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Engineering Materials
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Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Yield and Reliability
True Strain
Paramagnetic Materials
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
2. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Response to a Magnetic Field
Coherent
Color
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
3. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Relative Permeability
LASER
Stress Intensity values
Yield and Reliability
4. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
Superconductivity
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Two ways to measure heat capacity
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
5. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Diamagnetic Materials
Charpy or Izod test
6. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.
How an LCD works
Opacity
Impact energy
Impact - Toughness
7. No appreciable plastic deformation. The crack propagates very fast; nearly perpendicular to applied stress. Cracks often propagate along specific crystal planes or boundaries.
Thermal Shock Resistance
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Brittle Fracture
8. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)
4 Types of Magnetism
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Film Deposition
Meissner Effect
9. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Force Decomposition
Hardness
Magnetic Storage
10. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Conduction & Electron Transport
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
11. 1. Yield = ratio of functional chips to total # of chips - Most yield loss during wafer processing - b/c of complex 2. Reliability - No device has infinite lifetime. Statistical methods to predict expected lifetime - Failure mechanisms: Diffusion reg
Impact energy
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Yield and Reliability
Refraction
12. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
True Stress
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Conduction & Electron Transport
Reflection of Light for Metals
13. Failure under cyclic stress 1. It can cause part failure - even though (sigma)max < (sigma)c 2. Causes ~90% of mechanical engineering failures.
Stress Intensity values
Where does DBTT occur?
Fatigue
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
14. For a metal - there is no ______ - only reflection
The Transistor
Etching
Refraction
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
15. Flaws and Defects - They concentrate stress locally to levels high enough to rupture bonds.
Where does DBTT occur?
4 Types of Magnetism
Why materials fail in service
Brittle Fracture
16. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Electromigration
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
How an LCD works
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
17. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Slip Bands
Refraction
Film Deposition
18. 1. Fluorescent Lamp - tungstate or silicate coating on inside of tube emits white light due to UV light generated inside the tube. 2. TV screen - emits light as electron beam is scanned back and forth.
Luminescence examples
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Griffith Crack Model
Electromigration
19. Materials change size when temperature is changed
Thermal expansion
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Etching
There is no perfect material?
20. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Where does DBTT occur?
Valence band
Fatigue
Magnetic Storage Media Types
21. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Magnetic Storage
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Sparkle of Diamonds
22. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Metallization
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
23. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Engineering Fracture Performance
Meissner Effect
Luminescence
24. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
LASER
Sparkle of Diamonds
Impact - Toughness
25. Cracks propagate along grain boundaries.
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Intergranular Fracture
Impact - Toughness
Soft Magnetic Materials
26. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
Brittle Ceramics
M is known as what?
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
27. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Transparent
Stress Intensity Factor
Hardness
True Stress
28. Emitted light is in phase
Coherent
Magnetic Storage
To improve fatigue life
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
29. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.
Transparent
Thermal Stresses
Opaque
Meissner Effect
30. The ability of a material to transport heat - Atomic Perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions - Metals have the largest values
Thermal expansion
Thermal Conductivity
Opaque
The three modes of crack surface displacement
31. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.
Color
Paramagnetic Materials
Thermal expansion
Valence band
32. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.
Meissner Effect
Brittle Materials
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
33. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Soft Magnetic Materials
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Scattering
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
34. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Slip Bands
35. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.
Intergranular Fracture
Incoherent
Bending tests
Opacity
36. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Thermal Conductivity
Reflection of Light for Metals
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
37. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Large Hardness
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Heat Capacity
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
38. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.
True Stress
Where does DBTT occur?
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Extrinsic Semiconductors
39. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Elastic Deformation
Oxidation
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
40. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Soft Magnetic Materials
Two kinds of Reflection
Opacifiers
Brittle Ceramics
41. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Yield and Reliability
Holloman Equation
Stress Intensity Factor
Not severe
42. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Paramagnetic Materials
Electrical Conduction
43. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
M is known as what?
Stress Intensity Factor
Intrinsic Semiconductors
44. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
The Transistor
Color
Brittle Materials
Refraction
45. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Hardness
Large Hardness
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
46. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Ductile Fracture
Why materials fail in service
Rockwell
Engineering Fracture Performance
47. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.
High impact energy
Relative Permeability
Reflection of Light for Metals
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
48. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
Ductile Fracture
Metallization
Thermal expansion
To improve fatigue life
49. Stress concentration at a crack tips
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Griffith Crack Model
Two kinds of Reflection
True Stress
50. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation
Superconductivity
Oxidation
Response to a Magnetic Field
Engineering Fracture Performance
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