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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Subjects
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Traits of ERM
Jensen's alpha
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
2. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Roles of risk management
Shortcomings of risk metrics
3. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Information ratio
Banker's Trust
4. Potential amount that can be lost
Options motivation on volatility
Exposure
Models used in ERM framework
Information ratio
5. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Basis
Financial Risk
Credit event
VaR - Value at Risk
6. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
7. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Allied Irish Bank
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Multi- period version of CAPM
8. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Roles of risk management
Standard deviation of two assets
Market risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
9. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Kidder Peabody
Market risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Probability of ruin
10. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Four major types of risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
APT in active portfolio management
Where is risk coming from
11. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Debt overhang
Traits of ERM
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
12. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Barings
Risk
Debt overhang
13. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Sharpe measure
Solvency-related metrics
Models used in ERM framework
14. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
CAPM assumption for EMH
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Where is risk coming from
Business Risk
15. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
APT in active portfolio management
Source of need for risk management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Sovereign risk
16. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Settlement risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risk
17. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
APT (equation and assumptions)
LTCM
Risk types addressed by ERM
Jensen's alpha
18. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Asset transformers
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Financial risks
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
19. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Basic Market risk
Jensen's alpha
Risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
20. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Information ratio
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Basis
21. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Settlement risk
Expected return of two assets
22. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Parametric VaR
Standard deviation of two assets
Market imperfections that can create value
CAPM (formula)
23. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Allied Irish Bank
LTCM
Barings
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
24. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Business risks
Derivative contract
Source of need for risk management
25. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
CAPM (formula)
Source of need for risk management
Financial risks
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
26. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Standard deviation of two assets
Asset liquidity risk
Roles of risk management
Treynor measure
27. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Sovereign risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tax shield
Standard deviation of two assets
28. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Recovery rate
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Market imperfections that can create value
29. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Standard deviation of two assets
Liquidity risk
Treynor measure
30. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
Derivative contract
31. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Credit event
Financial Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
32. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Financial Risk
Morningstar Rating System
33. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
CAPM (formula)
Formula for covariance
Operational risk
Business Risk
34. Future price is greater than the spot price
Nonparametric VaR
Uncertainty
Contango
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
35. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Debt overhang
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Source of need for risk management
Derivative contract
36. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
BTR - Below Target Risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Debt overhang
VaR - Value at Risk
37. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Exposure
Performance- related metrics
BTR - Below Target Risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
38. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Exposure
Nonparametric VaR
Tracking error
Market imperfections that can create value
39. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Financial risks
APT for passive portfolio management
Credit event
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
40. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Funding liquidity risk
Capital market line (CML)
Jensen's alpha
41. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Derivative contract
Recovery rate
Capital market line (CML)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
42. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Importance of communication for risk managers
Operational risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Credit event
43. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Debt overhang
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
44. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Derivative contract
CAPM (formula)
Barings
Basic Market risk
45. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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46. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Source of need for risk management
Performance- related metrics
Efficient frontier
47. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Business Risk
Treynor measure
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
48. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Forms of Market risk
Source of need for risk management
Debt overhang
Parametric VaR
49. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Source of need for risk management
Operational risk
Options motivation on volatility
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
50. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Jensen's alpha
Sharpe measure
Debt overhang
Funding liquidity risk