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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Jensen's alpha
Shortcomings of risk metrics
2. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Sortino ratio
Recovery rate
Asset liquidity risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
3. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Morningstar Rating System
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Debt overhang
4. Future price is greater than the spot price
Contango
Risk
Financial risks
Settlement risk
5. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Business Risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Four major types of risk
6. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Settlement risk
Traits of ERM
Probability of ruin
Tax shield
7. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
APT for passive portfolio management
Four major types of risk
Formula for covariance
8. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Uncertainty
Debt overhang
Exposure
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
9. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Operational risk
Information ratio
Jensen's alpha
APT in active portfolio management
10. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Barings
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Settlement risk
11. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
APT (equation and assumptions)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Valuation vs. Risk management
Importance of communication for risk managers
12. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Roles of risk management
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
13. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Options motivation on volatility
Forms of Market risk
Sovereign risk
14. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Risk
Basic Market risk
15. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Information ratio
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Valuation vs. Risk management
16. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Market risk
Business risks
Efficient frontier
17. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Efficient frontier
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Exposure
CAPM (formula)
18. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
3 main types of operational risk
Basis risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Parametric VaR
19. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Standard deviation of two assets
Credit event
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Risk
20. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
CAPM (formula)
21. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Kidder Peabody
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
22. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Banker's Trust
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Settlement risk
23. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
24. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Tax shield
Asset liquidity risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
25. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Valuation vs. Risk management
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
3 main types of operational risk
APT in active portfolio management
26. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Security (primary vs secondary)
Asset transformers
Risk
Treynor measure
27. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Contango
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Performance- related metrics
Where is risk coming from
28. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
LTCM
Market imperfections that can create value
Risk types addressed by ERM
Debt overhang
29. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Risk
Shortfall risk
Probability of ruin
Roles of risk management
30. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Treynor measure
APT for passive portfolio management
Sortino ratio
31. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Valuation vs. Risk management
Expected return of two assets
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
CAPM assumption for EMH
32. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Options motivation on volatility
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
33. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Valuation vs. Risk management
Security (primary vs secondary)
Information ratio
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
34. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Sovereign risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
35. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
APT in active portfolio management
Barings
Funding liquidity risk
Tax shield
36. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Uncertainty
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Basic Market risk
37. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
38. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
39. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
BTR - Below Target Risk
Basic Market risk
Sortino ratio
3 main types of operational risk
40. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Sovereign risk
Settlement risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
3 main types of operational risk
41. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Recovery rate
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Capital market line (CML)
Basis risk
42. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Tracking error
Basic Market risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Sovereign risk
43. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Business risks
APT (equation and assumptions)
Asset liquidity risk
Funding liquidity risk
44. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Market imperfections that can create value
45. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Expected return of two assets
Traits of ERM
Forms of Market risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
46. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Allied Irish Bank
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Tax shield
Parametric VaR
47. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis
Basis risk
Basic Market risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
48. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Tracking error
3 main types of operational risk
Where is risk coming from
Forms of Market risk
49. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Shortfall risk
Formula for covariance
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
50. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Capital market line (CML)
Shortfall risk
Business Risk