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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
edema
signs of hypovolemia
maintenance for a normal adult dog
advantages of the IV route of administration
2. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
adverse effects of canine plasma
skin elasticity test
typical uses for IO route of administration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
3. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
osmolality
plasma volume in cats
types of the fluids used for maintenance
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
4. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
iso-omolality of the body
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
5. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
advantages of the IO route of administration
most important colloid in the blood
6. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
hydroxyethyl starch
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
7. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
general properties of crystalloids
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
anion gap
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
8. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
advantages of the IV route of administration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
total osmolality
advantages of the SC route of administration
9. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
osmolality
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hydroxyethyl starch
10. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
dehydration
signs of hypovolemia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
effective osmoles
11. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
acidifying crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
shock dose for hypertonic saline
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
12. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
hypotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
iso-omolality of the body
complications of the SC route of administration
13. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
dehydration
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
14. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
law of electroneutrality
TBW in adults
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
15. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
maintenance for a normal adult dog
shock does for hetastarch
primary effect of colloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
16. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
properties of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
17. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
typical uses for IV route of administration
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the IO route of administration
18. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
ineffective osmole
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
19. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
anion gap
advantages of the IV route of administration
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
shock does for hetastarch
20. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IV route of administration
general properties of crystalloids
edema
21. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
blood volume in cats
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
22. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
primary effect of colloids
interstitial fluid
TBW in adults
23. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
ineffective osmole
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
edema
osmolality
24. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
blood volume in cats
interstitial fluid
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
25. The concentration of effective osmoles.
tonicity
total body water (TBW)
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
26. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
sodium
27. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
traditional shock dose
general properties of crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
28. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
Vetstarch
phases of a fluid therapy plan
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
complications of catheterization
29. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
traditional shock dose
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
plasma volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult dog
30. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
sodium
shock dose for hypertonic saline
traditional shock dose
31. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
sensible fluid losses
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
skin elasticity test
32. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
interstitial fluid
sensible fluid losses
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
shock does for hetastarch
33. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
tonicity
34. 40% body weight
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
ICF is small animals
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult cat
35. The loss of intravascular fluid.
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
hypovolemia
interstitial fluid
typical uses for IO route of administration
36. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
maintenance for a normal adult cat
maintenance for a normal adult cow
signs of hypovolemia
advantages of the IO route of administration
37. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
skin elasticity test
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
shock dose for hypertonic saline
38. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
signs of hypovolemia
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
39. 20% body weight
ECF in small animal adults
advantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
TBW in adults
40. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
41. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
indications for canine plasma
signs of hypovolemia
interstitial fluid
42. 300 mosm/L
advantages of the IO route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
blood volume in adults
normal osmolality of body fluid
43. 30% body weight
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
goals of fluid resuscitation
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
44. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
45. 60% body weight
effective osmoles
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in adults
46. 8% body weight
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
blood volume in adults
47. Albumin
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
most important colloid in the blood
maintenance water requirement
48. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
categorizations of crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
49. Total body water
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ECF in small animal adults
maintenance for a normal adult horse
50. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
canine plasma
maintenance water requirement
typical uses for IO route of administration
skin elasticity test