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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Ice in the Arctic
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulation
Precipitation and High Latitudes
2. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Warm
Altimetry Pros
The Ozone Hole
Ice absorbs
3. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Altimetry Pros
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry
4. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Atmospheric Composition?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
All Greenhouse gases
Through talik
5. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Radiative Flux
Infrared radiation
Albedos of Snow and Ice
6. More common
Warming; cooling
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Inversion Layer Winter
Mass Change
7. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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8. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
More rain means no drought
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
9. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Normal condition for air
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Open talik
Today melting ice
10. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Heat Source and Pressure
Warm
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
11. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Greenland
Ice/snow
12. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Air pollution
Global warming and hot nights?
13. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Radiative Forcing
Altimetry Cons
Indirect heat wave effect
14. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Negative
Positive
In the troposphere that we live in.
15. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Antarctica
air can warm dramatically
Ozone Hole
Ice Discharge
16. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Where rise in OC is greatest
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
75-OC
17. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
70%
Heat wave
18. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
Warm
Warming; cooling
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
19. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry Pros
20. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
More rain means no drought
Atmospheric Circulation
Mass Budget
70%
21. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Indirect heat wave effect
Permafrost
The Ozone Hole
22. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Global warming and hot nights?
% of Greenhouse Gases
Arctic Atmosphere
Monthly maximums and minimums
23. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
El Nino
IPCC
Time Variable Gravity
24. Ocean retains ____ CO2
7%
Ozone
Severe coastal erosion
25%
25. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Wetter; drier
How we measure Mass Balance
Positive
26. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Permafrost
Grounding v Surface Melting
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Natural Causes of Warming
27. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Thermohaline Circulation
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
28. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Dry
How we measure Mass Balance
29. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Ozone Hole
30. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Stronger
Very small portion
Methane
Atmospheric Circulation
31. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Carbon Dioxide
El Nino
Atmospheric Structure
32. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Carbon Dioxide
Albedo
Dry
33. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Indirect heat wave effect
Permafrost Degradation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
What effects the density
34. The Earth emits this.
Thermokarst
Ice in the Arctic
Longwave Radiation
Dry
35. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Discontinuous
Closed talik
Mass Balance
36. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermokarst
Ocean water
Indirect heat wave effect
37. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Thermokarst
Meteorological Drought
Greenhouse Gases
Precipitation and High Latitudes
38. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Questions to think about
30%
Grounding Lines
Albedos of Snow and Ice
39. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation
Dynamic thinning
40. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Shortwave Length
Increases - decreases
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
1 m/yr; 10x
41. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Where rise in OC is greatest
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Types of Albedo
42. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Ice in the Arctic
7%
Greenland
43. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Inversion Layer (feedback)
How talik forms under lakes
Wetter; drier
The cryosphere
44. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Atmospheric Circulation
Very small portion
El Nino
Ice Shelf
45. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Increases - decreases
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Thermohaline Circulatoin
summer
46. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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47. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Albedo
30%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice Cap
48. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Open talik
Natural Causes of Warming
Today melting ice
Thermokarst
49. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Normal condition for air
7%
Percentile departures
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
50. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Thermokarst
Methane
Why the Arctic climate is special
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen