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Test your basic knowledge |
Engineering Materials
Start Test
Study First
Subject
:
engineering
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Width of smallest feature obtainable on Si surface
Luminescence examples
Linewidth
Shear and Tensile Stress
Luminescence
2. Rho=F/A - tau=G/A . Depending on what angle the force is applied - and what angle the crystal is at - it takes different amounts of force to induce plastic deformation.
Shear and Tensile Stress
Brittle Fracture
Impact - Toughness
To improve fatigue life
3. Materials change size when temperature is changed
Fatigue
Transparent
Brittle Ceramics
Thermal expansion
4. (sigma)=K(sigma)^n . K = strength coefficient - n = work hardening rate or strain hardening exponent. Large n value increases strength and hardness.
Holloman Equation
Why do ceramics have larger bonding energy?
Internal magnetic moments
Luminescence
5. Energy is stored as atomic vibrations - As temperature increases - the average energy of atomic vibrations increases.
Heat Capacity from an Atomic Prospective
Griffith Crack Model
How an LCD works
Refraction
6. - A magnetic field is induced in the material B= Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material mu= permeability of a solid
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Within a Solid Material
How an LCD works
Elastic Deformation
Diamagnetic Materials
7. There is always some statistical distribution of flaws or defects.
Thermal Conductivity
There is no perfect material?
Two kinds of Reflection
Heat Capacity
8. 1. Impose a compressive surface stress (to suppress surface cracks from growing) - Method 1: shot peening - Method 2: carburizing 2.Remove stress concentrators.
Rockwell
To improve fatigue life
Hardness
Thermal expansion
9. Undergo extensive plastic deformation prior to failure.
Griffith Crack Model
Ductile Materials
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Refraction
10. Cp: Heat capacity at constant pressure Cv: Heat capacity at constant volume.
Internal magnetic moments
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Thermal expansion
11. A high index of refraction (n value) allows for multiple internal reactions.
True Strain
Luminescence examples
IC Devices: P-N Rectifying Junction
Sparkle of Diamonds
12. The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon: Stage 1: Initial (unmagnetized state) Stage 2: Apply H - align domains Stage 3: Remove H - alignment remains => Permanent magnet Stage 4: Coercivity - Hc negative H needed to demagnitize Stage 5: Apply -H - align d
Response to a Magnetic Field
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
Hysteresis and Permanent Magnetization
Fatigue
13. Transmitted light distorts electron clouds - The velocity of light in a material is lower than in a vacuum - Adding large ions to glass decreases the speed of light in the glass - Light can be "bent" (or refracted) as it passes through a transparent
Coherent
Magnetic Storage
Hard Magnetic Materials
Refraction
14. Not ALL the light is refracted - SOME is reflected. Materials with a high index of refraction also have high reflectance - High R is bad for lens applications - since this leads to undesirable light losses or interference.
Etching
Hard Magnetic Materials
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Lithography
15. Diffuse image
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Insulators
Translucent
Luminescence
16. Measures Hardness 1. psia = 500 x HB 2. MPa = 3.45 x HB
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Not severe
Diamagnetic Materials
Ductile Materials
17. Measures impact energy 1. Strike a notched sample with an anvil 2. Measure how far the anvil travels following impact 3. Distance traveled is related to energy required to break the sample 4. Very high rate of loading. Makes materials more "brittle."
Charpy or Izod test
Opacity
Oxidation
Electrical Conduction
18. 1. Tensile (opening) 2. Sliding 3. Tearing
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Soft Magnetic Materials
The three modes of crack surface displacement
Heat Capacity
19. # of thermally generated electrons = # of holes (broken bonds)
Stress Intensity values
Incident Light
Meissner Effect
Intrinsic Semiconductors
20. To build a device - various thin metal or insulating films are grown on top of each other - Evaporation - MBE - Sputtering - CVD (ALD)
Film Deposition
Insulators
Translucent
Dependence of Heat Capacity on Temperature
21. Measures Hardness - No major sample damage - Each scales runs to 130 but only useful in range 20-100 - Minor load is 10 kg - Major load: 60 kg (diamond) - 100 kg (1/16 in. ball) - 150 kg (diamond)
Stress Intensity values
The Transistor
Rockwell
Oxidation
22. Specific heat = energy input/(mass*temperature change)
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Specific Heat
Two kinds of Reflection
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
23. Dramatic change in impact energy is associated with a change in fracture mode from brittle to ductile.
Scattering
HB (Brinell Hardness)
Brittle Materials
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition
24. 1. Necking 2. Cavity formation 3. Cavity coalescence to form cracks 4. Crack propagation (growth) 5. Fracture
Metals: Resistivity vs. T - Impurities
Stages of Failure: Ductile Fracture
Transgranular Fracture
Specific Heat
25. 1. Metals: Thermal energy puts many electrons into a higher energy state. 2. Energy States: Nearby energy states are accessible by thermal fluctuations.
