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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Percentile departures
All Greenhouse gases
.7O Celsius over the past century.
2. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
In the stratosphere.
Negative
20%
Discontinuous
3. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Air pollution
Ice Cap
The cryosphere
Positive feedbacks both found in...
4. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
70%
GHG
Ice Sheets
5. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Ice Sheets
All Greenhouse gases
Atmospheric Structure
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
6. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
El Nino
Monthly maximums and minimums
Discontinuous
Severe coastal erosion
7. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Methane
Heat Source and Pressure
Atmospheric Circulation
8. Total absorbed solar radiation
Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice in the Arctic
70%
9. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
The cryosphere
Albedo
Altimetry Cons
10. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Affect Floods and Droughts
.7O Celsius over the past century.
How talik forms under lakes
11. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Questions to think about
Melt
GHG
El Nino
12. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Threshold departures
Atmospheric Circulation
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
13. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Mass Budget
Normal condition for air
The cryosphere
Percentile departures
14. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Thermokarst
Ice Sheets
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
15. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Ice Shelf
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Talik
75-OC
16. Permafrost- A frozen soil
The cryosphere
Troposphere
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Frozen Soil
17. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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18. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermokarst
Depth v Surface
19. Measures input and output.
Greenhouse Gases
Mass Budget
summer
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
20. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Warm
Time Variable Gravity
Ice in the Arctic
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
21. Melting Point decreases
Today melting ice
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
.7O Celsius over the past century.
.75OC/km-1
22. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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23. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Positive feedbacks both found in...
.7O Celsius over the past century.
24. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Discontinuous
25. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Ozone Hole
Cloud Feedbacks
30%
Normal condition for air
26. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Altimetry Pros
Shortwave Length
Altimetry Cons
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
27. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
50%
Troposphere
Thermokarst Lake
28. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
US and precipitation
Antarctica
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
29. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Mass Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Through talik
30. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
1 m/yr; 10x
Active Layer
Surface Mass Balance
31. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Greenland
Frozen Soil
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
reduction in sea-ice
32. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Grounding v Surface Melting
Altimetry Pros
Infrared radiation
Percentile departures
33. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Frozen Soil
Ice Discharge
Sea Ice
Monthly maximums and minimums
34. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Active Layer
Threshold departures
Heat Source and Pressure
Antarctica
35. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Agricultural Drought
Thermokarst
Mass Budget
36. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
All Greenhouse gases
Energy Budget
Through talik
How to define a heatwave
37. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Carbon Dioxide
Ocean water
US and precipitation
38. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Surface Mass Balance
Global warming and hot nights?
30%
39. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
In the stratosphere.
The Ozone Hole
Methane
40. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Melt
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Thinner atmosphere
41. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Radiative Forcing
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
30%
42. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
US and precipitation
El Nino
How to define a heatwave
Ice absorbs
43. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Hole
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Stronger
44. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Hydrological Drought
Thermohaline Circulation
45. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Natural Causes of Warming
Ice shelf
Cloud Feedbacks
Inversion Layer (feedback)
46. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice loss
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
How we measure Mass Balance
47. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ice Shelf
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
48. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Agricultural Drought
Melt
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
49. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
30%
Negative
Through talik
Affect Floods and Droughts
50. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Thinner atmosphere
Closed talik
Through talik
What effects the density