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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Study First
Subjects
:
health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
normal osmolality of body fluid
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
law of electroneutrality
2. 70% body weight
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
shock dose for hypertonic saline
maintenance for a normal adult horse
3. Potential for transfusion reactions.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
tonicity
adverse effects of canine plasma
properties of isotonic crystalloids
4. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
acidifying crystalloids
total osmolality
effective osmoles
TBW in adults
5. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
skin elasticity test
tonicity
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
6. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
acidifying crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
plasma volume in cats
7. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
insensible losses
TBW in adults
typical uses for IO route of administration
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
8. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
signs of hypovolemia
types of the fluids used for maintenance
advantages of the SC route of administration
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
9. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
plasma volume in cats
potassium
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
10. 6% body weight
types of the fluids used for maintenance
blood volume in cats
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
law of electroneutrality
11. Changes in body weight over time.
blood volume in cats
ICF is small animals
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
12. Practical - with limited equipment required -can be administered on an outpatient basis
hydration parameters for physical examone
advantages of the SC route of administration
tonicity
effective osmoles
13. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
typical uses for IV route of administration
ICF is small animals
insensible losses
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
14. Increased PCV and TP (hemoconcentration) -increased BUN (pre-renal azotemia) -sodium concentration will remain the same with isotonic loss
bloodwork changes and dehydration
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
indications for canine plasma
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
15. 50 m;/kg/day
dehydration
total body water (TBW)
complications of catheterization
maintenance for a normal adult cow
16. Generates osmotic pressure by causing a shift of water across a boundary that is not permeable to the osmotically active particle.
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
effective osmoles
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
17. The amount of saliva and tear film varies inversely with - hydration status -this is a qualitative test
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
mucous membrane moistness
skin elasticity test
tonicity
18. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
typical uses for IV route of administration
ineffective osmole
phases of a fluid therapy plan
properties of isotonic crystalloids
19. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
advantages of the IO route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
20. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
complications of catheterization
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
21. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
iso-omolality of the body
dehydration
hydration parameters for physical examone
properties of isotonic crystalloids
22. 60% body weight
advantages of the IV route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
adverse effects of hypertonic crystalloids
TBW in adults
23. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
anion gap
shock dose for hypertonic saline
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
24. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
maintenance for a normal adult dog
hypovolemia
goal of maintenance fluids
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
25. 5% body weight
canine plasma
ICF in large animals
hydroxyethyl starch
plasma volume in adults
26. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
insensible losses
iso-omolality of the body
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
hydroxyethyl starch
27. Obese animals have increased elasticity -very thin animals have decreased elasticity
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
TBW in adults
28. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
adverse effects of canine plasma
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
ineffective osmole
29. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
bloodwork changes and dehydration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
30. Normalization of vital signs -MAP above 65 -urine output about 0.5 ml/kg/hr
ECF in large animal adults
mucous membrane moistness
goals of fluid resuscitation
osmolality
31. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
goal of maintenance fluids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
bloodwork changes and dehydration
32. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
primary effect of colloids
33. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
Vetstarch
hypotonic crystalloids
ICF is small animals
34. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
potassium
canine plasma
35. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
hydration parameters for physical examone
tonicity
insensible losses
36. Osteomyelitis -often only short-lived access
advantages of the SC route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cow
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
37. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
complications of catheterization
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
total body water (TBW)
38. Extracellular space - with rapid redistribution into the interstitium -only 20 to 30% of the fluids administered remain in the intravascular space after 20 to 30 minutes
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
plasma volume in cats
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
39. The most abundant positively charged ion in the ECF.
ICF is small animals
phases of a fluid therapy plan
advantages of the IV route of administration
sodium
40. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
insensible losses
osmolality
plasma volume in adults
primary effect of colloids
41. TBW - ECF -contains transcellular fluids such as peritonial fluid - CSF - pleural fluid - and synovial fluid.
categorizations of crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
interstitial fluid
42. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
most important colloid in the blood
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
categorizations of crystalloids
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
43. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
hypotonic crystalloids
canine plasma
plasma volume in adults
types of the fluids used for maintenance
44. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
complications of the SC route of administration
iso-omolality of the body
traditional shock dose
45. Sodium and associated anions
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
ineffective osmole
blood volume in adults
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
46. Albumin
adverse effects of canine plasma
skin elasticity test
hydration parameters for physical examone
most important colloid in the blood
47. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
law of electroneutrality
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
most important colloid in the blood
48. The loss of intravascular fluid.
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
hypovolemia
traditional shock dose
shock does for hetastarch
49. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
mucous membrane moistness
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
hydration parameters for physical examone
advantages of the IV route of administration
50. 40% body weight
clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the SC route of administration
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
ICF in large animals