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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






2. Lateral neck skin






3. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






4. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






6. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






7. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






8. Urinary -fecal






9. 40% body weight






10. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






11. Changes in body weight over time.






12. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






13. Interstitial fluid + blood






14. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






15. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






16. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






17. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






18. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






19. 70% body weight






20. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75






21. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






22. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






23. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






24. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






25. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






26. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






27. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






28. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.






29. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






30. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






31. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






32. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






33. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






34. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






35. 300 mosm/L






36. Total body water






37. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






38. 5% body weight






39. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






40. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






41. Extracellular water + intracellular water






42. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






43. 50 m;/kg/day






44. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






45. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






46. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






47. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






48. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






49. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






50. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.







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