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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Wetter; drier
Rainy
Energy Budget
2. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Wetter; drier
Indirect heat wave effect
Sea-Ice Albedo
3. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
GHG
Sunspots
Altimetry Pros
Carbon Dioxide
4. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Mass Budget
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Surface Mass Balance
5. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
How a closed talik forms
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ozone
Warming; cooling
6. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
air can warm dramatically
Absolute thresholds
Sea Ice
7. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Global warming and hot nights?
Heat wave
Grounding Lines
Through talik
8. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Greenland
Warm
Sea-Ice Albedo
9. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Closed talik
Atmospheric Structure
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
10. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
IPCC
Strong
Atmospheric Composition
Importance of ice sheets
11. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Rainy
Troposphere
Cloud Feedbacks
12. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Permafrost Degradation
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Arctic Atmosphere
13. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Sunspots
Altimetry Cons
45%
14. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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183
15. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Ozone
50%
The cryosphere
Through talik
16. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Grounding Lines
17. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Closed talik
Permafrost Degradation
Infrared radiation
How we measure Mass Balance
18. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Methane
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Very small portion
19. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Shortwave Length
Heat Source and Pressure
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice Cap
20. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Troposphere
1 m/yr; 10x
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry Pros
21. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Time Variable Gravity
Permafrost Degradation
Calving
Atmospheric Composition?
22. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Percentile departures
75-OC
winter
Thermohaline Circulation
23. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
How talik forms under lakes
Accumulation
24. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Increases - decreases
Methane
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
The cryosphere
25. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Arctic Atmosphere
Ice-Ocean Interactions
26. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Surface Mass Balance
Longwave Radiation
Dynamic thinning
27. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Energy Budget
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Thermokarst
El Nio is in the coasts of...
28. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice in the Arctic
Altimetry Pros
30%
Ice Motion
29. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermokarst Lake
70%
Affect Floods and Droughts
Sunspots
30. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Thermokarst
Ice shelf
31. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
25%
How talik forms under lakes
Methane
30%
32. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Sea Ice
Antarctica
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Accumulation
33. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Permafrost
Frozen Soil
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
34. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Negative
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Air pollution
35. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
75-OC
Indirect heat wave effect
How to define a heatwave
36. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Antarctica
Very small portion
air can warm dramatically
El Nino
37. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
30%
How talik forms under lakes
Natural Causes of Warming
Archimedes' Principle
38. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
20%
Sunspots
39. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Importance of ice sheets
Strong
Thermokarst
40. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
The Ozone Hole
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Hydrological Drought
Radiative Forcing
41. Melting Point decreases
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
.75OC/km-1
Energy Budget
Antarctica
42. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Today melting ice
Mass Balance
43. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
doubles
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice-Albedo
Questions to think about
44. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
20%
Why the Arctic climate is special
Atmospheric Composition
45. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Longwave Radiation
Where rise in OC is greatest
46. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Greenhouse Gases
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
summer
47. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Climate Change in the Arctic
Mass Balance
Accumulation
Methane
48. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
IPCC
Where rise in OC is greatest
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice Shelf
49. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Threshold departures
El Nino
50. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Global warming and hot nights?
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Altimetry Pros