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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
Coal and Air Pollution
Diesel Cycle
NG composition in pipeline
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
2. 100 bar inside pipelines (1/600 of normal volume) - pumping stations every 40 to 100 mi - pipelines maintained and made sure safe by pigs(devices that measure stuff to make sure nothing's wrong) distribution pipelines are lower pressure and plastic
Coal Production and Environment
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
NG transportation
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
3. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
natural gas emissions
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
4. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Cost of NG for consumer
Cetane number
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
5. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
Combined Cycle
Fracking
Trace emissions of coal
Natural Gas Reserves?
6. Inlet/intake - compression - expansion/combustion/power - exhaust
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
diesel engines
7. Critical pressure (218 psi) and above - 38-39% efficient - supercritical from 45-47% efficient - materials limit max temp to 600 degC - pressure ratios up to 10 -000 because condenser reaches really low pressures
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
CNG for transportation
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Cost of NG for consumer
8. Almost zero aromatics in it
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Diesel differences from gasoline
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
9. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
NG transportation
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
10. Subbituminous much bigger because produce reflective ash
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Trace emissions of coal
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
11. Same as Brayton cycle
NG simple cycle
Octane Rating
Cetane number
NG compostion from ground
12. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
Jet Engines Cycle
Coal Production and Environment
Largest Coal Consumers
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
13. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
NG simple cycle
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Otto Cycle
Eastern US
14. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
NG production
Diesel Cycle
Trace emissions of coal
15. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
NG simple cycle
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Otto Cycle
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
16. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
NG compostion from ground
Natural Gas Reserves?
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
17. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Coal Production and Environment
Combined Cycle
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Cost to Generate Coal Power
18. Brayton Cycle
Combined Cycle
Coal Production and Environment
Jet Engines Cycle
Ethanol in combustion engines
19. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
gasoline composition and formation
Coal Production and Environment
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
20. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
Diesel Cycle
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Cetane number
21. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
Coal and Air Pollution
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
22. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Compression ignited (diesel)
Fracking
NG compostion from ground
23. Have broader range of fuels - have higher compression ratios - nearly always super/turbo charged
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Combined Cycle
diesel engines
24. Are turbofans - which derive >80% of their thrust from the ducted fan rather than the high- velocity exhaust. Turbopros and other turbine- based engines also common for helicopters - ships - propeller- based aircraft - etc.
Coal Production and Environment
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
diesel engines
Eastern US
25. Is dominantly CH4 - but the ethane content is always >1 % and important to the fuel
natural gas emissions
NG composition in pipeline
Fracking
How to get diesel
26. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
Ethanol in combustion engines
NG compostion from ground
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Coal Conversion Technologies
27. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
Otto Cycle
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
NG transportation
28. Compressor stator (trailing edge points axially) - turbine stator (trailing edge has significant tangential component).
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
29. From inlet temperatures with cooling of blades and thermal barrier couplings
NG simple cycle
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
30. Distillate fraction (heavier than naptha) - though it requires some additional treatment for sulfur removal -
Ethanol in combustion engines
Coal Conversion Technologies
Jet Engines Cycle
How to get diesel
31. Mid 80s
NG production
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
32. 150 yrs
US coal reserves
natural gas emissions
Otto Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
33. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
Cetane number
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
US coal reserves
34. Fuel is injected in cylinder at much higher pressures than gasoline fuel injection and through injectors designed to atomize fuel to small droplets that rapidly vaporize and burn.
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
NG simple cycle
35. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
why use higher octane fuels
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
36. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
gasoline composition and formation
Coal Conversion Technologies
37. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Cetane number
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Coal Conversion Technologies
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
38. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
Octane Rating
Cetane number
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
gasoline composition and formation
39. Fischer Tropsh synthesis
NG compostion from ground
Trace emissions of coal
Coal and Air Pollution
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
40. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
Eastern US
Brayton Cycle efficiency
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Cost of NG for consumer
41. Cetane numbers greater than ___ generally have no advantage over a fuel of 50. Common cetane numbers are 40-45 and 45-50 for regular and premium diesel fuels.
50
natural gas emissions
CNG for transportation
Coal Production and Environment
42. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
How to get diesel
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
43. Good alternative to petroleum based fuels?
Combined Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
CNG for transportation
Diesel differences from gasoline
44. Hard=bituminous - Brown=subbituminous/lignite
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Diesel Cycle
45. Hg - As - trace other metals - no dioxins and furans
Combined Cycle
Coal Conversion Technologies
Trace emissions of coal
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
46. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Coal and Air Pollution
50
diesel engines
Octane Rating
47. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Natural Gas Reserves?
gasoline composition and formation
Cetane number
48. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
NG simple cycle
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
49. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
gasoline composition and formation
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
50. Measures the ability of a fuel to pressure ignite and in this regard is the opposite of the octane number.
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Jet Engines Cycle
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Cetane number