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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
CAPM (formula)
Basis risk
Uncertainty
Asset liquidity risk
2. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Contango
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Ways risk can be mismeasured
3. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
CAPM (formula)
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
4. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Barings
Standard deviation of two assets
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
APT for passive portfolio management
5. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Parametric VaR
Barings
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
6. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Options motivation on volatility
Roles of risk management
Debt overhang
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
7. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Uncertainty
Market risk
Business risks
Exposure
8. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Financial Risk
Funding liquidity risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Shortcomings of risk metrics
9. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Standard deviation of two assets
10. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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11. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Capital market line (CML)
Market risk
3 main types of operational risk
Basic Market risk
12. Potential amount that can be lost
Sortino ratio
Exposure
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
13. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Financial Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Options motivation on volatility
3 main types of operational risk
14. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Sovereign risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Solvency-related metrics
15. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Volatility Market risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
Shortfall risk
16. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Contango
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Traits of ERM
Risk
17. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Options motivation on volatility
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Uncertainty
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
18. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Kidder Peabody
Financial risks
Risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
19. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Business Risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Sortino ratio
Source of need for risk management
20. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
Morningstar Rating System
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Importance of communication for risk managers
21. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Expected return of two assets
APT in active portfolio management
Multi- period version of CAPM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
22. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Sortino ratio
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Uncertainty
23. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Multi- period version of CAPM
CAPM assumption for EMH
Forms of Market risk
Credit event
24. Future price is greater than the spot price
Settlement risk
Contango
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Debt overhang
25. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Funding liquidity risk
3 main types of operational risk
Standard deviation of two assets
26. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Financial risks
Multi- period version of CAPM
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
27. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Kidder Peabody
Allied Irish Bank
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Basis risk
28. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM assumption for EMH
Basis risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Sortino ratio
29. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Tax shield
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
30. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Where is risk coming from
Valuation vs. Risk management
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
31. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Settlement risk
Recovery rate
32. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Basis risk
Debt overhang
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Funding liquidity risk
33. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Liquidity risk
Sortino ratio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
34. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Capital market line (CML)
Risk types addressed by ERM
Security (primary vs secondary)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
35. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Models used in ERM framework
Multi- period version of CAPM
Banker's Trust
Probability of ruin
36. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Valuation vs. Risk management
Information ratio
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Three main reasons for financial disasters
37. Make common factor beta - Build optimal portfolios - Judge valuation of securities - Track an index but enhance with stock selection
Shortfall risk
APT in active portfolio management
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Treynor measure
38. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Banker's Trust
Market imperfections that can create value
Derivative contract
39. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Sharpe measure
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
40. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Debt overhang
VaR - Value at Risk
Models used in ERM framework
41. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Derivative contract
Banker's Trust
Operational risk
Sharpe measure
42. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
APT for passive portfolio management
Capital market line (CML)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
43. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
Forms of Market risk
CAPM assumption for EMH
Treynor measure
44. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Recovery rate
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Credit event
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
45. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Options motivation on volatility
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
46. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Risk
LTCM
Liquidity risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
47. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
Sortino ratio
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Formula for covariance
Nonparametric VaR
48. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Tax shield
Liquidity risk
Operational risk
49. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Morningstar Rating System
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
VaR - Value at Risk
Shortfall risk
50. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Sharpe measure
Security (primary vs secondary)
Valuation vs. Risk management