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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






2. 6% body weight






3. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






4. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






5. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






6. Albumin






7. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






8. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






9. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






10. 40 ml/kg/day






11. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






12. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






13. 5% body weight






14. 70% body weight






15. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






16. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






17. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






18. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






19. 70% body weight






20. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






21. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






22. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






23. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






24. 30% body weight






25. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test






26. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






27. 60% body weight






28. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






29. Interstitial fluid + blood






30. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






31. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






32. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






33. Urinary -fecal






34. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






35. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






36. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






37. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






38. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






39. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






40. Lateral neck skin






41. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






42. Sodium and associated anions






43. The concentration of effective osmoles.






44. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






45. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






46. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






47. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






48. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






49. 4% body weight






50. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity







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