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Engineering Materials

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.






2. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)






3. Diffuse image






4. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.






5. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.






6. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values






7. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.






8. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)






9. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB






10. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low






11. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.






12. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow






13. This strength parameter is similar in magnitude to a tensile strength. Fracture occurs along the outermost sample edge - which is under a tensile load.






14. Cracks pass through grains - often along specific crystal planes.






15. Second phase particles with n > glass.






16. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.






17. -> fluorescent light - electron transitions occur randomly - light waves are out of phase with each other.






18. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.






19. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion






20. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)






21. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel






22. A high index of refraction (n value) allows for multiple internal reactions.






23. Materials change size when temperature is changed






24. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.






25. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.






26. Stress concentration at a crack tips






27. Increase temperature - no increase in interatomic separation - no thermal expansion






28. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW






29. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)






30. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.






31. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.






32. A three terminal device that acts like a simple "on-off" switch. (the basis of Integrated Circuits (IC) technology - used in computers - cell phones - automotive control - etc) - If voltage (potential) applied to the "gate" - current flows between th






33. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.






34. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.






35. (sigma)=F/Ai (rho)=(rho)'(1+(epsilon))






36. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.






37. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.






38. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation






39. The ability of a material to transport heat - Atomic Perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions - Metals have the largest values






40. Is analogous to toughness.






41. Typical loading conditions are _____ enough to break all inter-atomic bonds






42. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow






43. The ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not fracture






44. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule






45. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d






46. 1. General yielding occurs if flaw size a < a(critical) 2. Catastrophic fast fracture occurs if flaw size a > a(critical)






47. Ohms Law: voltage drop = current * resistance






48. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio






49. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.






50. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.







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