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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
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Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
LASER
Oxidation
Response to a Magnetic Field
2. As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
Refraction
Thermal Conductivity
Superconductivity
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
3. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
Brittle Ceramics
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Where does DBTT occur?
What do magnetic moments arise from?
4. 1. Diamagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-5) - small and negative magnetic susceptibilities 2. Paramagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-4) - small and positive magnetic susceptibilities 3. Ferromagnetic - large magnetic susceptibilities 4. Ferrimagnetic (Xm as large as 10^6) - large m
Opaque
Extrinsic Semiconductors
4 Types of Magnetism
Where does DBTT occur?
5. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
Shear and Tensile Stress
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Diamagnetic Materials
There is no perfect material?
6. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Rockwell
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Charpy or Izod test
7. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel
Linewidth
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Hard Magnetic Materials
Oxidation
8. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
True Stress
Metallization
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Incoherent
9. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
4 Types of Magnetism
Engineering Fracture Performance
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Relative Permeability
10. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is
Incident Light
Thermal Shock Resistance
Paramagnetic Materials
Heat Capacity
11. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Force Decomposition
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Elastic Deformation
Opaque
12. 1. Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media) 2. Recording tape (particulate media)
Thermal Stresses
Transgranular Fracture
Magnetic Storage Media Types
How an LCD works
13. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)
Sparkle of Diamonds
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Film Deposition
Rockwell
14. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing
Impact - Toughness
Response to a Magnetic Field
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
15. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
4 Types of Magnetism
Elastic Deformation
16. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Oxidation
Electromigration
Where does DBTT occur?
17. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Magnetic Storage
Fourier's Law
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Reflection of Light for Metals
18. Emitted light is in phase
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Coherent
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Scattering
19. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
Yield and Reliability
4 Types of Magnetism
Refraction
Luminescence
20. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Oxidation
Where does DBTT occur?
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
21. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Conduction & Electron Transport
Etching
True Stress
22. 1. General yielding occurs if flaw size a < a(critical) 2. Catastrophic fast fracture occurs if flaw size a > a(critical)
Intergranular Fracture
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Engineering Fracture Performance
23. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
LASER
Hard Magnetic Materials
Specific Heat
Bending tests
24. Is analogous to toughness.
Stress Intensity values
Opacity
Impact energy
Valence band
25. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Opaque
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Thermal Stresses
26. For a metal - there is no ______ - only reflection
Refraction
Thermal Conductivity
Transparent
Scattering
27. Materials change size when temperature is changed
Thermal expansion
Transgranular Fracture
Bending tests
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
28. The ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not fracture
Thermal Shock Resistance
Linewidth
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Paramagnetic Materials
29. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
The Transistor
Insulators
Refraction
30. Second phase particles with n > glass.
Lithography
Color
Slip Bands
Opacifiers
31. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Thermal Shock Resistance
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Stress Intensity values
32. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Holloman Equation
Two kinds of Reflection
There is no perfect material?
33. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.
Hardness
Soft Magnetic Materials
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Opacity
34. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Coherent
Not severe
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Slip Bands
35. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)
Relative Permeability
Thermal Conductivity
Impact - Toughness
Two kinds of Reflection
36. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
LASER
Fatigue
Reflectance of Non-Metals
37. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Engineering Fracture Performance
Stress Intensity Factor
There is no perfect material?
38. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Linewidth
True Strain
Thermal expansion
Transparent
39. Flaws and Defects - They concentrate stress locally to levels high enough to rupture bonds.
Rockwell
Why materials fail in service
Yield and Reliability
Two kinds of Reflection
40. 1. Fluorescent Lamp - tungstate or silicate coating on inside of tube emits white light due to UV light generated inside the tube. 2. TV screen - emits light as electron beam is scanned back and forth.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
4 Types of Magnetism
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Luminescence examples
41. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Large Hardness
Intergranular Fracture
Electrical Conduction
Stress Intensity Factor
42. Failure under cyclic stress 1. It can cause part failure - even though (sigma)max < (sigma)c 2. Causes ~90% of mechanical engineering failures.
Fatigue
Color
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Ductile Fracture
43. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Thermal Stresses
Lithography
To improve fatigue life
Extrinsic Semiconductors
44. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Hard Magnetic Materials
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
45. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Opacifiers
True Stress
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Two ways to measure heat capacity
46. With Increasing temperature - the saturation magnetization diminishes gradually and then abruptly drops to zero at Curie Temperature - Tc.
Shear and Tensile Stress
Slip Bands
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Luminescence
47. These are liquid crystal polymers- not your normal "crystal" -Rigid - rod shaped molecules are aligned even in liquid form.
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48. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
There is no perfect material?
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
49. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.
Engineering Fracture Performance
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Superconductivity
How an LCD works
50. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Metallization
Magnetic Storage
Refraction
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