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Test your basic knowledge |
FRM: Foundations Of Risk Management
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business-skills
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certifications
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frm
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Track an index with a portfolio that excludes certain stocks - Track an index that must include certain stocks - To closely track an index while tailoring the risk exposure
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Roles of risk management
APT for passive portfolio management
CAPM (formula)
2. Misleading reporting (incorrect market info) - Due to large market moves - Due to conduct of customer business
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Uncertainty
Shortfall risk
Ways firms can fail to account for risks
3. Probability distribution is unknown (ex. A terrorist attack)
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Multi- period version of CAPM
Security (primary vs secondary)
Uncertainty
4. Economic Cost of Ruin(ECOR) - Enhancement to probability of ruin where severity of ruin is reflected
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Sovereign risk
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
5. Firms became multinational - - >watched xchange rates more - deregulation and globalization
Capital market line (CML)
Barings
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
Formula for covariance
6. Managing risks is a core activity at financial companies - Industrial companies hedge financial risks
Four major types of risk
Forms of Market risk
Multi- period version of CAPM
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
7. Capital Asset Pricing Model Ri = Rf + beta*(Rm - Rf)
Morningstar Rating System
Business risks
CAPM (formula)
Standard deviation of two assets
8. Security is a financial claim issued to raise capital - Primary securities are backed by real assets - Secondary securities are backed by primary securities
Parametric VaR
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
Security (primary vs secondary)
9. When two payments are exchanged the same day and one party may default after payment is made
Four major types of risk
APT in active portfolio management
Basis risk
Settlement risk
10. Risks that are assumed willingly - to gain a competitive edge or add shareholder value
Settlement risk
Business risks
Zero- beta CAPM (two factor model)
Financial Risk
11. Loss resulting from inadequate/failed internal processes - people or systems - back-office problems - settlement - etc - reconciliation
Operational risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Basis risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
12. Rp = XaRa + XbRb
Expected return of two assets
Sharpe measure
Debt overhang
Kidder Peabody
13. Focus on adverse tail of distribution - Relevant for determining economic capital (EC) requirements
Basis
CAPM assumption for EMH
Funding liquidity risk
Solvency-related metrics
14. The need to hedge against risks - for firms need to speculate.
Forms of Market risk
What lead to the exponential growth to derivatives mkt?
Formula for covariance
Options motivation on volatility
15. Inability to make payment obligations (ex. Margin calls)
Security (primary vs secondary)
Effect of heterogeneous expectations on CAPM
Funding liquidity risk
Efficient frontier
16. Asses firm risks - Communicate risks - Manage and monitor risks
Roles of risk management
Risk types addressed by ERM
Treynor measure
Information ratio
17. Need to assess risk and tell management so they can determine which risks to take on
Barings
Basic Market risk
APT for passive portfolio management
Importance of communication for risk managers
18. Potential amount that can be lost
Exposure
APT for passive portfolio management
3 main types of operational risk
Risk
19. Leeson took large speculative position in Nikkei 225 disguised as safe transactions by fake customers - Earthquake increased volatility and destroyed short put options - Losses of 1.25 billion and forced bankruptcy - Necessity of an independent tradi
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
CAPM (formula)
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Barings
20. Multibeta CAPM Ri - Rf =
Market imperfections that can create value
Shortfall risk
Security (primary vs secondary)
(market beta)(Rm - Rf) + (sensitivity to inflation risk)(price of inflation risk)
21. Relative portfolio risk (RRiskp) - Based on a one- month investment period
Forms of Market risk
Business risks
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
22. Concentrate on mid- region of probability distribution - Relevant to owners and proxies
Asset liquidity risk
Volatility Market risk
Performance- related metrics
Nonparametric VaR
23. Concave function that extends from minimum variance portfolio to maximum return portfolio
Efficient frontier
Business risks
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Liquidity risk
24. Those which corporations assume whillingly to create competitive advantage/add shareholder value - Business Decisions: investment decisions - prod - dev choices - marketing strategies - organizational struct. - Business Environment: competitive and
APT in active portfolio management
Parametric VaR
Traits of ERM
Business Risk
25. When firm has so much debt that it leads to making investment decisions that benefit shareholdser but affect total firm value adversely
RAR = relative return of portfolio (RRp)
Morningstar Rating System
CAPM assumption for EMH
Debt overhang
26. Prices of risk are common factors and do not change - Sensitivities can change
Liquidity risk
Business Risk
Prices of risk vs sensitivity
Where is risk coming from
27. Changes in vol - implied or actual
Volatility Market risk
Tracking error
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
Firms becoming more sensitive to changes(bank deregulation)
28. Obtained unsecured borrowing of 300 million by exploiting flaw in computing US government bond collateral - Had only 20 million in capital - Chase absorbed losses since they brokered deal - Called for better process control and more precise methods f
Sharpe measure
Drysdale Securities (Chase Manhattan)
Solvency-related metrics
Banker's Trust
29. The lower (closer to - 1) - the higher the payoff from diversification
Asset liquidity risk
Contango
Tail VaR or TCE - Tail Conditional Expectation(TCE)
Correlation coefficient effect on diversification
30. Long in options = expecting volatility increase - Short in options = expecting volatility decrease
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Risk types addressed by ERM
Treynor measure
Options motivation on volatility
31. RM cannot increase firm value when it costs the same to bear a risk w/in the firm or outside the firm - For RM to increase firm value it must be more expensive to bear risks internally than to pay capital markets to bear them.
