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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
signs of hypovolemia
maintenance water requirement
general properties of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
2. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
shock does for hetastarch
advantages of the SC route of administration
TBW in adults
typical uses for IV route of administration
3. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
iso-omolality of the body
general properties of crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
4. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
sodium
shock does for hetastarch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
sodium
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
skin elasticity test
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
6. Potential for transfusion reactions.
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
total body water (TBW)
adverse effects of canine plasma
osmolality
7. 4% body weight
plasma volume in cats
sodium
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
8. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
law of electroneutrality
9. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
insensible losses
maintenance for a normal adult cat
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
10. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
shock does for hetastarch
hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
11. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
blood volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
shock does for hetastarch
12. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
typical uses for IO route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
plasma volume in cats
13. Sodium and associated anions
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
goal of maintenance fluids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
maintenance water requirement
14. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
maintenance for a normal adult dog
categorizations of crystalloids
maintenance water requirement
ICF is small animals
15. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
insensible losses
ECF in large animal adults
bloodwork changes and dehydration
law of electroneutrality
16. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
potassium
total body water (TBW)
hypovolemia
types of the fluids used for maintenance
17. 70% body weight
sensible fluid losses
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
iso-omolality of the body
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
18. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult horse
hydration parameters for physical examone
maintenance for a normal adult dog
19. Lower eyelid
insensible losses
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
20. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
shock dose for hypertonic saline
TBW in adults
21. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
hypotonic crystalloids
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
complications of catheterization
22. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
law of electroneutrality
skin elasticity test
ICF in large animals
total osmolality
23. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
bloodwork changes and dehydration
general properties of crystalloids
24. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
Vetstarch
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
25. 30% body weight
indications for canine plasma
insensible losses
ECF in large animal adults
hydroxyethyl starch
26. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
dehydration
potassium
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
27. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of canine plasma
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
bloodwork changes and dehydration
28. Total body water
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
29. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
TBW in adults
ICF in large animals
30. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
hypertonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
potassium
31. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
32. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
insensible losses
indications for canine plasma
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
33. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
indications for canine plasma
total osmolality
dehydration
34. The concentration of effective osmoles.
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
35. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
TBW in adults
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
36. 20 to 25 mmHG
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal vascular oncotic pressure
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
37. 8% body weight
osmolality
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
blood volume in adults
hypertonic crystalloids
38. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
advantages of the IV route of administration
alkalinizing crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
skin elasticity test
39. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
traditional shock dose
phases of a fluid therapy plan
advantages of the IO route of administration
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
40. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
blood volume in adults
properties of isotonic crystalloids
total osmolality
edema
41. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
ICF is small animals
complications of the SC route of administration
42. 60% body weight
acidifying crystalloids
TBW in adults
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
43. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
maintenance for a normal adult dog
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
types of the fluids used for maintenance
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
44. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
normal osmolality of body fluid
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
interstitial fluid
45. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
acidifying crystalloids
46. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
total body water (TBW)
goals of fluid resuscitation
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
47. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
sensible fluid losses
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
complications of catheterization
48. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
sodium
ECF in large animal adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
49. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
TBW in adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
typical uses for IO route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
50. 20% body weight
interstitial fluid
blood volume in cats
ECF in small animal adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)