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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
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emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
2. 80 to 90 ml/kg IV bolus
typical uses for IV route of administration
traditional shock dose
phases of a fluid therapy plan
sensible fluid losses
3. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
potassium
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
maintenance for a normal adult cow
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
4. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
indications for canine plasma
general properties of crystalloids
ECF in small animal adults
5. Extravasation of the catheter into the SC -thrombosis and thromboembolism -thrombophlebitis -infection of the catheter site and into the blood -can fragment and become a foreign body
edema
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
complications of catheterization
hydroxyethyl starch
6. Resuscitation phase: if the animal is in shock -rehydration phase -maintenance phase
advantages of the SC route of administration
bloodwork changes and dehydration
phases of a fluid therapy plan
total body water (TBW)
7. Sustained volume expansion of the vascular space
ICF is small animals
primary effect of colloids
general properties of crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
8. Potassium - magnesium - and associated anions.
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
sensible fluid losses
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
iso-omolality of the body
9. The concentration of effective osmoles + the concentration of ineffective osmoles.
total osmolality
sodium
traditional shock dose
bloodwork changes and dehydration
10. 4 ml/kg IV bolus
blood volume in cats
advantages of the IO route of administration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
types of the fluids used for maintenance
11. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
blood volume in adults
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
types of the fluids used for maintenance
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
12. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
tonicity
blood volume in adults
maintenance for a normal adult cat
hydroxyethyl starch
13. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
maintenance for a normal adult cat
properties of isotonic crystalloids
blood volume in cats
typical uses for IV route of administration
14. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
indications for canine plasma
edema
maintenance for a normal adult horse
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
15. Lateral neck skin
primary effect of colloids
traditional shock dose
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
sensible fluid losses
16. Replacing a free water deficit (hypernatremia) -during heart or renal disease when the patient has an impaired ability to handle sodium -maintenance fluid therapy (lower Na - high K)
most important colloid in the blood
maintenance for a normal adult horse
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
17. A natural colloid that is not very efficient at raising albumin or COP.
complications of the SC route of administration
goal of maintenance fluids
insensible losses
canine plasma
18. Total body water
anion gap
maintenance water requirement
ICF is small animals
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
19. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
hydroxyethyl starch
iso-omolality of the body
hypertonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
20. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
shock dose for hypertonic saline
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
21. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
typical uses for IO route of administration
22. 40 ml/kg/day
tonicity
adverse effects of canine plasma
maintenance for a normal adult horse
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
23. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
traditional shock dose
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
advantages of the IV route of administration
ICF is small animals
24. Urinary -fecal
alkalinizing crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
shock dose for hypertonic saline
25. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
advantages of the IO route of administration
acidifying crystalloids
blood volume in adults
26. 5% body weight
hypovolemia
phases of a fluid therapy plan
advantages of the IO route of administration
plasma volume in adults
27. 50 m;/kg/day
shock dose for hypertonic saline
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
maintenance for a normal adult cow
edema
28. For every positively charged ion in body fluids - there is a balancing negatively charged ion.
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
indications for canine plasma
law of electroneutrality
acidifying crystalloids
29. The elasticity of skin depends on hydration status -pull up the skin over the thorax and watch the speed at which - it returns to normal position -also able to assess overhydration
general properties of crystalloids
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
skin elasticity test
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
30. 70% body weight
normal osmolality of body fluid
plasma volume in cats
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
alkalinizing crystalloids
31. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
insensible losses
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
sensible fluid losses
osmolality
32. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
hypotonic crystalloids
total body water (TBW)
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
33. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
bloodwork changes and dehydration
alkalinizing crystalloids
traditional shock dose
properties of isotonic crystalloids
34. 30% body weight
shock does for hetastarch
insensible losses
ICF in large animals
ECF in large animal adults
35. Hypovolemic is the most reponsive -distributive shock -obstructive shock - above the obstruction
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
maintenance for a normal adult horse
36. 30% body weight
total osmolality
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
canine plasma
ECF in large animal adults
37. 0.45% NaCl -D5W -Norm M
ICF in large animals
isotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
hypotonic crystalloids
normal osmolality of body fluid
38. 300 mosm/L
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
normal osmolality of body fluid
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
complications of the SC route of administration
39. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
goals of fluid resuscitation
normal vascular oncotic pressure
maintenance water requirement
acidifying crystalloids
40. Resuscitation -treating cerebral edema due to head trauma -correction of acute hyponatremia
hypotonic crystalloids
shock dose for hypertonic saline
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
41. 40% body weight
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
edema
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
42. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
anion gap
total osmolality
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
maintenance for a normal adult dog
43. A sunken eyes is associated with reduced volume in the ] - retrobulbar fat -qualitative
law of electroneutrality
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
types of the fluids used for maintenance
edema
44. 60% body weight
maintenance for a normal adult dog
TBW in adults
traditional shock dose
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
45. Albumin
most important colloid in the blood
osmolality
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
46. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
complications of the SC route of administration
tonicity
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
47. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
hypovolemia
categorizations of crystalloids
anion gap
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
48. The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations.
typical uses for IV route of administration
effective osmoles
blood volume in cats
anion gap
49. Osmolality of solution is greater than that of blood - causing a shift from fluid from the intersitium into the vascular space and rapid vascular volume expansion.
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
edema
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
50. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
effective osmoles
sodium
mucous membrane moistness
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