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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Derivative contract
Uncertainty
Multi- period version of CAPM
Volatility Market risk
2. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Standard deviation of two assets
BTR - Below Target Risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
VaR - Value at Risk
3. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Nonparametric VaR
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
4. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Capital market line (CML)
Credit event
Models used in ERM framework
5. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Basis
Risks excluded from operational risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
6. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Banker's Trust
Risk
Settlement risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
7. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Uncertainty
Solvency-related metrics
8. Future price is greater than the spot price
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Contango
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
9. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Liquidity risk
Performance- related metrics
Operational risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
10. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Asset liquidity risk
Source of need for risk management
Four major types of risk
11. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Sharpe measure
Exposure
Probability of ruin
Risk
12. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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13. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Expected return of two assets
Where is risk coming from
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
14. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Security (primary vs secondary)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
CAPM (formula)
Morningstar Rating System
15. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
APT in active portfolio management
Formula for covariance
Morningstar Rating System
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
16. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Sortino ratio
Basis risk
Asset liquidity risk
Sovereign risk
17. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
Risk
Market risk
Basic Market risk
18. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Efficient frontier
BTR - Below Target Risk
Sharpe measure
Shortfall risk
19. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Shortcomings of risk metrics
APT in active portfolio management
20. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Source of need for risk management
Debt overhang
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
21. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
APT for passive portfolio management
Probability of ruin
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Contango
22. Potential amount that can be lost
Asset liquidity risk
Formula for covariance
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
23. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Asset liquidity risk
Basis risk
Forms of Market risk
Options motivation on volatility
24. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Importance of communication for risk managers
Market risk
Basic Market risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
25. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Recovery rate
Valuation vs. Risk management
BTR - Below Target Risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
26. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Performance- related metrics
Multi- period version of CAPM
Settlement risk
Exposure
27. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Tracking error
Probability of ruin
Asset liquidity risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
28. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Information ratio
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
29. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Sovereign risk
APT in active portfolio management
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
30. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Derivative contract
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Basis
Capital market line (CML)
31. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Sharpe measure
3 main types of operational risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
32. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Efficient frontier
Asset transformers
Treynor measure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
33. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
Performance- related metrics
Derivative contract
Traits of ERM
34. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Recovery rate
Barings
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Kidder Peabody
35. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Business risks
Basic Market risk
Probability of ruin
36. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Expected return of two assets
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Kidder Peabody
Risk
37. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Multi- period version of CAPM
38. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Barings
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
39. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Basis risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
40. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Basis risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Information ratio
Business risks
41. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
VaR - Value at Risk
Settlement risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Forms of Market risk
42. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Capital market line (CML)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Market imperfections that can create value
43. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Tracking error
Options motivation on volatility
44. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
VaR - Value at Risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Tax shield
45. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Basis
46. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Exposure
Operational risk
Business Risk
Sortino ratio
47. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Source of need for risk management
Valuation vs. Risk management
Performance- related metrics
Volatility Market risk
48. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Information ratio
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Basic Market risk
49. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Formula for covariance
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Source of need for risk management
50. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
APT (equation and assumptions)
Roles of risk management
Treynor measure
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)