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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Importance of communication for risk managers
Kidder Peabody
Four major types of risk
Volatility Market risk
2. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Risk types addressed by ERM
Business risks
Shortfall risk
Asset transformers
3. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Risk
Settlement risk
4. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Forms of Market risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Credit event
5. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
BTR - Below Target Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
6. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Tax shield
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Traits of ERM
7. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Business Risk
Risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
8. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
3 main types of operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Financial Risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
9. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Importance of communication for risk managers
Basis risk
Basis
10. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Asset liquidity risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Volatility Market risk
11. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Source of need for risk management
CAPM (formula)
Funding liquidity risk
12. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Derivative contract
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
13. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
14. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Asset liquidity risk
Exposure
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
APT in active portfolio management
15. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Contango
APT in active portfolio management
16. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Basis
Information ratio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
17. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Where is risk coming from
Settlement risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
18. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Sortino ratio
Liquidity risk
Contango
Ways risk can be mismeasured
19. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Source of need for risk management
Jensen's alpha
Asset transformers
20. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Tracking error
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Security (primary vs secondary)
21. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
BTR - Below Target Risk
Tracking error
Risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
22. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Morningstar Rating System
Efficient frontier
Multi- period version of CAPM
Expected return of two assets
23. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Morningstar Rating System
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Four major types of risk
24. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Sovereign risk
Treynor measure
Importance of communication for risk managers
25. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Basis
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Roles of risk management
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
26. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Tax shield
APT in active portfolio management
Performance- related metrics
27. Future price is greater than the spot price
Risks excluded from operational risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Contango
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
28. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Treynor measure
Business risks
29. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Financial risks
Parametric VaR
Standard deviation of two assets
CAPM assumption for EMH
30. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Formula for covariance
Where is risk coming from
BTR - Below Target Risk
APT for passive portfolio management
31. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Valuation vs. Risk management
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Basis risk
Debt overhang
32. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Performance- related metrics
Allied Irish Bank
CAPM assumption for EMH
Forms of Market risk
33. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Security (primary vs secondary)
Operational risk
Probability of ruin
Business Risk
34. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Parametric VaR
Operational risk
Efficient frontier
Morningstar Rating System
35. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Where is risk coming from
Allied Irish Bank
Risks excluded from operational risk
Basis risk
36. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Sharpe measure
LTCM
Efficient frontier
37. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Performance- related metrics
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Treynor measure
Asset transformers
38. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Sovereign risk
Asset liquidity risk
Risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
39. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Basic Market risk
Models used in ERM framework
Multi- period version of CAPM
40. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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41. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Source of need for risk management
Asset liquidity risk
Exposure
Parametric VaR
42. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Standard deviation of two assets
Importance of communication for risk managers
Security (primary vs secondary)
Jensen's alpha
43. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Business Risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Settlement risk
44. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Source of need for risk management
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Asset transformers
Performance- related metrics
45. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Market imperfections that can create value
Standard deviation of two assets
Risks excluded from operational risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
46. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Expected return of two assets
Financial Risk
47. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Business Risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Liquidity risk
48. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Credit event
Debt overhang
Valuation vs. Risk management
LTCM
49. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Jensen's alpha
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Asset liquidity risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
50. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Barings