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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
ICF in large animals
advantages of the IV route of administration
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
2. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
typical uses for IV route of administration
3. 20 to 25 mmHG
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult cow
advantages of the SC route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
4. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
ineffective osmole
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
5. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
extracellular fluid (ECF)
goal of maintenance fluids
dehydration
6. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
effective osmoles
potassium
maintenance for a normal adult cow
7. Extracellular water + intracellular water
total body water (TBW)
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
categorizations of crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
8. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
Vetstarch
complications of the SC route of administration
ECF in small animal adults
total body water (TBW)
9. 70% body weight
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
10. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
normal vascular oncotic pressure
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
iso-omolality of the body
11. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
goal of maintenance fluids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
general properties of crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
12. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
categorizations of crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
tonicity
advantages of the IV route of administration
13. 5% body weight
plasma volume in cats
complications of the SC route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
plasma volume in adults
14. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
maintenance for a normal adult cow
maintenance for a normal adult horse
advantages of the IV route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
15. 300 mosm/L
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
normal osmolality of body fluid
interstitial fluid
16. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
effective osmoles
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
goal of maintenance fluids
17. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
maintenance for a normal adult cow
traditional shock dose
acidifying crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
18. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
edema
Vetstarch
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
19. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
dehydration
interstitial fluid
Vetstarch
ICF is small animals
20. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
goals of fluid resuscitation
potassium
shock does for hetastarch
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
21. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
maintenance water requirement
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
22. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
advantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
maintenance for a normal adult cow
edema
23. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
24. 40% body weight
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
TBW in adults
hypotonic crystalloids
25. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
typical uses for IO route of administration
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
sodium
26. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
hydroxyethyl starch
potassium
iso-omolality of the body
advantages of the SC route of administration
27. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
signs of hypovolemia
28. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
alkalinizing crystalloids
maintenance water requirement
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
shock dose for hypertonic saline
29. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
traditional shock dose
acidifying crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
bloodwork changes and dehydration
30. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
insensible losses
alkalinizing crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
31. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
ineffective osmole
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
32. 4% body weight
TBW in adults
goal of maintenance fluids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
33. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
law of electroneutrality
ICF is small animals
total osmolality
indications for canine plasma
34. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
phases of a fluid therapy plan
complications of catheterization
35. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
plasma volume in cats
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
shock does for hetastarch
36. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
potassium
hydration parameters for physical examone
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
37. 8% body weight
potassium
blood volume in adults
blood volume in cats
effective osmoles
38. Lateral neck skin
ECF in large animal adults
mucous membrane moistness
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
traditional shock dose
39. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
canine plasma
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
edema
effective osmoles
40. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
41. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
shock dose for hypertonic saline
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
most important colloid in the blood
primary effect of colloids
42. Urinary -fecal
goals of fluid resuscitation
sensible fluid losses
plasma volume in cats
types of the fluids used for maintenance
43. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
sodium
normal vascular oncotic pressure
44. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
tonicity
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
45. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
46. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
skin elasticity test
TBW in adults
hydroxyethyl starch
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
47. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
goals of fluid resuscitation
types of the fluids used for maintenance
ECF in small animal adults
48. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
osmolality
49. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
interstitial fluid
acidifying crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
50. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
advantages of the IV route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cat