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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Source of need for risk management
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Kidder Peabody
2. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Four major types of risk
Treynor measure
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Formula for covariance
3. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Financial Risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Parametric VaR
4. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
3 main types of operational risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Debt overhang
5. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Business Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Financial risks
6. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Liquidity risk
7. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Basic Market risk
Parametric VaR
Allied Irish Bank
8. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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9. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Exposure
Asset liquidity risk
Solvency-related metrics
10. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Sovereign risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
11. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
CAPM assumption for EMH
Kidder Peabody
Expected return of two assets
LTCM
12. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Risk types addressed by ERM
Financial risks
Allied Irish Bank
13. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Uncertainty
Operational risk
Credit event
VaR- based analysis (formula)
14. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Exposure
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
15. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Models used in ERM framework
16. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Business Risk
Asset liquidity risk
Nonparametric VaR
Options motivation on volatility
17. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
18. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Tax shield
Standard deviation of two assets
Financial risks
Formula for covariance
19. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
20. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Recovery rate
CAPM assumption for EMH
Market imperfections that can create value
Information ratio
21. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Asset transformers
Kidder Peabody
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Formula for covariance
22. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Morningstar Rating System
Risk types addressed by ERM
Nonparametric VaR
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
23. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Treynor measure
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Funding liquidity risk
Asset liquidity risk
24. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Asset transformers
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Sharpe measure
APT for passive portfolio management
25. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Business risks
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Forms of Market risk
26. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Security (primary vs secondary)
Multi- period version of CAPM
Exposure
Business Risk
27. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Credit event
Financial risks
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Funding liquidity risk
28. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
3 main types of operational risk
Business Risk
Tax shield
Capital market line (CML)
29. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
BTR - Below Target Risk
Probability of ruin
Roles of risk management
30. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
VaR - Value at Risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Forms of Market risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
31. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Forms of Market risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Risk
32. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Sortino ratio
Shortfall risk
Forms of Market risk
33. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Market imperfections that can create value
VaR - Value at Risk
APT in active portfolio management
34. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Importance of communication for risk managers
Basis risk
Basis
35. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Liquidity risk
Uncertainty
Basic Market risk
Risk
36. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Solvency-related metrics
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
37. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Valuation vs. Risk management
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
APT for passive portfolio management
38. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Banker's Trust
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Models used in ERM framework
39. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Contango
Settlement risk
Expected return of two assets
Shortfall risk
40. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Asset transformers
Operational risk
Nonparametric VaR
41. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
3 main types of operational risk
Asset liquidity risk
Sortino ratio
Models used in ERM framework
42. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Ways risk can be mismeasured
VaR - Value at Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Four major types of risk
43. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Models used in ERM framework
Allied Irish Bank
Asset liquidity risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
44. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Credit event
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Tracking error
Market risk
45. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Multi- period version of CAPM
VaR - Value at Risk
Tracking error
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
46. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Risk types addressed by ERM
Three main reasons for financial disasters
VaR - Value at Risk
Market risk
47. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Market imperfections that can create value
Sharpe measure
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
48. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Contango
Risks excluded from operational risk
Settlement risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
49. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
LTCM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
50. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Banker's Trust
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Efficient frontier
Derivative contract