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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
alkalinizing crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
2. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
insensible losses
maintenance for a normal adult cow
potassium
3. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
maintenance water requirement
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
4. Potential for transfusion reactions.
categorizations of crystalloids
ICF in large animals
alkalinizing crystalloids
adverse effects of canine plasma
5. 20% body weight
indications for canine plasma
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
ECF in small animal adults
advantages of the IO route of administration
6. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
maintenance for a normal adult cat
blood volume in adults
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
7. Interstitial fluid + blood
mucous membrane moistness
extracellular fluid (ECF)
properties of isotonic crystalloids
dehydration
8. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
bloodwork changes and dehydration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
9. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
effective osmoles
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
goal of maintenance fluids
10. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
shock dose for hypertonic saline
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
traditional shock dose
osmolality
11. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
goals of fluid resuscitation
ICF in large animals
signs of hypovolemia
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
12. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
canine plasma
primary effect of colloids
hydroxyethyl starch
total osmolality
13. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
alkalinizing crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
14. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
ineffective osmole
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
advantages of the IO route of administration
15. 5% body weight
alkalinizing crystalloids
plasma volume in adults
goals of fluid resuscitation
acidifying crystalloids
16. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
general properties of crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
insensible losses
17. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
plasma volume in adults
categorizations of crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
18. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
advantages of the SC route of administration
ICF is small animals
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
19. 40 ml/kg/day
hypotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult horse
complications of the SC route of administration
20. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
interstitial fluid
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
maintenance for a normal adult horse
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
21. 70% body weight
goals of fluid resuscitation
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
sodium
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
22. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
23. 40% body weight
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
ICF is small animals
bloodwork changes and dehydration
primary effect of colloids
24. The loss of intravascular fluid.
hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
hypovolemia
ineffective osmole
25. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
ineffective osmole
hydroxyethyl starch
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
26. The concentration of effective osmoles.
typical uses for IV route of administration
tonicity
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
27. Total body water
total body water (TBW)
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
28. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
advantages of the SC route of administration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
blood volume in cats
29. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
skin elasticity test
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
general properties of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
30. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
typical uses for IV route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
effective osmoles
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
31. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
law of electroneutrality
Vetstarch
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
32. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
hypovolemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
33. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
34. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
sensible fluid losses
advantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
35. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
phases of a fluid therapy plan
plasma volume in cats
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
36. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
normal osmolality of body fluid
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
37. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
interstitial fluid
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
alkalinizing crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
38. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
signs of hypovolemia
extracellular fluid (ECF)
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
39. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
goals of fluid resuscitation
ECF in large animal adults
law of electroneutrality
40. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ineffective osmole
adverse effects of canine plasma
edema
osmolality
41. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
hydroxyethyl starch
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
effective osmoles
42. Sodium and associated anions
general properties of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
mucous membrane moistness
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
43. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
insensible losses
advantages of the IO route of administration
typical uses for IV route of administration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
44. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
dehydration
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
45. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
goals of fluid resuscitation
law of electroneutrality
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
iso-omolality of the body
46. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
typical uses for IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cat
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
47. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
edema
advantages of the SC route of administration
48. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
hydroxyethyl starch
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
insensible losses
49. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
indications for canine plasma
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
50. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
sodium
hypertonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment