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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






2. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






3. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






4. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






5. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






6. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






7. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






8. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






9. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






10. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






11. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






12. Sodium and associated anions






13. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






14. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






15. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






16. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






17. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






18. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






19. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






20. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






21. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






22. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






23. 30% body weight






24. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






25. 40 ml/kg/day






26. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






27. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






28. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






29. 5% body weight






30. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






31. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






32. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






33. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






34. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






35. Changes in body weight over time.






36. Urinary -fecal






37. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






38. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






39. 6% body weight






40. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






41. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






42. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






43. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






44. 30% body weight






45. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






46. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






47. 40% body weight






48. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






49. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






50. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.