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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Basic Market risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Settlement risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
2. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
CAPM (formula)
3. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Risk types addressed by ERM
Performance- related metrics
Risks excluded from operational risk
4. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Parametric VaR
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Business risks
5. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Tracking error
Shortfall risk
Volatility Market risk
Source of need for risk management
6. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Information ratio
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Settlement risk
Kidder Peabody
7. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Settlement risk
8. Potential amount that can be lost
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Credit event
Exposure
Formula for covariance
9. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Nonparametric VaR
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
10. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
CAPM assumption for EMH
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Derivative contract
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
11. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Uncertainty
3 main types of operational risk
Probability of ruin
Kidder Peabody
12. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Formula for covariance
Kidder Peabody
Forms of Market risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
13. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Settlement risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Four major types of risk
3 main types of operational risk
14. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Debt overhang
Barings
15. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Banker's Trust
Business Risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
16. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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17. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Treynor measure
APT for passive portfolio management
Probability of ruin
Settlement risk
18. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Source of need for risk management
Options motivation on volatility
3 main types of operational risk
Operational risk
19. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Risk
Basis risk
Market risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
20. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Asset liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Morningstar Rating System
Parametric VaR
21. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Kidder Peabody
Asset liquidity risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Allied Irish Bank
22. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Business risks
Valuation vs. Risk management
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Expected return of two assets
23. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Derivative contract
Solvency-related metrics
Uncertainty
Forms of Market risk
24. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Debt overhang
Security (primary vs secondary)
Shortfall risk
Sharpe measure
25. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
APT in active portfolio management
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk types addressed by ERM
Formula for covariance
26. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Morningstar Rating System
Recovery rate
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
27. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Asset liquidity risk
Operational risk
Tracking error
Debt overhang
28. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Performance- related metrics
Risk types addressed by ERM
CAPM (formula)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
29. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Funding liquidity risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Financial Risk
30. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Funding liquidity risk
Credit event
Roles of risk management
31. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
APT in active portfolio management
Four major types of risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
32. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Sovereign risk
Traits of ERM
Operational risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
33. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Allied Irish Bank
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Models used in ERM framework
34. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Business risks
Liquidity risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
CAPM (formula)
35. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Volatility Market risk
Allied Irish Bank
Probability of ruin
APT (equation and assumptions)
36. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
LTCM
Volatility Market risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
CAPM (formula)
37. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Models used in ERM framework
Business risks
Sovereign risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
38. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Valuation vs. Risk management
Market imperfections that can create value
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
39. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Capital market line (CML)
Market imperfections that can create value
Debt overhang
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
40. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
APT for passive portfolio management
Tax shield
Morningstar Rating System
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
41. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
Where is risk coming from
Treynor measure
Solvency-related metrics
42. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Where is risk coming from
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Funding liquidity risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
43. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Sovereign risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Volatility Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
44. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Settlement risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Performance- related metrics
45. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Exposure
Business risks
Sovereign risk
Derivative contract
46. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
APT for passive portfolio management
Expected return of two assets
Tracking error
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
47. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Expected return of two assets
Basis risk
Risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
48. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Risk
Nonparametric VaR
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
49. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Kidder Peabody
Tracking error
Models used in ERM framework
50. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
LTCM
APT for passive portfolio management
Shortcomings of risk metrics