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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Potential for transfusion reactions.






2. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






3. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






4. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






5. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






6. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction






7. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






8. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






9. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






10. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






11. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






12. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






13. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






14. 60% body weight






15. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






16. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






17. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






18. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






19. 300 mosm/L






20. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






21. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






22. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






23. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






24. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






25. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






26. 8% body weight






27. 40% body weight






28. Lower eyelid






29. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






30. 40 ml/kg/day






31. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






32. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






33. Albumin






34. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






35. Extracellular water + intracellular water






36. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






37. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






38. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






39. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






40. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






41. 40% body weight






42. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






43. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






44. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






45. The loss of intravascular fluid.






46. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






47. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






48. 50 m;/kg/day






49. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






50. The concentration of effective osmoles.







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