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Test your basic knowledge |
Emergency Medicine: Fluid Therapy
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Subjects
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health-sciences
,
emergency-medicine
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 300 mosm/L
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
normal osmolality of body fluid
types of the fluids used for maintenance
2. No restricted by the endothelium -equilibrate rapidly between the interstitial and vascular spaces -cell membranes restrict movement from interstitial space - into cells bases on osmolality
most important colloid in the blood
blood volume in cats
general properties of crystalloids
anion gap
3. Dextrose allows for an initial match in blood osmolality - but does not act as an effective osmol - as it is rapidly metabolized.
insensible losses
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
anion gap
4. Maintain the animal in zero fluid balance - with input equaling output.
interstitial fluid
complications of catheterization
goal of maintenance fluids
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
5. Along with magnesium - constitutes the majority of positively charged ions in the ICF.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
ICF in large animals
potassium
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
6. A decrease in in capillary oncotic pressure due to protein loss resulting in filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
edema
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
7. 10 to 20 ml/kg IV bolus
contraindications for hypotonic crystalloids
primary effect of colloids
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
shock does for hetastarch
8. 70% body weight
ICF is small animals
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
primary effect of colloids
TBW is obese large animals and extremely large horses
9. Proportional to the number of non-dissociable (active) ions in solution -not a function of the weight of an ion
osmolality
goal of maintenance fluids
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
plasma volume in adults
10. Osmolality of solution is approximately equal to that of blood - replacing water as well as electrolytes.
properties of isotonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
11. Expand the intravascular space by 4 to 6 times for a short duration.
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
signs of hypovolemia
hydroxyethyl starch
law of electroneutrality
12. Changes in body weight over time.
bloodwork changes and dehydration
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch
13. LRS (lactate) -Plasmalyte (acetate) -Norm R (gluconate) -each provides a bicarbonate precursor
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
skin elasticity test
alkalinizing crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
14. 6% body weight
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
blood volume in cats
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult horse
15. Sodium and associated anions
sensible fluid losses
hypertonic crystalloids
iso-omolality of the body
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
16. 5% body weight
plasma volume in adults
total body water (TBW)
interstitial fluid
hypotonic crystalloids
17. Used in neonates and avian species with limited vascular access.
mucous membrane moistness
blood volume in cats
alkalinizing crystalloids
typical uses for IO route of administration
18. Interstitial fluid + blood
extracellular fluid (ECF)
hypotonic crystalloids
clinical indication for hypertonic crystalloids
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
19. Correction of acid-base disorders -rehydration -replacement of ongoing losses -resuscitation
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
alkalinizing crystalloids
properties of isotonic crystalloids
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
20. Lateral neck skin
typical uses for IV route of administration
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in horses
shock dose for hypertonic saline
21. Total body water
hypotonic crystalloids volume of distribution
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
dehydration
advantages of the SC route of administration
22. Direct vascular access and expansion -rapid administration possible -multiple type of fluids can be used
edema
advantages of the IV route of administration
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
clinical indications for isotonic crystalloids
23. Pain and irritation -pressure necrosis -infection
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
complications of the SC route of administration
Vetstarch
most sensitive test for estimating fluid loss
24. 4% body weight
typical uses for IV route of administration
total osmolality
plasma volume in cats
osmotic determinants of volume: ICF
25. Decreased colloid oncotic pressure -longer duration of action due to longer circulation time
edema
properties of hypertonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
properties of colloids with large macromolecules
26. Access to a vascular space when IV is not possible -rapid placement
advantages of the IO route of administration
maintenance for a normal adult horse
vascular expansion of hypertonic crystalloids
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
27. The loss of isotonic fluids from the ECF - primarily from the interstitium
ECF in small animal adults
typical uses for IV route of administration
dehydration
types of the fluids used for maintenance
28. 1/4 from the intravascular space -3/4 from the interstitium
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
hypovolemia
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
skin elasticity test
29. Typically an isotonic crystalloid with potassium added - -hypotonic crystalloids for animals with compromised renal - function of in heart failure -
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
types of the fluids used for maintenance
ineffective osmole
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
30. Saliva -evaporation at skin -evaporation at the respiratory tract
assessment in the position of the eye in orbit
insensible losses
typical uses for IV route of administration
clinical indications for hypotonic crystalloids
31. Osmolality of ECF does not change - initiating no fluid shift - between the ECF and ICF -ECF decreases - TBW decreases - and ICF is static
