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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Settlement risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Liquidity risk
APT in active portfolio management
2. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Sortino ratio
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Security (primary vs secondary)
Banker's Trust
3. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
3 main types of operational risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Debt overhang
Multi- period version of CAPM
4. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Morningstar Rating System
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Business risks
5. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Capital market line (CML)
Market risk
APT in active portfolio management
Source of need for risk management
6. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
CAPM assumption for EMH
APT (equation and assumptions)
Four major types of risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
7. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Models used in ERM framework
Derivative contract
BTR - Below Target Risk
8. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Basis risk
CAPM (formula)
Allied Irish Bank
9. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Liquidity risk
Basis risk
Probability of ruin
Barings
10. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Derivative contract
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Operational risk
11. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
Nonparametric VaR
12. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
CAPM (formula)
Expected return of two assets
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
13. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Liquidity risk
Financial Risk
14. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Debt overhang
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Models used in ERM framework
15. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Liquidity risk
Source of need for risk management
Uncertainty
16. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Market risk
Basis
Expected return of two assets
CAPM (formula)
17. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Sortino ratio
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Forms of Market risk
18. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Business Risk
Sovereign risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
19. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Derivative contract
Debt overhang
Liquidity risk
Risk
20. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Barings
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
21. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
CAPM (formula)
Risks excluded from operational risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Exposure
22. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
VaR - Value at Risk
Models used in ERM framework
23. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Jensen's alpha
Information ratio
Performance- related metrics
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
24. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk
APT in active portfolio management
Source of need for risk management
25. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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26. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Forms of Market risk
Models used in ERM framework
Banker's Trust
Derivative contract
27. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Jensen's alpha
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Market imperfections that can create value
28. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Valuation vs. Risk management
Settlement risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
29. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Importance of communication for risk managers
Business Risk
Financial risks
30. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Financial Risk
Where is risk coming from
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
31. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Uncertainty
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
CAPM (formula)
Basic Market risk
32. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Sharpe measure
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Settlement risk
33. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Tracking error
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Derivative contract
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
34. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Treynor measure
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Kidder Peabody
35. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Operational risk
Morningstar Rating System
Information ratio
36. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Business Risk
Banker's Trust
37. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Market risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Information ratio
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
38. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
VaR- based analysis (formula)
LTCM
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
39. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Recovery rate
Shortfall risk
Morningstar Rating System
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
40. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Business risks
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
41. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Efficient frontier
Sovereign risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Security (primary vs secondary)
42. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Models used in ERM framework
Standard deviation of two assets
Risk
43. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risks excluded from operational risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Forms of Market risk
44. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Models used in ERM framework
Banker's Trust
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Operational risk
45. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Market imperfections that can create value
Operational risk
Volatility Market risk
Information ratio
46. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Credit event
Debt overhang
BTR - Below Target Risk
47. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Debt overhang
Asset liquidity risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk
48. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Security (primary vs secondary)
49. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Multi- period version of CAPM
Nonparametric VaR
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Sortino ratio
50. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Importance of communication for risk managers
Funding liquidity risk
Solvency-related metrics