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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body






2. Never use for resuscitation -never bolus; cannot administer rapidly






3. 20 to 25 mmHG






4. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






5. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






6. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.






7. Extracellular water + intracellular water






8. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






9. 70% body weight






10. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






11. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






12. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






13. 5% body weight






14. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






15. 300 mosm/L






16. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.






17. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






18. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access






19. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d






20. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr






21. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss






22. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






23. Interstitial fluid + blood






24. 40% body weight






25. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.






26. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






27. 4 ml/kg IV bolus






28. A function of daily obligatory solute excretion -based on body surface area rather than body weight






29. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






30. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






31. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






32. 4% body weight






33. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.






34. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase






35. 20% body weight






36. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia






37. 8% body weight






38. Lateral neck skin






39. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






40. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M






41. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space






42. Urinary -fecal






43. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






44. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






45. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia






46. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






47. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration






48. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.






49. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






50. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.