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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
total body water (TBW)
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
potassium
interstitial fluid
2. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
maintenance for a normal adult cat
types of the fluids used for maintenance
3. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
tonicity
maintenance for a normal adult cat
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
law of electroneutrality
4. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
effective osmoles
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
total osmolality
5. Total body water
normal vascular oncotic pressure
blood volume in adults
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
6. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
general properties of crystalloids
TBW in adults
7. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
dehydration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
8. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
goals of fluid resuscitation
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
9. Resuscitation -anesthetic patients -to treat significant dehydration and ongoing losses -critiacally ill patients
ECF in small animal adults
normal osmolality of body fluid
typical uses for IV route of administration
canine plasma
10. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
mucous membrane moistness
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
11. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
plasma volume in cats
TBW in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
12. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
advantages of the SC route of administration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
13. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
interstitial fluid
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
14. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
signs of hypovolemia
phases of a fluid therapy plan
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
15. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
ECF in small animal adults
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
acidifying crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
16. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
interstitial fluid
anion gap
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
17. 40% body weight
ICF in large animals
ICF is small animals
TBW in adults
hypotonic crystalloids
18. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
shock does for hetastarch
blood volume in cats
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
19. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
canine plasma
traditional shock dose
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
20. Sodium and associated anions
blood volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
TBW in adults
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
21. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
maintenance for a normal adult horse
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
22. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
types of the fluids used for maintenance
23. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
hypertonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
24. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
adverse effects of canine plasma
total body water (TBW)
Vetstarch
hydroxyethyl starch
25. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
complications of the SC route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
bloodwork changes and dehydration
26. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
ICF in large animals
typical uses for IO route of administration
edema
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
27. The loss of intravascular fluid.
plasma volume in adults
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hypovolemia
phases of a fluid therapy plan
28. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
29. 5% body weight
sensible fluid losses
plasma volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult dog
complications of catheterization
30. 8% body weight
hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
blood volume in adults
typical uses for IV route of administration
31. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
plasma volume in cats
hypertonic crystalloids
canine plasma
phases of a fluid therapy plan
32. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypovolemia
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
total osmolality
33. Omolality of ECF increases - causing fluid to shift from the ICF to the ECF -ECF volume is partially maintained -ICF decreases - TBW decreases
edema
potassium
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
plasma volume in cats
34. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
adverse effects of canine plasma
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
35. Urinary -fecal
hypovolemia
maintenance for a normal adult dog
anion gap
sensible fluid losses
36. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
normal vascular oncotic pressure
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
blood volume in cats
iso-omolality of the body
37. 4% body weight
plasma volume in cats
maintenance water requirement
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
Vetstarch
38. Resuscitation - to attain sustained vascular expansion - oncotic support during hypoproteinemia
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
complications of the SC route of administration
advantages of the IV route of administration
39. 20% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult cow
hydration parameters for physical examone
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
ECF in small animal adults
40. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
ICF in large animals
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
insensible losses
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
41. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
typical uses for IO route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
42. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
adverse effects of canine plasma
advantages of the IO route of administration
typical uses for IV route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
43. Lower eyelid
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
ineffective osmole
primary effect of colloids
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
44. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
ICF is small animals
sodium
categorizations of crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
45. 60% body weight
total osmolality
TBW in adults
plasma volume in adults
the effects of the loss of hypotonic fluid (water deprivation)
46. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight
maintenance water requirement
law of electroneutrality
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
goal of maintenance fluids
47. 6% body weight
blood volume in cats
TBW in adults
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
indications for canine plasma
48. Lateral neck skin
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
ICF is small animals
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance water requirement
49. Interstitial fluid + blood
edema
extracellular fluid (ECF)
sensible fluid losses
adverse effects of canine plasma
50. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
effective osmoles
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
plasma volume in cats
alkalinizing crystalloids