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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
3 main types of operational risk
Forms of Market risk
Banker's Trust
Treynor measure
2. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Credit event
Basis risk
3. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Sharpe measure
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Risk types addressed by ERM
4. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Uncertainty
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Funding liquidity risk
5. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Liquidity risk
Probability of ruin
Forms of Market risk
Business risks
6. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Derivative contract
Settlement risk
Options motivation on volatility
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
7. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
Probability of ruin
3 main types of operational risk
Jensen's alpha
8. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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9. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Business Risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Basis risk
Credit event
10. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Barings
Sharpe measure
Sortino ratio
Risk
11. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Information ratio
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Treynor measure
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
12. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Efficient frontier
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Four major types of risk
13. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Uncertainty
Options motivation on volatility
CAPM (formula)
Source of need for risk management
14. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Sovereign risk
Formula for covariance
Capital market line (CML)
Source of need for risk management
15. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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16. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk
Forms of Market risk
17. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Market imperfections that can create value
Risk
Settlement risk
18. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Basic Market risk
Jensen's alpha
CAPM assumption for EMH
Tracking error
19. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Derivative contract
VaR - Value at Risk
Basis risk
20. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Liquidity risk
Traits of ERM
Solvency-related metrics
Shortcomings of risk metrics
21. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Capital market line (CML)
Standard deviation of two assets
Liquidity risk
22. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Models used in ERM framework
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
23. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Importance of communication for risk managers
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
24. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Efficient frontier
Allied Irish Bank
Contango
25. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Source of need for risk management
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Debt overhang
26. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Treynor measure
Funding liquidity risk
Volatility Market risk
Basis risk
27. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Standard deviation of two assets
Security (primary vs secondary)
28. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Kidder Peabody
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Funding liquidity risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
29. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Solvency-related metrics
Settlement risk
APT in active portfolio management
Contango
30. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
3 main types of operational risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Settlement risk
31. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Operational risk
Recovery rate
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Basic Market risk
32. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Risks excluded from operational risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Source of need for risk management
33. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Settlement risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
34. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Morningstar Rating System
Basis risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
35. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Expected return of two assets
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Funding liquidity risk
Risk
36. Future price is greater than the spot price
Valuation vs. Risk management
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
Contango
37. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Tracking error
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Financial Risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
38. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
APT for passive portfolio management
Roles of risk management
Barings
Allied Irish Bank
39. Potential amount that can be lost
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Exposure
Asset transformers
Liquidity risk
40. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Asset liquidity risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Operational risk
41. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Expected return of two assets
VaR - Value at Risk
Standard deviation of two assets
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
42. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Settlement risk
Morningstar Rating System
Source of need for risk management
Three main reasons for financial disasters
43. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Shortfall risk
Treynor measure
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
44. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
VaR - Value at Risk
45. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Capital market line (CML)
Basis
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Risk
46. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
47. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Risk
Recovery rate
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
48. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Derivative contract
Models used in ERM framework
Risks excluded from operational risk
Business risks
49. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
LTCM
Four major types of risk
Market risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
50. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
CAPM (formula)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Contango
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM