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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Where is risk coming from
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Basic Market risk
2. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Basis risk
Sortino ratio
Banker's Trust
3. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Security (primary vs secondary)
Contango
Basic Market risk
4. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Debt overhang
3 main types of operational risk
Financial Risk
5. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
VaR - Value at Risk
Funding liquidity risk
6. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Market imperfections that can create value
Performance- related metrics
Expected return of two assets
7. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Formula for covariance
LTCM
Kidder Peabody
Liquidity risk
8. Future price is greater than the spot price
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Contango
Source of need for risk management
9. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Allied Irish Bank
Efficient frontier
Expected return of two assets
10. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Probability of ruin
Basic Market risk
Risk
11. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Settlement risk
Models used in ERM framework
Sharpe measure
Valuation vs. Risk management
12. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Basis
Parametric VaR
Business risks
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
13. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Tax shield
Credit event
Traits of ERM
Parametric VaR
14. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Morningstar Rating System
Settlement risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Funding liquidity risk
15. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Market imperfections that can create value
Financial Risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
16. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Solvency-related metrics
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Risks excluded from operational risk
Sovereign risk
17. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Treynor measure
Risk types addressed by ERM
18. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Market risk
Contango
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Volatility Market risk
19. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Allied Irish Bank
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
3 main types of operational risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
20. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Roles of risk management
Probability of ruin
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Market imperfections that can create value
21. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
APT for passive portfolio management
Uncertainty
Debt overhang
Settlement risk
22. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Sovereign risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
23. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Jensen's alpha
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Debt overhang
24. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
Basis risk
Formula for covariance
Allied Irish Bank
25. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
APT (equation and assumptions)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Performance- related metrics
Where is risk coming from
26. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Nonparametric VaR
Morningstar Rating System
Performance- related metrics
Funding liquidity risk
27. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Risk
Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
28. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Parametric VaR
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Options motivation on volatility
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
29. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Capital market line (CML)
Operational risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Market risk
30. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Capital market line (CML)
Allied Irish Bank
Kidder Peabody
31. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Tracking error
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Volatility Market risk
32. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Funding liquidity risk
Basic Market risk
33. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
LTCM
BTR - Below Target Risk
Business risks
Basis
34. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Basic Market risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Debt overhang
Models used in ERM framework
35. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Basic Market risk
Traits of ERM
VaR - Value at Risk
Basis risk
36. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Standard deviation of two assets
Derivative contract
Roles of risk management
37. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Jensen's alpha
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
BTR - Below Target Risk
Basis
38. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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39. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Market imperfections that can create value
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Solvency-related metrics
Ways risk can be mismeasured
40. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Recovery rate
Capital market line (CML)
Nonparametric VaR
Derivative contract
41. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Exposure
Standard deviation of two assets
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
42. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
CAPM (formula)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Traits of ERM
43. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Sovereign risk
Sharpe measure
Source of need for risk management
Operational risk
44. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
APT (equation and assumptions)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
LTCM
45. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Operational risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Models used in ERM framework
46. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Exposure
Importance of communication for risk managers
Basis
Derivative contract
47. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Business Risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Roles of risk management
48. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
APT in active portfolio management
Treynor measure
49. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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50. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Valuation vs. Risk management
Models used in ERM framework
VaR - Value at Risk
Performance- related metrics