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Engineering Materials

Subject : engineering
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel






2. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.






3. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)






4. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.






5. 1. Ductility- % elongation - % reduction in area - may be of use in metal forming operations (e.g. - stretch forming). This is convenient for mechanical testing - but not very meaningful for most deformation processing. 2. Toughness- Area beneath str






6. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio






7. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation






8. These materials are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.






9. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB






10. Stress concentration at a crack tips






11. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of






12. These materials are "attracted" to magnetic fields.






13. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.






14. 1. Fluorescent Lamp - tungstate or silicate coating on inside of tube emits white light due to UV light generated inside the tube. 2. TV screen - emits light as electron beam is scanned back and forth.






15. (sigma)=F/Ai (rho)=(rho)'(1+(epsilon))






16. Degree of opacity depends on size and number of particles - Opacity of metals is the result of conduction electrons absorbing photons in the visible range.






17. -> fluorescent light - electron transitions occur randomly - light waves are out of phase with each other.






18. Is analogous to toughness.






19. Liquid polymer at room T - sandwiched between two sheets of glass - coated with transparent - electrically conductive film. - Character forming letters/ numbers etched on the face - Voltage applied disrupts the orientation of the rod- shaped molecule






20. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)






21. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface






22. The size of the material changes with a change in temperature - polymers have the largest values






23. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.






24. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe






25. Specular: light reflecting off a mirror (average) - Diffuse: light reflecting off a white wall (local)






26. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals






27. Second phase particles with n > glass.






28. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow






29. Sigma=ln(li/lo)






30. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)






31. 1. Yield = ratio of functional chips to total # of chips - Most yield loss during wafer processing - b/c of complex 2. Reliability - No device has infinite lifetime. Statistical methods to predict expected lifetime - Failure mechanisms: Diffusion reg






32. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture






33. Resistance to plastic deformation of cracking in compression - and better wear properties.






34. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.






35. ...occurs in bcc metals but not in fcc metals.






36. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION

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37. Occurs at a single pore or other solid by refraction n = 1 for pore (air) n > 1 for the solid - n ~ 1.5 for glass - Scattering effect is maximized by pore/particle size within 400-700 nm range - Reason for Opacity in ceramics - glasses and polymers.






38. As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.






39. Materials change size when temperature is changed






40. If a material has ________ - then the field generated by those moments must be added to the induced field.






41. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)






42. Dimples on fracture surface correspond to microcavities that initiate crack formation.






43. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.






44. A measure of the ease with which a B field can be induced inside a material.






45. Process by which metal atoms diffuse because of a potential.






46. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.






47. With Increasing temperature - the saturation magnetization diminishes gradually and then abruptly drops to zero at Curie Temperature - Tc.






48. Diffuse image






49. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)






50. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.







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