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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
2. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
advantages of the IV route of administration
osmolality
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
ICF is small animals
3. Changes in body weight over time.
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
interstitial fluid
adverse effects of canine plasma
4. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
TBW in adults
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
interstitial fluid
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
5. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
hypovolemia
acidifying crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
6. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
dehydration
advantages of the IO route of administration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
plasma volume in adults
7. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
skin elasticity test
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
potassium
8. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
hydroxyethyl starch
tonicity
potassium
9. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
osmolality
maintenance for a normal adult dog
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
maintenance for a normal adult cow
10. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
ineffective osmole
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
anion gap
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
11. 20% body weight
sensible fluid losses
ECF in small animal adults
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
typical uses for IV route of administration
12. Albumin
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
13. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
typical uses for IO route of administration
plasma volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
14. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
Vetstarch
goals of fluid resuscitation
ineffective osmole
15. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
sodium
indications for canine plasma
16. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism
general properties of crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
hydration parameters for physical examone
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
17. 20 to 25 mmHG
normal vascular oncotic pressure
mucous membrane moistness
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
hypovolemia
18. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal osmolality of body fluid
skin elasticity test
19. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
mucous membrane moistness
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
law of electroneutrality
20. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
law of electroneutrality
properties of isotonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
21. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
anion gap
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
22. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
indications for canine plasma
hydroxyethyl starch
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
23. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult cat
types of the fluids used for maintenance
24. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
hypertonic crystalloids
25. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
edema
primary effect of colloids
ECF in small animal adults
mucous membrane moistness
26. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
types of the fluids used for maintenance
signs of hypovolemia
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
27. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
maintenance for a normal adult dog
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
Vetstarch
total body water (TBW)
28. 40% body weight
total osmolality
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
29. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
sensible fluid losses
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the SC route of administration
30. 70% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
complications of the SC route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
31. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
mucous membrane moistness
potassium
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
edema
32. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
adverse effects of canine plasma
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
complications of catheterization
ECF in small animal adults
33. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
anion gap
phases of a fluid therapy plan
sodium
34. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
signs of hypovolemia
advantages of the SC route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cow
ECF in large animal adults
35. 70% body weight
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance water requirement
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
36. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
normal osmolality of body fluid
37. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
complications of the SC route of administration
anion gap
mucous membrane moistness
maintenance for a normal adult cat
38. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
goals of fluid resuscitation
hydroxyethyl starch
ICF in large animals
39. The loss of intravascular fluid.
signs of hypovolemia
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hypovolemia
mucous membrane moistness
40. 40 ml/kg/day
maintenance for a normal adult horse
osmolality
Vetstarch
potassium
41. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
hydroxyethyl starch
total osmolality
bloodwork changes and dehydration
blood volume in cats
42. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
43. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
acidifying crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
insensible losses
hydration parameters for physical examone
44. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
canine plasma
goal of maintenance fluids
indications for canine plasma
effective osmoles
45. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
complications of the SC route of administration
total body water (TBW)
traditional shock dose
46. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
general properties of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
canine plasma
ICF is small animals
47. 30% body weight
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
law of electroneutrality
48. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
blood volume in cats
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
osmolality
goals of fluid resuscitation
49. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
skin elasticity test
dehydration
ICF is small animals
maintenance water requirement
50. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
hydration parameters for physical examone
ineffective osmole
complications of the SC route of administration
plasma volume in cats