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Test your basic knowledge |
Energy Engineering
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fracture rock with water and other stuff - replace with sand - suck out liberated NG
Eastern US
Octane Rating
Largest Coal Consumers
Fracking
2. your engine is knocking (igniting the gas too early when piston coming up instead of while at top) - High compression engines need higher octane fuels.
NG composition in pipeline
why use higher octane fuels
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
3. Anthracites - bituminous coals - subbituminous coals - lignites.
US coal reserves
NG composition in pipeline
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
diesel engines
4. Coal- fired power generation costs are roughly 50% capital and the remaining fuel and operating costs. Fuel costs have remained stable and low historically - making coal an attractive investment for power
Diesel differences from gasoline
Coal Production and Environment
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Cost to Generate Coal Power
5. Contains an odorant - deliberately added so leaks will be noticed
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Combined Cycle
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
6. Bituminous coals are in the _____ - subbituminous coals in most of the west (but not Utah) - and lignites primarily in Texas and North Dakota.
Cost to Generate Coal Power
Largest Coal Consumers
50
Eastern US
7. Modern only output CO2 and no significant impact on other pollutants - Most Coal Power are old and many have significant impact on air pollution
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Natural Gas Reserves?
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
8. Fischer Tropsh synthesis
Diesel differences from gasoline
Ethanol in combustion engines
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
9. Steam Turbines (Rankine Cycle) - Gas Turbines (Brayton Cycle) - Combined Cycle (not very economically feasible) - Liquid Fuels and Other products (chemicals - Fischer Tropsh - Coal to Methanol for gasoline but less history)
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Coal Conversion Technologies
10. Not too good for it. Strip mined or deep/mountain top mined
Coal Production and Environment
natural gas emissions
NG simple cycle
Otto Cycle
11. Have broader range of fuels - have higher compression ratios - nearly always super/turbo charged
Diesel differences from gasoline
Eastern US
diesel engines
NG composition in pipeline
12. Much lower energy density than gasoline and can be corrosive or damaging to engines and seals. Because it requires less oxygen to burn - it has slightly better engine efficiency. However - its lower energy density means a car gets considerably lower
Cost of NG for consumer
why use higher octane fuels
Jet Engines Cycle
Ethanol in combustion engines
13. Methane (70-90%) - heavier hydrocarbons (up to 20% through C4) - CO2 (up to 8% - but occasionally much higher) - H2O (usually saturated) - sometimes H2S (up to 5%) - oxygen (< 0.2%) nitrogen (up to 5%) - and other trace quantities.
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Modern vs. Old Coal Power Plants
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
NG compostion from ground
14. Almost zero aromatics in it
Coal Conversion Technologies
NG compostion from ground
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Diesel differences from gasoline
15. Coal contributes to essentially every criteria air pollutant and to CO2 and Hg. In most cases (except CO) - coal is a major contributor.
Diesel Cycle
Coal and Air Pollution
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
NG composition in pipeline
16. Measure of a fuels ability to resist compression ignition - with iso- octane having an octane number of 100 and n - heptane an octane number of 0. (n - octane has an octane number of -10).
Octane Rating
Largest Coal Consumers
Cetane number
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
17. Low sulfur vs. high sulfur - bituminous used to provide most power - but switching to cleaner Wyoming subbituminous
Eastern US
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
Coal Conversion Technologies
18. Constant pressure combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Ethanol in combustion engines
Coal Production and Environment
Diesel Cycle
19. Refineries - which include fractionation columns - reformers - hydro crackers - catalytic crakers - cokers - reforming - and hydro treating. Know the essential role of each of these operations.;
50
Eastern US
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
NG compostion from ground
20. Distillate fraction (heavier than naptha) - though it requires some additional treatment for sulfur removal -
How to get diesel
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Fracking
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
21. Measures the ability of a fuel to pressure ignite and in this regard is the opposite of the octane number.
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Cetane number
natural gas emissions
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
22. 150 yrs
How to get diesel
Compression ignited (diesel)
US coal reserves
Octane Rating
23. Fuel is injected in cylinder at much higher pressures than gasoline fuel injection and through injectors designed to atomize fuel to small droplets that rapidly vaporize and burn.
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Otto Cycle
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
24. More reliable than reciprocating engines because: continuous operation and fewer moving parts
NG production
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
why use higher octane fuels
25. Is dominantly CH4 - but the ethane content is always >1 % and important to the fuel
NG composition in pipeline
CNG for transportation
NG transportation
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
26. More expensive - heavier - and more durable/reliable than gasoline engines - Diesel cycle is less efficient than gasoline cycle at the same compression ratio - but in practice is more efficient because compression ratios are about 2x higher.
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Coal Conversion Technologies
Trace emissions of coal
Diesel Cycle
27. Are turbofans - which derive >80% of their thrust from the ducted fan rather than the high- velocity exhaust. Turbopros and other turbine- based engines also common for helicopters - ships - propeller- based aircraft - etc.
