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Engineering Materials
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Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Electromigration
2. If a material has ________ - then the field generated by those moments must be added to the induced field.
4 Types of Magnetism
Internal magnetic moments
Etching
Large Hardness
3. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Valence band
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Intergranular Fracture
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
4. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)
Incident Light
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Intrinsic Semiconductors
5. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Diamagnetic Materials
Luminescence
6. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Sparkle of Diamonds
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Incident Light
7. Dimples on fracture surface correspond to microcavities that initiate crack formation.
Ductile Fracture
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Thermal Shock Resistance
Reflectance of Non-Metals
8. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Thermal Shock Resistance
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Refraction
9. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
Insulators
Ductile Fracture
Brittle Ceramics
Coherent
10. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.
Thermal Shock Resistance
Transparent
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Luminescence examples
11. 1. Yield = ratio of functional chips to total # of chips - Most yield loss during wafer processing - b/c of complex 2. Reliability - No device has infinite lifetime. Statistical methods to predict expected lifetime - Failure mechanisms: Diffusion reg
Magnetic Storage
Why materials fail in service
4 Types of Magnetism
Yield and Reliability
12. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Thermal Stresses
Bending tests
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Intrinsic Semiconductors
13. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)
Incident Light
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Internal magnetic moments
Film Deposition
14. As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
Oxidation
Charpy or Izod test
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Fatigue
15. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
True Strain
Holloman Equation
There is no perfect material?
Ductile Materials
16. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Heat Capacity
Rockwell
Translucent
Scattering
17. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Transgranular Fracture
Thermal Conductivity
Griffith Crack Model
Elastic Deformation
18. This strength parameter is similar in magnitude to a tensile strength. Fracture occurs along the outermost sample edge - which is under a tensile load.
Opacifiers
Insulators
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Impact - Toughness
19. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Specific Heat
Holloman Equation
Scattering
20. Is analogous to toughness.
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Electrical Conduction
Bending tests
Impact energy
21. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.
Oxidation
Scattering
Electromigration
Thermal Shock Resistance
22. No appreciable plastic deformation. The crack propagates very fast; nearly perpendicular to applied stress. Cracks often propagate along specific crystal planes or boundaries.
Translucent
Thermal Shock Resistance
Thermal Conductivity
Brittle Fracture
23. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Two kinds of Reflection
Griffith Crack Model
Magnetic Storage Media Types
24. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
Meissner Effect
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Ductile Materials
Griffith Crack Model
25. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Etching
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Thermal Shock Resistance
26. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Force Decomposition
Opacifiers
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
27. Stress concentration at a crack tips
Response to a Magnetic Field
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
Griffith Crack Model
Two kinds of Reflection
28. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
Where does DBTT occur?
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Specific Heat
Coherent
29. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is
Valence band
Large Hardness
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Incident Light
30. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.
Thermal Stresses
Fatigue
Shear and Tensile Stress
Thermal Conductivity
31. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Stress Intensity Factor
Where does DBTT occur?
Incident Light
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
32. Emitted light is in phase
Elastic Deformation
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Opaque
Coherent
33. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
Etching
Linewidth
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Opacifiers
34. 1. Fluorescent Lamp - tungstate or silicate coating on inside of tube emits white light due to UV light generated inside the tube. 2. TV screen - emits light as electron beam is scanned back and forth.
Luminescence examples
Opacity
Electromigration
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
35. Digitalized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk) - This transference is accomplished by a recording system that consists of a read/write head - "write" or record data by
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Incoherent
Magnetic Storage
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
36. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.
To improve fatigue life
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
4 Types of Magnetism
Meissner Effect
37. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Lithography
Incoherent
Coherent
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
38. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
Incident Light
Specific Heat
Brittle Materials
Stress Intensity values
39. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in
Impact - Toughness
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Specific Heat
40. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Response to a Magnetic Field
Film Deposition
Opacifiers
Two kinds of Reflection
41. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.
Scattering
Coherent
Metallization
Refraction
42. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
Opaque
Linewidth
Impact energy
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
43. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION
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44. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Refraction
Intergranular Fracture
Lithography
45. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Large Hardness
True Strain
Brittle Materials
Incident Light
46. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional
Coherent
Etching
Impact - Toughness
High impact energy
47. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Heat Capacity
Relative Permeability
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Insulators
48. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.
High impact energy
Translucent
Refraction
Impact - Toughness
49. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values
Metallization
Film Deposition
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
50. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Impact energy
True Strain
To improve fatigue life
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