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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
Largest Coal Consumers
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
2. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
NG composition in pipeline
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Cetane number
3. Almost zero aromatics in it
Diesel differences from gasoline
Eastern US
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Largest Coal Consumers
4. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
Natural Gas Reserves?
Trace emissions of coal
NG production
Eastern US
5. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
Ethanol in combustion engines
NG composition in pipeline
natural gas emissions
diesel engines
6. Good alternative to petroleum based fuels?
Coal and Air Pollution
Coal Conversion Technologies
CNG for transportation
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
7. 150 yrs
How to get diesel
NG simple cycle
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
US coal reserves
8. From inlet temperatures with cooling of blades and thermal barrier couplings
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Trace emissions of coal
NG production
9. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Diesel differences from gasoline
Eastern US
10. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
Combined Cycle
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Compression ignited (diesel)
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
11. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
50
Natural Gas Reserves?
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
NG composition in pipeline
12. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Coal Production and Environment
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Ethanol in combustion engines
13. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
NG production
Diesel Cycle
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Diesel differences from gasoline
14. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Compression ignited (diesel)
Octane Rating
Eastern US
15. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
gasoline composition and formation
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Jet Engines Cycle
How to get diesel
16. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Coal Conversion Technologies
Diesel Cycle
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
17. Critical pressure (218 psi) and above - 38-39% efficient - supercritical from 45-47% efficient - materials limit max temp to 600 degC - pressure ratios up to 10 -000 because condenser reaches really low pressures
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Eastern US
18. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
diesel engines
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
19. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
Brayton Cycle efficiency
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Ethanol in combustion engines
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
20. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
NG composition in pipeline
21. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
Cost to Generate Coal Power
NG composition in pipeline
Otto Cycle
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
22. 100 bar inside pipelines (1/600 of normal volume) - pumping stations every 40 to 100 mi - pipelines maintained and made sure safe by pigs(devices that measure stuff to make sure nothing's wrong) distribution pipelines are lower pressure and plastic
Combined Cycle
Ethanol in combustion engines
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
NG transportation
23. Hg - As - trace other metals - no dioxins and furans
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Octane Rating
Trace emissions of coal
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
24. Higher than compression ratio in diesel or gasoline engines (note that pressure ratio is not exactly the same as a compression ratio).
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Largest Coal Consumers
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Brayton Cycle efficiency
25. Measures the ability of a fuel to pressure ignite and in this regard is the opposite of the octane number.
Cetane number
Cost of NG for consumer
NG transportation
Fracking
26. Cetane numbers greater than ___ generally have no advantage over a fuel of 50. Common cetane numbers are 40-45 and 45-50 for regular and premium diesel fuels.
50
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
why use higher octane fuels
Ethanol in combustion engines
27. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
Diesel Cycle
NG production
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
28. Brayton Cycle
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
Jet Engines Cycle
Diesel Cycle
29. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
Trace emissions of coal
Largest Coal Consumers
Compression ignited (diesel)
CNG for transportation
30. Mid 80s
Trace emissions of coal
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Cetane number
Jet Engines Cycle
31. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
Cetane number
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
32. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
Fracking
Coal and Air Pollution
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Eastern US
33. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
Eastern US
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Trace emissions of coal
34. Less CO2 and most other pollutants than other combustion fuels
Brayton Cycle efficiency
natural gas emissions
Fracking
Ethanol in combustion engines
35. Inlet/intake - compression - expansion/combustion/power - exhaust
Eastern US
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Coal Conversion Technologies
36. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Compression ignited (diesel)
Cetane number
Brayton Cycle efficiency
37. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Coal and Air Pollution
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
NG compostion from ground
38. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Largest Coal Consumers
natural gas emissions
39. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Cost to Generate Coal Power
natural gas emissions
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Coal Conversion Technologies
40. Subbituminous much bigger because produce reflective ash
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Diesel Cycle
NG production
Cost of NG for consumer
41. Fracture rock with water and other stuff - replace with sand - suck out liberated NG
Cost of NG for consumer
NG transportation
Fracking
Brayton Cycle efficiency
42. Fischer Tropsh synthesis
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
CNG for transportation
How to get diesel
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
43. Low sulfur vs. high sulfur - bituminous used to provide most power - but switching to cleaner Wyoming subbituminous
Compression ignited (diesel)
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Brayton Cycle efficiency
44. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
NG compostion from ground
diesel engines
gasoline composition and formation
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
45. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
Cost of NG for consumer
why use higher octane fuels
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
NG composition in pipeline
46. Hard=bituminous - Brown=subbituminous/lignite
US coal reserves
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
47. Have broader range of fuels - have higher compression ratios - nearly always super/turbo charged
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
diesel engines
48. Same as Brayton cycle
NG simple cycle
Combined Cycle
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Coal Conversion Technologies
49. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
Natural Gas Reserves?
Cost of NG for consumer
Eastern US
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
50. Are turbofans - which derive >80% of their thrust from the ducted fan rather than the high- velocity exhaust. Turbopros and other turbine- based engines also common for helicopters - ships - propeller- based aircraft - etc.
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Fracking
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft