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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






2. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






3. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






4. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






5. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






6. 70% body weight






7. Sodium and associated anions






8. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






9. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






10. 300 mosm/L






11. Potential for transfusion reactions.






12. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






13. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






14. Lateral neck skin






15. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






16. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






17. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






18. Interstitial fluid + blood






19. 40 ml/kg/day






20. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






21. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






22. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






23. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






24. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






25. 70% body weight






26. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






27. 50 m;/kg/day






28. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






29. 30% body weight






30. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






31. 20 to 25 mmHG






32. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






33. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






34. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






35. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






36. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






37. Urinary -fecal






38. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






39. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






40. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






41. Albumin






42. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






43. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






44. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






45. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






46. 20% body weight






47. 60% body weight






48. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






49. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






50. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity







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