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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Importance of communication for risk managers
Debt overhang
Basis risk
2. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
APT in active portfolio management
Solvency-related metrics
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Kidder Peabody
3. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Multi- period version of CAPM
Volatility Market risk
Standard deviation of two assets
4. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Solvency-related metrics
Shortcomings of risk metrics
APT for passive portfolio management
Risks excluded from operational risk
5. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Four major types of risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Options motivation on volatility
6. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
APT for passive portfolio management
BTR - Below Target Risk
7. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Debt overhang
Standard deviation of two assets
8. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Expected return of two assets
9. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Multi- period version of CAPM
Shortfall risk
Basis risk
10. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Debt overhang
BTR - Below Target Risk
Derivative contract
3 main types of operational risk
11. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Valuation vs. Risk management
Probability of ruin
Operational risk
12. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Nonparametric VaR
Four major types of risk
Derivative contract
13. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
LTCM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Sharpe measure
Morningstar Rating System
14. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Shortfall risk
Liquidity risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Models used in ERM framework
15. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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16. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Three main reasons for financial disasters
APT (equation and assumptions)
Contango
Performance- related metrics
17. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Performance- related metrics
CAPM assumption for EMH
CAPM (formula)
Financial Risk
18. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
CAPM (formula)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Morningstar Rating System
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
19. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Financial risks
Formula for covariance
20. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Basis
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Basis risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
21. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Source of need for risk management
Operational risk
Solvency-related metrics
Recovery rate
22. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Options motivation on volatility
Banker's Trust
Financial Risk
23. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Information ratio
Business Risk
Kidder Peabody
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
24. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Banker's Trust
Traits of ERM
Asset liquidity risk
25. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Where is risk coming from
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Security (primary vs secondary)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
26. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Source of need for risk management
27. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Barings
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Basis risk
CAPM (formula)
28. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Volatility Market risk
Four major types of risk
Probability of ruin
29. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Basic Market risk
Uncertainty
Traits of ERM
30. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risks excluded from operational risk
Contango
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
31. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Standard deviation of two assets
Risks excluded from operational risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Basic Market risk
32. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Settlement risk
33. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Efficient frontier
Forms of Market risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
34. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Security (primary vs secondary)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Funding liquidity risk
35. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Liquidity risk
Debt overhang
Credit event
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
36. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Allied Irish Bank
Contango
37. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
APT in active portfolio management
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Debt overhang
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
38. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Asset liquidity risk
Parametric VaR
Market risk
39. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Source of need for risk management
Valuation vs. Risk management
Information ratio
40. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Credit event
VaR - Value at Risk
Jensen's alpha
Morningstar Rating System
41. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Operational risk
Derivative contract
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Uncertainty
42. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Options motivation on volatility
Market risk
Credit event
43. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Kidder Peabody
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
44. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Basis
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
CAPM assumption for EMH
45. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
3 main types of operational risk
Volatility Market risk
Where is risk coming from
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
46. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Options motivation on volatility
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
47. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Settlement risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
48. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Uncertainty
49. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Allied Irish Bank
Business Risk
50. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Treynor measure
Operational risk
Tracking error