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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
APT for passive portfolio management
Shortfall risk
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
2. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Forms of Market risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
3. Designate ERM champion - usually CRO - Make ERM part of firm culture - Determining all possible risks - Quantifying operational and strategic risks - Integrating risks (dependencies) - Lack of risk transfer mechanisms - Monitoring
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Contango
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
4. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Risk
Credit event
Formula for covariance
3 main types of operational risk
5. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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6. Quantile of an empirical distribution
Where is risk coming from
Traits of ERM
Nonparametric VaR
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
7. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Probability of ruin
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Treynor measure
8. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Financial Risk
Basic Market risk
Sovereign risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
9. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Options motivation on volatility
Liquidity risk
Contango
Basic Market risk
10. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
LTCM
Expected return of two assets
Forms of Market risk
11. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Importance of communication for risk managers
3 main types of operational risk
Shortfall risk
12. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
Market risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
13. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Traits of ERM
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
CAPM assumption for EMH
3 main types of operational risk
14. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Models used in ERM framework
Risks excluded from operational risk
Basis risk
15. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Expected return of two assets
Forms of Market risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Market imperfections that can create value
16. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Credit event
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
17. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Shortfall risk
Formula for covariance
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Market imperfections that can create value
18. Human - created: business cycles - inflation - govt policy changes - wars - Natural: weather - quakes
Where is risk coming from
Market risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
3 main types of operational risk
19. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Market imperfections that can create value
APT (equation and assumptions)
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
20. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
CAPM assumption for EMH
3 main types of operational risk
Standard deviation of two assets
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
21. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Exposure
Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Importance of communication for risk managers
22. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Contango
Operational risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
VaR - Value at Risk
23. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Performance- related metrics
VaR- based analysis (formula)
CAPM assumption for EMH
APT in active portfolio management
24. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Sortino ratio
Multi- period version of CAPM
25. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Financial risks
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
LTCM
Information ratio
26. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Derivative contract
Security (primary vs secondary)
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
27. Relationship drawn from CML - RAP = [(market std dev)/(portfolio std dev)]*(Portfolio return - risk free rate) + risk free rate - annualized
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Efficient frontier
Asset liquidity risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
28. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Debt overhang
Funding liquidity risk
Market imperfections that can create value
Nonparametric VaR
29. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Financial Risk
Financial risks
Debt overhang
30. Joseph Jett exploited an accounting glitch to book 350 million of false profits (government bonds) - Massive misreporting resulted in loss of confidence in management - Failed to take into account the present value of a forward - Learn to investigate
Settlement risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Kidder Peabody
CAPM assumption for EMH
31. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Nonparametric VaR
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Tracking error
Efficient frontier
32. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Standard deviation of two assets
33. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Sharpe measure
Asset liquidity risk
Settlement risk
Market risk
34. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Recovery rate
APT for passive portfolio management
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
35. Risk- adjusted rating (RAR) - Difference between relative returns and relative risk
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Options motivation on volatility
Allied Irish Bank
Morningstar Rating System
36. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
VaR - Value at Risk
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Formula for covariance
Options motivation on volatility
37. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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38. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Allied Irish Bank
APT for passive portfolio management
Market imperfections that can create value
39. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Four major types of risk
Debt overhang
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Multi- period version of CAPM
40. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Debt overhang
APT in active portfolio management
Business risks
Roles of risk management
41. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Three main reasons for financial disasters
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Basis risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
42. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Financial risks
Business Risk
Banker's Trust
Settlement risk
43. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Sortino ratio
CAPM (formula)
Probability of ruin
Banker's Trust
44. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Uncertainty
Jensen's alpha
Risk types addressed by ERM
45. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Basis
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Asset transformers
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
46. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Source of need for risk management
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Risk
Options motivation on volatility
47. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Tracking error
Traits of ERM
Market risk
48. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Standard deviation of two assets
Uncertainty
Basis
49. Future price is greater than the spot price
Nonparametric VaR
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Contango
Business risks
50. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Information ratio
Solvency-related metrics
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Where is risk coming from