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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Valuation vs. Risk management
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
2. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Contango
Valuation vs. Risk management
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Business risks
3. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Treynor measure
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Debt overhang
Models used in ERM framework
4. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
LTCM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Shortcomings of risk metrics
CAPM assumption for EMH
5. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Morningstar Rating System
Market imperfections that can create value
6. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Banker's Trust
3 main types of operational risk
Operational risk
Barings
7. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Forms of Market risk
Financial risks
CAPM (formula)
CAPM assumption for EMH
8. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Market risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Capital market line (CML)
Settlement risk
9. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Asset transformers
Debt overhang
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
BTR - Below Target Risk
10. Future price is greater than the spot price
Contango
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Debt overhang
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
11. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
BTR - Below Target Risk
Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Debt overhang
12. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Business Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Volatility Market risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
13. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Operational risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Liquidity risk
3 main types of operational risk
14. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Risk
Volatility Market risk
Basis
Operational risk
15. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Operational risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Risks excluded from operational risk
16. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Uncertainty
Shortfall risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Business Risk
17. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Barings
Operational risk
Sovereign risk
APT for passive portfolio management
18. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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19. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Market risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
20. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Derivative contract
APT in active portfolio management
Expected return of two assets
21. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
VaR - Value at Risk
Market risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Business risks
22. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Jensen's alpha
Sovereign risk
Information ratio
Basis risk
23. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Treynor measure
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Models used in ERM framework
24. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Risk
Solvency-related metrics
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
25. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Where is risk coming from
Importance of communication for risk managers
Barings
Multi- period version of CAPM
26. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Liquidity risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
27. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Risk
Exposure
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Settlement risk
28. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Valuation vs. Risk management
CAPM (formula)
Where is risk coming from
Business Risk
29. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Information ratio
Volatility Market risk
Derivative contract
Probability of ruin
30. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Settlement risk
Derivative contract
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Models used in ERM framework
31. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Standard deviation of two assets
Business Risk
32. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Sharpe measure
Derivative contract
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Capital market line (CML)
33. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Sovereign risk
Capital market line (CML)
Where is risk coming from
Basis risk
34. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Debt overhang
Capital market line (CML)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
35. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Probability of ruin
Risk types addressed by ERM
Asset transformers
Efficient frontier
36. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Security (primary vs secondary)
CAPM (formula)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
37. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
LTCM
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Uncertainty
Credit event
38. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Risks excluded from operational risk
Models used in ERM framework
Financial Risk
39. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Asset liquidity risk
Performance- related metrics
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
40. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Risks excluded from operational risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Parametric VaR
41. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Basis risk
Financial risks
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
42. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Capital market line (CML)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Four major types of risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
43. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Funding liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
44. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Contango
APT in active portfolio management
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
45. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Tax shield
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Formula for covariance
Allied Irish Bank
46. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
APT for passive portfolio management
Barings
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Financial Risk
47. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk
Basis risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
48. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
CAPM assumption for EMH
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Settlement risk
49. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Basic Market risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
50. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Valuation vs. Risk management
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Four major types of risk