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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Tax shield
Allied Irish Bank
Information ratio
2. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Valuation vs. Risk management
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Basis
Derivative contract
3. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
3 main types of operational risk
Risk
Derivative contract
Security (primary vs secondary)
4. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Tax shield
5. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Shortfall risk
Efficient frontier
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Kidder Peabody
6. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Debt overhang
Parametric VaR
Tax shield
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
7. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Kidder Peabody
8. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Morningstar Rating System
Tax shield
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
9. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Sovereign risk
Morningstar Rating System
Models used in ERM framework
10. Capital structure (financial distress) - Taxes - Agency and information asymmetries
Derivative contract
Market imperfections that can create value
Funding liquidity risk
Basis risk
11. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Basis
Shortfall risk
Contango
Sovereign risk
12. (E(Rp) - MAR)/(sqrt((1/T)summation(Rpt- MAR)^2) - MAR - minimum acceptable return
Risk types addressed by ERM
Risks excluded from operational risk
Sortino ratio
Expected return of two assets
13. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Risk
Volatility Market risk
VaR - Value at Risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
14. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Roles of risk management
Where is risk coming from
15. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Shortfall risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Four major types of risk
16. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Expected return of two assets
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Morningstar Rating System
VaR - Value at Risk
17. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Expected return of two assets
APT in active portfolio management
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
18. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Multi- period version of CAPM
Funding liquidity risk
Market risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
19. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Asset transformers
Multi- period version of CAPM
Efficient frontier
Forms of Market risk
20. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Financial risks
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
CAPM (formula)
21. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
BTR - Below Target Risk
Forms of Market risk
Allied Irish Bank
Performance- related metrics
22. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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23. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Jensen's alpha
Security (primary vs secondary)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Three main reasons for financial disasters
24. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Security (primary vs secondary)
Where is risk coming from
Kidder Peabody
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
25. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
LTCM
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Sovereign risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
26. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Recovery rate
Sovereign risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
27. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Basis
Shortfall risk
28. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Four major types of risk
3 main types of operational risk
Funding liquidity risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
29. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Importance of communication for risk managers
Valuation vs. Risk management
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
30. Potential amount that can be lost
Efficient frontier
Exposure
Kidder Peabody
Market imperfections that can create value
31. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
CAPM assumption for EMH
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Barings
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
32. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
BTR - Below Target Risk
Efficient frontier
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Derivative contract
33. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Sortino ratio
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Standard deviation of two assets
34. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Forms of Market risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
35. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
3 main types of operational risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Recovery rate
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
36. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Multi- period version of CAPM
Traits of ERM
Asset liquidity risk
37. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
Basis risk
Liquidity risk
Asset liquidity risk
38. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Importance of communication for risk managers
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Basis risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
39. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Tracking error
Asset transformers
Probability of ruin
CAPM assumption for EMH
40. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Settlement risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Business Risk
41. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Traits of ERM
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Parametric VaR
42. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Parametric VaR
Where is risk coming from
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Risk
43. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
CAPM (formula)
Standard deviation of two assets
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Risk
44. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Allied Irish Bank
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Market risk
45. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Jensen's alpha
Debt overhang
APT (equation and assumptions)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
46. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Funding liquidity risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Recovery rate
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
47. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Roles of risk management
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
48. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Risks excluded from operational risk
Basic Market risk
49. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
Volatility Market risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Forms of Market risk
50. Xmvp = ((variance of b) - covariance)/((variance of a) + (variance of b) - 2 * covariance)
Sortino ratio
VaR - Value at Risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Source of need for risk management