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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Small Coercivities - Used for electric motors - Example: commercial iron 99.95 Fe
Refraction
Soft Magnetic Materials
Brittle Fracture
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
2. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Refraction
Impact - Toughness
Sparkle of Diamonds
3. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Heat Capacity
Color
4. -> fluorescent light - electron transitions occur randomly - light waves are out of phase with each other.
Opacity
Brittle Fracture
Incoherent
Ductile Materials
5. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
4 Types of Magnetism
Ductile Fracture
Specific Heat
Hard Magnetic Materials
6. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD's)
Opacifiers
Lithography
Internal magnetic moments
7. Metals are good conductors since their _______is only partially filled.
Valence band
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Meissner Effect
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
8. heat flux = -(thermal conductivity)(temperature gradient) - Defines heat transfer by CONDUCTION
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9. 1. Insulators: Higher energy states NOT ACCESSIBLE due to gap 2. Semiconductors: Higher energy states separated by a smaller gap.
M is known as what?
True Stress
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
Fatigue
10. (sigma)=F/Ai (rho)=(rho)'(1+(epsilon))
True Stress
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Valence band
11. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
Opacifiers
Lithography
Ductile Materials
Reflection of Light for Metals
12. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Response to a Magnetic Field
Force Decomposition
Two kinds of Reflection
13. Allows you to calculate what happened G=F' x cos(lambda) - F=F' x cos(phi)
Force Decomposition
Coherent
Relative Permeability
Reflectance of Non-Metals
14. Growth of an oxide layer by the reaction of oxygen with the substrate - Provides dopant masking and device isolation - IC technology uses 1. Thermal grown oxidation (dry) 2. Wet Oxidation 3. Selective Oxidation
Oxidation
Reflection of Light for Metals
Refraction
Incident Light
15. Emitted light is in phase
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Engineering Fracture Performance
Coherent
Extrinsic Semiconductors
16. Undergo little or no plastic deformation.
Scattering
Thermal expansion
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
Brittle Materials
17. 1. Data for Pure Silicon - electrical conductivity increases with T - opposite to metals
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Intergranular Fracture
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
18. 1. Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media) 2. Recording tape (particulate media)
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Lithography
Brittle Materials
Luminescence
19. Found in 26 metals and hundreds of alloys & compounds - Tc= critical temperature = termperature below which material is superconductive.
Slip Bands
Metallization
Superconductivity
Shear and Tensile Stress
20. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB
Conduction & Electron Transport
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Magnetic Storage
HB (Brinell Hardness)
21. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
Thermal Shock Resistance
Hard Magnetic Materials
M is known as what?
Two ways to measure heat capacity
22. Created by current through a coil N= total number of turns L= length of turns (m) I= current (ampere) H= applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m) Bo= magnetic flux density in a vacuum (tesla)
Hard Magnetic Materials
Rockwell
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
Yield and Reliability
23. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Paramagnetic Materials
Response to a Magnetic Field
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
24. Digitalized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk) - This transference is accomplished by a recording system that consists of a read/write head - "write" or record data by
Shear and Tensile Stress
Magnetic Storage
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Rockwell
25. No appreciable plastic deformation. The crack propagates very fast; nearly perpendicular to applied stress. Cracks often propagate along specific crystal planes or boundaries.
Intergranular Fracture
Relative Permeability
Work Hardening
Brittle Fracture
26. Heat capacity.....- increases with temperature -for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
Impact - Toughness
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Ductile Fracture
27. Different orientation of cleavage planes in grains.
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Force Decomposition
Why materials fail in service
Oxidation
28. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Linewidth
Thermal expansion
Plastic Deformation (Metals)
To improve fatigue life
29. Ohms Law: voltage drop = current * resistance
The Transistor
True Stress
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Electrical Conduction
30. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Stress Intensity Factor
Holloman Equation
To improve fatigue life
31. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
Shear and Tensile Stress
Transgranular Fracture
Thermal Conductivity
32. Growing interconnections to connect devices -Low electrical resistance - good adhesion to dielectric insulators.
Conduction & Electron Transport
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Coherent
Metallization
33. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.
Opacity
The Transistor
Color
Brittle Materials
34. Elastic means reversible! This is not a permanent deformation.
Elastic Deformation
Meissner Effect
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Shear and Tensile Stress
35. Diffuse image
Linewidth
Translucent
LASER
To improve fatigue life
36. Superconductors expel magnetic fields - This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet.
Transparent
Linewidth
Meissner Effect
Ductile Fracture
37. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
Luminescence
Bending tests
Etching
Thermal Stresses
38. Typical loading conditions are _____ enough to break all inter-atomic bonds
Metallization
Not severe
Film Deposition
Elastic Deformation
39. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Thermal Stresses
M is known as what?
40. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Rockwell
Electromigration
Slip Bands
Stress Intensity Factor
41. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Luminescence examples
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Thermal Stresses
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
42. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
True Strain
The Transistor
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Stress Intensity Factor
43. 1. Imperfections increase resistivity - grain boundaries - dislocations - impurity atoms - vacancies 2. Resistivity - increases with temperature - wt% impurity - and %CW
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Hard Magnetic Materials
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
44. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Refraction
Electrical Conduction
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Reflectance of Non-Metals
45. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Charpy or Izod test
Opaque
Stress Intensity values
Brittle Materials
46. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
47. 1. Tc= critical temperature- if T>Tc not superconducting 2. Jc= critical current density - if J>Jc not superconducting 3. Hc= critical magnetic field - if H > Hc not superconducting
Diamagnetic Materials
Sparkle of Diamonds
Critical Properties of Superconductive Materials
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
48. Impurities added to the semiconductor that contribute to excess electrons or holes. Doping = intentional impurities.
4 Types of Magnetism
Translucent
Extrinsic Semiconductors
Holloman Equation
49. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Opacity
Opaque
Slip Bands
Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
50. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Slip Bands
LASER
Hardness
Engineering Fracture Performance