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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Future price is greater than the spot price
Efficient frontier
Contango
Sharpe measure
Expected return of two assets
2. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Allied Irish Bank
Banker's Trust
Liquidity risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
3. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Expected return of two assets
Kidder Peabody
Credit event
Sovereign risk
4. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Sovereign risk
Financial risks
Sharpe measure
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
5. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Business Risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Nonparametric VaR
Debt overhang
6. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Debt overhang
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Basis
Tracking error
7. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Forms of Market risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
Traits of ERM
8. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
APT in active portfolio management
Debt overhang
Basic Market risk
9. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Recovery rate
Roles of risk management
Asset transformers
10. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Settlement risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
VaR - Value at Risk
Forms of Market risk
11. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Business risks
Tracking error
Volatility Market risk
12. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Financial Risk
Efficient frontier
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Importance of communication for risk managers
13. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Debt overhang
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Options motivation on volatility
14. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Settlement risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
15. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Risk types addressed by ERM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Banker's Trust
16. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Multi- period version of CAPM
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Banker's Trust
Basis
17. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
APT (equation and assumptions)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
APT for passive portfolio management
18. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Debt overhang
Four major types of risk
Solvency-related metrics
Roles of risk management
19. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
APT (equation and assumptions)
Financial Risk
Performance- related metrics
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
20. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Jensen's alpha
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Source of need for risk management
Basis
21. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Efficient frontier
22. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Barings
Debt overhang
Forms of Market risk
23. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Basis
Roles of risk management
Information ratio
Risks excluded from operational risk
24. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
25. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
APT (equation and assumptions)
BTR - Below Target Risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
26. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
Business risks
Market risk
Sharpe measure
27. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Asset transformers
Where is risk coming from
Kidder Peabody
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
28. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Options motivation on volatility
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Basis
Expected return of two assets
29. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Operational risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Solvency-related metrics
Models used in ERM framework
30. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Capital market line (CML)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
31. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Risks excluded from operational risk
Shortfall risk
APT for passive portfolio management
32. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Security (primary vs secondary)
Capital market line (CML)
Performance- related metrics
Shortcomings of risk metrics
33. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Tracking error
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
34. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk types addressed by ERM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Kidder Peabody
35. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Sortino ratio
APT in active portfolio management
Uncertainty
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
36. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Treynor measure
Recovery rate
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
VaR- based analysis (formula)
37. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Forms of Market risk
Risk
Allied Irish Bank
Tracking error
38. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Multi- period version of CAPM
CAPM (formula)
Source of need for risk management
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
39. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Standard deviation of two assets
Financial Risk
Tracking error
40. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Multi- period version of CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Debt overhang
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
41. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Sharpe measure
Valuation vs. Risk management
Traits of ERM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
42. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Business Risk
Models used in ERM framework
Capital market line (CML)
43. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Formula for covariance
Banker's Trust
Market imperfections that can create value
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
44. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Roles of risk management
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Sharpe measure
Debt overhang
45. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Banker's Trust
Parametric VaR
Shortfall risk
46. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
47. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
VaR - Value at Risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Market imperfections that can create value
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
48. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Allied Irish Bank
CAPM (formula)
49. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Where is risk coming from
Probability of ruin
Derivative contract
50. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Risks excluded from operational risk
Business Risk
LTCM
Financial Risk