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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Options motivation on volatility
Standard deviation of two assets
Parametric VaR
Security (primary vs secondary)
2. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
VaR - Value at Risk
Shortfall risk
Treynor measure
3. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Banker's Trust
Risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Debt overhang
4. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Business Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
5. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Shortfall risk
Models used in ERM framework
3 main types of operational risk
Volatility Market risk
6. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Solvency-related metrics
Debt overhang
Nonparametric VaR
Traits of ERM
7. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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8. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Jensen's alpha
Sortino ratio
Settlement risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
9. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Liquidity risk
Operational risk
Standard deviation of two assets
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
10. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Source of need for risk management
Asset liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
11. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Sharpe measure
Sovereign risk
Forms of Market risk
12. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Morningstar Rating System
Basic Market risk
Credit event
Roles of risk management
13. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Financial Risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
14. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Settlement risk
15. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Expected return of two assets
Options motivation on volatility
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Risks excluded from operational risk
16. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Options motivation on volatility
Forms of Market risk
17. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Risks excluded from operational risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Multi- period version of CAPM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
18. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Basis risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
19. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Nonparametric VaR
Allied Irish Bank
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Debt overhang
20. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
CAPM assumption for EMH
Tax shield
Nonparametric VaR
LTCM
21. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Traits of ERM
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Operational risk
22. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
23. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Settlement risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
APT for passive portfolio management
Shortcomings of risk metrics
24. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Multi- period version of CAPM
Tracking error
Exposure
3 main types of operational risk
25. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Basis
Roles of risk management
26. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Recovery rate
Importance of communication for risk managers
Traits of ERM
Capital market line (CML)
27. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Nonparametric VaR
Multi- period version of CAPM
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Models used in ERM framework
28. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Basic Market risk
Banker's Trust
Sovereign risk
29. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Tax shield
Basic Market risk
Sovereign risk
30. Potential amount that can be lost
Forms of Market risk
Four major types of risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Exposure
31. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Banker's Trust
Models used in ERM framework
Multi- period version of CAPM
Uncertainty
32. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Sharpe measure
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Operational risk
33. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Liquidity risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
34. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Capital market line (CML)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Financial Risk
Information ratio
35. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Risks excluded from operational risk
36. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
VaR - Value at Risk
Sharpe measure
Financial Risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
37. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Asset transformers
Four major types of risk
Derivative contract
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
38. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Information ratio
Four major types of risk
Capital market line (CML)
Risks excluded from operational risk
39. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Allied Irish Bank
Risk
Sortino ratio
VaR - Value at Risk
40. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Valuation vs. Risk management
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
41. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Financial risks
VaR - Value at Risk
Settlement risk
42. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Forms of Market risk
Performance- related metrics
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Standard deviation of two assets
43. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Asset transformers
Operational risk
Nonparametric VaR
Sharpe measure
44. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Settlement risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk types addressed by ERM
45. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Information ratio
Exposure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
46. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Sortino ratio
Where is risk coming from
Operational risk
Financial Risk
47. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Where is risk coming from
Market risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
48. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
BTR - Below Target Risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Business Risk
49. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Barings
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Formula for covariance
BTR - Below Target Risk
50. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Jensen's alpha