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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Ice Sheets
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
7%
2. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Inversion Layer (feedback)
30%
Shortwave Length
3. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Heat wave
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Sunspots
Ice/snow
4. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Shortwave Length
Sublimation
Permafrost
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
5. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Positive
Carbon Dioxide
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
20%
6. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Importance of ice sheets
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Albedos of Snow and Ice
7. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Mass Change
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Time Variable Gravity
8. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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9. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sunspots
Surface Mass Balance
The cryosphere
10. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Very small portion
11. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
summer
Wetter; drier
12. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Altimetry Cons
Very small portion
Layers of Earth
How a closed talik forms
13. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Atmospheric Composition
Ice loss
Heat wave
Altimetry (height)
14. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
Accumulation
Time Variable Gravity
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
15. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Normal condition for air
Ice in the Arctic
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
16. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
GHG
Dry
Radiative Flux
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
17. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ozone Hole
Antarctica
Atmospheric Composition
18. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Melt
Thermokarst Lake
Inversion Layer Winter
Meteorological Drought
19. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
1 m/yr; 10x
Mass Budget
% of Greenhouse Gases
Negative
20. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Absolute thresholds
45%
Hydrological Drought
21. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Rainy
Accumulation
GHG
22. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Atmospheric Circulation
Meteorological Drought
Warm
75-OC
23. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
More rain means no drought
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Archimedes' Principle
24. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Stronger
More rain means no drought
The Ozone Hole
25. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
The cryosphere
Heat Source and Pressure
Troposphere
26. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Sunspots
Inversion Layer Summer
Radiative Flux
Ice in the Arctic
27. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Altimetry
Depth v Surface
Permafrost Degradation
28. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Why the Arctic climate is special
Once every 4 years.
29. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Methane
30%
Altimetry Cons
30. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Methane
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ice Sheets
Altimetry (height)
31. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Agricultural Drought
Air pollution
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Today melting ice
32. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Discontinuous
Grounding Lines
Antarctica
Thermohaline Circulatoin
33. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Altimetry
Permafrost
Threshold departures
Ice loss
34. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Earth's tilt
Accumulation
Negative
1 m/yr; 10x
35. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Active Layer
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Mass Balance
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
36. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Sea-Ice Albedo
Where rise in OC is greatest
37. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Methane
Grounding Lines
Ocean water
Ice in the Arctic
38. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Greenhouse Gases
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thermokarst
Warm
39. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
40. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
La Nia
Greenhouse Gases
Monthly maximums and minimums
41. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
GHG
Percentile departures
Air pollution
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
42. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
In the stratosphere.
Ice shelf
Negative
Ocean water
43. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Heat Source and Pressure
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
44. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
IPCC
Ice Shelf
Increases - decreases
Ice Sheets
45. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Mass Change
Strong
Threshold departures
doubles
46. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Grounding v Surface Melting
Infrared radiation
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
47. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice Cap
Ice shelf
48. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
In the troposphere that we live in.
Discontinuous
Troposphere
Ice shelf
49. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
doubles
Dynamic thinning
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
50. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Melt
Ice loss
Through talik
Atmospheric Composition?