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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Efficient frontier
Formula for covariance
Business Risk
Expected return of two assets
2. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Shortfall risk
Business Risk
Standard deviation of two assets
Parametric VaR
3. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Models used in ERM framework
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Asset transformers
4. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
CAPM assumption for EMH
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
5. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Financial Risk
Allied Irish Bank
Sovereign risk
Asset liquidity risk
6. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Market imperfections that can create value
Information ratio
7. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Multi- period version of CAPM
Roles of risk management
Efficient frontier
Settlement risk
8. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
3 main types of operational risk
Sovereign risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Multi- period version of CAPM
9. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
CAPM assumption for EMH
Asset transformers
Operational risk
Asset liquidity risk
10. Future price is greater than the spot price
Volatility Market risk
Contango
Shortfall risk
Financial Risk
11. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Forms of Market risk
Volatility Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Valuation vs. Risk management
12. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Sortino ratio
Shortfall risk
Information ratio
13. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Forms of Market risk
LTCM
BTR - Below Target Risk
14. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Capital market line (CML)
Security (primary vs secondary)
CAPM assumption for EMH
15. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Operational risk
Four major types of risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
16. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Tax shield
Allied Irish Bank
Kidder Peabody
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
17. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Four major types of risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
18. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Market imperfections that can create value
Risk
19. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Debt overhang
VaR - Value at Risk
Forms of Market risk
Financial Risk
20. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Recovery rate
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Parametric VaR
Solvency-related metrics
21. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Importance of communication for risk managers
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
22. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Where is risk coming from
Nonparametric VaR
Derivative contract
Probability of ruin
23. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
VaR- based analysis (formula)
24. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Standard deviation of two assets
Volatility Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
25. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Basic Market risk
Traits of ERM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
26. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Traits of ERM
Recovery rate
Basis
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
27. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Security (primary vs secondary)
Operational risk
Solvency-related metrics
Risk
28. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Market risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Barings
29. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Where is risk coming from
Jensen's alpha
Risk
30. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
CAPM assumption for EMH
31. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Options motivation on volatility
Risk
Forms of Market risk
32. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Roles of risk management
Uncertainty
Shortcomings of risk metrics
33. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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34. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Market imperfections that can create value
Treynor measure
Traits of ERM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
35. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Jensen's alpha
Tax shield
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
36. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Risks excluded from operational risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
37. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Tracking error
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Efficient frontier
Recovery rate
38. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Valuation vs. Risk management
APT in active portfolio management
APT for passive portfolio management
Capital market line (CML)
39. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Risk types addressed by ERM
Debt overhang
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Where is risk coming from
40. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Market imperfections that can create value
Shortfall risk
APT in active portfolio management
Asset transformers
41. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Jensen's alpha
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
42. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Asset liquidity risk
Tax shield
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
BTR - Below Target Risk
43. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Kidder Peabody
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Debt overhang
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
44. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risk
Shortfall risk
Market risk
45. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Traits of ERM
Risk
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
46. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Nonparametric VaR
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
47. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Morningstar Rating System
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Business Risk
Sortino ratio
48. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Nonparametric VaR
BTR - Below Target Risk
Uncertainty
Recovery rate
49. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Forms of Market risk
Funding liquidity risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
50. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Barings