Thermal expansion
Conduction & Electron Transport
Thermal Expansion: Asymmetric curve
Thermal Expansion: Symmetric curve
26. The Magnetization of the material - and is essentially the dipole moment per unit volume. It is proportional to the applied field. Xm is the magnetic susceptibility.
M is known as what?
Intergranular Fracture
Two kinds of Reflection
Transparent
27. Reflectiviy is between 0.90 and 0.95 - Metal surfaces appear shiny - Most of absorbed light is reflected at the same wavelength (NO REFRACTION) - Small fraction of light may be absorbed - Color of reflected light depends on wavelength distribution of
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Refraction
Reflection of Light for Metals
Film Deposition
28. Becomes harder (more strain) to stretch (elongate)
How to gage the extent of plastic deformation
Reflectance of Non-Metals
Valence band
Work Hardening
29. 1. Stress-strain behavior is not usually determined via tensile tests 2. Material fails before it yields 3. Bend/flexure tests are often used instead.
Brittle Fracture
Soft Magnetic Materials
Brittle Ceramics
Thermal Shock Resistance
30. Is analogous to toughness.
Paramagnetic Materials
Reflection of Light for Metals
Electrical Conduction
Impact energy
31. Sigma=ln(li/lo)
Coherent
True Strain
Opaque
Force Decomposition
32. Emitted light is in phase
Large Hardness
Color
Coherent
Work Hardening
33. - Metals that exhibit high ductility - exhibit high toughness. Ceramics are very strong - but have low ductility and low toughness - Polymers are very ductile but are not generally very strong in shear (compared to metals and ceramics). They have low
Thermal Conductivity
Color
Stress Intensity values
Yield and Reliability
34. Occur when lots of dislocations move.
Refraction
Force Decomposition
Slip Bands
Lithography
35. Occur due to: restrained thermal expansion/contraction -temperature gradients that lead to differential dimensional changes sigma = Thermal Stress
Superconductivity
Internal magnetic moments
Incoherent
Thermal Stresses
36. Defines the ability of a material to resist fracture even when a flaw exists - Directly depends on size of flaw and material properties - K(ic) is a materials constant
Film Deposition
Where does DBTT occur?
Lithography
Stress Intensity Factor
37. The ability of a material to transport heat - Atomic Perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions - Metals have the largest values
Metallization
Thermal Conductivity
The Transistor
HB (Brinell Hardness)
38. 1. Electron motions 2. The spins on electrons - Net atomic magnetic moment: sum of moments from all electrons.
Opaque
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Ductile Fracture
Where does DBTT occur?
39. These are liquid crystal polymers- not your normal "crystal" -Rigid - rod shaped molecules are aligned even in liquid form.
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40. Without passing a current a continually varying magnetic field will cause a current to flow
Response to a Magnetic Field
Domains in Ferromagnetic & Ferrimagnetic Materials
Brittle Fracture
Film Deposition
41. The ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not fracture
Electrical Conduction
The Transistor
Why materials fail in service
Thermal Shock Resistance
42. Transformer cores require soft magnetic materials - which are easily magnetized and de-magnetized - and have high electrical resistivity - Energy losses in transformers could be minimized if their cores were fabricated such that the easy magnetizatio
Iron-Silicon Alloy in Transformer Cores
Bending tests
Film Deposition
Fourier's Law
43. The ability of a material to absorb heat - Quantitatively: The energy required to produce a unit rise in temperature for one mole of a material.
Brittle Materials
Impact - Toughness
The Transistor
Heat Capacity
44. Process by which geometric patterns are transferred from a mask (reticle) to a surface of a chip to form the device.
Energy States: Insulators and Semiconductors
The Transistor
Lithography
Pure Semiconductors: Conductivity vs. T
45. Second phase particles with n > glass.
Luminescence
Opacifiers
There is no perfect material?
Work Hardening
46. - The emission of light from a substance due to the absorption of energy. (Could be radiation - mechanical - or chemical energy. Could also be energetic particles.) - Traps and activator levels are produced by impurity additions to the material - Whe
Why fracture surfaces have faceted texture
Film Deposition
Luminescence
Electrical Conduction
47. Large coercivities - Used for permanent magnets - Add particles/voids to inhibit domain wall motion - Example: tungsten steel
Two ways to measure heat capacity
Hard Magnetic Materials
Insulators
Slip Bands
48. Is reflected - absorbed - scattered - and/or transmitted: Io=It+Ia+Ir+Is
Paramagnetic Materials
Transparent
Opaque
Incident Light
49. Another optical property - Depends on the wavelength of the visible spectrum.
Refraction
Color
Film Deposition
Electrical Conduction
50. Plastic means permanent! When a small load is applied - bonds stretch & planes shear. Then when the load is no longer applied - the planes are still sheared.
Intrinsic Semiconductors
Hard Magnetic Materials
What do magnetic moments arise from?
Plastic Deformation (Metals)