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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
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Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals
Scattering
Brittle Materials
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Luminescence examples
2. Cracks propagate along grain boundaries.
Electromigration
Hard Magnetic Materials
Relative Permeability
Intergranular Fracture
3. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Specific Heat
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Thermal Shock Resistance
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
4. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)
Two kinds of Reflection
Soft Magnetic Materials
LASER
Stress Intensity values
5. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
Intergranular Fracture
Incoherent
Thermal Conductivity
Two ways to measure heat capacity
6. 1. Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media) 2. Recording tape (particulate media)
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Response to a Magnetic Field
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
7. If a material has ________ - then the field generated by those moments must be added to the induced field.
Internal magnetic moments
Thermal expansion
Opacity
Refraction
8. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Response to a Magnetic Field
Not severe
9. Second phase particles with n > glass.
Translucent
Opacifiers
Soft Magnetic Materials
Specific Heat
10. This strength parameter is similar in magnitude to a tensile strength. Fracture occurs along the outermost sample edge - which is under a tensile load.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Thermal Stresses
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Diamagnetic Materials
11. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Refraction
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Stress Intensity values
12. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in
Thermal Conductivity
Impact - Toughness
High impact energy
Griffith Crack Model
13. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion
Specific Heat
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Holloman Equation
M is known as what?
14. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.
Yield and Reliability
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Etching
Linewidth
15. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.
Bending tests
Superconductivity
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
16. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Film Deposition
Fourier's Law
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
17. No appreciable plastic deformation. The crack propagates very fast; nearly perpendicular to applied stress. Cracks often propagate along specific crystal planes or boundaries.
Thermal Stresses
Brittle Fracture
The Transistor
Diamagnetic Materials
18. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Specific Heat
19. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Force Decomposition
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Luminescence examples
20. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Impact energy
Force Decomposition
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Reflection of Light for Metals
21. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Heat Capacity
22. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.
How an LCD works
Sparkle of Diamonds
Color
Stress Intensity values
23. Is analogous to toughness.
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Impact energy
24. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Opacity
Rockwell
Where does DBTT occur?
Thermal expansion
25. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
There is no perfect material?
Luminescence
26. 1. General yielding occurs if flaw size a < a(critical) 2. Catastrophic fast fracture occurs if flaw size a > a(critical)
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
There is no perfect material?
Engineering Fracture Performance
Electrical Conduction
27. Typical loading conditions are _____ enough to break all inter-atomic bonds
Heat Capacity
Not severe
Meissner Effect
Yield and Reliability
28. Stress concentration at a crack tips
Griffith Crack Model
Stress Intensity Factor
There is no perfect material?
Extrinsic Semiconductors
29. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Thermal Stresses
30. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
Luminescence examples
Impact - Toughness
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Brittle Materials
31. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.
Opacity
To improve fatigue life
The Transistor
Incoherent
32. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
Transparent
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Incident Light
Reflection of Light for Metals
33. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
34. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
M is known as what?
Transgranular Fracture
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Linewidth
35. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Why materials fail in service
Slip Bands
Specific Heat
Hard Magnetic Materials
36. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Sparkle of Diamonds
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Opacity
37. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)
Incoherent
4 Types of Magnetism
Work Hardening
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
38. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.
Reflection of Light for Metals
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Slip Bands
Transparent
39. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.
Transgranular Fracture
Intrinsic Semiconductors
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Specific Heat
40. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.
Work Hardening
Paramagnetic Materials
Stress Intensity Factor
Color
41. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Hard Magnetic Materials
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Elastic Deformation
42. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional
Etching
Electrical Conduction
Impact - Toughness
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
43. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.
Bending tests
Why materials fail in service
Thermal Conductivity
Scattering
44. Energy is stored as atomic vibrations - As temperature increases - the average energy of atomic vibrations increases.
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
M is known as what?
Coherent
Sparkle of Diamonds
45. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Oxidation
Insulators
Where does DBTT occur?
Sparkle of Diamonds
46. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Brittle Ceramics
Relative Permeability
Transparent
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
47. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
Shear and Tensile Stress
Paramagnetic Materials
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Hardness
48. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
True Stress
Lithography
The Transistor
49. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.
Why materials fail in service
Electromigration
Meissner Effect
Color
50. A three terminal device that acts like a simple "on-off" switch. (the basis of Integrated Circuits (IC) technology - used in computers - cell phones - automotive control - etc) - If voltage (potential) applied to the "gate" - current flows between th
Film Deposition
The Transistor
Yield and Reliability
Etching
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