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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
hypotonic crystalloids
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ICF in large animals
2. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
normal vascular oncotic pressure
primary effect of colloids
acidifying crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
3. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
signs of hypovolemia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
4. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
total body water (TBW)
properties of isotonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
5. 5% body weight
complications of catheterization
plasma volume in adults
alkalinizing crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
6. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
complications of the SC route of administration
complications of catheterization
maintenance water requirement
7. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
properties of isotonic crystalloids
goal of maintenance fluids
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
dehydration
8. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
mucous membrane moistness
typical uses for IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cow
complications of catheterization
9. Extracellular water + intracellular water
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
total body water (TBW)
10. Urinary -fecal
total body water (TBW)
sensible fluid losses
ECF in small animal adults
ICF is small animals
11. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
shock does for hetastarch
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
12. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
shock dose for hypertonic saline
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
edema
alkalinizing crystalloids
13. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
acidifying crystalloids
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
14. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
signs of hypovolemia
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
15. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
potassium
advantages of the SC route of administration
ECF in large animal adults
phases of a fluid therapy plan
16. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
TBW in adults
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
tonicity
osmolality
17. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
extracellular fluid (ECF)
advantages of the SC route of administration
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
18. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
sensible fluid losses
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance for a normal adult cow
19. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
osmolality
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
20. Lower eyelid
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
blood volume in adults
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
ineffective osmole
21. Sodium and associated anions
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
blood volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
22. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
typical uses for IV route of administration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
23. 20 to 25 mmHG
general properties of crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
complications of the SC route of administration
24. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
25. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
primary effect of colloids
acidifying crystalloids
potassium
bloodwork changes and dehydration
26. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
indications for canine plasma
signs of hypovolemia
blood volume in adults
27. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
types of the fluids used for maintenance
extracellular fluid (ECF)
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
osmolality
28. 4% body weight
phases of a fluid therapy plan
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
indications for canine plasma
plasma volume in cats
29. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
advantages of the IV route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
traditional shock dose
blood volume in cats
30. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
normal osmolality of body fluid
edema
complications of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids
31. 40% body weight
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
indications for canine plasma
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
32. 40 ml/kg/day
advantages of the SC route of administration
properties of isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
edema
33. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
potassium
signs of hypovolemia
Vetstarch
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
34. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult dog
alkalinizing crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
35. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
sodium
advantages of the IV route of administration
phases of a fluid therapy plan
plasma volume in cats
36. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
dehydration
hydroxyethyl starch
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
37. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
tonicity
shock does for hetastarch
normal vascular oncotic pressure
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
38. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
plasma volume in cats
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
general properties of crystalloids
39. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
canine plasma
mucous membrane moistness
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
40. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
41. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
indications for canine plasma
goals of fluid resuscitation
traditional shock dose
42. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
insensible losses
indications for canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
mucous membrane moistness
43. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
mucous membrane moistness
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
44. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
normal vascular oncotic pressure
interstitial fluid
potassium
45. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
hypotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
maintenance water requirement
46. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
advantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
47. 30% body weight
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
ICF in large animals
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
potassium
48. 8% body weight
bloodwork changes and dehydration
blood volume in adults
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
normal vascular oncotic pressure
49. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
ineffective osmole
total body water (TBW)
potassium
50. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
dehydration
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
iso-omolality of the body
osmolality