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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fracture rock with water and other stuff - replace with sand - suck out liberated NG
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
NG composition in pipeline
Fracking
2. Fischer Tropsh synthesis
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Cost of NG for consumer
50
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
3. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
Compression ignited (diesel)
NG simple cycle
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Ethanol in combustion engines
4. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Coal Conversion Technologies
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
CNG for transportation
5. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
Cost of NG for consumer
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Largest Coal Consumers
Cetane number
6. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Trace emissions of coal
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
7. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Cost of NG for consumer
Cost to Generate Coal Power
8. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
Natural Gas Reserves?
Cost to Generate Coal Power
NG composition in pipeline
Largest Coal Consumers
9. Are turbofans - which derive >80% of their thrust from the ducted fan rather than the high- velocity exhaust. Turbopros and other turbine- based engines also common for helicopters - ships - propeller- based aircraft - etc.
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Combined Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
10. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
How to get diesel
Otto Cycle
Ethanol in combustion engines
Cost of NG for consumer
11. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
Coal Production and Environment
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
natural gas emissions
12. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
Largest Coal Consumers
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
13. Critical pressure (218 psi) and above - 38-39% efficient - supercritical from 45-47% efficient - materials limit max temp to 600 degC - pressure ratios up to 10 -000 because condenser reaches really low pressures
Ethanol in combustion engines
NG composition in pipeline
Compression ignited (diesel)
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
14. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Eastern US
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Octane Rating
natural gas emissions
15. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
why use higher octane fuels
Diesel Cycle
NG compostion from ground
Ethanol in combustion engines
16. Mid 80s
NG compostion from ground
Combined Cycle
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
17. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
diesel engines
Coal and Air Pollution
NG compostion from ground
Ethanol in combustion engines
18. Hard=bituminous - Brown=subbituminous/lignite
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Diesel Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
19. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
US coal reserves
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Fracking
Diesel differences from gasoline
20. 100 bar inside pipelines (1/600 of normal volume) - pumping stations every 40 to 100 mi - pipelines maintained and made sure safe by pigs(devices that measure stuff to make sure nothing's wrong) distribution pipelines are lower pressure and plastic
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
NG transportation
Compression ignited (diesel)
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
21. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
US coal reserves
diesel engines
gasoline composition and formation
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
22. Methane (70-90%) - heavier hydrocarbons (up to 20% through C4) - CO2 (up to 8% - but occasionally much higher) - H2O (usually saturated) - sometimes H2S (up to 5%) - oxygen (< 0.2%) nitrogen (up to 5%) - and other trace quantities.
Diesel Cycle
NG compostion from ground
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
23. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
Jet Engines Cycle
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
NG production
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
24. Brayton Cycle
Jet Engines Cycle
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Fracking
25. Higher than compression ratio in diesel or gasoline engines (note that pressure ratio is not exactly the same as a compression ratio).
How to get diesel
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Compression ignited (diesel)
CNG for transportation
26. Distillate fraction (heavier than naptha) - though it requires some additional treatment for sulfur removal -
How to get diesel
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Largest Coal Consumers
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
27. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
NG production
How to get diesel
Diesel Cycle
Coal Conversion Technologies
28. Measures the ability of a fuel to pressure ignite and in this regard is the opposite of the octane number.
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Cetane number
Largest Coal Consumers
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
29. Good alternative to petroleum based fuels?
Diesel differences from gasoline
NG compostion from ground
CNG for transportation
Otto Cycle
30. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
Natural Gas Reserves?
Otto Cycle
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
Octane Rating
31. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
NG composition in pipeline
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Fracking
32. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
Trace emissions of coal
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
33. Inlet/intake - compression - expansion/combustion/power - exhaust
diesel engines
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Brayton Cycle efficiency
34. Almost zero aromatics in it
Diesel differences from gasoline
Eastern US
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
gasoline composition and formation
35. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Octane Rating
Trace emissions of coal
36. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Natural Gas Reserves?
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Combined Cycle
37. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
CNG for transportation
Combined Cycle
Cetane number
38. Subbituminous much bigger because produce reflective ash
Cetane number
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Diesel differences from gasoline
39. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
Trace emissions of coal
Natural Gas Reserves?
Brayton Cycle efficiency
diesel engines
40. From inlet temperatures with cooling of blades and thermal barrier couplings
NG transportation
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Coal and Air Pollution
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
41. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
How to get diesel
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Coal and Air Pollution
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
42. Fuel is injected in cylinder at much higher pressures than gasoline fuel injection and through injectors designed to atomize fuel to small droplets that rapidly vaporize and burn.
Largest Coal Consumers
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
natural gas emissions
43. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
50
Eastern US
44. Is dominantly CH4 - but the ethane content is always >1 % and important to the fuel
NG composition in pipeline
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
45. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
NG composition in pipeline
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Largest Coal Consumers
46. Compressor stator (trailing edge points axially) - turbine stator (trailing edge has significant tangential component).
NG production
Largest Coal Consumers
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
Cetane number
47. Same as Brayton cycle
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
NG simple cycle
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
48. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Octane Rating
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
49. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Fracking
Diesel Cycle
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
50. 150 yrs
US coal reserves
NG compostion from ground
CNG for transportation
Diesel differences from gasoline