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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Good alternative to petroleum based fuels?
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Coal Conversion Technologies
CNG for transportation
2. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
NG composition in pipeline
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
3. Fracture rock with water and other stuff - replace with sand - suck out liberated NG
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
diesel engines
Fracking
Octane Rating
4. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
NG composition in pipeline
Fracking
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Coal and Air Pollution
5. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Compression ignited (diesel)
Ethanol in combustion engines
6. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Combined Cycle
Eastern US
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
7. Cetane numbers greater than ___ generally have no advantage over a fuel of 50. Common cetane numbers are 40-45 and 45-50 for regular and premium diesel fuels.
Eastern US
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
50
Otto Cycle
8. Hard=bituminous - Brown=subbituminous/lignite
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
US coal reserves
9. Low sulfur vs. high sulfur - bituminous used to provide most power - but switching to cleaner Wyoming subbituminous
Largest Coal Consumers
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
US coal reserves
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
10. Compressor stator (trailing edge points axially) - turbine stator (trailing edge has significant tangential component).
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Largest Coal Consumers
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
11. Is dominantly CH4 - but the ethane content is always >1 % and important to the fuel
NG composition in pipeline
Otto Cycle
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
12. Distillate fraction (heavier than naptha) - though it requires some additional treatment for sulfur removal -
Coal Production and Environment
How to get diesel
Fracking
Trace emissions of coal
13. 150 yrs
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
US coal reserves
Cost of NG for consumer
Otto Cycle
14. Methane (70-90%) - heavier hydrocarbons (up to 20% through C4) - CO2 (up to 8% - but occasionally much higher) - H2O (usually saturated) - sometimes H2S (up to 5%) - oxygen (< 0.2%) nitrogen (up to 5%) - and other trace quantities.
NG compostion from ground
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
natural gas emissions
Fracking
15. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Coal Conversion Technologies
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Brayton Cycle efficiency
16. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
NG simple cycle
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
17. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
Natural Gas Reserves?
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
18. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Largest Coal Consumers
NG production
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
19. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Ethanol in combustion engines
diesel engines
Coal Production and Environment
20. Mid 80s
Trace emissions of coal
diesel engines
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
21. Critical pressure (218 psi) and above - 38-39% efficient - supercritical from 45-47% efficient - materials limit max temp to 600 degC - pressure ratios up to 10 -000 because condenser reaches really low pressures
Trace emissions of coal
why use higher octane fuels
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
22. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Cost to Generate Coal Power
NG production
Cetane number
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
23. From inlet temperatures with cooling of blades and thermal barrier couplings
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Octane Rating
Brayton Cycle efficiency
24. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
50
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Diesel differences from gasoline
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
25. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
NG compostion from ground
Natural Gas Reserves?
Otto Cycle
26. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
Otto Cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Cetane number
27. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Coal Conversion Technologies
Natural Gas Reserves?
Largest Coal Consumers
28. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Cetane number
Otto Cycle
Combined Cycle
Octane Rating
29. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Otto Cycle
Ethanol in combustion engines
How to get diesel
30. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
NG compostion from ground
US coal reserves
Fracking
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
31. Subbituminous much bigger because produce reflective ash
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Eastern US
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Largest Coal Consumers
32. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
Diesel Cycle
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
33. Higher than compression ratio in diesel or gasoline engines (note that pressure ratio is not exactly the same as a compression ratio).
Otto Cycle
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Diesel Cycle
34. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
US coal reserves
Cost of NG for consumer
NG compostion from ground
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
35. Inlet/intake - compression - expansion/combustion/power - exhaust
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
How to get diesel
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
36. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Jet Engines Cycle
Eastern US
Combined Cycle
37. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Compression ignited (diesel)
38. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
why use higher octane fuels
gasoline composition and formation
Natural Gas Reserves?
39. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
How to get diesel
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Eastern US
40. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
Cost to Generate Coal Power
gasoline composition and formation
Coal Conversion Technologies
NG compostion from ground
41. Brayton Cycle
Jet Engines Cycle
NG simple cycle
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
42. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
NG production
Coal and Air Pollution
Compression ignited (diesel)
43. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
CNG for transportation
44. Fuel is injected in cylinder at much higher pressures than gasoline fuel injection and through injectors designed to atomize fuel to small droplets that rapidly vaporize and burn.
Combined Cycle
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
NG simple cycle
Largest Coal Consumers
45. Less CO2 and most other pollutants than other combustion fuels
Jet Engines Cycle
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Coal Conversion Technologies
natural gas emissions
46. Almost zero aromatics in it
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Diesel differences from gasoline
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
47. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Largest Coal Consumers
Cetane number
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
48. Have broader range of fuels - have higher compression ratios - nearly always super/turbo charged
diesel engines
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Otto Cycle
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
49. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Diesel differences from gasoline
How to get diesel
Cost to Generate Coal Power
50. Measures the ability of a fuel to pressure ignite and in this regard is the opposite of the octane number.
NG composition in pipeline
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Cetane number