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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Quantile of an empirical distribution
LTCM
3 main types of operational risk
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
Nonparametric VaR
2. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Importance of communication for risk managers
Exposure
Standard deviation of two assets
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
3. People risk = fraud - etc. - Model risk = flawed valuation models - Legal risk = exposure to fines and lawsuits
Exposure
Importance of communication for risk managers
3 main types of operational risk
Four major types of risk
4. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Multi- period version of CAPM
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Three main reasons for financial disasters
5. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Tracking error
LTCM
6. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Where is risk coming from
Risk
BTR - Below Target Risk
Financial Risk
7. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Treynor measure
Volatility Market risk
Financial Risk
8. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
APT for passive portfolio management
Options motivation on volatility
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
9. Percentile of the distribution corresponding to the point which capital is exhausted - Typically - a minimum acceptable probability of ruin is specified - and economic capital is derived from it
Risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Market risk
Probability of ruin
10. ex. Human capital - Equilibrium return can be higher or lower than it is under standard CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Risk
Three main reasons for financial disasters
11. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Nonparametric VaR
3 main types of operational risk
12. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Basis
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Credit event
13. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Credit event
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
14. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
LTCM
Credit event
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Treynor measure
15. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Market imperfections that can create value
Performance- related metrics
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
16. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Solvency-related metrics
Options motivation on volatility
Market imperfections that can create value
17. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Asset liquidity risk
Uncertainty
Settlement risk
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
18. E(Ri) = Rf + beta[(E(Rm)- Rf)- (tax factor)(dividend yield for market - Rf)] + (tax factor)(dividend yield for stock - Rf)
Business Risk
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Multi- period version of CAPM
19. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
CAPM (formula)
Credit event
Multi- period version of CAPM
20. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Parametric VaR
Basis
Financial Risk
21. Risk of loses owing to movements in level or volatility of market prices
Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Financial Risk
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
22. The uses of debt to fall into a lower tax rate
Tax shield
Models used in ERM framework
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Settlement risk
23. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Barings
Funding liquidity risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
24. Future price is greater than the spot price
Contango
Banker's Trust
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Financial Risk
25. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Solvency-related metrics
Exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
26. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Expected return of two assets
27. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Operational risk
Formula for covariance
Forms of Market risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
28. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in hedged position
Settlement risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Basic Market risk
Banker's Trust
29. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Expected return of two assets
Efficient frontier
30. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Roles of risk management
Sharpe measure
3 main types of operational risk
31. Risk replaced with VaR (Portfolio return - risk free rate)/(portfolio VaR/initial value of portfolio)
Barings
Treynor measure
Financial Risk
VaR- based analysis (formula)
32. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Standard deviation of two assets
Financial risks
33. Excess return divided by portfolio beta Tp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/portfolio beta - Better for well diversified portfolios
Standard deviation of two assets
Treynor measure
BTR - Below Target Risk
Business Risk
34. Quantile of a statistical distribution
Kidder Peabody
Models used in ERM framework
Business Risk
Parametric VaR
35. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Debt overhang
Liquidity risk
Treynor measure
Expected return of two assets
36. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
Settlement risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Debt overhang
Uncertainty
37. Excess return equated to alpha plus expected systematic return E(Rp) - Rf = alpha + beta(E(Rm) - Rf)
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38. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Probability of ruin
Liquidity risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Importance of communication for risk managers
39. Unanticipated movements in relative prices of assets in a hedged position - All hedges imply some basis risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
Traits of ERM
Basis risk
Standard deviation of two assets
40. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Risk
Business risks
VaR - Value at Risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
41. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Debt overhang
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Efficient frontier
CAPM assumption for EMH
42. Probability that a random variable falls below a specified threshold level
Liquidity risk
Shortfall risk
Parametric VaR
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
43. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
Sharpe measure
Business Risk
Performance- related metrics
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
44. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Financial Risk
Settlement risk
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Exposure
45. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Capital market line (CML)
Settlement risk
Standard deviation of two assets
VaR- based analysis (formula)
46. Cannot exit position in market due to size of the position
Business Risk
Credit event
Asset liquidity risk
CAPM (formula)
47. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Morningstar Rating System
48. Equilibrium can still be expressed in returns - covariance - and variance - but they become complex weighted averages
Sharpe measure
Volatility Market risk
Risks excluded from operational risk
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
49. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
CAPM (formula)
Traits of ERM
CAPM assumption for EMH
Financial Risk
50. Wrong distribution - Historical sample may not apply
Risk
LTCM
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Exposure