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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
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Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A high index of refraction (n value) allows for multiple internal reactions.
Specific Heat
M is known as what?
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Sparkle of Diamonds
2. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Large Hardness
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Reflection of Light for Metals
3. This strength parameter is similar in magnitude to a tensile strength. Fracture occurs along the outermost sample edge - which is under a tensile load.
Superconductivity
Brittle Fracture
Why materials fail in service
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
4. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
True Strain
Reflection of Light for Metals
Opaque
Thermal expansion
5. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Yield and Reliability
Hard Magnetic Materials
Why materials fail in service
Soft Magnetic Materials
6. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.
Metallization
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Thermal expansion
Electrical Conduction
7. Emitted light is in phase
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Incoherent
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Coherent
8. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Two kinds of Reflection
Refraction
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Opaque
9. Diffuse image
Luminescence examples
Translucent
Conduction & Electron Transport
Superconductivity
10. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.
Heat Capacity
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Internal magnetic moments
Conduction & Electron Transport
11. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Refraction
Luminescence examples
True Stress
12. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
Brittle Materials
Incident Light
Ductile Fracture
Superconductivity
13. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
Bending tests
Intergranular Fracture
Ductile Materials
Incoherent
14. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Heat Capacity
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Conduction & Electron Transport
Valence band
15. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Electrical Conduction
Where does DBTT occur?
Intrinsic Semiconductors
16. Materials change size when temperature is changed
Thermal expansion
Paramagnetic Materials
Transparent
Diamagnetic Materials
17. Energy is stored as atomic vibrations - As temperature increases - the average energy of atomic vibrations increases.
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Impact - Toughness
Coherent
Two ways to measure heat capacity
18. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.
Film Deposition
Superconductivity
Relative Permeability
Magnetic Storage
19. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Charpy or Izod test
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Stress Intensity Factor
Opacifiers
20. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Etching
Thermal Stresses
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
21. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
Brittle Ceramics
Internal magnetic moments
Shear and Tensile Stress
Superconductivity
22. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
23. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.
Large Hardness
LASER
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Superconductivity
24. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Rockwell
Paramagnetic Materials
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
25. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
Impact energy
M is known as what?
Why materials fail in service
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
26. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.
Yield and Reliability
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Sparkle of Diamonds
High impact energy
27. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.
Diamagnetic Materials
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Translucent
28. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Oxidation
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Opacifiers
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
29. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
True Strain
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
30. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.
Transparent
True Strain
Scattering
Opaque
31. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in
Transgranular Fracture
Hardness
Impact - Toughness
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
32. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Linewidth
Rockwell
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Relative Permeability
33. Second phase particles with n > glass.
Opaque
Opacifiers
Where does DBTT occur?
Slip Bands
34. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule
Coherent
Griffith Crack Model
Soft Magnetic Materials
How an LCD works
35. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.
Superconductivity
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Slip Bands
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
36. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
How an LCD works
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
37. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Insulators
Stress Intensity values
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Specific Heat
38. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
There is no perfect material?
Charpy or Izod test
Scattering
Incoherent
39. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Ductile Fracture
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
40. Stress concentration at a crack tips
Specific Heat
Translucent
Impact - Toughness
Griffith Crack Model
41. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Lithography
Work Hardening
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
42. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Holloman Equation
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Film Deposition
Ductile Materials
43. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Electrical Conduction
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
44. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Response to a Magnetic Field
Engineering Fracture Performance
Meissner Effect
4 Types of Magnetism
45. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
There is no perfect material?
Fourier's Law
Not severe
Yield and Reliability
46. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Translucent
Coherent
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
47. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Response to a Magnetic Field
Incident Light
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
48. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Why materials fail in service
LASER
Stress Intensity values
Electrical Conduction
49. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.
Bending tests
Stress Intensity Factor
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
50. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.
There is no perfect material?
Paramagnetic Materials
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Refraction
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