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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 4% body weight






2. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






3. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






4. Interstitial fluid + blood






5. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






6. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






7. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






8. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






9. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






10. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






11. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






12. Lateral neck skin






13. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






14. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






15. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






16. 70% body weight






17. Lower eyelid






18. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






19. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






20. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






21. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






22. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






23. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






24. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






25. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






26. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






27. The concentration of effective osmoles.






28. 5% body weight






29. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






30. The loss of intravascular fluid.






31. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






32. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






33. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






34. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






35. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






36. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






37. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






38. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






39. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






40. 20 to 25 mmHG






41. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






42. 40% body weight






43. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






44. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






45. 30% body weight






46. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






47. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






48. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






49. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






50. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia