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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 8% body weight
bloodwork changes and dehydration
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
total osmolality
blood volume in adults
2. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of isotonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
signs of hypovolemia
3. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
complications of the SC route of administration
ECF in large animal adults
interstitial fluid
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
4. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
primary effect of colloids
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
5. Albumin
most important colloid in the blood
general properties of crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
6. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
phases of a fluid therapy plan
general properties of crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
7. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
hydration parameters for physical examone
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
hypovolemia
blood volume in adults
8. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
dehydration
osmolality
9. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
Vetstarch
maintenance for a normal adult horse
10. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
advantages of the IO route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
11. Lower eyelid
interstitial fluid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
12. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
Vetstarch
effective osmoles
tonicity
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
13. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult cat
types of the fluids used for maintenance
plasma volume in cats
14. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
total osmolality
sodium
maintenance for a normal adult cat
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
15. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
acidifying crystalloids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
skin elasticity test
16. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
adverse effects of canine plasma
acidifying crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
17. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
osmolality
edema
ECF in large animal adults
18. 20% body weight
potassium
ECF in small animal adults
hydration parameters for physical examone
sensible fluid losses
19. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
20. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
alkalinizing crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
ECF in large animal adults
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
21. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
hypovolemia
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
normal vascular oncotic pressure
22. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
iso-omolality of the body
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
23. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
ICF in large animals
hydroxyethyl starch
plasma volume in cats
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
24. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
TBW in adults
adverse effects of canine plasma
plasma volume in cats
hypertonic crystalloids
25. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
ECF in small animal adults
total osmolality
indications for canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
26. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
edema
advantages of the IV route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
27. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
sodium
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
28. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
plasma volume in cats
complications of catheterization
most important colloid in the blood
anion gap
29. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
hypotonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
goal of maintenance fluids
30. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
dehydration
effective osmoles
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
law of electroneutrality
31. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
32. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
complications of the SC route of administration
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
33. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
typical uses for IO route of administration
plasma volume in adults
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
34. Urinary -fecal
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
maintenance for a normal adult horse
most important colloid in the blood
sensible fluid losses
35. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
complications of catheterization
interstitial fluid
hypotonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
36. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
dehydration
37. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
advantages of the IO route of administration
anion gap
38. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
ECF in large animal adults
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
hypertonic crystalloids
39. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
ineffective osmole
categorizations of crystalloids
canine plasma
general properties of crystalloids
40. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
advantages of the SC route of administration
41. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
maintenance for a normal adult cow
primary effect of colloids
42. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
interstitial fluid
43. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
complications of the SC route of administration
44. Sodium and associated anions
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
advantages of the IV route of administration
dehydration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
45. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
ECF in large animal adults
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
interstitial fluid
46. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
advantages of the IV route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
dehydration
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
47. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
anion gap
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
48. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
49. 30% body weight
ICF in large animals
adverse effects of canine plasma
complications of catheterization
ineffective osmole
50. 300 mosm/L
normal osmolality of body fluid
edema
effective osmoles
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
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