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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Altimetry Pros
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Radiative Forcing
Grounding v Surface Melting
2. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
Rainy
Ice Discharge
3. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Importance of ice sheets
Accumulation
The cryosphere
4. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Severe coastal erosion
Antarctica
Normal condition for air
5. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Calving
Black Carbon
Permafrost
25%
6. Total absorbed solar radiation
Climate Change in the Arctic
70%
Ice-Albedo
Negative
7. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Threshold departures
Cloud Feedbacks
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice/snow
8. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
How to define a heatwave
Normal condition for air
1 m/yr; 10x
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
9. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Altimetry Pros
The cryosphere
Threshold departures
Atmospheric Composition?
10. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Affect Floods and Droughts
Grounding Lines
11. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Sublimation
IPCC
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
12. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Frozen Soil
Importance of ice sheets
Active Layer
Ice Motion
13. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Talik
Ice-Albedo
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
14. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Once every 4 years.
How to define a heatwave
La Nia
Precipitation and High Latitudes
15. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Very small portion
Melt
All Greenhouse gases
How to define a heatwave
16. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Shortwave Length
17. Measures input and output.
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Calving
Mass Budget
18. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
How talik forms under lakes
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Hydrological Drought
Ozone Hole
19. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Greenland
Altimetry
70%
Shortwave Length
20. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Active Layer
Ice loss
Grounding Lines
GHG
21. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Questions to think about
Types of Albedo
Ice Cap
Mass Budget
22. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
75-OC
Permafrost Degradation
Normal condition for air
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
23. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Grounding Lines
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Atmospheric Composition
Threshold departures
24. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Questions to think about
Through talik
Energy Budget
25. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Time Variable Gravity
All Greenhouse gases
Layers of Earth
How we measure Mass Balance
26. 240 w/m squared
Strong
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Threshold departures
27. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Methane
Methane
28. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Strong
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Albedos of Snow and Ice
29. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ice loss
Hydrological Drought
More rain means no drought
Ocean water
30. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Thermokarst Lake
Ice shelf
Thermohaline Circulation
Warming; cooling
31. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Atmospheric Circulation
reduction in sea-ice
Radiative Flux
El Nio is in the coasts of...
32. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Infrared radiation
Open talik
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Altimetry (height)
33. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Longwave Radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Closed talik
34. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Hydrological Drought
Permafrost
Surface Mass Balance
Very small portion
35. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Grounding Lines
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
36. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Surface Mass Balance
Ice-Albedo
Indirect heat wave effect
Closed talik
37. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Sea-Ice Albedo
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
38. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Rainy
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Active Layer
Greenhouse Gases
39. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Cloud Feedbacks
Climate Change in the Arctic
40. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
1 m/yr; 10x
41. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Importance of ice sheets
Ice Sheets
Earth's tilt
Black Carbon
42. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
30%
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
In the stratosphere.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
43. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
20%
Warming; cooling
Permafrost Degradation
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
44. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Stronger
Agricultural Drought
How to define a heatwave
Sea-Ice Albedo
45. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
How talik forms under lakes
GHG
Accumulation
46. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Thermohaline Circulation
Once every 4 years.
Dry
47. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Longwave Radiation
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice
The Ozone Hole
48. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Warm
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
La Nia
Longwave Radiation
49. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Earth's tilt
45%
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
La Nia
50. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Closed talik
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
30%