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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Subjects
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Business Risk
Performance- related metrics
Capital market line (CML)
Sovereign risk
2. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Four major types of risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Probability of ruin
3. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Models used in ERM framework
Jensen's alpha
Funding liquidity risk
4. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Security (primary vs secondary)
Four major types of risk
Contango
Basis
5. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
APT for passive portfolio management
Tracking error
Information ratio
VaR- based analysis (formula)
6. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Uncertainty
Valuation vs. Risk management
Risk types addressed by ERM
Treynor measure
7. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Sharpe measure
Credit event
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Nonparametric VaR
8. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Roles of risk management
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Asset transformers
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
9. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Allied Irish Bank
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
10. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Treynor measure
Kidder Peabody
Four major types of risk
11. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM assumption for EMH
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Contango
Business risks
12. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Four major types of risk
Solvency-related metrics
Risk
Allied Irish Bank
13. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Jensen's alpha
APT for passive portfolio management
Business risks
14. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Uncertainty
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Options motivation on volatility
15. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Probability of ruin
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
16. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Sovereign risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
APT in active portfolio management
17. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Kidder Peabody
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
LTCM
18. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Basis risk
Barings
Financial Risk
19. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Where is risk coming from
Tracking error
Expected return of two assets
Information ratio
20. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Risk types addressed by ERM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
21. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Allied Irish Bank
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Morningstar Rating System
Probability of ruin
22. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Operational risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Options motivation on volatility
23. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Capital market line (CML)
24. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
CAPM (formula)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
CAPM assumption for EMH
Liquidity risk
25. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Models used in ERM framework
26. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Solvency-related metrics
Market imperfections that can create value
Multi- period version of CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
27. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Information ratio
Roles of risk management
Options motivation on volatility
Solvency-related metrics
28. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Where is risk coming from
29. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
VaR - Value at Risk
Asset liquidity risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
30. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Treynor measure
Kidder Peabody
Risks excluded from operational risk
31. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Options motivation on volatility
APT for passive portfolio management
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
32. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Expected return of two assets
Asset liquidity risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Treynor measure
33. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Options motivation on volatility
Parametric VaR
Financial Risk
34. Potential amount that can be lost
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Exposure
35. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Asset liquidity risk
Information ratio
Market imperfections that can create value
Exposure
36. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Asset liquidity risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
37. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Tax shield
Financial risks
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Importance of communication for risk managers
38. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
LTCM
Forms of Market risk
Formula for covariance
39. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Risk
Efficient frontier
Security (primary vs secondary)
Settlement risk
40. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Source of need for risk management
Settlement risk
41. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Nonparametric VaR
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Expected return of two assets
APT in active portfolio management
42. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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43. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Risks excluded from operational risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Sharpe measure
44. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Roles of risk management
Basis
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Settlement risk
45. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Sortino ratio
Solvency-related metrics
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
APT in active portfolio management
46. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Morningstar Rating System
Parametric VaR
Operational risk
Efficient frontier
47. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Operational risk
48. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
BTR - Below Target Risk
Settlement risk
Performance- related metrics
Business Risk
49. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Sharpe measure
Ways risk can be mismeasured
APT in active portfolio management
Operational risk
50. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Derivative contract
APT for passive portfolio management
Contango
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition