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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Capital market line (CML)
Information ratio
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Basis risk
2. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Settlement risk
Banker's Trust
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Roles of risk management
3. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Performance- related metrics
CAPM assumption for EMH
Multi- period version of CAPM
Derivative contract
4. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Tax shield
5. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Allied Irish Bank
Four major types of risk
Financial risks
Barings
6. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Formula for covariance
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risks excluded from operational risk
7. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Probability of ruin
Business risks
Nonparametric VaR
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
8. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Roles of risk management
Formula for covariance
APT (equation and assumptions)
Business Risk
9. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Treynor measure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
10. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Formula for covariance
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
11. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Barings
Asset liquidity risk
Morningstar Rating System
VaR- based analysis (formula)
12. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Morningstar Rating System
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
13. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Business risks
Settlement risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Exposure
14. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Four major types of risk
Market risk
Banker's Trust
15. Future price is greater than the spot price
Credit event
Standard deviation of two assets
Contango
Performance- related metrics
16. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Settlement risk
APT in active portfolio management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
17. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Sovereign risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Performance- related metrics
18. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Treynor measure
Parametric VaR
LTCM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
19. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Treynor measure
Basis risk
Where is risk coming from
CAPM (formula)
20. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Options motivation on volatility
Credit event
Risk
Volatility Market risk
21. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Uncertainty
Basis
CAPM (formula)
22. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Basis risk
Funding liquidity risk
23. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Market imperfections that can create value
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
24. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Debt overhang
Exposure
Asset transformers
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
25. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Source of need for risk management
Settlement risk
Information ratio
Kidder Peabody
26. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
APT for passive portfolio management
Where is risk coming from
Financial Risk
27. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Tax shield
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Liquidity risk
28. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Market risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
29. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Risk
Asset transformers
Options motivation on volatility
30. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Market imperfections that can create value
Business risks
31. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Probability of ruin
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
32. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Source of need for risk management
Parametric VaR
Basis
33. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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34. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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35. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Traits of ERM
Risks excluded from operational risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
36. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Basic Market risk
Efficient frontier
Volatility Market risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
37. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Volatility Market risk
Recovery rate
38. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Where is risk coming from
Probability of ruin
39. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Morningstar Rating System
Uncertainty
Credit event
40. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Where is risk coming from
Market imperfections that can create value
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
41. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Basis
Credit event
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
42. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Capital market line (CML)
Kidder Peabody
Models used in ERM framework
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
43. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Market imperfections that can create value
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Risks excluded from operational risk
Expected return of two assets
44. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Forms of Market risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Solvency-related metrics
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
45. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Nonparametric VaR
Formula for covariance
Business Risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
46. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Standard deviation of two assets
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Probability of ruin
47. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
LTCM
Debt overhang
Sortino ratio
Forms of Market risk
48. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Recovery rate
Derivative contract
Security (primary vs secondary)
Asset transformers
49. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Source of need for risk management
Information ratio
APT for passive portfolio management
Morningstar Rating System
50. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Information ratio
Kidder Peabody