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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
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Subject
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engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Specific Heat
Electrical Conduction
2. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Griffith Crack Model
Sparkle of Diamonds
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
3. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION
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4. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
Magnetic Storage
M is known as what?
Brittle Ceramics
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
5. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Brittle Ceramics
Relative Permeability
Impact - Toughness
6. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Thermal expansion
7. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation
Soft Magnetic Materials
Oxidation
Thermal Stresses
Brittle Ceramics
8. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Opacity
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Slip Bands
Etching
9. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.
Scattering
Stress Intensity Factor
Charpy or Izod test
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
10. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.
Superconductivity
Transparent
True Strain
Oxidation
11. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Two kinds of Reflection
Color
12. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)
Internal magnetic moments
Lithography
Intergranular Fracture
Work Hardening
13. No appreciable plastic deformation. The crack propagates very fast; nearly perpendicular to applied stress. Cracks often propagate along specific crystal planes or boundaries.
Brittle Fracture
Conduction & Electron Transport
There is no perfect material?
The three modes of crack surface displacement
14. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Bending tests
Shear and Tensile Stress
Etching
15. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER
Conduction & Electron Transport
Stress Intensity values
Luminescence examples
16. A three terminal device that acts like a simple "on-off" switch. (the basis of Integrated Circuits (IC) technology - used in computers - cell phones - automotive control - etc) - If voltage (potential) applied to the "gate" - current flows between th
Lithography
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
The Transistor
Thermal Stresses
17. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
Yield and Reliability
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Ductile Materials
Meissner Effect
18. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.
Shear and Tensile Stress
Etching
True Strain
Magnetic Storage Media Types
19. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
Luminescence examples
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Hard Magnetic Materials
There is no perfect material?
20. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
M is known as what?
Luminescence
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Electrical Conduction
21. 1. Yield = ratio of functional chips to total # of chips - Most yield loss during wafer processing - b/c of complex 2. Reliability - No device has infinite lifetime. Statistical methods to predict expected lifetime - Failure mechanisms: Diffusion reg
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Yield and Reliability
Translucent
22. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.
Transparent
Fatigue
Diamagnetic Materials
Extrinsic Semiconductors
23. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Response to a Magnetic Field
Stress Intensity values
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Work Hardening
24. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
True Stress
Holloman Equation
Magnetic Storage
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
25. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Relative Permeability
Thermal Stresses
Engineering Fracture Performance
LASER
26. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Sparkle of Diamonds
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Bending tests
27. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel
Metallization
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Hard Magnetic Materials
Impact energy
28. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule
Griffith Crack Model
Hard Magnetic Materials
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
How an LCD works
29. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.
Opaque
Reflection of Light for Metals
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
30. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Stress Intensity values
True Stress
True Strain
Oxidation
31. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.
Luminescence
Opacity
Refraction
Relative Permeability
32. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
Charpy or Izod test
Large Hardness
Soft Magnetic Materials
Two ways to measure heat capacity
33. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Coherent
Incident Light
True Strain
34. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Brittle Fracture
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
35. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB
True Strain
Hard Magnetic Materials
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Specific Heat
36. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.
Meissner Effect
Electromigration
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Opacity
37. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Slip Bands
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Opaque
Luminescence
38. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
Soft Magnetic Materials
High impact energy
To improve fatigue life
Engineering Fracture Performance
39. Digitalized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk) - This transference is accomplished by a recording system that consists of a read/write head - "write" or record data by
Brittle Materials
Why materials fail in service
Magnetic Storage
Etching
40. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional
Etching
Where does DBTT occur?
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Two kinds of Reflection
41. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.
Brittle Ceramics
Griffith Crack Model
Paramagnetic Materials
Incoherent
42. Dimples on fracture surface correspond to microcavities that initiate crack formation.
True Strain
Ductile Fracture
Luminescence
Refraction
43. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Bending tests
Electrical Conduction
44. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.
Color
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Response to a Magnetic Field
High impact energy
45. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Impact energy
Relative Permeability
Linewidth
46. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.
Coherent
Large Hardness
Luminescence examples
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
47. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing
Meissner Effect
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Superconductivity
Electrical Conduction
48. As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
Sparkle of Diamonds
True Stress
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Opacifiers
49. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Transgranular Fracture
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Ductile Materials
Insulators
50. Failure under cyclic stress 1. It can cause part failure - even though (sigma)max < (sigma)c 2. Causes ~90% of mechanical engineering failures.
Lithography
Hardness
Fatigue
Film Deposition
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