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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Information ratio
Expected return of two assets
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
2. Potential amount that can be lost
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Risk types addressed by ERM
Derivative contract
Exposure
3. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
3 main types of operational risk
Business risks
Basis risk
Morningstar Rating System
4. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Probability of ruin
LTCM
Shortfall risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
5. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Treynor measure
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
6. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Risk types addressed by ERM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Asset liquidity risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
7. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Morningstar Rating System
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
8. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Valuation vs. Risk management
Settlement risk
Shortfall risk
9. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Importance of communication for risk managers
Settlement risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
APT in active portfolio management
10. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Financial risks
Allied Irish Bank
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Sortino ratio
11. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Allied Irish Bank
Volatility Market risk
Models used in ERM framework
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
12. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Standard deviation of two assets
Formula for covariance
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Nonparametric VaR
13. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Kidder Peabody
Exposure
BTR - Below Target Risk
Financial risks
14. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Risk
Traits of ERM
Derivative contract
15. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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16. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
CAPM assumption for EMH
Formula for covariance
Basic Market risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
17. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Volatility Market risk
Roles of risk management
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Efficient frontier
18. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
CAPM (formula)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Tracking error
19. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Asset liquidity risk
Solvency-related metrics
Settlement risk
20. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Morningstar Rating System
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Allied Irish Bank
Credit event
21. Future price is greater than the spot price
Contango
Four major types of risk
Market risk
Settlement risk
22. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Business Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
23. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Solvency-related metrics
Information ratio
Probability of ruin
Funding liquidity risk
24. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Basis
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Traits of ERM
Risk
25. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Financial Risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
APT in active portfolio management
Debt overhang
26. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Barings
27. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Derivative contract
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Debt overhang
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
28. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Debt overhang
Capital market line (CML)
Settlement risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
29. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Jensen's alpha
Business Risk
30. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Business Risk
Risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Contango
31. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Basis
Source of need for risk management
Risks excluded from operational risk
32. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Treynor measure
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Asset transformers
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
33. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Allied Irish Bank
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Risk types addressed by ERM
CAPM (formula)
34. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Market imperfections that can create value
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Business Risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
35. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Valuation vs. Risk management
3 main types of operational risk
Basis
Where is risk coming from
36. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Shortfall risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Credit event
Basis
37. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Debt overhang
Probability of ruin
APT (equation and assumptions)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
38. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
APT in active portfolio management
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
39. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Liquidity risk
Risk
Options motivation on volatility
40. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Options motivation on volatility
Risk
41. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Debt overhang
Roles of risk management
42. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Sortino ratio
Where is risk coming from
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Operational risk
43. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Market imperfections that can create value
Funding liquidity risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Morningstar Rating System
44. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Risk types addressed by ERM
Source of need for risk management
Credit event
Parametric VaR
45. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Funding liquidity risk
Exposure
Valuation vs. Risk management
46. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Kidder Peabody
Solvency-related metrics
47. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Funding liquidity risk
Uncertainty
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Shortfall risk
48. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Traits of ERM
Risk types addressed by ERM
Settlement risk
Basis risk
49. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Banker's Trust
Business Risk
Sharpe measure
Importance of communication for risk managers
50. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Morningstar Rating System
Risks excluded from operational risk