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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
APT in active portfolio management
Asset liquidity risk
Settlement risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
2. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Sharpe measure
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
3. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Uncertainty
Nonparametric VaR
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
4. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Market risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Asset transformers
5. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Efficient frontier
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Models used in ERM framework
Volatility Market risk
6. Future price is greater than the spot price
Contango
Debt overhang
LTCM
Financial Risk
7. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Probability of ruin
Morningstar Rating System
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
8. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Sovereign risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
9. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Risks excluded from operational risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
10. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Performance- related metrics
BTR - Below Target Risk
11. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Four major types of risk
Source of need for risk management
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
12. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Standard deviation of two assets
Asset liquidity risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
13. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Debt overhang
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
14. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Importance of communication for risk managers
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
15. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Standard deviation of two assets
BTR - Below Target Risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Efficient frontier
16. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Solvency-related metrics
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
3 main types of operational risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
17. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Performance- related metrics
Tracking error
Allied Irish Bank
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
18. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Volatility Market risk
Tracking error
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Risk types addressed by ERM
19. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Expected return of two assets
Information ratio
Asset liquidity risk
Nonparametric VaR
20. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Roles of risk management
BTR - Below Target Risk
Debt overhang
Shortfall risk
21. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Traits of ERM
Financial Risk
Probability of ruin
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
22. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Sortino ratio
Credit event
Forms of Market risk
Asset transformers
23. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Ways risk can be mismeasured
APT for passive portfolio management
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Uncertainty
24. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Sharpe measure
APT for passive portfolio management
25. Quantile of an empirical distribution
VaR - Value at Risk
Nonparametric VaR
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
26. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Four major types of risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Sharpe measure
27. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Banker's Trust
Financial risks
Credit event
CAPM (formula)
28. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Treynor measure
Formula for covariance
Volatility Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
29. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Exposure
Probability of ruin
Debt overhang
30. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Operational risk
Financial Risk
Models used in ERM framework
Basis risk
31. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Where is risk coming from
Barings
Derivative contract
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
32. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Treynor measure
Jensen's alpha
Standard deviation of two assets
Information ratio
33. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Liquidity risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Probability of ruin
34. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Debt overhang
Market imperfections that can create value
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Debt overhang
35. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Basis risk
Exposure
Recovery rate
Settlement risk
36. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Capital market line (CML)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Standard deviation of two assets
37. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Asset liquidity risk
Four major types of risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
38. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Kidder Peabody
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Formula for covariance
39. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Importance of communication for risk managers
Treynor measure
Volatility Market risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
40. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
APT for passive portfolio management
Basis risk
Sovereign risk
APT in active portfolio management
41. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Banker's Trust
Traits of ERM
Financial Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
42. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Risk types addressed by ERM
Recovery rate
Standard deviation of two assets
Expected return of two assets
43. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Financial Risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Recovery rate
Funding liquidity risk
44. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Contango
Debt overhang
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
45. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Importance of communication for risk managers
Contango
Nonparametric VaR
46. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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47. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Treynor measure
Financial Risk
Risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
48. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Market imperfections that can create value
Models used in ERM framework
Risk types addressed by ERM
Tax shield
49. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Operational risk
Funding liquidity risk
Kidder Peabody
50. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
LTCM