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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 150 yrs
NG composition in pipeline
Jet Engines Cycle
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
US coal reserves
2. Are turbofans - which derive >80% of their thrust from the ducted fan rather than the high- velocity exhaust. Turbopros and other turbine- based engines also common for helicopters - ships - propeller- based aircraft - etc.
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Octane Rating
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
3. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
diesel engines
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
why use higher octane fuels
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
4. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
Largest Coal Consumers
Diesel Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
5. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
CNG for transportation
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Largest Coal Consumers
NG transportation
6. Hard=bituminous - Brown=subbituminous/lignite
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Coal and Air Pollution
7. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
8. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Coal Production and Environment
9. Hg - As - trace other metals - no dioxins and furans
Coal Conversion Technologies
Trace emissions of coal
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
NG composition in pipeline
10. Methane (70-90%) - heavier hydrocarbons (up to 20% through C4) - CO2 (up to 8% - but occasionally much higher) - H2O (usually saturated) - sometimes H2S (up to 5%) - oxygen (< 0.2%) nitrogen (up to 5%) - and other trace quantities.
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
NG compostion from ground
Diesel differences from gasoline
11. Cetane numbers greater than ___ generally have no advantage over a fuel of 50. Common cetane numbers are 40-45 and 45-50 for regular and premium diesel fuels.
NG transportation
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Natural Gas Reserves?
50
12. Critical pressure (218 psi) and above - 38-39% efficient - supercritical from 45-47% efficient - materials limit max temp to 600 degC - pressure ratios up to 10 -000 because condenser reaches really low pressures
US coal reserves
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
diesel engines
13. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Coal Conversion Technologies
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
gasoline composition and formation
14. 100 bar inside pipelines (1/600 of normal volume) - pumping stations every 40 to 100 mi - pipelines maintained and made sure safe by pigs(devices that measure stuff to make sure nothing's wrong) distribution pipelines are lower pressure and plastic
NG transportation
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
15. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
Coal Production and Environment
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
16. Have broader range of fuels - have higher compression ratios - nearly always super/turbo charged
diesel engines
Eastern US
How to get diesel
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
17. Is dominantly CH4 - but the ethane content is always >1 % and important to the fuel
NG composition in pipeline
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Jet Engines Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
18. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
Otto Cycle
Fracking
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
How to get diesel
19. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Coal Conversion Technologies
Coal and Air Pollution
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
20. Distillate fraction (heavier than naptha) - though it requires some additional treatment for sulfur removal -
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Natural Gas Reserves?
How to get diesel
CNG for transportation
21. Brayton Cycle
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Jet Engines Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
22. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
NG production
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
natural gas emissions
23. Fracture rock with water and other stuff - replace with sand - suck out liberated NG
NG simple cycle
Fracking
NG composition in pipeline
Compression ignited (diesel)
24. Inlet/intake - compression - expansion/combustion/power - exhaust
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Fracking
gasoline composition and formation
natural gas emissions
25. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Largest Coal Consumers
natural gas emissions
26. Fuel is injected in cylinder at much higher pressures than gasoline fuel injection and through injectors designed to atomize fuel to small droplets that rapidly vaporize and burn.
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Otto Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
NG simple cycle
27. Less CO2 and most other pollutants than other combustion fuels
natural gas emissions
Diesel Cycle
why use higher octane fuels
US coal reserves
28. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Largest Coal Consumers
NG compostion from ground
Octane Rating
29. Higher than compression ratio in diesel or gasoline engines (note that pressure ratio is not exactly the same as a compression ratio).
Coal Production and Environment
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
30. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
Ethanol in combustion engines
Otto Cycle
diesel engines
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
31. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
gasoline composition and formation
How to get diesel
Coal Production and Environment
Natural Gas Reserves?
32. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Coal Conversion Technologies
NG compostion from ground
gasoline composition and formation
33. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
Diesel differences from gasoline
Coal and Air Pollution
Diesel Cycle
Fracking
34. Almost zero aromatics in it
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
50
CNG for transportation
Diesel differences from gasoline
35. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
US coal reserves
36. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
NG transportation
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
37. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Eastern US
Diesel Cycle
diesel engines
38. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
Cost of NG for consumer
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
39. Compressor stator (trailing edge points axially) - turbine stator (trailing edge has significant tangential component).
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
gasoline composition and formation
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
NG production
40. Fischer Tropsh synthesis
NG composition in pipeline
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
41. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
NG transportation
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
NG compostion from ground
why use higher octane fuels
42. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
Cost of NG for consumer
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Ethanol in combustion engines
NG composition in pipeline
43. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
Cetane number
Coal Production and Environment
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Compression ignited (diesel)
44. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
gasoline composition and formation
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
45. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
natural gas emissions
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
46. Good alternative to petroleum based fuels?
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Trace emissions of coal
why use higher octane fuels
CNG for transportation
47. Same as Brayton cycle
Cetane number
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Octane Rating
NG simple cycle
48. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
NG composition in pipeline
49. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
Otto Cycle
NG simple cycle
NG compostion from ground
Combined Cycle
50. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Coal Conversion Technologies