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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Liquidity risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
2. Future price is greater than the spot price
Settlement risk
Contango
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Roles of risk management
3. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Settlement risk
Forms of Market risk
Capital market line (CML)
Solvency-related metrics
4. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Information ratio
Where is risk coming from
Business risks
Solvency-related metrics
5. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Credit event
VaR- based analysis (formula)
6. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Nonparametric VaR
Importance of communication for risk managers
Kidder Peabody
7. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Tracking error
APT for passive portfolio management
Solvency-related metrics
CAPM (formula)
8. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Sovereign risk
Business risks
9. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Jensen's alpha
Forms of Market risk
Financial risks
10. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
11. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Standard deviation of two assets
Shortfall risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Tax shield
12. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Financial Risk
Operational risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
13. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Basis
Expected return of two assets
14. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
APT (equation and assumptions)
Shortfall risk
Credit event
Risk
15. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Sortino ratio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Information ratio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
16. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Valuation vs. Risk management
Operational risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Risk types addressed by ERM
17. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Models used in ERM framework
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Exposure
18. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Basis
Traits of ERM
Derivative contract
19. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Treynor measure
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
APT in active portfolio management
20. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Volatility Market risk
Debt overhang
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Business risks
21. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Financial Risk
Tracking error
Standard deviation of two assets
22. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Liquidity risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Funding liquidity risk
CAPM (formula)
23. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Settlement risk
Treynor measure
Liquidity risk
Risk
24. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Market risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Funding liquidity risk
25. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
26. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Credit event
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Valuation vs. Risk management
Sharpe measure
27. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Solvency-related metrics
Risk types addressed by ERM
Parametric VaR
28. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Information ratio
Business Risk
Derivative contract
29. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Roles of risk management
Tax shield
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
30. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Jensen's alpha
Risks excluded from operational risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Asset liquidity risk
31. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
CAPM (formula)
Business risks
Sharpe measure
32. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tracking error
Parametric VaR
Sovereign risk
33. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
BTR - Below Target Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Efficient frontier
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
34. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Kidder Peabody
Standard deviation of two assets
Business Risk
Treynor measure
35. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Market imperfections that can create value
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
36. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Recovery rate
Sharpe measure
Basic Market risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
37. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Financial risks
Efficient frontier
38. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
3 main types of operational risk
Treynor measure
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Valuation vs. Risk management
39. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Multi- period version of CAPM
Asset liquidity risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Options motivation on volatility
40. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Sharpe measure
Recovery rate
Risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
41. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Multi- period version of CAPM
Liquidity risk
Roles of risk management
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
42. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Nonparametric VaR
Financial Risk
43. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Capital market line (CML)
Jensen's alpha
Banker's Trust
Forms of Market risk
44. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Recovery rate
45. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Models used in ERM framework
APT in active portfolio management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
46. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Probability of ruin
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
CAPM (formula)
Recovery rate
47. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Importance of communication for risk managers
Uncertainty
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
48. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Barings
Basic Market risk
49. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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50. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Funding liquidity risk
APT in active portfolio management
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)