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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






2. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






3. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






4. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






5. 8% body weight






6. 40 ml/kg/day






7. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






8. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






9. 60% body weight






10. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






11. 6% body weight






12. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






13. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






14. The loss of intravascular fluid.






15. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






16. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






17. 40% body weight






18. Potential for transfusion reactions.






19. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






20. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






21. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






22. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






23. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






24. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






25. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






26. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






27. 20 to 25 mmHG






28. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






29. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






30. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






31. The concentration of effective osmoles.






32. Interstitial fluid + blood






33. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






34. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






35. 70% body weight






36. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






37. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






38. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






39. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






40. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






41. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






42. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






43. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






44. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






45. Extracellular water + intracellular water






46. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






47. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






48. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






49. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






50. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na







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