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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Options motivation on volatility
Operational risk
Tracking error
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
2. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Four major types of risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Derivative contract
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
3. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Kidder Peabody
Funding liquidity risk
Efficient frontier
4. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Parametric VaR
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Settlement risk
Treynor measure
5. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Probability of ruin
Debt overhang
Risk types addressed by ERM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
6. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Debt overhang
Market risk
Information ratio
Basis risk
7. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Jensen's alpha
Three main reasons for financial disasters
CAPM assumption for EMH
8. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Parametric VaR
Business Risk
Tax shield
Where is risk coming from
9. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Probability of ruin
Risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Sharpe measure
10. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Where is risk coming from
Traits of ERM
Solvency-related metrics
11. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Allied Irish Bank
12. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Debt overhang
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Asset transformers
13. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Business Risk
14. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
VaR - Value at Risk
Sharpe measure
Shortcomings of risk metrics
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
15. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Sovereign risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Sortino ratio
Expected return of two assets
16. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Banker's Trust
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Options motivation on volatility
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
17. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Asset transformers
Standard deviation of two assets
Jensen's alpha
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
18. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Treynor measure
Risk
Business risks
LTCM
19. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Valuation vs. Risk management
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
LTCM
20. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Source of need for risk management
Standard deviation of two assets
21. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Barings
Valuation vs. Risk management
Information ratio
22. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Standard deviation of two assets
Exposure
23. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Capital market line (CML)
Basis
Jensen's alpha
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
24. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Tracking error
LTCM
Asset transformers
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
25. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Roles of risk management
Business Risk
Operational risk
26. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Capital market line (CML)
3 main types of operational risk
Settlement risk
27. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Where is risk coming from
Roles of risk management
Importance of communication for risk managers
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
28. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Settlement risk
Sortino ratio
Volatility Market risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
29. Future price is greater than the spot price
Kidder Peabody
Contango
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Barings
30. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Derivative contract
Recovery rate
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
31. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
3 main types of operational risk
Basis risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Formula for covariance
32. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Financial risks
Nonparametric VaR
Volatility Market risk
Performance- related metrics
33. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Banker's Trust
Liquidity risk
Financial risks
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
34. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Risk
Capital market line (CML)
35. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Liquidity risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
36. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Asset transformers
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Nonparametric VaR
37. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Allied Irish Bank
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
38. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Formula for covariance
Nonparametric VaR
Efficient frontier
39. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Sovereign risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
40. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
APT (equation and assumptions)
LTCM
Funding liquidity risk
Banker's Trust
41. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Market imperfections that can create value
Models used in ERM framework
Valuation vs. Risk management
APT for passive portfolio management
42. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Derivative contract
Parametric VaR
CAPM (formula)
Options motivation on volatility
43. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Exposure
Roles of risk management
Derivative contract
Financial risks
44. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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45. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
Shortfall risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Derivative contract
46. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Nonparametric VaR
Shortfall risk
Exposure
Allied Irish Bank
47. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Roles of risk management
Capital market line (CML)
48. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
CAPM (formula)
Liquidity risk
49. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Roles of risk management
Solvency-related metrics
Formula for covariance
50. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Debt overhang
LTCM
Liquidity risk
Settlement risk