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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






2. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






3. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






4. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






5. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






6. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






7. 30% body weight






8. 70% body weight






9. 50 m;/kg/day






10. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






11. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






12. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






13. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






14. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






15. 6% body weight






16. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






17. Urinary -fecal






18. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






19. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






20. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






21. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






22. 70% body weight






23. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






24. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






25. Albumin






26. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






27. Total body water






28. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






29. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






30. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






31. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






32. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






33. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






34. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






35. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






36. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






37. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






38. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






39. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






40. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






41. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






42. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






43. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






44. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






45. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






46. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






47. Potential for transfusion reactions.






48. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






49. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






50. 300 mosm/L