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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
70%
Troposphere
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Indirect heat wave effect
2. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Methane
Positive
air can warm dramatically
3. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
El Nino
Threshold departures
Methane
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
4. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Why the Arctic climate is special
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
5. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Wetter; drier
winter
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
What effects the density
6. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Sea Ice
All Greenhouse gases
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
La Nia
7. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Methane
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
All Greenhouse gases
8. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Mass Budget
Ice Shelf
9. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Thermohaline Circulation
Albedo
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Dry
10. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Normal condition for air
Arctic Atmosphere
Importance of ice sheets
11. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice Shelf
75-OC
Discontinuous
12. Melting Point decreases
reduction in sea-ice
Infrared radiation
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
.75OC/km-1
13. Really measures volume.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Altimetry
Atmospheric Composition?
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
14. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Altimetry Pros
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Increases - decreases
Closed talik
15. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Greenland
Methane
16. Measures input and output.
El Nino
Positive
Mass Budget
Natural Causes of Warming
17. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Frozen Soil
Layers of Earth
75-OC
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
18. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
winter
Talik
Mass Change
.75OC/km-1
19. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Thermohaline Circulation
20%
Time Variable Gravity
20. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the stratosphere.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Wetter; drier
Mass Balance
21. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Meteorological Drought
Sublimation
22. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Threshold departures
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Greenland
23. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Severe coastal erosion
How a closed talik forms
Inversion Layer Summer
24. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Ice Motion
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Thermohaline Circulation
Permafrost
25. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
1 m/yr; 10x
Shortwave Length
doubles
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
26. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Altimetry Pros
Ice in the Arctic
27. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thinner atmosphere
28. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Wetter; drier
GHG
29. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Severe coastal erosion
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Monthly maximums and minimums
30. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
The cryosphere
Types of Albedo
Radiative Forcing
Heat wave
31. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Discontinuous
30%
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
32. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
75-OC
Ocean water
Dynamic thinning
Radiative Forcing
33. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice Cap
Atmospheric Structure
34. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Dynamic thinning
Surface Mass Balance
GHG
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
35. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Warming; cooling
Frozen Soil
Strong
Ice absorbs
36. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Rainy
Permafrost
Sunspots
37. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
La Nia
Dry
Affect Floods and Droughts
What effects the density
38. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Cloud Feedbacks
Depth v Surface
Wetter; drier
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
39. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Altimetry Pros
Mass Balance
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
40. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Active Layer
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Carbon Dioxide
Types of Albedo
41. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Stronger
GHG
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Heat wave
42. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Infrared radiation
30%
43. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Why the Arctic climate is special
Permafrost
Increases - decreases
Through talik
44. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
La Nia
Ice shelf
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Time Variable Gravity
45. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Energy Budget
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
The cryosphere
46. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Thinner atmosphere
25%
Reduction in sea-ice extent
47. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Greenland
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Absolute thresholds
48. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Severe coastal erosion
US and precipitation
Greenland
49. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Heat wave
Thermohaline Circulation
How we measure Mass Balance
Thinner atmosphere
50. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Energy Budget
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Mass Balance
Longwave Radiation