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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
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Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Archimedes' Principle
Climate Change in the Arctic
Very small portion
Permafrost
2. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Time Variable Gravity
Atmospheric Circulation
winter
3. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
30%
Antarctica
Greenhouse Gases
Methane
4. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Thermokarst
5. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Albedo
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Warming; cooling
Sea-Ice Albedo
6. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Affect Floods and Droughts
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Warming; cooling
Greenhouse Gases
7. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Calving
50%
Grounding Lines
8. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Radiative Flux
Ice Sheets
Ice in the Arctic
9. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
.75OC/km-1
Ice-Albedo
All Greenhouse gases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
10. The amount of light reflected by an object.
GHG
Black Carbon
Mass Change
Albedo
11. How often does El Nio occur?
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
La Nia
Once every 4 years.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
12. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
Albedo
Methane
.7O Celsius over the past century.
13. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Energy Budget
Why the Arctic climate is special
Once every 4 years.
Ice Sheets
14. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ice in the Arctic
7%
Ocean water
Ice Motion
15. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Surface Mass Balance
Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
Negative
16. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Mass Balance
Ice Discharge
Open talik
45%
17. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Once every 4 years.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
20%
18. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
El Nino
Atmospheric Circulation
Discontinuous
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
19. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice/snow
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Methane
20. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Sublimation
Ice Sheets
summer
21. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Surface Mass Balance
Ice Sheets
Positive
Heat Source and Pressure
22. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
Energy Budget
Antarctica
winter
23. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
7%
Time Variable Gravity
Talik
US and precipitation
24. 240 w/m squared
Increases - decreases
Methane
Sublimation
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
25. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Melt
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
More rain means no drought
26. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Percentile departures
Albedo
Altimetry (height)
Precipitation and High Latitudes
27. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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28. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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29. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Affect Floods and Droughts
Mass Change
Thermokarst Lake
.75OC/km-1
30. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Atmospheric Composition?
How talik forms under lakes
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
31. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Shortwave Length
Accumulation
Melt
32. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Meteorological Drought
Indirect heat wave effect
Increases - decreases
Atmospheric Structure
33. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Thinner atmosphere
Ocean water
El Nino
34. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
30%
Rainy
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
35. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Atmospheric Composition
Affect Floods and Droughts
Warm
Absolute thresholds
36. The Earth emits this.
Importance of ice sheets
30%
Longwave Radiation
Global warming and hot nights?
37. How much is the planet really warming?
% of Greenhouse Gases
Energy Budget
Global warming and hot nights?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
38. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
In the stratosphere.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ozone Hole
Heat Source and Pressure
39. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Through talik
How a closed talik forms
Normal condition for air
What effects the density
40. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Carbon Dioxide
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Natural Causes of Warming
41. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Surface Mass Balance
Why the Arctic climate is special
7%
42. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Thermokarst Lake
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
GHG
43. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Accumulation
Threshold departures
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice/snow
44. Measures input and output.
Ozone Hole
Mass Budget
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Questions to think about
45. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Ice shelf
summer
46. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Open talik
Ice Motion
How a closed talik forms
47. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Open talik
Talik
Atmospheric Composition
48. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Increases - decreases
Antarctica
Ice-Albedo
49. More common
Surface Mass Balance
7%
Inversion Layer Winter
Thermohaline Circulatoin
50. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Arctic Atmosphere
Mass Balance
Accumulation
Sublimation
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