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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
45%
Ozone
25%
Indirect heat wave effect
2. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice loss
Layers of Earth
doubles
3. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Severe coastal erosion
Albedo
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
IPCC
4. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Today melting ice
Altimetry (height)
Natural Causes of Warming
5. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
How to define a heatwave
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice/snow
6. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice absorbs
7. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation
50%
Mass Change
8. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
More rain means no drought
How talik forms under lakes
In the stratosphere.
Severe coastal erosion
9. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Atmospheric Composition
Increases - decreases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Carbon Dioxide
10. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
30%
Positive
Active Layer
Surface Mass Balance
11. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Why the Arctic climate is special
Albedo
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
12. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Infrared radiation
Global warming and hot nights?
13. How often does El Nio occur?
7%
Once every 4 years.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ice-Albedo
14. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Inversion Layer Summer
Infrared radiation
Ozone Hole
Ice Cap
15. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ocean water
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermokarst
16. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Heat wave
Talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Monthly maximums and minimums
17. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ozone
El Nio is in the coasts of...
30%
18. Really measures volume.
US and precipitation
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
25%
Altimetry
19. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
GHG
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How talik forms under lakes
All Greenhouse gases
20. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Severe coastal erosion
Monthly maximums and minimums
75-OC
Reduction in sea-ice extent
21. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Where rise in OC is greatest
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Very small portion
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
22. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Talik
Rainy
Sunspots
Ice absorbs
23. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Active Layer
Threshold departures
Through talik
El Nino
24. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Ice shelf
7%
25. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Permafrost Degradation
Mass Budget
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Warming; cooling
26. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Arctic Atmosphere
70%
Active Layer
27. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Surface Mass Balance
Sunspots
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
.75OC/km-1
28. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ozone Hole
US and precipitation
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
El Nino
29. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Ocean water
Sunspots
Inversion Layer Winter
Global warming and hot nights?
30. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Questions to think about
Ice/snow
31. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Threshold departures
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
20%
Radiative Flux
32. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Once every 4 years.
Methane
Precipitation and High Latitudes
33. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
More rain means no drought
Positive
What effects the density
34. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Percentile departures
Albedo
doubles
Thermokarst Lake
35. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Ice-Ocean Interactions
How to define a heatwave
Normal condition for air
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
36. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Threshold departures
Hydrological Drought
Sea Ice
Stronger
37. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Altimetry Cons
30%
Open talik
Greenhouse Gases
38. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Percentile departures
Permafrost
Ozone Hole
Layers of Earth
39. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Ozone Hole
Ice Cap
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Active Layer
40. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ice-Albedo
Time Variable Gravity
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice Discharge
41. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Talik
Ozone Hole
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
The cryosphere
42. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Archimedes' Principle
Sunspots
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
43. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
summer
Atmospheric Structure
Methane
Calving
44. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Calving
50%
How talik forms under lakes
Cloud Feedbacks
45. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
All Greenhouse gases
Albedo
Mass Balance
Permafrost
46. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Energy Budget
Open talik
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Archimedes' Principle
47. 240 w/m squared
Grounding v Surface Melting
Stronger
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
48. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Ozone Hole
Permafrost
Calving
Black Carbon
49. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Ice-Albedo
Ice Shelf
Why the Arctic climate is special
50. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Ice Motion
In the stratosphere.
Methane
Wetter; drier