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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Probability of ruin
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Volatility Market risk
CAPM (formula)
2. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Morningstar Rating System
Tax shield
3. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Information ratio
Multi- period version of CAPM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Shortcomings of risk metrics
4. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Shortfall risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
5. Future price is greater than the spot price
Operational risk
Settlement risk
Contango
Financial risks
6. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Market imperfections that can create value
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Solvency-related metrics
7. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
APT in active portfolio management
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Asset liquidity risk
Risk
8. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Credit event
Capital market line (CML)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Treynor measure
9. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Traits of ERM
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
10. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Four major types of risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Expected return of two assets
Debt overhang
11. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Options motivation on volatility
Contango
Asset transformers
Sharpe measure
12. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Settlement risk
Options motivation on volatility
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Roles of risk management
13. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Shortfall risk
14. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Probability of ruin
Basis
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
15. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Liquidity risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Treynor measure
Settlement risk
16. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Asset transformers
Capital market line (CML)
Forms of Market risk
Parametric VaR
17. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
LTCM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Business Risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
18. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Sharpe measure
VaR - Value at Risk
Source of need for risk management
Business risks
19. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Derivative contract
Debt overhang
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
20. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Credit event
Where is risk coming from
Four major types of risk
Risk
21. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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22. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Probability of ruin
Tracking error
Jensen's alpha
Liquidity risk
23. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Four major types of risk
Solvency-related metrics
3 main types of operational risk
Banker's Trust
24. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
VaR - Value at Risk
Forms of Market risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Roles of risk management
25. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Traits of ERM
Standard deviation of two assets
26. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
LTCM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Standard deviation of two assets
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
27. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
28. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Morningstar Rating System
Nonparametric VaR
Business risks
Market imperfections that can create value
29. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Basis
Asset liquidity risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
VaR- based analysis (formula)
30. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Market risk
31. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Formula for covariance
Risk types addressed by ERM
32. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Debt overhang
Information ratio
Jensen's alpha
CAPM (formula)
33. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Capital market line (CML)
Tax shield
Debt overhang
Business risks
34. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Allied Irish Bank
Debt overhang
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
35. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Source of need for risk management
Sharpe measure
Standard deviation of two assets
Basic Market risk
36. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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37. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Contango
Nonparametric VaR
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Market imperfections that can create value
38. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Ways risk can be mismeasured
VaR - Value at Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Where is risk coming from
39. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Performance- related metrics
Tax shield
Valuation vs. Risk management
40. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Settlement risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Formula for covariance
Banker's Trust
41. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Morningstar Rating System
Importance of communication for risk managers
42. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Sovereign risk
Kidder Peabody
Financial Risk
43. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Recovery rate
Debt overhang
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
44. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
APT in active portfolio management
Forms of Market risk
Debt overhang
Roles of risk management
45. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Expected return of two assets
Capital market line (CML)
Credit event
46. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Business risks
Market risk
Uncertainty
Credit event
47. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Importance of communication for risk managers
Multi- period version of CAPM
Treynor measure
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
48. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Settlement risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Shortfall risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
49. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Contango
Risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Liquidity risk
50. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
3 main types of operational risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
APT (equation and assumptions)