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FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Market imperfections that can create value
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Expected return of two assets
Contango
2. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Standard deviation of two assets
Funding liquidity risk
Source of need for risk management
Liquidity risk
3. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Volatility Market risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Roles of risk management
Basis risk
4. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Source of need for risk management
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
5. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Allied Irish Bank
Nonparametric VaR
Settlement risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
6. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Formula for covariance
Tracking error
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tax shield
7. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Sortino ratio
Tax shield
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
APT for passive portfolio management
8. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Valuation vs. Risk management
LTCM
Four major types of risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
9. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Basic Market risk
Funding liquidity risk
10. Potential amount that can be lost
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Valuation vs. Risk management
Information ratio
Exposure
11. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
APT for passive portfolio management
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Derivative contract
BTR - Below Target Risk
12. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Settlement risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Asset transformers
Sharpe measure
13. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Shortfall risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Kidder Peabody
14. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Sortino ratio
Kidder Peabody
Probability of ruin
15. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Four major types of risk
Capital market line (CML)
Business risks
16. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Exposure
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Nonparametric VaR
17. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Basis risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
18. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Business risks
Derivative contract
Risk
19. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Asset transformers
APT in active portfolio management
Standard deviation of two assets
20. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Funding liquidity risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
21. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Sovereign risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tracking error
Banker's Trust
22. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Basis
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Forms of Market risk
Tax shield
23. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
CAPM assumption for EMH
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Morningstar Rating System
24. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Risk types addressed by ERM
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Security (primary vs secondary)
25. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Solvency-related metrics
Nonparametric VaR
Shortfall risk
Options motivation on volatility
26. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Tracking error
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
27. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Barings
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Uncertainty
Solvency-related metrics
28. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Solvency-related metrics
Uncertainty
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Models used in ERM framework
29. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Parametric VaR
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk
30. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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31. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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32. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
Tax shield
Where is risk coming from
Credit event
33. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Where is risk coming from
34. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Shortfall risk
Source of need for risk management
Solvency-related metrics
35. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Efficient frontier
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Uncertainty
Information ratio
36. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Performance- related metrics
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Credit event
Asset transformers
37. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Risk
Expected return of two assets
Risk
Settlement risk
38. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Credit event
Kidder Peabody
Exposure
Debt overhang
39. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Derivative contract
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
APT in active portfolio management
Settlement risk
40. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Banker's Trust
41. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Debt overhang
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
42. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Settlement risk
Parametric VaR
Asset liquidity risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
43. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Forms of Market risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Business Risk
Debt overhang
44. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
BTR - Below Target Risk
Basic Market risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
45. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
APT (equation and assumptions)
Probability of ruin
Forms of Market risk
Financial Risk
46. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
CAPM (formula)
APT (equation and assumptions)
Contango
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
47. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Formula for covariance
Standard deviation of two assets
48. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Morningstar Rating System
Multi- period version of CAPM
Exposure
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
49. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Sharpe measure
Financial risks
50. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Tax shield
Settlement risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Allied Irish Bank
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