Crude oil is transformed into commercial products how?
Octane Rating
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
NG simple cycle
28. From inlet temperatures with cooling of blades and thermal barrier couplings
Combined Cycle
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Diesel Cycle
29. Constant volume combustion - isentropic and adiabatic compression and expansion - 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines use (gasoline engines)
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Otto Cycle
Fracking
30. Combustion rate mostly limited by heat and mass transfer rather than kinetics and is therefore much slower than in a gasoline engine - hence the constant pressure assumption - No spark plug required - glow plugs only provide local warming of system f
4 stokes of spark ignited 4 stroke
Largest Coal Consumers
Otto Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
31. Drilling - then set up production wells with nothing above surface - production decreases exponentially with time
Compression ignited (diesel)
NG production
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
Largest Coal Consumers
32. Higher than compression ratio in diesel or gasoline engines (note that pressure ratio is not exactly the same as a compression ratio).
jet Engine Pressure Ratio
Cost of NG for consumer
Rankine Cycle Coal Conversion/Steam Turbines
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
33. Less CO2 and most other pollutants than other combustion fuels
Coal Conversion Technologies
natural gas emissions
Natural Gas Reserves?
Cost to Generate Coal Power
34. 2 stroke and 4 stroke - Combustion rate limited by gas - phase kinetics and is very rapid.
natural gas emissions
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
35. Many decades and up to 100 yrs left reserves increasing due to fracking and tight gas recovery almost always seen with oil and frequently without
Spark ignited engines (gasoline)
subbituminous vs. bituminous coals
NG as delivered to a home and most industries
Natural Gas Reserves?
36. Hg - As - trace other metals - no dioxins and furans
NG composition in pipeline
Trace emissions of coal
gasoline composition and formation
natural gas emissions
37. Cetane numbers greater than ___ generally have no advantage over a fuel of 50. Common cetane numbers are 40-45 and 45-50 for regular and premium diesel fuels.
50
Cost to Generate Coal Power
CNG for transportation
Largest Coal Consumers
38. Mid 80s
Octane number of gas sold in Utah
Making Diesel Like fuels from Coal - NG - and biomass
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Coal and Air Pollution
39. China - and rapidly growing - India also rapdily growing
Diesel vs Gasoline engines
size of reactors for subbitmunious vs. bituminous
Largest Coal Consumers
Octane Rating
40. Occurs (with a few exceptions) in the intake manifold prior to the air entering the cylinder. Air entering cylinder is a mixture of air and vaporized fuel.
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
NG simple cycle
Coal Ranking (oldest to newest)
Ethanol in combustion engines
41. Brayton cycle with exhaust powering a Rankine Cycle (efficiencies of up to 60%) - possibly most economical choice - can't respond to load changes as rapidly as simple cycle
Combined Cycle
why use higher octane fuels
Most Jet Engines on Commercial Aircraft
Coal and Air Pollution
42. Little more than half=fuel cost - rest is transportation and distribution
Protect Jet Engine Fan Blades
Cost of NG for consumer
Otto Cycle
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
43. Not produced from any single fraction of crude in the fractionation column but rather are blends and reformates designed specifically for regional markets and specifications/regulations
US coal reserves
Combined Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
gasoline composition and formation
44. Less efficient than either Otto or Diesel cycle at same pressure ratio/compression ratio - but in practice pressure ratio is higher leading to higher efficiencies.
Brayton Cycle efficiency
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
Octane Rating
Trace emissions of coal
45. Brayton Cycle
Compression ignited (diesel)
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
NG production
Jet Engines Cycle
46. Coal rank correlates with both hydrogen:carbon and oxygen:carbon ratio - with rank decreasing with increasing values of both ratio. ex. anthracite low ratios and lignites have high ratios
Fracking
NG production
coal rank and H:C ratio and O:C ratio
why use higher octane fuels
47. Same as Brayton cycle
50
NG simple cycle
Diesel differences from gasoline
Europe Hard vs. Brown Coal
48. Compressor stator (trailing edge points axially) - turbine stator (trailing edge has significant tangential component).
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
Jet Engines Lifetime/Reliability
Compressor Stator vs. Turbine Stator
why use higher octane fuels
49. Not very common - small particulate and SO2 and some NOx are problems for this cycle with coal
Gas/Brayton Cycle coal power
natural gas emissions
Fuel Injection of compression ignited
Spark ignited engines location of fuel injection
50. 100 bar inside pipelines (1/600 of normal volume) - pumping stations every 40 to 100 mi - pipelines maintained and made sure safe by pigs(devices that measure stuff to make sure nothing's wrong) distribution pipelines are lower pressure and plastic
NG transportation
Trace emissions of coal
US coal reserves
Coal Conversion Technologies