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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
phases of a fluid therapy plan
advantages of the IO route of administration
mucous membrane moistness
2. 4% body weight
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
plasma volume in cats
complications of catheterization
blood volume in adults
3. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
categorizations of crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
goal of maintenance fluids
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
4. Plasma proteins -sodium and associated anions
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
typical uses for IV route of administration
alkalinizing crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
5. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
hydroxyethyl starch
categorizations of crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
6. Albumin
most important colloid in the blood
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
blood volume in adults
7. 60% body weight
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
TBW in adults
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
maintenance for a normal adult dog
8. 20% body weight
alkalinizing crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
9. 40% body weight
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
TBW in adults
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
primary effect of colloids
10. 20 to 25 mmHG
traditional shock dose
normal vascular oncotic pressure
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ICF is small animals
11. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
12. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
ICF in large animals
primary effect of colloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
13. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
law of electroneutrality
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
tonicity
14. Short duration of volume expansion -transient hypernatremia -reflex bradycardia
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
insensible losses
normal osmolality of body fluid
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
15. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
hypovolemia
canine plasma
law of electroneutrality
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
16. 132 x BW (kg)^0.75
blood volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult dog
total osmolality
edema
17. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
categorizations of crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
18. 40% body weight
osmolality
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ICF is small animals
tonicity
19. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
sensible fluid losses
bloodwork changes and dehydration
hydroxyethyl starch
maintenance for a normal adult dog
20. Sodium and associated anions
acidifying crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
signs of hypovolemia
typical uses for IV route of administration
21. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the SC route of administration
signs of hypovolemia
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
22. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
skin elasticity test
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
ineffective osmole
23. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
most important colloid in the blood
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
24. 6% body weight
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
iso-omolality of the body
blood volume in cats
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
25. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
adverse effects of canine plasma
blood volume in cats
advantages of the SC route of administration
26. Occur at the loss of 30% of blood volume -occur when dehydration reached 10% of body weight
sodium
hydration parameters for physical examone
acidifying crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
27. Extracellular water + intracellular water
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
total body water (TBW)
28. 70% body weight
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
total osmolality
properties of isotonic crystalloids
29. 5% body weight
typical uses for IO route of administration
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
phases of a fluid therapy plan
plasma volume in adults
30. 300 mosm/L
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
normal osmolality of body fluid
normal vascular oncotic pressure
canine plasma
31. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
properties of isotonic crystalloids
osmolality
shock does for hetastarch
32. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
advantages of the SC route of administration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
maintenance for a normal adult cat
33. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
advantages of the SC route of administration
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
34. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
most important colloid in the blood
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
35. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
ineffective osmole
edema
indications for canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
36. A new formulation of hydroxyethyl starch that has decreased coagulopathy effects - safe up to 50 to 100 ml/kg/d
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
dehydration
hydration parameters for physical examone
Vetstarch
37. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
iso-omolality of the body
advantages of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
38. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
advantages of the SC route of administration
ICF is small animals
properties of isotonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
39. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
total body water (TBW)
hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
40. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
effective osmoles
acidifying crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
41. Total body water
shock dose for hypertonic saline
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
complications of the SC route of administration
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
42. 30% body weight
ICF in large animals
complications of catheterization
interstitial fluid
dehydration
43. 50 m;/kg/day
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
advantages of the IV route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult cow
44. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
total osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
insensible losses
phases of a fluid therapy plan
45. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
traditional shock dose
maintenance for a normal adult horse
total osmolality
anion gap
46. Changes in body weight over time.
osmolality
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
hypotonic crystalloids
47. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
maintenance for a normal adult cow
effective osmoles
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
48. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
goals of fluid resuscitation
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
49. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
goals of fluid resuscitation
general properties of crystalloids
tonicity
50. 70% body weight
acidifying crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
normal osmolality of body fluid
effective osmoles
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