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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
The cryosphere
Ice Cap
Active Layer
Methane
2. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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3. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Talik
Thinner atmosphere
Ice shelf
Ocean water
4. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
1 m/yr; 10x
Energy Budget
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
doubles
5. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Stronger
In the stratosphere.
Archimedes' Principle
6. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Discontinuous
Depth v Surface
Altimetry Pros
7. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Altimetry
Where rise in OC is greatest
Atmospheric Circulation
Permafrost Degradation
8. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Melt
In the troposphere that we live in.
reduction in sea-ice
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
9. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Negative
Thermokarst
Ozone
Greenhouse Gases
10. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
Active Layer
Dry
Negative
11. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Melt
Grounding Lines
Albedos of Snow and Ice
reduction in sea-ice
12. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Mass Balance
Absolute thresholds
Frozen Soil
Troposphere
13. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Increases - decreases
Ozone Hole
Very small portion
14. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
.75OC/km-1
Open talik
Active Layer
Permafrost
15. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Hydrological Drought
Troposphere
Mass Balance
Sublimation
16. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
7%
Ice-Albedo
Affect Floods and Droughts
17. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Ice Sheets
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
18. How often does El Nio occur?
Surface Mass Balance
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Once every 4 years.
19. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Melt
Dry
20. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Why the Arctic climate is special
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Mass Balance
Discontinuous
21. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Energy Budget
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
22. Melting Point decreases
Dynamic thinning
.75OC/km-1
75-OC
Reduction in sea-ice extent
23. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
Infrared radiation
Thermohaline Circulation
Greenland
24. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Altimetry Cons
doubles
Percentile departures
Radiative Forcing
25. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Surface Mass Balance
Sunspots
What happens with the Ozone Hole
26. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Ocean water
Ice-Albedo
Troposphere
45%
27. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
30%
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Greenland
How talik forms under lakes
28. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
What effects the density
Antarctica
Permafrost
Accumulation
29. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
The cryosphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
Troposphere
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ice/snow
31. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
% of Greenhouse Gases
Climate Change in the Arctic
32. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Wetter; drier
Permafrost Degradation
Inversion Layer (feedback)
25%
33. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Black Carbon
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
34. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
In the troposphere that we live in.
75-OC
Antarctica
35. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Importance of ice sheets
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice absorbs
Severe coastal erosion
36. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Methane
Radiative Forcing
Black Carbon
Ice in the Arctic
37. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Indirect heat wave effect
air can warm dramatically
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
38. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Ice shelf
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Threshold departures
39. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Climate Change in the Arctic
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
40. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Time Variable Gravity
How a closed talik forms
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
41. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Structure
Ice Motion
Thinner atmosphere
42. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Earth's tilt
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice absorbs
Permafrost Degradation
43. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Talik
50%
Increases - decreases
Thermokarst
44. Ocean retains ____ CO2
All Greenhouse gases
50%
25%
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
45. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Altimetry
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Mass Balance
El Nino
46. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Where rise in OC is greatest
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice Sheets
Ice/snow
47. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Energy Budget
Ice Motion
Ozone
doubles
48. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Negative
70%
summer
49. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Thermokarst
Stronger
1 m/yr; 10x
50. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Monthly maximums and minimums
Surface Mass Balance
Warm
Hydrological Drought