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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Financial risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
Source of need for risk management
VaR- based analysis (formula)
2. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Multi- period version of CAPM
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Importance of communication for risk managers
Debt overhang
3. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Options motivation on volatility
Credit event
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Forms of Market risk
4. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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5. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Forms of Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Funding liquidity risk
6. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Morningstar Rating System
Settlement risk
Operational risk
Source of need for risk management
7. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Funding liquidity risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
8. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Efficient frontier
Models used in ERM framework
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
9. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
BTR - Below Target Risk
Business risks
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
10. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Parametric VaR
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Roles of risk management
11. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
CAPM assumption for EMH
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Funding liquidity risk
12. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
APT in active portfolio management
Credit event
Nonparametric VaR
Expected return of two assets
13. Enterprise Risk Management - ERM is a discipline - culture of enterprise - ERM applies to all industries - ERM is not just defensive - adds value - ERM encompasses all risks - ERM addresses all stakeholders
Financial Risk
Volatility Market risk
Traits of ERM
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
14. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Shortfall risk
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
15. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
VaR - Value at Risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Settlement risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
16. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Debt overhang
Nonparametric VaR
CAPM (formula)
Asset transformers
17. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Banker's Trust
Tracking error
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
18. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Financial Risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Importance of communication for risk managers
19. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Tracking error
Standard deviation of two assets
Exposure
Allied Irish Bank
20. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Contango
APT (equation and assumptions)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
21. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
Asset transformers
Debt overhang
APT for passive portfolio management
Expected return of two assets
22. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Liquidity risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
Sharpe measure
Uncertainty
23. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Information ratio
24. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Debt overhang
Roles of risk management
Settlement risk
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
25. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Contango
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Operational risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
26. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Recovery rate
Contango
Market risk
Options motivation on volatility
27. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Options motivation on volatility
Market imperfections that can create value
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
28. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
CAPM (formula)
Sovereign risk
Shortfall risk
29. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Traits of ERM
Where is risk coming from
Risks excluded from operational risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
30. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Derivative contract
Formula for covariance
Asset liquidity risk
Debt overhang
31. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Derivative contract
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Barings
32. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Business risks
Asset liquidity risk
Recovery rate
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
33. Summarizes the worst loss over a period that will not be exceeded by a given level of confidence - Always one tailed
Banker's Trust
Business risks
VaR - Value at Risk
APT (equation and assumptions)
34. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Risk
Capital market line (CML)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Treynor measure
35. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Debt overhang
Derivative contract
Market imperfections that can create value
36. John Rusnak - a currency option trader - produced losses of 691 million by using imaginary trades to disguise large naked positions. - Enforced need for back office controls
Business Risk
Models used in ERM framework
Allied Irish Bank
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
37. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Treynor measure
Barings
Valuation vs. Risk management
38. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
Multi- period version of CAPM
Market risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Forms of Market risk
39. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
APT for passive portfolio management
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Information ratio
40. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Asset liquidity risk
Morningstar Rating System
APT (equation and assumptions)
Parametric VaR
41. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Probability of ruin
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Settlement risk
42. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Market risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Settlement risk
43. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
Traits of ERM
Liquidity risk
Derivative contract
Credit event
44. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Shortfall risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Information ratio
45. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Sharpe measure
Tax shield
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
APT for passive portfolio management
46. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Basis risk
Risk
Forms of Market risk
47. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Barings
Where is risk coming from
Shortcomings of risk metrics
APT (equation and assumptions)
48. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Market risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Risk
49. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Parametric VaR
Shortfall risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Shortcomings of risk metrics
50. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Morningstar Rating System
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Volatility Market risk