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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Banker's Trust
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
2. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Basic Market risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Capital market line (CML)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
3. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Standard deviation of two assets
Liquidity risk
Business risks
Basic Market risk
4. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Efficient frontier
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
5. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Tax shield
VaR - Value at Risk
Information ratio
6. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Uncertainty
Sharpe measure
Recovery rate
7. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Forms of Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
8. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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9. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Settlement risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Models used in ERM framework
10. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Basic Market risk
Settlement risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
APT in active portfolio management
11. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Information ratio
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
12. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Credit event
Parametric VaR
Financial risks
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
13. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
APT (equation and assumptions)
14. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Business Risk
Contango
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
15. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Asset liquidity risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Information ratio
16. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Sovereign risk
Kidder Peabody
Source of need for risk management
Risk types addressed by ERM
17. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Market risk
Basis risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
18. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Uncertainty
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
19. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Risk
20. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Jensen's alpha
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Parametric VaR
Roles of risk management
21. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Nonparametric VaR
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Jensen's alpha
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
22. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Sortino ratio
Capital market line (CML)
Banker's Trust
Expected return of two assets
23. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
LTCM
Funding liquidity risk
Performance- related metrics
Business risks
24. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Banker's Trust
Barings
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
25. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
LTCM
Traits of ERM
Basis risk
Allied Irish Bank
26. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Market risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Parametric VaR
Models used in ERM framework
27. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Contango
Risk
Debt overhang
Settlement risk
28. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Nonparametric VaR
Asset transformers
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
29. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Treynor measure
Allied Irish Bank
Security (primary vs secondary)
Four major types of risk
30. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Volatility Market risk
Kidder Peabody
Risk types addressed by ERM
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
31. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
APT for passive portfolio management
CAPM assumption for EMH
32. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Formula for covariance
Settlement risk
Barings
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
33. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Capital market line (CML)
Sharpe measure
Traits of ERM
Derivative contract
34. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Options motivation on volatility
3 main types of operational risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Risk
35. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Financial Risk
Shortfall risk
Risk
36. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Business Risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
37. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Jensen's alpha
Uncertainty
38. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Standard deviation of two assets
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Efficient frontier
APT in active portfolio management
39. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Settlement risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Parametric VaR
Asset liquidity risk
40. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Risk types addressed by ERM
Financial risks
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
41. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Asset liquidity risk
Forms of Market risk
Exposure
Barings
42. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Treynor measure
43. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Options motivation on volatility
Risks excluded from operational risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
44. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Security (primary vs secondary)
Uncertainty
Basis risk
Solvency-related metrics
45. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
VaR - Value at Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
46. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Contango
Operational risk
Derivative contract
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
47. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Derivative contract
Traits of ERM
Basis
Kidder Peabody
48. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Funding liquidity risk
Risk
Market risk
49. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
LTCM
Business Risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Jensen's alpha
50. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Roles of risk management
Financial risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
Business Risk