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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Allied Irish Bank
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Sharpe measure
2. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Exposure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Credit event
3. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Options motivation on volatility
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Morningstar Rating System
4. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Allied Irish Bank
Risk
Sovereign risk
5. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Kidder Peabody
Jensen's alpha
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
6. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
CAPM (formula)
Capital market line (CML)
Settlement risk
Financial Risk
7. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Forms of Market risk
Jensen's alpha
8. Future price is greater than the spot price
Valuation vs. Risk management
Exposure
Contango
Roles of risk management
9. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
Performance- related metrics
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Information ratio
10. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Valuation vs. Risk management
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Efficient frontier
Sortino ratio
11. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Uncertainty
Volatility Market risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
12. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Probability of ruin
Basic Market risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
13. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Traits of ERM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Banker's Trust
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
14. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk
Roles of risk management
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
15. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
LTCM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Shortfall risk
16. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Business Risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
17. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Models used in ERM framework
Volatility Market risk
18. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Options motivation on volatility
Formula for covariance
Market risk
Information ratio
19. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Barings
Financial risks
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Uncertainty
20. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
APT (equation and assumptions)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Market risk
Business risks
21. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Sovereign risk
Models used in ERM framework
APT (equation and assumptions)
LTCM
22. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Basic Market risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
LTCM
23. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Asset transformers
Basis
VaR- based analysis (formula)
BTR - Below Target Risk
24. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Derivative contract
Market risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
3 main types of operational risk
25. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Recovery rate
Risk types addressed by ERM
Formula for covariance
APT for passive portfolio management
26. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Four major types of risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Tax shield
27. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
28. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Expected return of two assets
BTR - Below Target Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
29. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Parametric VaR
Uncertainty
CAPM assumption for EMH
Treynor measure
30. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Traits of ERM
Basis risk
Debt overhang
Market risk
31. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Sharpe measure
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Source of need for risk management
BTR - Below Target Risk
32. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
33. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
CAPM (formula)
Roles of risk management
Performance- related metrics
Operational risk
34. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Expected return of two assets
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Funding liquidity risk
35. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Asset transformers
Source of need for risk management
Derivative contract
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
36. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Four major types of risk
Capital market line (CML)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
37. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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38. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Operational risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Kidder Peabody
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
39. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Basic Market risk
Banker's Trust
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Basis
40. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Volatility Market risk
Allied Irish Bank
Information ratio
Sortino ratio
41. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Information ratio
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Forms of Market risk
42. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Risks excluded from operational risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Market imperfections that can create value
43. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk types addressed by ERM
Treynor measure
Traits of ERM
44. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Performance- related metrics
Risks excluded from operational risk
Debt overhang
Basis
45. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Four major types of risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Probability of ruin
46. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Traits of ERM
Debt overhang
Barings
Nonparametric VaR
47. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Multi- period version of CAPM
Expected return of two assets
VaR - Value at Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
48. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Tracking error
Options motivation on volatility
Funding liquidity risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
49. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Parametric VaR
Probability of ruin
50. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
APT in active portfolio management
Business Risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Debt overhang