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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Inversion Layer Winter
Hydrological Drought
reduction in sea-ice
2. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Absolute thresholds
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
3. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Greenhouse Gases
Arctic Atmosphere
Heat wave
4. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Dynamic thinning
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
75-OC
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
5. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Thermohaline Circulation
Longwave Radiation
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
6. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Dynamic thinning
Ocean water
Meteorological Drought
Precipitation and High Latitudes
7. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Affect Floods and Droughts
Permafrost
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Threshold departures
8. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
reduction in sea-ice
Meteorological Drought
Closed talik
Active Layer
9. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
air can warm dramatically
Mass Budget
Discontinuous
10. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
7%
Once every 4 years.
Questions to think about
11. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
Antarctica
12. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
reduction in sea-ice
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Grounding v Surface Melting
Surface Mass Balance
13. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Air pollution
Radiative Flux
Cloud Feedbacks
The cryosphere
14. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Atmospheric Composition?
Atmospheric Structure
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
15. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Greenhouse Gases
Active Layer
What happens with the Ozone Hole
16. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Dynamic thinning
Affect Floods and Droughts
Precipitation and High Latitudes
17. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Ice/snow
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
30%
Atmospheric Circulation
18. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Albedo
What effects the density
GHG
Atmospheric Composition?
19. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Hydrological Drought
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Thermohaline Circulation
Energy Budget
20. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
All Greenhouse gases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
doubles
Stronger
21. Where does the ozone protect us?
Layers of Earth
Negative
Once every 4 years.
In the stratosphere.
22. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Through talik
Percentile departures
reduction in sea-ice
Ozone Hole
23. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Atmospheric Circulation
Ocean water
24. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Methane
Negative
Atmospheric Composition?
Radiative Forcing
25. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Methane
Permafrost Degradation
How to define a heatwave
Through talik
26. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Altimetry
Antarctica
Negative
Permafrost Degradation
27. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Carbon Dioxide
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
IPCC
Frozen Soil
28. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Strong
Ocean water
Grounding v Surface Melting
.7O Celsius over the past century.
29. How often does El Nio occur?
Once every 4 years.
Thinner atmosphere
Thermokarst
Meteorological Drought
30. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Rainy
Ice Sheets
70%
30%
31. 85%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ozone Hole
Ozone
32. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Sea-Ice Albedo
Grounding v Surface Melting
Increases - decreases
Methane
33. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Albedo
7%
Antarctica
70%
34. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Longwave Radiation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
35. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Climate Change in the Arctic
Sublimation
Meteorological Drought
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
36. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Atmospheric Circulation
75-OC
Calving
Infrared radiation
37. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Altimetry Pros
Grounding Lines
The Ozone Hole
38. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Dynamic thinning
Sublimation
Ice Motion
Layers of Earth
39. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
doubles
Accumulation
Radiative Flux
Active Layer
40. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Mass Budget
Ozone Hole
Surface Mass Balance
Methane
41. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Ice-Albedo
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Open talik
Ice Cap
42. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Closed talik
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice in the Arctic
43. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Very small portion
70%
7%
44. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Ocean water
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition?
Thermohaline Circulation
45. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
30%
Ice Cap
reduction in sea-ice
Greenhouse Gases
46. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
La Nia
Radiative Flux
Meteorological Drought
47. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Negative
All Greenhouse gases
Melt
48. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Thermokarst
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ozone Hole
Arctic Atmosphere
49. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Indirect heat wave effect
Layers of Earth
Antarctica
Ice-Albedo
50. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Inversion Layer (feedback)
El Nino
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Cloud Feedbacks