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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.
Electrical Conduction
Relative Permeability
Linewidth
Luminescence examples
2. Increase temperature - increase in interatomic separation - thermal expansion
Meissner Effect
Transparent
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
3. Is analogous to toughness.
True Strain
Impact energy
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Where does DBTT occur?
4. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Rockwell
Incident Light
Charpy or Izod test
5. 1. Ability of the material to absorb energy prior to fracture 2. Short term dynamic stressing - Car collisions - Bullets - Athletic equipment 3. This is different than toughness; energy necessary to push a crack (flaw) through a material 4. Useful in
Impact - Toughness
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Meissner Effect
6. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Thermal expansion
Thermal Shock Resistance
Hardness
7. High toughness; material resists crack propagation.
High impact energy
Lithography
Sparkle of Diamonds
Brittle Fracture
8. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
M is known as what?
Rockwell
To improve fatigue life
Intergranular Fracture
9. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.
Incident Light
Luminescence examples
Diamagnetic Materials
Intergranular Fracture
10. Emitted light is in phase
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Fourier's Law
Coherent
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
11. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Opacity
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Thermal expansion
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
12. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Linewidth
Thermal Stresses
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
13. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule
Etching
Meissner Effect
How an LCD works
Ductile Fracture
14. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.
Work Hardening
Bending tests
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Scattering
15. Ohms Law: voltage drop = current * resistance
Fatigue
Not severe
Griffith Crack Model
Electrical Conduction
16. Wet: isotropic - under cut Dry: ansiotropic - directional
Etching
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Not severe
Shear and Tensile Stress
17. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Transgranular Fracture
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Relative Permeability
18. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Etching
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Force Decomposition
19. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
High impact energy
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Luminescence
True Strain
20. Ability to transmit a clear image - The image is clear.
Work Hardening
Transparent
Engineering Fracture Performance
Stress Intensity Factor
21. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Refraction
Charpy or Izod test
Response to a Magnetic Field
Fatigue
22. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Conduction & Electron Transport
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
Translucent
23. Hardness is the resistance of a material to deformation by indentation - Useful in quality control - Hardness can provide a qualitative assessment of strength - Hardness cannot be used to quantitatively infer strength or ductility.
Brittle Ceramics
Ductile Materials
Hardness
Brittle Materials
24. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Engineering Fracture Performance
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Meissner Effect
Valence band
25. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
High impact energy
Two kinds of Reflection
Thermal Conductivity
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
26. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Hard Magnetic Materials
Heat Capacity
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Elastic Deformation
27. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Slip Bands
Fourier's Law
Film Deposition
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
28. They are used to assess properties of ceramics & glasses.
Griffith Crack Model
Extrinsic Semiconductors
M is known as what?
Bending tests
29. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Shear and Tensile Stress
Thermal Stresses
Ductile Materials
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
30. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface
Linewidth
Two ways to measure heat capacity
LASER
Oxidation
31. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
M is known as what?
Opaque
Response to a Magnetic Field
What do magnetic moments arise from?
32. 1. Yield = ratio of functional chips to total # of chips - Most yield loss during wafer processing - b/c of complex 2. Reliability - No device has infinite lifetime. Statistical methods to predict expected lifetime - Failure mechanisms: Diffusion reg
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Stress Intensity values
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Yield and Reliability
33. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
Meissner Effect
Heat Capacity
Slip Bands
Reflection of Light for Metals
34. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)
Opaque
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Ductile Materials
35. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel
Hard Magnetic Materials
Brittle Ceramics
Opacifiers
Coherent
36. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Bending tests
Sparkle of Diamonds
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
True Strain
37. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Paramagnetic Materials
Internal magnetic moments
38. 1. General yielding occurs if flaw size a < a(critical) 2. Catastrophic fast fracture occurs if flaw size a > a(critical)
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Coherent
Rockwell
Engineering Fracture Performance
39. Allows flow of electrons in one direction only (useful to convert alternating current to direct current) - Result: no net current flow
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Thermal expansion
4 Types of Magnetism
Incident Light
40. Energy is stored as atomic vibrations - As temperature increases - the average energy of atomic vibrations increases.
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Scattering
Sparkle of Diamonds
Brittle Materials
41. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
How an LCD works
Work Hardening
Two kinds of Reflection
42. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Hardness
Response to a Magnetic Field
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Meissner Effect
43. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Incident Light
Soft Magnetic Materials
44. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
Charpy or Izod test
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Brittle Materials
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
45. With Increasing temperature - the saturation magnetization diminishes gradually and then abruptly drops to zero at Curie Temperature - Tc.
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
46. Materials change size when temperature is changed
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
High impact energy
Thermal expansion
Two ways to measure heat capacity
47. These are liquid crystal polymers- not your normal "crystal" -Rigid - rod shaped molecules are aligned even in liquid form.
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48. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.
Thermal Stresses
Lithography
Etching
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
49. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Bending tests
Soft Magnetic Materials
Shear and Tensile Stress
Metallization
50. Diffuse image
Stress Intensity values
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Translucent
Film Deposition