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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Time Variable Gravity
Permafrost Degradation
Thermokarst
2. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Affect Floods and Droughts
Meteorological Drought
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
3. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
20%
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ice in the Arctic
4. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Meteorological Drought
Ice Cap
Mass Balance
Stronger
5. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Methane
Ocean water
All Greenhouse gases
.7O Celsius over the past century.
6. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Negative
Dry
1 m/yr; 10x
Natural Causes of Warming
7. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Surface Mass Balance
Through talik
8. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice Sheets
Absolute thresholds
9. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
IPCC
Active Layer
Mass Balance
Shortwave Length
10. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Indirect heat wave effect
11. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Black Carbon
Thermohaline Circulatoin
50%
.7O Celsius over the past century.
12. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Climate Change in the Arctic
Severe coastal erosion
13. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Mass Budget
Once every 4 years.
In the stratosphere.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
14. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Frozen Soil
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Atmospheric Structure
15. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
How talik forms under lakes
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Inversion Layer Summer
Antarctica
16. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Open talik
Questions to think about
70%
Climate Change in the Arctic
17. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
45%
20%
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Increases - decreases
18. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
45%
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Altimetry
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
19. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Cloud Feedbacks
Arctic Atmosphere
Ice shelf
Ice Sheets
20. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Heat Source and Pressure
Frozen Soil
70%
21. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Talik
Active Layer
Indirect heat wave effect
Energy Budget
22. More common
Ice Sheets
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Inversion Layer Winter
Thermohaline Circulation
23. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Once every 4 years.
Ice loss
30%
Energy Budget
24. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice in the Arctic
% of Greenhouse Gases
Agricultural Drought
25. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Frozen Soil
Rainy
Closed talik
26. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Energy Budget
Ice shelf
Very small portion
27. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Permafrost
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Warming; cooling
28. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Rainy
Infrared radiation
Normal condition for air
How we measure Mass Balance
29. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Questions to think about
Longwave Radiation
winter
Discontinuous
30. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Circulation
The Ozone Hole
Mass Balance
31. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Antarctica
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
32. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Surface Mass Balance
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
33. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice Sheets
Surface Mass Balance
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
34. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Mass Change
Open talik
Albedos of Snow and Ice
35. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Shortwave Length
Depth v Surface
Open talik
36. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Ice Sheets
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Altimetry (height)
Surface Mass Balance
37. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Active Layer
.7O Celsius over the past century.
air can warm dramatically
38. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Troposphere
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
39. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
How to define a heatwave
How talik forms under lakes
Depth v Surface
40. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Atmospheric Composition
Heat wave
Talik
IPCC
41. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice Sheets
Permafrost
Shortwave Length
42. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Thermokarst
Methane
Mass Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
43. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Increases - decreases
45%
Surface Mass Balance
Percentile departures
44. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
In the stratosphere.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Open talik
Permafrost
45. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Closed talik
46. Cooler water and drought conditions.
30%
Questions to think about
Sublimation
La Nia
47. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Longwave Radiation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
In the troposphere that we live in.
Surface Mass Balance
48. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Layers of Earth
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
The Ozone Hole
49. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Talik
The Ozone Hole
Permafrost
50. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Earth's tilt
Mass Balance
Methane
Warming; cooling