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Engineering Materials

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. With Increasing temperature - the saturation magnetization diminishes gradually and then abruptly drops to zero at Curie Temperature - Tc.






2. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)






3. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.






4. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.






5. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel






6. Flaws and Defects - They concentrate stress locally to levels high enough to rupture bonds.






7. Increase temperature - no increase in interatomic separation - no thermal expansion






8. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface






9. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress






10. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant






11. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.






12. Occur when lots of dislocations move.






13. This strength parameter is similar in magnitude to a tensile strength. Fracture occurs along the outermost sample edge - which is under a tensile load.






14. Typical loading conditions are _____ enough to break all inter-atomic bonds






15. 1. Fluorescent Lamp - tungstate or silicate coating on inside of tube emits white light due to UV light generated inside the tube. 2. TV screen - emits light as electron beam is scanned back and forth.






16. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.






17. Is analogous to toughness.






18. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.






19. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str






20. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio






21. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in






22. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.






23. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing






24. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.






25. Cracks pass through grains - often along specific crystal planes.






26. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is






27. Cracks propagate along grain boundaries.






28. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.






29. Sigma=ln(li/lo)






30. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture






31. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.






32. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d






33. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals






34. If a material has ________ - then the field generated by those moments must be added to the induced field.






35. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)






36. A high index of refraction (n value) allows for multiple internal reactions.






37. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.






38. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB






39. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."






40. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe






41. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.






42. (sigma)=F/Ai (rho)=(rho)'(1+(epsilon))






43. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.






44. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW






45. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of






46. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent






47. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.






48. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation






49. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)






50. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.







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