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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
APT in active portfolio management
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Capital market line (CML)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
2. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Exposure
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Asset liquidity risk
3. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Traits of ERM
Models used in ERM framework
Information ratio
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
4. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Debt overhang
5. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Market risk
Standard deviation of two assets
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
6. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Formula for covariance
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Parametric VaR
Expected return of two assets
7. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Derivative contract
Multi- period version of CAPM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
8. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
BTR - Below Target Risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Performance- related metrics
9. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Valuation vs. Risk management
Importance of communication for risk managers
Morningstar Rating System
10. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Banker's Trust
APT in active portfolio management
APT for passive portfolio management
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
11. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Forms of Market risk
Credit event
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
3 main types of operational risk
12. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Options motivation on volatility
Capital market line (CML)
Morningstar Rating System
Multi- period version of CAPM
13. Potential amount that can be lost
Asset transformers
APT in active portfolio management
Exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
14. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Shortfall risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
15. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Sortino ratio
Tax shield
Kidder Peabody
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
16. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Performance- related metrics
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Tax shield
Funding liquidity risk
17. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
APT for passive portfolio management
Risk
Financial risks
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
18. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Banker's Trust
Barings
19. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
LTCM
Options motivation on volatility
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Financial Risk
20. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Models used in ERM framework
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Financial Risk
21. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Sharpe measure
Settlement risk
Models used in ERM framework
Shortcomings of risk metrics
22. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Risk
Basis risk
Market risk
Roles of risk management
23. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Importance of communication for risk managers
Treynor measure
Business Risk
APT in active portfolio management
24. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Asset transformers
Efficient frontier
Operational risk
Options motivation on volatility
25. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
APT for passive portfolio management
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
26. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Basic Market risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Security (primary vs secondary)
Morningstar Rating System
27. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Valuation vs. Risk management
Exposure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Volatility Market risk
28. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Sovereign risk
Efficient frontier
CAPM assumption for EMH
29. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Sortino ratio
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
30. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Performance- related metrics
3 main types of operational risk
Morningstar Rating System
31. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Operational risk
Uncertainty
Nonparametric VaR
32. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Security (primary vs secondary)
Nonparametric VaR
Allied Irish Bank
33. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Tracking error
VaR - Value at Risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
34. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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35. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Forms of Market risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
36. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Morningstar Rating System
Asset liquidity risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Importance of communication for risk managers
37. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Risk
Business Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
38. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Credit event
Performance- related metrics
Models used in ERM framework
Contango
39. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Formula for covariance
APT in active portfolio management
Business risks
40. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Financial risks
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Kidder Peabody
41. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Source of need for risk management
Debt overhang
Jensen's alpha
42. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
APT for passive portfolio management
Four major types of risk
VaR - Value at Risk
43. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Forms of Market risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Recovery rate
Sortino ratio
44. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Kidder Peabody
Performance- related metrics
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
45. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
Risk types addressed by ERM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Financial Risk
46. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Roles of risk management
Forms of Market risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
47. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Security (primary vs secondary)
Asset transformers
Options motivation on volatility
48. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Barings
Ways risk can be mismeasured
49. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Uncertainty
Models used in ERM framework
Settlement risk
Information ratio
50. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
LTCM
Sortino ratio
Debt overhang
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)