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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk types addressed by ERM
Volatility Market risk
Market risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
2. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Traits of ERM
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
3. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Exposure
Liquidity risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
4. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Multi- period version of CAPM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Volatility Market risk
Basis
5. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Where is risk coming from
Solvency-related metrics
Asset transformers
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
6. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Capital market line (CML)
7. Potential amount that can be lost
Barings
Recovery rate
Exposure
Morningstar Rating System
8. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Basis risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Expected return of two assets
Risk
9. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Four major types of risk
Derivative contract
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Uncertainty
10. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
CAPM (formula)
Formula for covariance
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Settlement risk
11. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Recovery rate
Traits of ERM
Barings
Liquidity risk
12. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Business risks
13. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Banker's Trust
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Importance of communication for risk managers
14. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
BTR - Below Target Risk
Credit event
Probability of ruin
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
15. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Settlement risk
Formula for covariance
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
16. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Expected return of two assets
Risk
Parametric VaR
Ways risk can be mismeasured
17. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Operational risk
Shortfall risk
Treynor measure
3 main types of operational risk
18. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Market imperfections that can create value
Sortino ratio
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Basis
19. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Multi- period version of CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Asset liquidity risk
Debt overhang
20. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Kidder Peabody
Volatility Market risk
Settlement risk
Basic Market risk
21. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Jensen's alpha
Sovereign risk
Where is risk coming from
3 main types of operational risk
22. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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23. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Business risks
Multi- period version of CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
24. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Multi- period version of CAPM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Shortfall risk
CAPM (formula)
25. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Models used in ERM framework
Asset liquidity risk
26. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Four major types of risk
Financial risks
Performance- related metrics
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
27. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Information ratio
Where is risk coming from
Efficient frontier
28. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Sovereign risk
Shortfall risk
Asset transformers
Importance of communication for risk managers
29. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Settlement risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Tax shield
30. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
3 main types of operational risk
Market risk
Derivative contract
Information ratio
31. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Expected return of two assets
Recovery rate
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Credit event
32. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Risks excluded from operational risk
Expected return of two assets
CAPM (formula)
Allied Irish Bank
33. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Basis
Risk
Sharpe measure
Tax shield
34. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Financial Risk
Kidder Peabody
Probability of ruin
Debt overhang
35. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Allied Irish Bank
Tracking error
VaR- based analysis (formula)
36. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM (formula)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Barings
CAPM assumption for EMH
37. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Morningstar Rating System
38. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
APT in active portfolio management
Sharpe measure
Funding liquidity risk
39. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Expected return of two assets
Information ratio
40. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Tax shield
Importance of communication for risk managers
Operational risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
41. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Security (primary vs secondary)
Sharpe measure
Expected return of two assets
42. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Forms of Market risk
Parametric VaR
Risk types addressed by ERM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
43. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Performance- related metrics
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Jensen's alpha
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
44. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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45. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Business Risk
Models used in ERM framework
Sovereign risk
Financial Risk
46. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Uncertainty
Efficient frontier
VaR - Value at Risk
LTCM
47. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Formula for covariance
Options motivation on volatility
BTR - Below Target Risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
48. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
BTR - Below Target Risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Ways risk can be mismeasured
3 main types of operational risk
49. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Uncertainty
Kidder Peabody
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Barings
50. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Risk types addressed by ERM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Debt overhang
Capital market line (CML)