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Engineering Materials

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.






2. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe






3. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture






4. Failure under cyclic stress 1. It can cause part failure - even though (sigma)max < (sigma)c 2. Causes ~90% of mechanical engineering failures.






5. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent






6. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)






7. Typical loading conditions are _____ enough to break all inter-atomic bonds






8. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str






9. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.






10. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.






11. Sigma=ln(li/lo)






12. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.






13. Is analogous to toughness.






14. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.






15. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is






16. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid






17. Second phase particles with n > glass.






18. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional






19. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.






20. The ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not fracture






21. 1. Diamagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-5) - small and negative magnetic susceptibilities 2. Paramagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-4) - small and positive magnetic susceptibilities 3. Ferromagnetic - large magnetic susceptibilities 4. Ferrimagnetic (Xm as large as 10^6) - large m






22. The ability of a material to transport heat - Atomic Perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions - Metals have the largest values






23. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB






24. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.






25. Materials change size when temperature is changed






26. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation






27. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.






28. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in






29. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe






30. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation






31. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)






32. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.






33. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values






34. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals






35. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)






36. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.






37. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.






38. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.






39. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.






40. Cracks propagate along grain boundaries.






41. Because of ionic & covalent-type bonding.






42. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)






43. Hardness is the resistance of a material to deformation by indentation - Useful in quality control - Hardness can provide a qualitative assessment of strength - Hardness cannot be used to quantitatively infer strength or ductility.






44. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.






45. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio






46. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant






47. Cracks pass through grains - often along specific crystal planes.






48. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low






49. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow






50. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)







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