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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Recovery rate
Importance of communication for risk managers
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Where is risk coming from
2. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Expected return of two assets
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Valuation vs. Risk management
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
3. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Basis risk
Where is risk coming from
Business Risk
Parametric VaR
4. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Forms of Market risk
Models used in ERM framework
3 main types of operational risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
5. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Basis
Performance- related metrics
Settlement risk
6. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Operational risk
LTCM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
7. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Performance- related metrics
Kidder Peabody
APT for passive portfolio management
Morningstar Rating System
8. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Sortino ratio
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Allied Irish Bank
Volatility Market risk
9. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Settlement risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Where is risk coming from
10. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Barings
Information ratio
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
11. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Four major types of risk
APT in active portfolio management
Settlement risk
Uncertainty
12. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Where is risk coming from
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
13. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
BTR - Below Target Risk
14. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Roles of risk management
Asset transformers
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
BTR - Below Target Risk
15. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Tracking error
APT in active portfolio management
Sortino ratio
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
16. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Risk types addressed by ERM
Asset liquidity risk
Sharpe measure
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
17. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Funding liquidity risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
18. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Recovery rate
Tax shield
Standard deviation of two assets
Kidder Peabody
19. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
BTR - Below Target Risk
Efficient frontier
20. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Nonparametric VaR
Business Risk
Financial Risk
Debt overhang
21. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Expected return of two assets
Barings
Roles of risk management
Multi- period version of CAPM
22. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Information ratio
23. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Roles of risk management
Contango
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Forms of Market risk
24. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Source of need for risk management
BTR - Below Target Risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
25. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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26. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Debt overhang
Asset liquidity risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
27. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Settlement risk
Uncertainty
Debt overhang
28. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
APT (equation and assumptions)
Financial Risk
Recovery rate
Credit event
29. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
CAPM assumption for EMH
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Source of need for risk management
Business risks
30. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Multi- period version of CAPM
Basic Market risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Financial risks
31. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Exposure
Market imperfections that can create value
Sharpe measure
VaR - Value at Risk
32. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Nonparametric VaR
Debt overhang
APT for passive portfolio management
Financial Risk
33. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Financial Risk
Allied Irish Bank
APT (equation and assumptions)
Sortino ratio
34. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Debt overhang
Formula for covariance
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Risk
35. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Four major types of risk
Asset liquidity risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Recovery rate
36. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Traits of ERM
Financial risks
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Shortfall risk
37. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Kidder Peabody
Source of need for risk management
Uncertainty
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
38. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
CAPM (formula)
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
39. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
APT (equation and assumptions)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Settlement risk
40. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Sharpe measure
Sortino ratio
41. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Models used in ERM framework
Expected return of two assets
Sovereign risk
42. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Kidder Peabody
APT for passive portfolio management
Jensen's alpha
43. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Performance- related metrics
APT (equation and assumptions)
Standard deviation of two assets
44. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Market imperfections that can create value
Basis risk
Derivative contract
Business risks
45. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Basic Market risk
Efficient frontier
Models used in ERM framework
Banker's Trust
46. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Basis risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Settlement risk
47. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Basis risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Formula for covariance
48. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Standard deviation of two assets
APT in active portfolio management
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Risks excluded from operational risk
49. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
CAPM (formula)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Market risk
50. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Jensen's alpha
Shortcomings of risk metrics
APT in active portfolio management