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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






2. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






3. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus






4. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






5. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






6. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions






7. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight






8. 6% body weight






9. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






10. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






11. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients






12. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)






13. 40% body weight






14. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






15. 4% body weight






16. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






17. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






18. The loss of intravascular fluid.






19. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






20. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






21. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






22. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






23. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






24. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






25. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






26. 30% body weight






27. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






28. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






29. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






30. Changes in body weight over time.






31. Sodium and associated anions






32. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






33. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






34. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






35. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






36. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






37. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






38. 5% body weight






39. Potential for transfusion reactions.






40. 20% body weight






41. Lateral neck skin






42. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






43. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






44. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






45. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






46. Interstitial fluid + blood






47. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






48. 30% body weight






49. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






50. Urinary -fecal







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