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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Very small portion
Shortwave Length
75-OC
Ice loss
2. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
In the stratosphere.
3. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
Layers of Earth
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Thermohaline Circulatoin
4. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Antarctica
1 m/yr; 10x
doubles
Discontinuous
5. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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6. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Infrared radiation
Once every 4 years.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice Discharge
7. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
30%
Inversion Layer Summer
Heat wave
Ozone Hole
8. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Positive
Heat Source and Pressure
More rain means no drought
Open talik
9. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Accumulation
reduction in sea-ice
El Nio is in the coasts of...
10. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
25%
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice in the Arctic
11. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Ice loss
Shortwave Length
Discontinuous
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
12. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice Cap
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice loss
Ocean water
13. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Talik
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Energy Budget
14. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Ice Cap
Where rise in OC is greatest
Today melting ice
Longwave Radiation
15. How much is the planet really warming?
Mass Budget
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Atmospheric Circulation
Meteorological Drought
16. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Permafrost
Global warming and hot nights?
Heat wave
Ice Sheets
17. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Antarctica
7%
Longwave Radiation
IPCC
18. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice-Albedo
Increases - decreases
Ice Cap
Ice Sheets
19. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Mass Budget
Albedos of Snow and Ice
How we measure Mass Balance
Frozen Soil
20. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
winter
Types of Albedo
Discontinuous
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
21. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
Thermokarst
Ice Shelf
Threshold departures
22. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Cloud Feedbacks
Greenland
Accumulation
30%
23. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Troposphere
Ice Sheets
Sea Ice
Strong
24. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Layers of Earth
Greenland
Open talik
25. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Carbon Dioxide
70%
Inversion Layer Summer
26. 240 w/m squared
Ice Motion
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
How talik forms under lakes
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
27. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Heat Source and Pressure
Carbon Dioxide
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
28. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Methane
Cloud Feedbacks
75-OC
29. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
US and precipitation
Energy Budget
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
.75OC/km-1
air can warm dramatically
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Antarctica
31. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Archimedes' Principle
Grounding v Surface Melting
Closed talik
Ice shelf
32. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Closed talik
air can warm dramatically
Melt
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
33. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Mass Change
Open talik
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
IPCC
34. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Atmospheric Structure
Methane
Heat Source and Pressure
35. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice Sheets
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atmospheric Structure
36. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
reduction in sea-ice
Air pollution
Normal condition for air
Ice loss
37. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Warm
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
How talik forms under lakes
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
38. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Once every 4 years.
US and precipitation
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Infrared radiation
39. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Monthly maximums and minimums
40. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Infrared radiation
Radiative Forcing
Increases - decreases
Thermohaline Circulation
41. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Methane
Ice absorbs
Grounding Lines
42. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Surface Mass Balance
Ice/snow
43. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Ice Sheets
Percentile departures
Active Layer
Thermohaline Circulatoin
44. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
summer
Layers of Earth
Permafrost
45. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
How to define a heatwave
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Closed talik
Ice-Ocean Interactions
46. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
70%
US and precipitation
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
47. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Longwave Radiation
Ice shelf
The cryosphere
Infrared radiation
48. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Thermokarst
Frozen Soil
Ice Discharge
Inversion Layer Summer
49. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Wetter; drier
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Altimetry
50. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Very small portion
Dynamic thinning
Longwave Radiation