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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Potential for transfusion reactions.
adverse effects of canine plasma
shock dose for hypertonic saline
ineffective osmole
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
2. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
law of electroneutrality
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
normal osmolality of body fluid
3. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
primary effect of colloids
hydroxyethyl starch
typical uses for IV route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
4. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
hydration parameters for physical examone
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
complications of the SC route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
5. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
types of the fluids used for maintenance
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
alkalinizing crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
6. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
ICF is small animals
general properties of crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
advantages of the SC route of administration
7. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
sodium
8. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
traditional shock dose
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
anion gap
9. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
maintenance for a normal adult cow
osmolality
advantages of the SC route of administration
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
10. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
anion gap
effective osmoles
blood volume in adults
bloodwork changes and dehydration
11. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
shock does for hetastarch
complications of the SC route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
12. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
goals of fluid resuscitation
shock does for hetastarch
advantages of the IV route of administration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
13. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
acidifying crystalloids
14. 60% body weight
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
TBW in adults
types of the fluids used for maintenance
15. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
typical uses for IV route of administration
goals of fluid resuscitation
shock does for hetastarch
anion gap
16. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
hypertonic crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
17. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hydration parameters for physical examone
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
18. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
ECF in large animal adults
complications of the SC route of administration
ICF is small animals
advantages of the IO route of administration
19. 300 mosm/L
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
blood volume in adults
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal osmolality of body fluid
20. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
indications for canine plasma
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
potassium
21. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
hydration parameters for physical examone
complications of the SC route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
normal vascular oncotic pressure
22. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
normal vascular oncotic pressure
shock does for hetastarch
23. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
traditional shock dose
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
ECF in large animal adults
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
24. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
25. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
extracellular fluid (ECF)
TBW in adults
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
26. 8% body weight
blood volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
indications for canine plasma
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
27. 40% body weight
primary effect of colloids
insensible losses
typical uses for IV route of administration
ICF is small animals
28. Lower eyelid
plasma volume in cats
ECF in small animal adults
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
mucous membrane moistness
29. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
sodium
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
30. 40 ml/kg/day
total body water (TBW)
maintenance for a normal adult cat
maintenance for a normal adult horse
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
31. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
iso-omolality of the body
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
potassium
32. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
typical uses for IO route of administration
ineffective osmole
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
33. Albumin
phases of a fluid therapy plan
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
blood volume in adults
most important colloid in the blood
34. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
blood volume in cats
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
35. Extracellular water + intracellular water
TBW in adults
typical uses for IV route of administration
hydration parameters for physical examone
total body water (TBW)
36. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
ECF in large animal adults
sensible fluid losses
dehydration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
37. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
maintenance water requirement
blood volume in adults
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
38. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
shock dose for hypertonic saline
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
39. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
40. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
types of the fluids used for maintenance
insensible losses
general properties of crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
41. 40% body weight
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
shock does for hetastarch
maintenance for a normal adult horse
42. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
dehydration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
43. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
ineffective osmole
skin elasticity test
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
44. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
45. The loss of intravascular fluid.
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
hypovolemia
anion gap
ECF in large animal adults
46. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
maintenance for a normal adult cat
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
ICF is small animals
phases of a fluid therapy plan
47. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
complications of the SC route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypertonic crystalloids
48. 50 m;/kg/day
typical uses for IO route of administration
indications for canine plasma
tonicity
maintenance for a normal adult cow
49. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
sodium
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
complications of catheterization
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
50. The concentration of effective osmoles.
maintenance for a normal adult cat
normal osmolality of body fluid
shock dose for hypertonic saline
tonicity
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