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Engineering Materials
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Subject
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engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Holloman Equation
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Force Decomposition
2. 1. Diamagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-5) - small and negative magnetic susceptibilities 2. Paramagnetic (Xm ~ 10^-4) - small and positive magnetic susceptibilities 3. Ferromagnetic - large magnetic susceptibilities 4. Ferrimagnetic (Xm as large as 10^6) - large m
Luminescence
4 Types of Magnetism
Brittle Materials
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
3. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Slip Bands
Conduction & Electron Transport
Stress Intensity values
4. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values
Large Hardness
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Griffith Crack Model
5. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Oxidation
Coherent
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Reflectance of Non-Metals
6. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Relative Permeability
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
7. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.
Ductile Materials
Relative Permeability
Not severe
Coherent
8. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.
Hard Magnetic Materials
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Ductile Fracture
Electromigration
9. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
10. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Heat Capacity
Incident Light
Lithography
Valence band
11. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Soft Magnetic Materials
Where does DBTT occur?
12. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Heat Capacity
Incident Light
4 Types of Magnetism
Electromigration
13. Stress concentration at a crack tips
Griffith Crack Model
Paramagnetic Materials
There is no perfect material?
Opaque
14. Emitted light is in phase
Coherent
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Two ways to measure heat capacity
How an LCD works
15. Digitalized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk) - This transference is accomplished by a recording system that consists of a read/write head - "write" or record data by
Magnetic Storage
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Two kinds of Reflection
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
16. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing
Yield and Reliability
Metallization
Brittle Materials
The three modes of crack surface displacement
17. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Thermal Shock Resistance
Force Decomposition
Transparent
18. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)
Engineering Fracture Performance
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Ductile Fracture
Work Hardening
19. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
Refraction
Rockwell
Ductile Materials
Internal magnetic moments
20. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.
Metallization
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Work Hardening
21. The ability of a material to transport heat - Atomic Perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions - Metals have the largest values
Thermal Conductivity
Coherent
Griffith Crack Model
Yield and Reliability
22. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.
Paramagnetic Materials
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Relative Permeability
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
23. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
How an LCD works
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Sparkle of Diamonds
Rockwell
24. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Shear and Tensile Stress
Conduction & Electron Transport
25. Cracks propagate along grain boundaries.
Transparent
Intergranular Fracture
Thermal expansion
Soft Magnetic Materials
26. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Stress Intensity Factor
Lithography
Soft Magnetic Materials
Two ways to measure heat capacity
27. A parallel-plate capacitor involves an insulator - or dielectric - between two metal electrodes. The charge density buildup at the capacitor surface is related to the dielectric constant of the material.
Oxidation
Sparkle of Diamonds
Insulators
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
28. A three terminal device that acts like a simple "on-off" switch. (the basis of Integrated Circuits (IC) technology - used in computers - cell phones - automotive control - etc) - If voltage (potential) applied to the "gate" - current flows between th
Electromigration
Heat Capacity
The Transistor
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
29. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Thermal Stresses
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
30. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Sparkle of Diamonds
M is known as what?
Force Decomposition
True Strain
31. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Hardness
Heat Capacity
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Two kinds of Reflection
32. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Thermal Stresses
Etching
33. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
High impact energy
Refraction
Thermal Stresses
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
34. Failure under cyclic stress 1. It can cause part failure - even though (sigma)max < (sigma)c 2. Causes ~90% of mechanical engineering failures.
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Brittle Ceramics
Engineering Fracture Performance
Fatigue
35. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.
There is no perfect material?
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Superconductivity
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
36. For a metal - there is no ______ - only reflection
True Stress
Refraction
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
37. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
Rockwell
Coherent
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Sparkle of Diamonds
38. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Charpy or Izod test
How an LCD works
Lithography
39. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Conduction & Electron Transport
Brittle Ceramics
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
40. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Elastic Deformation
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Transparent
Holloman Equation
41. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Valence band
Lithography
Refraction
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
42. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Slip Bands
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Impact energy
43. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.
Large Hardness
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Luminescence
Hard Magnetic Materials
44. Loss of image transmission - You get no image - There is no light transmission - and therefore reflects - scatters - or absorbs ALL of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque.
Opaque
Fourier's Law
Fatigue
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
45. Increase temperature - no increase in interatomic separation - no thermal expansion
Lithography
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Scattering
46. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.
Lithography
Electrical Conduction
Incoherent
Refraction
47. 1. Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media) 2. Recording tape (particulate media)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Fatigue
Electrical Conduction
The three modes of crack surface displacement
48. Cracks pass through grains - often along specific crystal planes.
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Luminescence examples
Transgranular Fracture
Holloman Equation
49. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION
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50. Dimples on fracture surface correspond to microcavities that initiate crack formation.
Ductile Fracture
Lithography
Holloman Equation
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
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