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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Albumin






2. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






3. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






4. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative






5. Potential for transfusion reactions.






6. The loss of intravascular fluid.






7. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






8. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.






9. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.






10. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases






11. A particle that does not generate osmotic pressure because it is freely permeable across a membrane.






12. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






13. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






14. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






15. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






16. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






17. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






18. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






19. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






20. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






21. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






22. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






23. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






24. 20 to 25 mmHG






25. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.






26. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






27. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






28. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis






29. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






30. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






31. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia






32. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






33. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






34. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes






35. 30% body weight






36. Most commonly used to treat coagulopathies.






37. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






38. 40% body weight






39. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






40. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity






41. Mucous membrane moistness -skin elasticity -position of the eye in orbit -changes in body weight -volume status (signs of hypovolemia) -thirst mechanism






42. The concentration of effective osmoles.






43. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






44. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






45. Lower eyelid






46. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






47. Sodium and associated anions






48. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






49. 5% body weight






50. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.







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