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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sodium and associated anions






2. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






3. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






4. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






5. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






6. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






7. Changes in body weight over time.






8. 70% body weight






9. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






10. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






11. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






12. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






13. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






14. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






15. The concentration of effective osmoles.






16. 40% body weight






17. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






18. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






19. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






20. 4% body weight






21. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






22. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






23. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






24. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






25. 8% body weight






26. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






27. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






28. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






29. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






30. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






31. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






32. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






33. 60% body weight






34. 40% body weight






35. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






36. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






37. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






38. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






39. The loss of intravascular fluid.






40. Urinary -fecal






41. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






42. 40 ml/kg/day






43. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






44. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






45. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






46. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






47. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






48. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






49. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






50. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75







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