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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Subjects
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Business Risk
Sovereign risk
Expected return of two assets
Risk
2. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Probability of ruin
Asset liquidity risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Roles of risk management
3. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
VaR - Value at Risk
Parametric VaR
Sharpe measure
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
4. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Liquidity risk
Risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
5. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Debt overhang
CAPM assumption for EMH
Traits of ERM
6. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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7. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Sharpe measure
Nonparametric VaR
Financial Risk
Shortfall risk
8. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
9. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Source of need for risk management
Financial Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Funding liquidity risk
10. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Exposure
LTCM
Treynor measure
Settlement risk
11. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Allied Irish Bank
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Asset transformers
Four major types of risk
12. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Recovery rate
Efficient frontier
Multi- period version of CAPM
Risk
13. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Capital market line (CML)
Business risks
Liquidity risk
LTCM
14. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Sovereign risk
VaR - Value at Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Sortino ratio
15. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Volatility Market risk
16. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Where is risk coming from
Exposure
17. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Basis
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Sharpe measure
Basis risk
18. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Options motivation on volatility
Risks excluded from operational risk
19. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Tracking error
Exposure
20. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
CAPM (formula)
Models used in ERM framework
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Valuation vs. Risk management
21. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Allied Irish Bank
Formula for covariance
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Morningstar Rating System
22. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Parametric VaR
Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
23. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Parametric VaR
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
APT in active portfolio management
Three main reasons for financial disasters
24. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Uncertainty
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risk types addressed by ERM
Contango
25. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Operational risk
Treynor measure
Options motivation on volatility
Settlement risk
26. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Business risks
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
27. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Capital market line (CML)
Recovery rate
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Source of need for risk management
28. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Volatility Market risk
Source of need for risk management
Options motivation on volatility
29. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
LTCM
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
30. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Market imperfections that can create value
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Contango
Efficient frontier
31. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Barings
CAPM (formula)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
32. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Funding liquidity risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
33. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Exposure
Nonparametric VaR
Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
34. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Contango
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
35. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Credit event
Debt overhang
Security (primary vs secondary)
Operational risk
36. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Performance- related metrics
Asset liquidity risk
LTCM
APT for passive portfolio management
37. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Probability of ruin
Settlement risk
Treynor measure
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
38. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Operational risk
Efficient frontier
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
39. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Settlement risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
CAPM assumption for EMH
40. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Exposure
Banker's Trust
APT in active portfolio management
41. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Volatility Market risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Models used in ERM framework
42. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Financial Risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Tax shield
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
43. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Shortfall risk
Barings
Tracking error
Capital market line (CML)
44. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Nonparametric VaR
Settlement risk
Four major types of risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
45. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Financial risks
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Basic Market risk
46. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Morningstar Rating System
Basis risk
47. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Debt overhang
CAPM assumption for EMH
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Forms of Market risk
48. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Options motivation on volatility
Debt overhang
Funding liquidity risk
49. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Roles of risk management
Sharpe measure
Banker's Trust
Valuation vs. Risk management
50. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Options motivation on volatility
Risk