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Engineering Materials

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.






2. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.






3. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.






4. 1. Diamagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-5) - small and negative magnetic susceptibilities 2. Paramagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-4) - small and positive magnetic susceptibilities 3. Ferromagnetic - large magnetic susceptibilities 4. Ferrimagnetic (Xm as large as 10^6) - large m






5. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.






6. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.






7. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional






8. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.






9. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."






10. For a metal - there is no ______ - only reflection






11. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface






12. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.






13. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule






14. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION

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15. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.






16. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.






17. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)






18. A three terminal device that acts like a simple "on-off" switch. (the basis of Integrated Circuits (IC) technology - used in computers - cell phones - automotive control - etc) - If voltage (potential) applied to the "gate" - current flows between th






19. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)






20. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel






21. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.






22. Cracks pass through grains - often along specific crystal planes.






23. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.






24. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)






25. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe






26. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture






27. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW






28. Flaws and Defects - They concentrate stress locally to levels high enough to rupture bonds.






29. These are liquid crystal polymers- not your normal "crystal" -Rigid - rod shaped molecules are aligned even in liquid form.

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30. Increase temperature - no increase in interatomic separation - no thermal expansion






31. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.






32. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.






33. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing






34. (sigma)=F/Ai (rho)=(rho)'(1+(epsilon))






35. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.






36. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)






37. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d






38. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.






39. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant






40. Emitted light is in phase






41. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values






42. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting






43. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.






44. Materials change size when temperature is changed






45. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.






46. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.






47. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.






48. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio






49. Dimples on fracture surface correspond to microcavities that initiate crack formation.






50. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.







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