SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
business-skills
,
certifications
,
frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Nonparametric VaR
Efficient frontier
Standard deviation of two assets
Settlement risk
2. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Expected return of two assets
3. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Debt overhang
Importance of communication for risk managers
Volatility Market risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
4. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Solvency-related metrics
Business risks
Formula for covariance
APT in active portfolio management
5. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Sharpe measure
Credit event
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Tax shield
6. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Valuation vs. Risk management
Parametric VaR
Roles of risk management
Expected return of two assets
7. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Operational risk
Basis risk
Uncertainty
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
8. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Business Risk
Basis
Formula for covariance
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
9. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Capital market line (CML)
Allied Irish Bank
LTCM
10. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Tax shield
CAPM (formula)
Volatility Market risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
11. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Security (primary vs secondary)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
12. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Shortcomings of risk metrics
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Morningstar Rating System
Source of need for risk management
13. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Allied Irish Bank
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Barings
3 main types of operational risk
14. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Performance- related metrics
Contango
Barings
15. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Tax shield
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Efficient frontier
16. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Models used in ERM framework
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Financial risks
Where is risk coming from
17. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Sortino ratio
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
18. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Business risks
Sovereign risk
Tracking error
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
19. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Four major types of risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Roles of risk management
Probability of ruin
20. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Standard deviation of two assets
Solvency-related metrics
Debt overhang
21. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Credit event
Efficient frontier
22. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Sharpe measure
Exposure
Valuation vs. Risk management
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
23. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Financial Risk
Basis
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
24. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
VaR - Value at Risk
Liquidity risk
Market risk
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
25. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Where is risk coming from
Formula for covariance
Market risk
26. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Multi- period version of CAPM
BTR - Below Target Risk
Settlement risk
27. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Risks excluded from operational risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Asset liquidity risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
28. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Tax shield
Nonparametric VaR
Settlement risk
Morningstar Rating System
29. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
3 main types of operational risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Sovereign risk
Credit event
30. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
VaR - Value at Risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Forms of Market risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
31. Potential amount that can be lost
Efficient frontier
Asset liquidity risk
Options motivation on volatility
Exposure
32. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Settlement risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Debt overhang
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
33. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Tax shield
Kidder Peabody
Asset liquidity risk
34. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Asset liquidity risk
Models used in ERM framework
Roles of risk management
Market imperfections that can create value
35. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Nonparametric VaR
Valuation vs. Risk management
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
36. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
LTCM
Risks excluded from operational risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
37. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Market risk
Jensen's alpha
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
38. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Liquidity risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Formula for covariance
Funding liquidity risk
39. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Sharpe measure
Where is risk coming from
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
40. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Options motivation on volatility
Roles of risk management
Traits of ERM
41. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Basic Market risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Roles of risk management
Performance- related metrics
42. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
3 main types of operational risk
Shortfall risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
43. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Basic Market risk
Asset liquidity risk
44. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
APT in active portfolio management
Barings
Allied Irish Bank
Expected return of two assets
45. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Formula for covariance
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Basis risk
Traits of ERM
46. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Settlement risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Performance- related metrics
47. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Parametric VaR
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Multi- period version of CAPM
Information ratio
48. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
Risk
Four major types of risk
Uncertainty
Shortcomings of risk metrics
49. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Four major types of risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Probability of ruin
Formula for covariance
50. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Risk
Four major types of risk
Source of need for risk management
Treynor measure