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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Recovery rate
Forms of Market risk
Basis risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
2. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Expected return of two assets
Importance of communication for risk managers
Multi- period version of CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
3. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Market risk
LTCM
Probability of ruin
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
4. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Asset transformers
Risk types addressed by ERM
Shortcomings of risk metrics
LTCM
5. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Market risk
Performance- related metrics
Funding liquidity risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
6. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Asset transformers
Formula for covariance
Funding liquidity risk
7. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Options motivation on volatility
Source of need for risk management
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
8. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Debt overhang
Formula for covariance
Standard deviation of two assets
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
9. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
APT for passive portfolio management
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Information ratio
10. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Options motivation on volatility
Asset liquidity risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Business risks
11. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Probability of ruin
Settlement risk
12. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Capital market line (CML)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Volatility Market risk
Debt overhang
13. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Derivative contract
Tracking error
Financial risks
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
14. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
Source of need for risk management
Business Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
15. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
16. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Risk types addressed by ERM
Business Risk
Roles of risk management
Shortfall risk
17. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Treynor measure
Asset transformers
Business Risk
Market imperfections that can create value
18. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Expected return of two assets
Recovery rate
Performance- related metrics
Liquidity risk
19. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Information ratio
Tax shield
Probability of ruin
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
20. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Kidder Peabody
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
21. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Financial risks
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
22. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Kidder Peabody
Basis
Credit event
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
23. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Financial risks
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Recovery rate
Information ratio
24. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Standard deviation of two assets
Sovereign risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Shortcomings of risk metrics
25. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Uncertainty
APT for passive portfolio management
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risk
26. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
CAPM (formula)
Basis
Sortino ratio
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
27. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Settlement risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Debt overhang
28. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Formula for covariance
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Contango
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
29. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Settlement risk
Settlement risk
Business risks
30. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Capital market line (CML)
Volatility Market risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Jensen's alpha
31. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Performance- related metrics
Valuation vs. Risk management
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
32. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Valuation vs. Risk management
Tracking error
Sovereign risk
33. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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34. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Efficient frontier
Models used in ERM framework
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
35. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Valuation vs. Risk management
Debt overhang
Expected return of two assets
Roles of risk management
36. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Models used in ERM framework
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Information ratio
37. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
CAPM (formula)
Expected return of two assets
Kidder Peabody
Risk
38. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Allied Irish Bank
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Traits of ERM
Recovery rate
39. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Valuation vs. Risk management
Probability of ruin
Exposure
Ways risk can be mismeasured
40. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
Settlement risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
3 main types of operational risk
41. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Settlement risk
Forms of Market risk
42. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Traits of ERM
Treynor measure
Asset transformers
43. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Nonparametric VaR
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
44. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Recovery rate
CAPM assumption for EMH
Sovereign risk
Jensen's alpha
45. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Traits of ERM
BTR - Below Target Risk
46. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Credit event
Basis
Nonparametric VaR
Roles of risk management
47. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Kidder Peabody
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
48. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Efficient frontier
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Importance of communication for risk managers
49. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Traits of ERM
Basic Market risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
BTR - Below Target Risk
50. Potential amount that can be lost
CAPM assumption for EMH
Credit event
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Exposure