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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Asset transformers
Risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Business risks
2. Simple form of CAPM - but market price of risk is lower than if all investors were price takers
Contango
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Volatility Market risk
Uncertainty
3. Excess return divided by portfolio volatility (std dev) Sp = (E(Rp) - Rf)/(std dev of Rp) - Better for non- diversified portfolios
Nonparametric VaR
Treynor measure
VaR - Value at Risk
Sharpe measure
4. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Risk
Operational risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
5. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Risk
6. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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7. Firm may ignore known risk - Somebody in firm may know about risk - but it's not captured by models - Realization of a truly unknown risk
Four major types of risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Allied Irish Bank
Expected return of two assets
8. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Volatility Market risk
APT in active portfolio management
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
9. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Credit event
APT in active portfolio management
Roles of risk management
Sovereign risk
10. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Funding liquidity risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
Options motivation on volatility
LTCM
11. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Basis
BTR - Below Target Risk
Shortcomings of risk metrics
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
12. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Efficient frontier
Settlement risk
Operational risk
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
13. Modeling approach is typically between statistical analytic models and structural simulation models
Shortfall risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
Business risks
Models used in ERM framework
14. Gamma = market price of the consumption beta - Beta = E(r) of zero consumption beta
Asset transformers
Operational risk
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Ri = Rz + (gamma)(beta)
15. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Morningstar Rating System
Four major types of risk
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Multi- period version of CAPM
16. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Traits of ERM
Importance of communication for risk managers
Debt overhang
Multi- period version of CAPM
17. Volatility of unexpected outcomes
Valuation vs. Risk management
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Settlement risk
Risk
18. 1971: Fixed Exchange rate system broke down and was replaced by more volatile floating rate - 1973: Oil price shocks - - >high inflation - - >interest rate swings - 1987: Black Monday - OCt 19 - mkt fell 23% - 1989: Japanese stock price bubble -
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Tracking error
Nonparametric VaR
Source of need for risk management
19. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Credit event
Business Risk
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
20. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Sortino ratio
Importance of communication for risk managers
Basis
Security (primary vs secondary)
21. Ri = Rz + (Rm - Rz)*beta - Rz = return on zero- beta portfolio
Shortfall risk
Asset transformers
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
22. Both probability and cost of tail events are considered
Parametric VaR
Business Risk
Forms of Market risk
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
23. Efficient frontier with inclusion of risk free rate - Straight line with formula Rc = Rf + ((Ra - Rf)/std dev(a))*std dev(c) - c is the total portfolio - a is the risky asset
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Capital market line (CML)
Jensen's alpha
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
24. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Banker's Trust
Shortfall risk
LTCM
Efficient frontier
25. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Financial risks
Information ratio
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Volatility Market risk
26. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Performance- related metrics
Asset liquidity risk
Business Risk
Four major types of risk
27. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
Treynor measure
Efficient frontier
28. Returns on any stock are linearly related to a set of indexes
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
Options motivation on volatility
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
29. Interest rate movements - derivatives - defaults
Financial Risk
Basic Market risk
Contango
APT for passive portfolio management
30. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Contango
Business risks
Risks excluded from operational risk
Options motivation on volatility
31. Strategic risk - Business risk - Reputational risk
Capital market line (CML)
Risks excluded from operational risk
Financial risks
Liquidity risk
32. Valuation focuses on mean of distribution vs risk mgmt focuses on potential variation in payoffs - needs more precision for pricing - VAR doesn't b/c noise cancels out
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Valuation vs. Risk management
Tax shield
Models used in ERM framework
33. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Funding liquidity risk
CAPM (formula)
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
APT for passive portfolio management
34. Proportion of loss that is recovered - Also referred to as "cents on the dollar"
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
Importance of communication for risk managers
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
Recovery rate
35. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Nonparametric VaR
Four major types of risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
36. Volatility of expected outcomes - Outcomes are random but distribution is known or approximated
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM
Risk
Four major types of risk
Contango
37. Hazard - Financial - Operational - Strategic
Risk types addressed by ERM
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Shortcomings of risk metrics
38. Derives value from an underlying asset - rate - or index - Derives value from a security
Basis
Derivative contract
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Financial Risk
39. Country specific - Foreign exchange controls that prohibit counterparty's obligations
Tax shield
Basis risk
Contango
Sovereign risk
40. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Roles of risk management
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Shortfall risk
41. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Asset transformers
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Business Risk
Efficient frontier
42. Losses due to market activities ex. Interest rate changes or defaults
Financial risks
3 main types of operational risk
Valuation vs. Risk management
Derivative contract
43. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Sovereign risk
Operational risk
Risk types addressed by ERM
44. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
3 main types of operational risk
Source of need for risk management
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Tax shield
45. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Tracking error
Risk types addressed by ERM
46. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Solvency-related metrics
Banker's Trust
Importance of communication for risk managers
Asset liquidity risk
47. Potential amount that can be lost
Tax shield
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Exposure
48. Asset-liability/market-liquidity risk
Risk
Liquidity risk
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Settlement risk
49. Covariance = correlation coefficient std dev(a) std dev(b)
Four major types of risk
Where is risk coming from
Recovery rate
Formula for covariance
50. Liquidity and maturity transformation - Brokers - Reduces transaction and information costs between households and corporations
3 main types of operational risk
Asset transformers
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Nonmarketable asset impact on CAPM