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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Ice/snow
IPCC
Natural Causes of Warming
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
2. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Sea Ice
Thermokarst
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Troposphere
3. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Ice Cap
Ocean water
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Earth's tilt
4. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Shortwave Length
.75OC/km-1
5. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Where rise in OC is greatest
Grounding v Surface Melting
6. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Monthly maximums and minimums
45%
Active Layer
In the troposphere that we live in.
7. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Talik
Atmospheric Composition
Ice Cap
Radiative Forcing
8. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Discontinuous
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Infrared radiation
9. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
doubles
Permafrost
winter
30%
10. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Surface Mass Balance
Sublimation
Mass Change
Wetter; drier
11. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Once every 4 years.
Warming; cooling
Sunspots
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
12. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Stronger
Longwave Radiation
13. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Energy Budget
IPCC
Thermohaline Circulation
Black Carbon
14. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Carbon Dioxide
Altimetry Pros
Ice loss
15. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
More rain means no drought
1 m/yr; 10x
16. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
El Nino
US and precipitation
More rain means no drought
17. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Mass Balance
winter
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
18. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Today melting ice
50%
summer
.75OC/km-1
19. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Thermokarst
All Greenhouse gases
Albedo
doubles
20. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Atmospheric Composition
Mass Change
Ice loss
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
21. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Ice Discharge
20%
Ice in the Arctic
.75OC/km-1
22. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
How to define a heatwave
Talik
Natural Causes of Warming
Meteorological Drought
23. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Thinner atmosphere
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Radiative Forcing
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
24. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Open talik
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Sea Ice
Atmospheric Composition?
25. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Surface Mass Balance
Positive
Frozen Soil
26. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Questions to think about
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
27. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
7%
Talik
Dry
28. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Layers of Earth
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
29. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Black Carbon
Frozen Soil
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
30. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Warm
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Altimetry Cons
31. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ice Motion
Where rise in OC is greatest
Greenland
32. Measures input and output.
7%
Sea Ice
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Mass Budget
33. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Albedo
Altimetry (height)
Once every 4 years.
34. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Sunspots
Thermokarst
.7O Celsius over the past century.
35. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Altimetry Cons
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Antarctica
36. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Meteorological Drought
Strong
37. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice in the Arctic
Ice Motion
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice Discharge
38. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Grounding v Surface Melting
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sunspots
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
39. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Ice-Albedo
Grounding Lines
Normal condition for air
Once every 4 years.
40. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Ice Discharge
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Altimetry Cons
30%
41. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
reduction in sea-ice
Grounding Lines
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
42. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Precipitation and High Latitudes
summer
Permafrost
All Greenhouse gases
43. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Permafrost
45%
Ice loss
Global warming and hot nights?
44. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Threshold departures
Grounding Lines
Dry
45. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Heat Source and Pressure
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Antarctica
46. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Thermohaline Circulatoin
47. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Calving
Affect Floods and Droughts
% of Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
48. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Altimetry
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Atmospheric Circulation
Thermokarst Lake
49. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
.75OC/km-1
30%
Indirect heat wave effect
Accumulation
50. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
75-OC
Altimetry (height)
Ocean water
Accumulation