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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
The cryosphere
Grounding Lines
2. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Normal condition for air
Affect Floods and Droughts
Grounding v Surface Melting
Where rise in OC is greatest
3. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Dry
Closed talik
Altimetry Pros
Ice Sheets
4. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Surface Mass Balance
IPCC
Stronger
5. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
45%
Accumulation
Ozone Hole
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
6. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
How talik forms under lakes
Methane
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Atmospheric Composition?
7. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Troposphere
GHG
summer
8. High vs low
Severe coastal erosion
Cloud Feedbacks
Radiative Flux
Importance of ice sheets
9. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Ice Cap
air can warm dramatically
US and precipitation
Meteorological Drought
10. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Importance of ice sheets
Percentile departures
Albedos of Snow and Ice
11. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Longwave Radiation
70%
12. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Altimetry
Surface Mass Balance
US and precipitation
All Greenhouse gases
13. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
What effects the density
Antarctica
14. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Ice Sheets
Antarctica
Albedos of Snow and Ice
How talik forms under lakes
15. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Mass Balance
Today melting ice
Arctic Atmosphere
Shortwave Length
16. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
20%
Sunspots
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Accumulation
17. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Frozen Soil
Ice Motion
1 m/yr; 10x
70%
18. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Grounding Lines
El Nino
Ocean water
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
19. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Talik
In the stratosphere.
Warming; cooling
Thermohaline Circulation
20. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Arctic Atmosphere
Why the Arctic climate is special
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
21. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Altimetry Pros
What happens with the Ozone Hole
70%
% of Greenhouse Gases
22. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Thermohaline Circulatoin
23. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
Altimetry (height)
Natural Causes of Warming
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
24. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Radiative Forcing
How talik forms under lakes
Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Circulation
25. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Ice Cap
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Heat wave
26. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Melt
Layers of Earth
27. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Closed talik
50%
Permafrost Degradation
Stronger
28. How much is the planet really warming?
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
25%
29. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice loss
45%
Heat wave
30. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
US and precipitation
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice-Ocean Interactions
75-OC
31. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Arctic Atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulation
winter
32. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Ice shelf
Today melting ice
Talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
33. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Layers of Earth
air can warm dramatically
Permafrost
Reduction in sea-ice extent
34. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Atmospheric Circulation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Greenland
35. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Ice-Albedo
30%
Types of Albedo
IPCC
36. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ocean water
Inversion Layer Summer
Mass Balance
37. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Inversion Layer Summer
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
38. Less frequent and weaker
Earth's tilt
Negative
Thermokarst
Inversion Layer Summer
39. Measures input and output.
Dynamic thinning
Mass Budget
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
30%
40. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Permafrost Degradation
Altimetry (height)
Sublimation
45%
41. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
How a closed talik forms
Warming; cooling
Warm
Mass Budget
42. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Dry
Atmospheric Composition?
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
43. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Hydrological Drought
Through talik
Grounding Lines
Mass Change
44. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Dynamic thinning
Rainy
Questions to think about
45. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Greenhouse Gases
Meteorological Drought
US and precipitation
46. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Talik
45%
Wetter; drier
47. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Atmospheric Composition?
Heat Source and Pressure
Depth v Surface
Thermohaline Circulation
48. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Albedo
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Talik
49. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Types of Albedo
Rainy
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost
50. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
1 m/yr; 10x
Negative
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change