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Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy

Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 300 mosm/L






2. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality






3. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.






4. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.






5. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.






6. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.






7. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus






8. 70% body weight






9. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion






10. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.






11. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.






12. Changes in body weight over time.






13. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor






14. 6% body weight






15. Sodium and associated anions






16. 5% body weight






17. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.






18. Interstitial fluid + blood






19. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation






20. Lateral neck skin






21. Total body water






22. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used






23. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection






24. 4% body weight






25. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time






26. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement






27. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium






28. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium






29. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -






30. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract






31. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static






32. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.






33. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.






34. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS






35. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given






36. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion






37. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid






38. Potential for transfusion reactions.






39. Lower eyelid






40. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na






41. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects






42. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.






43. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity






44. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases






45. 60% body weight






46. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects






47. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury






48. 40% body weight






49. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75






50. 70% body weight