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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Market imperfections that can create value
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Debt overhang
Roles of risk management
2. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
VaR- based analysis (formula)
3. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Derivative contract
Solvency-related metrics
Four major types of risk
Asset liquidity risk
4. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Roles of risk management
Asset transformers
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Tax shield
5. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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6. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Debt overhang
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
7. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Basis
Derivative contract
Allied Irish Bank
Settlement risk
8. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Risk
Capital market line (CML)
Basis
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
9. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Models used in ERM framework
Asset transformers
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
CAPM assumption for EMH
10. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
LTCM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Options motivation on volatility
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
11. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Information ratio
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Probability of ruin
12. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Basic Market risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Debt overhang
Ways risk can be mismeasured
13. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Models used in ERM framework
BTR - Below Target Risk
Settlement risk
14. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Morningstar Rating System
Information ratio
Expected return of two assets
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
15. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Jensen's alpha
Risk types addressed by ERM
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Shortfall risk
16. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Derivative contract
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Exposure
17. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Allied Irish Bank
Business Risk
Forms of Market risk
Source of need for risk management
18. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Efficient frontier
Security (primary vs secondary)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Debt overhang
19. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
LTCM
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Financial Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
20. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Models used in ERM framework
Four major types of risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
21. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Liquidity risk
Expected return of two assets
BTR - Below Target Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
22. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Roles of risk management
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Operational risk
23. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
Settlement risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Business Risk
24. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
Derivative contract
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
25. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Treynor measure
Solvency-related metrics
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
CAPM (formula)
26. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Barings
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
27. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Options motivation on volatility
Barings
APT for passive portfolio management
Solvency-related metrics
28. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Market imperfections that can create value
Shortfall risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Sortino ratio
29. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Performance- related metrics
LTCM
Source of need for risk management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
30. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Market risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
31. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Treynor measure
Risks excluded from operational risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
LTCM
32. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Exposure
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
BTR - Below Target Risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
33. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Operational risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Traits of ERM
Options motivation on volatility
34. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Forms of Market risk
Solvency-related metrics
Uncertainty
Basic Market risk
35. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Jensen's alpha
LTCM
Liquidity risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
36. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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37. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Business risks
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
38. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Shortfall risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Morningstar Rating System
Where is risk coming from
39. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
APT (equation and assumptions)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Uncertainty
Settlement risk
40. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
CAPM (formula)
Risk
Liquidity risk
Performance- related metrics
41. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Performance- related metrics
42. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
APT for passive portfolio management
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
43. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Standard deviation of two assets
Models used in ERM framework
Banker's Trust
44. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
LTCM
Basis risk
Risk
45. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Liquidity risk
Traits of ERM
46. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
BTR - Below Target Risk
Liquidity risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Barings
47. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Information ratio
Business risks
Traits of ERM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
48. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Market risk
Options motivation on volatility
49. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Information ratio
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Standard deviation of two assets
50. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Basis
Allied Irish Bank
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM