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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
Basis risk
CAPM (formula)
Business risks
2. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Tax shield
Settlement risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
3. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Sharpe measure
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
VaR - Value at Risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
4. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Formula for covariance
APT for passive portfolio management
Nonparametric VaR
5. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
LTCM
6. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Four major types of risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Parametric VaR
Security (primary vs secondary)
7. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Business Risk
Probability of ruin
Roles of risk management
8. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Tax shield
Traits of ERM
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Business risks
9. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Sharpe measure
CAPM (formula)
Contango
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
10. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Business Risk
11. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Banker's Trust
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Financial Risk
12. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Nonparametric VaR
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Credit event
13. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
14. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Efficient frontier
LTCM
Morningstar Rating System
15. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Shortfall risk
Formula for covariance
Debt overhang
Three main reasons for financial disasters
16. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Standard deviation of two assets
Multi- period version of CAPM
Information ratio
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
17. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
CAPM assumption for EMH
Performance- related metrics
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Forms of Market risk
18. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Risk types addressed by ERM
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Expected return of two assets
19. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Treynor measure
Recovery rate
20. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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21. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Business Risk
Tracking error
Asset liquidity risk
22. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Credit event
Derivative contract
Debt overhang
Kidder Peabody
23. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Risk
Source of need for risk management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Capital market line (CML)
24. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Jensen's alpha
Performance- related metrics
Models used in ERM framework
25. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Uncertainty
Capital market line (CML)
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Standard deviation of two assets
26. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Banker's Trust
Liquidity risk
Financial Risk
27. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Credit event
Probability of ruin
28. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Roles of risk management
Tracking error
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
APT (equation and assumptions)
29. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Debt overhang
Expected return of two assets
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Security (primary vs secondary)
30. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Nonparametric VaR
31. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
VaR - Value at Risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
32. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Basic Market risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Formula for covariance
Importance of communication for risk managers
33. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
APT for passive portfolio management
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
34. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Models used in ERM framework
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Basis
Where is risk coming from
35. Future price is greater than the spot price
Market risk
Contango
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
36. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
CAPM assumption for EMH
Barings
Asset transformers
Settlement risk
37. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Settlement risk
Standard deviation of two assets
38. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Basic Market risk
LTCM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
39. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Forms of Market risk
Asset liquidity risk
40. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Models used in ERM framework
Debt overhang
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
41. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Sortino ratio
APT in active portfolio management
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
BTR - Below Target Risk
42. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Roles of risk management
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
43. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Financial risks
Forms of Market risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Sovereign risk
44. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Uncertainty
Risks excluded from operational risk
Probability of ruin
Traits of ERM
45. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
46. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Where is risk coming from
Uncertainty
Solvency-related metrics
LTCM
47. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Source of need for risk management
Shortfall risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
48. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Importance of communication for risk managers
Asset liquidity risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
49. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Probability of ruin
APT for passive portfolio management
Operational risk
Asset liquidity risk
50. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Risk
Banker's Trust