SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Energy Budget
.75OC/km-1
Surface Mass Balance
2. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Antarctica
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
3. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
45%
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Surface Mass Balance
4. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Global warming and hot nights?
Ice Sheets
IPCC
Agricultural Drought
5. How much is the planet really warming?
Ocean water
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Frozen Soil
6. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Carbon Dioxide
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice/snow
7. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Threshold departures
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulation
8. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Ocean water
Active Layer
Radiative Forcing
Sublimation
9. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Grounding v Surface Melting
US and precipitation
Atmospheric Composition
Thermokarst
10. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Mass Budget
Arctic Atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Altimetry Pros
11. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Permafrost
Sea Ice
% of Greenhouse Gases
reduction in sea-ice
12. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Increases - decreases
7%
.75OC/km-1
El Nio is in the coasts of...
13. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Ocean water
Energy Budget
Calving
winter
14. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Percentile departures
Shortwave Length
Questions to think about
15. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Active Layer
Methane
Why the Arctic climate is special
More rain means no drought
16. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
summer
Stronger
Ice Cap
Altimetry Cons
17. More common
75-OC
Inversion Layer Winter
Greenland
Atmospheric Composition?
18. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Grounding Lines
45%
Hydrological Drought
Altimetry (height)
19. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Atmospheric Composition
Surface Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
1 m/yr; 10x
20. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice Sheets
Mass Budget
Ice Motion
21. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Atmospheric Composition?
Surface Mass Balance
Grounding Lines
Today melting ice
22. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Negative
Ice absorbs
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
23. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
IPCC
winter
Arctic Atmosphere
Natural Causes of Warming
24. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
How a closed talik forms
Ice Discharge
Arctic Atmosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
25. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
air can warm dramatically
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice Motion
Heat wave
26. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Grounding v Surface Melting
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Inversion Layer Summer
27. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Ozone Hole
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Sea Ice
28. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
7%
Frozen Soil
Discontinuous
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
29. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
air can warm dramatically
Albedos of Snow and Ice
The Ozone Hole
Thermokarst
30. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Agricultural Drought
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Methane
Albedos of Snow and Ice
31. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Meteorological Drought
Inversion Layer Summer
Permafrost
Precipitation and High Latitudes
32. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Radiative Flux
Sunspots
Methane
33. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Ozone
Atmospheric Structure
Inversion Layer Summer
Carbon Dioxide
34. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Meteorological Drought
35. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
30%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Percentile departures
36. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Thermokarst
summer
Questions to think about
Warm
37. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
30%
20%
Radiative Forcing
38. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Climate Change in the Arctic
Meteorological Drought
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation
39. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Meteorological Drought
US and precipitation
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Thinner atmosphere
40. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
20%
Permafrost
The cryosphere
% of Greenhouse Gases
41. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Mass Balance
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
42. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Open talik
Calving
Normal condition for air
43. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Hydrological Drought
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Arctic Atmosphere
44. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Agricultural Drought
50%
45. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
30%
Warm
Antarctica
Altimetry Cons
46. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Earth's tilt
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Surface Mass Balance
47. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
1 m/yr; 10x
All Greenhouse gases
48. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
30%
winter
49. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Greenhouse Gases
Stronger
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
50. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Ice in the Arctic
Open talik
GHG
Methane