
12. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
signs of hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
ineffective osmole
shock does for hetastarch
13. Sodium and associated anions
maintenance for a normal adult horse
ICF in large animals
Vetstarch
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
14. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
advantages of the IO route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
normal osmolality of body fluid
15. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
maintenance for a normal adult cat
canine plasma
sodium
insensible losses
16. Urinary -fecal
sensible fluid losses
advantages of the IV route of administration
most important colloid in the blood
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
17. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
total osmolality
canine plasma
18. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
maintenance water requirement
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
19. 40% body weight
total body water (TBW)
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
maintenance for a normal adult cat
20. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
plasma volume in adults
hypertonic crystalloids
typical uses for IV route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
21. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
ineffective osmole
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
goals of fluid resuscitation
22. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
phases of a fluid therapy plan
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
23. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
ICF is small animals
ECF in large animal adults
complications of catheterization
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
24. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
typical uses for IV route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
acidifying crystalloids
Vetstarch
25. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
mucous membrane moistness
26. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
goal of maintenance fluids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
insensible losses
27. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
types of the fluids used for maintenance
acidifying crystalloids
ICF is small animals
advantages of the IV route of administration
28. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
tonicity
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
TBW in adults
29. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hydroxyethyl starch
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
30. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
edema
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
traditional shock dose
sodium
31. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
typical uses for IO route of administration
shock does for hetastarch
categorizations of crystalloids
32. Total body water
traditional shock dose
potassium
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
33. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
hypovolemia
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
34. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
anion gap
ECF in small animal adults
insensible losses
hypovolemia
35. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
acidifying crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
complications of catheterization
most important colloid in the blood
36. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
hypotonic crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
skin elasticity test
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
37. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
bloodwork changes and dehydration
38. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
complications of catheterization
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
insensible losses
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
39. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
ICF in large animals
maintenance for a normal adult cow
goals of fluid resuscitation
40. The concentration of effective osmoles.
blood volume in adults
tonicity
advantages of the IO route of administration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
41. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
hypovolemia
primary effect of colloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
adverse effects of canine plasma
42. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
extracellular fluid (ECF)
iso-omolality of the body
insensible losses
43. Changes in body weight over time.
advantages of the IV route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
maintenance water requirement
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
44. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
shock does for hetastarch
TBW in adults
goal of maintenance fluids
45. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
alkalinizing crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
sensible fluid losses
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
46. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
categorizations of crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
blood volume in adults
47. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
hydration parameters for physical examone
phases of a fluid therapy plan
law of electroneutrality
extracellular fluid (ECF)
48. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
categorizations of crystalloids
tonicity
mucous membrane moistness
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
49. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
indications for canine plasma
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
50. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
advantages of the IV route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test