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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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2. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Liquidity risk
Asset transformers
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
3. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Basis
Debt overhang
Nonparametric VaR
LTCM
4. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Performance- related metrics
Traits of ERM
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
5. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Sharpe measure
Allied Irish Bank
Roles of risk management
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
6. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Options motivation on volatility
Settlement risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risk
7. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Market imperfections that can create value
Credit event
Source of need for risk management
8. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Formula for covariance
Uncertainty
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Forms of Market risk
9. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Basis
Exposure
Sortino ratio
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
10. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
CAPM assumption for EMH
Basic Market risk
Settlement risk
11. Potential amount that can be lost
Market risk
Exposure
Morningstar Rating System
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
12. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Formula for covariance
Models used in ERM framework
Banker's Trust
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
13. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Business Risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Shortfall risk
14. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Market imperfections that can create value
Credit event
Funding liquidity risk
VaR - Value at Risk
15. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Efficient frontier
Operational risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
16. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Sovereign risk
Morningstar Rating System
Basic Market risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
17. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Importance of communication for risk managers
18. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Tracking error
Tax shield
Models used in ERM framework
APT for passive portfolio management
19. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Funding liquidity risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Treynor measure
Market imperfections that can create value
20. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Efficient frontier
Asset transformers
Financial Risk
21. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Exposure
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Where is risk coming from
22. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Barings
Performance- related metrics
Models used in ERM framework
Risk
23. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Risk
Models used in ERM framework
24. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Recovery rate
Models used in ERM framework
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
25. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Kidder Peabody
Capital market line (CML)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Formula for covariance
26. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Risk
Jensen's alpha
CAPM (formula)
Basis
27. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Security (primary vs secondary)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Expected return of two assets
28. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Basis
Sovereign risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
29. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Tracking error
Treynor measure
Shortfall risk
Nonparametric VaR
30. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Sharpe measure
Volatility Market risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Sortino ratio
31. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Standard deviation of two assets
CAPM (formula)
LTCM
Financial Risk
32. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Multi- period version of CAPM
Asset liquidity risk
Parametric VaR
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
33. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Liquidity risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Asset transformers
34. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Shortfall risk
LTCM
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
35. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Contango
Asset liquidity risk
36. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Market risk
Formula for covariance
Solvency-related metrics
CAPM assumption for EMH
37. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Jensen's alpha
Source of need for risk management
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Market risk
38. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Risk
Recovery rate
Probability of ruin
Nonparametric VaR
39. Future price is greater than the spot price
Banker's Trust
Contango
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Models used in ERM framework
40. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Financial Risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Sharpe measure
41. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Tracking error
LTCM
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
42. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Uncertainty
BTR - Below Target Risk
Information ratio
43. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Contango
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Performance- related metrics
Debt overhang
44. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Traits of ERM
Treynor measure
Operational risk
Jensen's alpha
45. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
46. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Risks excluded from operational risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Sortino ratio
Exposure
47. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Sortino ratio
Debt overhang
Asset liquidity risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
48. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Information ratio
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
CAPM (formula)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
49. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Risk types addressed by ERM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Risks excluded from operational risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
50. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Options motivation on volatility
Four major types of risk
Asset liquidity risk
Funding liquidity risk