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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Financial Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Asset transformers
Risk types addressed by ERM
2. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
Standard deviation of two assets
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Parametric VaR
3. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
CAPM (formula)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Market imperfections that can create value
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
4. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Market imperfections that can create value
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Allied Irish Bank
5. Future price is greater than the spot price
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Volatility Market risk
Contango
Nonparametric VaR
6. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Kidder Peabody
Uncertainty
Credit event
Security (primary vs secondary)
7. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
3 main types of operational risk
Treynor measure
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Business Risk
8. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Debt overhang
Basis
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Morningstar Rating System
9. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Risk types addressed by ERM
Uncertainty
Forms of Market risk
Operational risk
10. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Traits of ERM
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Kidder Peabody
11. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
3 main types of operational risk
Liquidity risk
Probability of ruin
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
12. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
3 main types of operational risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
13. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Source of need for risk management
Capital market line (CML)
Nonparametric VaR
14. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Business risks
Roles of risk management
Sortino ratio
Nonparametric VaR
15. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Sovereign risk
Recovery rate
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
16. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Basis risk
Information ratio
Multi- period version of CAPM
17. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Basis
Operational risk
Tracking error
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
18. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Nonparametric VaR
Liquidity risk
Funding liquidity risk
Capital market line (CML)
19. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Settlement risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Kidder Peabody
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
20. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Roles of risk management
Formula for covariance
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Nonparametric VaR
21. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
VaR - Value at Risk
Basis risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Options motivation on volatility
22. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Tracking error
Settlement risk
Debt overhang
23. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Tax shield
Basis
24. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
APT in active portfolio management
Performance- related metrics
VaR - Value at Risk
25. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Traits of ERM
Barings
Options motivation on volatility
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
26. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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27. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Market risk
Expected return of two assets
Standard deviation of two assets
28. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Credit event
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Market imperfections that can create value
29. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Security (primary vs secondary)
30. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Asset liquidity risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Sovereign risk
31. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Sortino ratio
Four major types of risk
Financial Risk
Contango
32. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Morningstar Rating System
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Sharpe measure
Traits of ERM
33. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
CAPM assumption for EMH
Morningstar Rating System
Basis risk
34. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Asset transformers
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Liquidity risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
35. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Importance of communication for risk managers
APT in active portfolio management
Basic Market risk
36. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Derivative contract
Where is risk coming from
Basic Market risk
Market risk
37. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Credit event
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
CAPM assumption for EMH
38. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
LTCM
Multi- period version of CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
CAPM (formula)
39. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Debt overhang
40. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
APT for passive portfolio management
Roles of risk management
Shortfall risk
Where is risk coming from
41. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Source of need for risk management
Models used in ERM framework
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
APT (equation and assumptions)
42. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
43. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Information ratio
Tracking error
Forms of Market risk
44. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Market imperfections that can create value
Probability of ruin
CAPM assumption for EMH
Models used in ERM framework
45. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Liquidity risk
Sortino ratio
Asset transformers
46. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Financial Risk
47. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Models used in ERM framework
LTCM
Settlement risk
48. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
APT for passive portfolio management
Settlement risk
49. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Forms of Market risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Financial risks
Asset transformers
50. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Business Risk
Nonparametric VaR
CAPM assumption for EMH