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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Jensen's alpha
Banker's Trust
2. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
3. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
LTCM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Nonparametric VaR
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
4. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Credit event
Operational risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
5. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Asset liquidity risk
Settlement risk
Sortino ratio
Allied Irish Bank
6. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Exposure
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Sharpe measure
7. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Probability of ruin
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Liquidity risk
Sortino ratio
8. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Basis
CAPM assumption for EMH
Operational risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
9. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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10. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
CAPM (formula)
Recovery rate
Source of need for risk management
Business risks
11. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
12. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Basis risk
Source of need for risk management
Settlement risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
13. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Business risks
Capital market line (CML)
Tracking error
Shortfall risk
14. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
LTCM
Credit event
Derivative contract
Financial Risk
15. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Operational risk
Market risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Kidder Peabody
16. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Security (primary vs secondary)
Basis
Settlement risk
Banker's Trust
17. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Banker's Trust
Shortfall risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
BTR - Below Target Risk
18. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
CAPM assumption for EMH
Standard deviation of two assets
Multi- period version of CAPM
Banker's Trust
19. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Contango
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Basis risk
Standard deviation of two assets
20. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
21. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
APT (equation and assumptions)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
22. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Performance- related metrics
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Volatility Market risk
23. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Forms of Market risk
Volatility Market risk
Settlement risk
Kidder Peabody
24. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Operational risk
Financial risks
25. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Roles of risk management
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Uncertainty
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
26. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Formula for covariance
Asset liquidity risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
27. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Capital market line (CML)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Sharpe measure
28. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Allied Irish Bank
Solvency-related metrics
Performance- related metrics
Business risks
29. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Business Risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Basis risk
30. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Uncertainty
CAPM assumption for EMH
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
31. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Multi- period version of CAPM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
CAPM assumption for EMH
32. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
33. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Risk types addressed by ERM
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Volatility Market risk
Business Risk
34. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Asset transformers
Valuation vs. Risk management
Tracking error
Barings
35. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Expected return of two assets
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Sovereign risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
36. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Basis
Jensen's alpha
Funding liquidity risk
Standard deviation of two assets
37. IR = (E(Rp) - E(Rb))/(std dev(Rp- Rb)) - Evaluate manager of a benchmark fund
Information ratio
Morningstar Rating System
Business Risk
Recovery rate
38. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Financial risks
Basis risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
39. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Morningstar Rating System
LTCM
Basic Market risk
Debt overhang
40. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Banker's Trust
CAPM assumption for EMH
41. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Banker's Trust
Contango
APT in active portfolio management
Morningstar Rating System
42. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Kidder Peabody
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Multi- period version of CAPM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
43. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Solvency-related metrics
APT (equation and assumptions)
LTCM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
44. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Risk
3 main types of operational risk
APT in active portfolio management
Contango
45. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Basic Market risk
CAPM (formula)
46. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Recovery rate
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
LTCM
47. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Four major types of risk
Probability of ruin
Multi- period version of CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
48. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Where is risk coming from
Settlement risk
3 main types of operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
49. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Nonparametric VaR
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Debt overhang
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
50. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
VaR - Value at Risk
Sovereign risk
Sortino ratio
Prices of risk vs sensitivity