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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
alkalinizing crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
sodium
2. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
acidifying crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
3. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
Vetstarch
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
bloodwork changes and dehydration
edema
4. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
sodium
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
goals of fluid resuscitation
advantages of the SC route of administration
5. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
effective osmoles
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
plasma volume in cats
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
6. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
edema
maintenance for a normal adult dog
ECF in small animal adults
tonicity
7. Albumin
most important colloid in the blood
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
TBW in adults
iso-omolality of the body
8. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
9. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
potassium
sensible fluid losses
categorizations of crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
10. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
11. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
hydration parameters for physical examone
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
typical uses for IO route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
12. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
dehydration
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
13. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
maintenance water requirement
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
hypovolemia
14. 5% body weight
properties of isotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
15. Lateral neck skin
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
sensible fluid losses
16. Potential for transfusion reactions.
maintenance water requirement
advantages of the IV route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
17. Changes in body weight over time.
maintenance for a normal adult cow
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
18. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
edema
ECF in small animal adults
19. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
phases of a fluid therapy plan
ECF in large animal adults
20. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
sodium
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
Vetstarch
bloodwork changes and dehydration
21. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
mucous membrane moistness
goals of fluid resuscitation
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hydroxyethyl starch
22. Lower eyelid
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
Vetstarch
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
23. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
ECF in small animal adults
hypovolemia
effective osmoles
24. 6% body weight
law of electroneutrality
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
blood volume in cats
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
25. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
ICF is small animals
dehydration
canine plasma
primary effect of colloids
26. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
potassium
ECF in large animal adults
bloodwork changes and dehydration
hypovolemia
27. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
skin elasticity test
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
28. Total body water
extracellular fluid (ECF)
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
insensible losses
most important colloid in the blood
29. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
blood volume in cats
most important colloid in the blood
iso-omolality of the body
maintenance water requirement
30. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
bloodwork changes and dehydration
ECF in small animal adults
ECF in large animal adults
31. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
plasma volume in adults
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
32. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
bloodwork changes and dehydration
typical uses for IO route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
33. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
advantages of the SC route of administration
34. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
typical uses for IV route of administration
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
alkalinizing crystalloids
35. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
law of electroneutrality
extracellular fluid (ECF)
properties of isotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
36. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
maintenance for a normal adult cow
37. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
advantages of the IV route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
38. Extracellular water + intracellular water
indications for canine plasma
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
maintenance water requirement
total body water (TBW)
39. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
40. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
ineffective osmole
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
ICF in large animals
41. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
hydroxyethyl starch
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
42. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
primary effect of colloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
ICF in large animals
43. Sodium and associated anions
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
potassium
44. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
total osmolality
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
complications of the SC route of administration
45. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
plasma volume in adults
blood volume in adults
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
46. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
47. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
advantages of the SC route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
ineffective osmole
48. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
bloodwork changes and dehydration
sensible fluid losses
primary effect of colloids
49. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
Vetstarch
alkalinizing crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
50. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
effective osmoles
interstitial fluid
maintenance for a normal adult cat
adverse effects of canine plasma