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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






2. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






3. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






4. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






5. Sodium and associated anions






6. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






7. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






8. 50 m;/kg/day






9. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






10. Urinary -fecal






11. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






12. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






13. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






14. 70% body weight






15. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






16. 8% body weight






17. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






18. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






19. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






20. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






21. 300 mosm/L






22. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






23. Interstitial fluid + blood






24. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






25. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






26. Changes in body weight over time.






27. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






28. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






29. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






30. The loss of intravascular fluid.






31. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






32. 20% body weight






33. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






34. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






35. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






36. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






37. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






38. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






39. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






40. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






41. Potential for transfusion reactions.






42. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






43. 20 to 25 mmHG






44. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






45. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






46. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






47. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






48. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






49. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






50. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.







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