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
mucous membrane moistness
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
32. Osmolality of the solution is less that blood - causing a net increase in free water.
properties of hypotonic crystalloids
ECF in large animal adults
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
osmolality
33. Dose dependent coagulopathy due to dilution of clotting factors and impaired platelet aggregation - especially with hetastarch.
osmotic determinants of volume: BV
advantages of the SC route of administration
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
advantages of the IO route of administration
34. 0.9% NaCl -Plasmalyte -LRS
maintenance for a normal adult horse
interstitial fluid
types of shock that are reponsive to fluid therapy
hypertonic crystalloids
35. Primarily in the vascular space - depending on vascular permeability -increases vascualar volume by 1 to 1.5x volume given
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
normal osmolality of body fluid
typical uses for IV route of administration
influence in body condition on the skin elasticity test
36. Increased colloid oncotic pressure -shorter duration of effect due to rapid excretion
properties of colloids with small macromolecules
skin elasticity test
effective osmoles
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
37. Polydispersed complex starch dissolved in 0.9% NaCl -small molecules confer oncotic pressure -large molecule confer duration of action -a synthetic colloid
hydroxyethyl starch
total osmolality
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
typical uses for IV route of administration
38. Potential for transfusion reactions.
hydroxyethyl starch volume of distribution
adverse effects of canine plasma
interstitial fluid
complications of the SC route of administration
39. Lower eyelid
dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
extracellular fluid (ECF)
40. 0.9% NaCl -reduction of SID due to an increase in Cl in relation to Na
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
edema
acidifying crystalloids
hypotonic crystalloids
41. Creation of acid-base disorders -tissue edema -pro-inflammatory effects
types of the fluids used for maintenance
extracellular fluid (ECF)
mucous membrane moistness
adverse effects of isotonic crystalloids
42. All body fluids are iso-osmolar is relation to other body flids despite a different ionic composition.
osmolality
location of the skin elasticity test in cattle
maintenance water requirement
iso-omolality of the body
43. Young animals have increased elasticity -old animals have decreased elasticity
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ECF in small animal adults
canine plasma
hypovolemia
44. Osmolality of ECF decreases - causing fluid to shift from the ECF to the ICF -ICF volume increases -ECF volume decreases - TBW decreases
adverse effects of canine plasma
ICF in large animals
sodium
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
45. 60% body weight
goals of fluid resuscitation
TBW in adults
the effects of electrolyte loss without water loss (dialysis)
osmotic determinants of volume: ECF
46. Categorized based on tonicity compared to normal plasma -categorized based on electrolyte composition -categorized based on acid-base effects
categorizations of crystalloids
maintenance for a normal adult cat
sensible fluid losses
adverse affects of hydroxyethyl starch
47. Unreliable rate of absorption -cannot be used for resuscitation or replacement of fluids in critically ill patients -hypo- or hypertonic solutions cannot be used due to tissue damage and injury
typical uses for IV route of administration
disadvantages of the SC route of administration
normal osmolality of body fluid
the effects of isotonic fluid loss
48. 40% body weight
disadvantages of the IO route of administration
breakdown of the loss from the ECF compartment
influence of age on the skin elasticity test
ECF in large animals less than 30 days of age
49. 70 x BW (kg)^0.75
plasma volume in cats
maintenance for a normal adult cat
bloodwork changes and dehydration
normal vascular oncotic pressure
50. 70% body weight
typical uses for IV route of administration
TBW in large animals less that 30 days of age
typical uses for IO route of administration
blood volume in adults