Risk
EPD or ECOR - Expected Policyholder Deficit (EPD)
Effect of non- price- taking behavior on CAPM
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
32. Curve must be concave - Straight line connecting any two points must be under the curve
CAPM with taxes included (equation)
Forms of Market risk
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
Shape of portfolio possibilities curve
33. Market risk - Liquidity risk - Credit risk - Operational risk
Basis risk
Four major types of risk
Jensen's alpha
LTCM
34. Sold complex derivatives to Proctor & Gamble and Gibson - Were sued due to claims that they deceived buyers - Need for better controls for matching complexity of trade with client sophistication - Need for price quotes independent of front office Met
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35. May not scale over time- Historical data may be meaningless - Not designed to account for catastrophes - VaR says nothing about losses in excess of VaR - May not handle sudden illiquidity
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Shortcomings of risk metrics
Financial risks
Settlement risk
36. Too much debt - Causes shareholders to seek projects that create short term capital but long term losses
Risk Management Irrelevance Proposition
Debt overhang
Volatility Market risk
VaR - Value at Risk
37. Sqrt((Xa^2)(variance of a) + (1- Xa)^2(variance of b) + 2(Xa)(1- Xa)(covariance))
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
CAPM assumption for EMH
Standard deviation of two assets
VaR - Value at Risk
38. Absolute and relative risk - direction and non-directional
Banker's Trust
Barings
Allied Irish Bank
Forms of Market risk
39. Credit risk that occurs when there is a change in the counterparty's ability to perform its obligations
CAPM (formula)
Credit event
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Uncertainty
40. Expected value of unfavorable deviations of a random variable from a specified target level
Security (primary vs secondary)
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
BTR - Below Target Risk
Probability of ruin
41. Return is linearly related to growth rate in consumption
Multi- period version of CAPM
Risk types addressed by ERM
Shortfall risk
Differences in financial risk management for financial companies vs industrial companies
42. Long Term Capital Management - Renowned quants produced great returns with arbitrage- type trades - Unexpected and extreme events resulted in devaluation of Russian Rouble - resulting in a 3.65 billion dollar bailout - Failure to account for illiquid
Asset transformers
Tax shield
Basis risk
LTCM
43. Occurs the day when two parties exchange payments same day
Settlement risk
Credit event
Business risks
APT in active portfolio management
44. CAPM requires the strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis = private information
Debt overhang
Risk- adjusted performance measure (RAP)
CAPM assumption for EMH
Four major types of risk
45. No transaction costs - assets infinitely divisible - no personal tax - perfect competition - investors only care about mean and variance - short- selling allowed - unlimited lending and borrowing - homogeneity: single period - homogeneity: same mean
Security (primary vs secondary)
APT in active portfolio management
APT for passive portfolio management
Ten assumptions underlying CAPM
46. Law of one price - Homogeneous expectations - Security returns process
APT (equation and assumptions)
Ways risk can be mismeasured
Sharpe measure
Practical considerations related to ERM implementatio
47. Future price is greater than the spot price
APT for passive portfolio management
Funding liquidity risk
Contango
Solve for minimum variance portfolio
48. Difference between forward price and spot price - Should approach zero as the contract approaches maturity
Morningstar Rating System
Market imperfections that can create value
Recovery rate
Basis
49. Std dev between portfolio return and benchmark return TE = std dev * (Rp- Rb) - Benchmark funds
Tracking error
Capital market line (CML)
CAPM (formula)
Performance- related metrics
50. When negative taxable income is moved to a different year to offset future or past taxable income
Three main reasons for financial disasters
Carry- backs and carry- forwards
VaR- based analysis (formula)
Ri = ai + bi1l1 + bi2l2....+ei