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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
BTR - Below Target Risk
Capital market line (CML)
Source of need for risk management
Sovereign risk
2. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Where is risk coming from
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Kidder Peabody
Solvency-related metrics
3. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Risk
Exposure
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
4. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Forms of Market risk
Debt overhang
Business risks
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
5. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Where is risk coming from
Risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Risks excluded from operational risk
6. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Basis risk
Settlement risk
Asset transformers
Banker's Trust
7. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Efficient frontier
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
8. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Funding liquidity risk
Efficient frontier
APT for passive portfolio management
Operational risk
9. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
APT (equation and assumptions)
Financial risks
Settlement risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
10. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Information ratio
Capital market line (CML)
Liquidity risk
Recovery rate
11. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Sharpe measure
Four major types of risk
Funding liquidity risk
APT in active portfolio management
12. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
LTCM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
13. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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14. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Information ratio
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Operational risk
Sharpe measure
15. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
VaR - Value at Risk
Uncertainty
Kidder Peabody
Business risks
16. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Shortfall risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Roles of risk management
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
17. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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18. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Uncertainty
Nonparametric VaR
Risk
Efficient frontier
19. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
Basis risk
Options motivation on volatility
Tax shield
20. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Debt overhang
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Settlement risk
21. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Market risk
CAPM (formula)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Parametric VaR
22. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Formula for covariance
Expected return of two assets
BTR - Below Target Risk
Asset liquidity risk
23. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
CAPM assumption for EMH
Basis
Risks excluded from operational risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
24. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
APT in active portfolio management
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Morningstar Rating System
Derivative contract
25. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Parametric VaR
Jensen's alpha
Sortino ratio
26. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Debt overhang
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Traits of ERM
Where is risk coming from
27. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Exposure
Barings
Treynor measure
Risk
28. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Derivative contract
Operational risk
Shortfall risk
Tax shield
29. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
VaR - Value at Risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Credit event
Traits of ERM
30. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Barings
Settlement risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Information ratio
31. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Market imperfections that can create value
32. Future price is greater than the spot price
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risks excluded from operational risk
Contango
Debt overhang
33. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Debt overhang
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Importance of communication for risk managers
34. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
APT in active portfolio management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Performance- related metrics
Liquidity risk
35. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Source of need for risk management
Market imperfections that can create value
Contango
Market risk
36. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
BTR - Below Target Risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Sortino ratio
Three main reasons for financial disasters
37. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Tracking error
Risks excluded from operational risk
Business risks
38. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Liquidity risk
Where is risk coming from
Multi- period version of CAPM
39. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Models used in ERM framework
Multi- period version of CAPM
CAPM assumption for EMH
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
40. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Morningstar Rating System
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
APT for passive portfolio management
Asset liquidity risk
41. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Information ratio
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
42. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Four major types of risk
Tracking error
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Multi- period version of CAPM
43. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Expected return of two assets
Tax shield
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
44. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Security (primary vs secondary)
Risk
Shortfall risk
Debt overhang
45. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Sovereign risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Kidder Peabody
46. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Security (primary vs secondary)
CAPM (formula)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Credit event
47. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
3 main types of operational risk
Efficient frontier
Sharpe measure
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
48. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Roles of risk management
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
APT in active portfolio management
49. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Morningstar Rating System
50. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Recovery rate
Standard deviation of two assets
Morningstar Rating System
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve