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Engineering Materials
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Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Why materials fail in service
Thermal Shock Resistance
Force Decomposition
Brittle Materials
2. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)
Film Deposition
Thermal expansion
Stress Intensity values
There is no perfect material?
3. As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
Work Hardening
Bending tests
Incoherent
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
4. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
Reflection of Light for Metals
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
High impact energy
Engineering Fracture Performance
5. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in
Heat Capacity
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Impact - Toughness
Intrinsic Semiconductors
6. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values
Where does DBTT occur?
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
True Stress
7. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule
How an LCD works
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
The Transistor
Fourier's Law
8. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.
Relative Permeability
Electromigration
The Transistor
The three modes of crack surface displacement
9. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Insulators
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Transparent
Magnetic Storage
10. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Where does DBTT occur?
Meissner Effect
Valence band
Slip Bands
11. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation
Opaque
Specific Heat
Oxidation
Refraction
12. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Heat Capacity
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Meissner Effect
13. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.
Stress Intensity Factor
Film Deposition
High impact energy
Transgranular Fracture
14. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Magnetic Storage
Elastic Deformation
15. 1. Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media) 2. Recording tape (particulate media)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Conduction & Electron Transport
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Ductile Materials
16. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Rockwell
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Brittle Materials
Valence band
17. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.
Conduction & Electron Transport
Two kinds of Reflection
Force Decomposition
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
18. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.
Electromigration
Etching
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Hardness
19. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Lithography
Conduction & Electron Transport
Intrinsic Semiconductors
20. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Response to a Magnetic Field
Film Deposition
Linewidth
21. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
Intergranular Fracture
Two kinds of Reflection
Specific Heat
Etching
22. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
23. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface
Brittle Materials
Linewidth
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Electromigration
24. Increase temperature - no increase in interatomic separation - no thermal expansion
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Thermal Shock Resistance
Conduction & Electron Transport
Where does DBTT occur?
25. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Conduction & Electron Transport
Incoherent
Diamagnetic Materials
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
26. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Heat Capacity
Holloman Equation
Elastic Deformation
Electrical Conduction
27. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Incoherent
Not severe
Magnetic Storage Media Types
LASER
28. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals
True Stress
Paramagnetic Materials
Yield and Reliability
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
29. Energy is stored as atomic vibrations - As temperature increases - the average energy of atomic vibrations increases.
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Meissner Effect
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Hard Magnetic Materials
30. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.
Engineering Fracture Performance
True Strain
Where does DBTT occur?
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
31. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Stress Intensity Factor
Ductile Fracture
Heat Capacity
Color
32. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
High impact energy
Ductile Materials
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
M is known as what?
33. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
True Strain
Lithography
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Luminescence examples
34. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Yield and Reliability
Refraction
Large Hardness
LASER
35. A high index of refraction (n value) allows for multiple internal reactions.
Impact energy
Sparkle of Diamonds
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Ductile Materials
36. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Thermal Conductivity
Hard Magnetic Materials
Superconductivity
37. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
Translucent
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Rockwell
38. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Incident Light
Oxidation
39. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Paramagnetic Materials
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Film Deposition
40. 1. Diamagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-5) - small and negative magnetic susceptibilities 2. Paramagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-4) - small and positive magnetic susceptibilities 3. Ferromagnetic - large magnetic susceptibilities 4. Ferrimagnetic (Xm as large as 10^6) - large m
4 Types of Magnetism
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
True Strain
Intergranular Fracture
41. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
Linewidth
Charpy or Izod test
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
M is known as what?
42. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
There is no perfect material?
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Holloman Equation
To improve fatigue life
43. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Coherent
Valence band
There is no perfect material?
Luminescence examples
44. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Brittle Fracture
Oxidation
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
45. Digitalized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk) - This transference is accomplished by a recording system that consists of a read/write head - "write" or record data by
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Transparent
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Magnetic Storage
46. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Stress Intensity values
Force Decomposition
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Lithography
47. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.
Where does DBTT occur?
Opaque
Incoherent
Two ways to measure heat capacity
48. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Incident Light
Opacifiers
Transgranular Fracture
49. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
High impact energy
Luminescence
There is no perfect material?
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
50. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Paramagnetic Materials
Diamagnetic Materials
Specific Heat
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