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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Thermokarst Lake
Carbon Dioxide
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Atmospheric Composition
2. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
air can warm dramatically
More rain means no drought
50%
Permafrost
3. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Agricultural Drought
Ocean water
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
The cryosphere
4. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Time Variable Gravity
Ocean water
Surface Mass Balance
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
5. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Open talik
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Permafrost
Threshold departures
6. Melting Point decreases
Ocean water
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
.75OC/km-1
IPCC
7. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Questions to think about
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
More rain means no drought
Hydrological Drought
8. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Antarctica
Mass Budget
.75OC/km-1
9. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
10. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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11. How much is the planet really warming?
Closed talik
Permafrost
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
12. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Surface Mass Balance
Ozone
How we measure Mass Balance
20%
13. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Discontinuous
Thermohaline Circulation
Greenland
Why the Arctic climate is special
14. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
75-OC
Wetter; drier
Antarctica
Greenland
15. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Thermohaline Circulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Agricultural Drought
16. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Ice-Albedo
Threshold departures
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
US and precipitation
17. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Open talik
winter
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
18. Total absorbed solar radiation
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
20%
What happens with the Ozone Hole
70%
19. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Ice loss
Monthly maximums and minimums
Altimetry Pros
Ice/snow
20. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Types of Albedo
Permafrost
How to define a heatwave
21. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Thermohaline Circulation
How to define a heatwave
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
22. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
70%
30%
Mass Budget
Thermokarst
23. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Stronger
Global warming and hot nights?
24. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Sublimation
Stronger
doubles
Ocean water
25. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sea-Ice Albedo
Mass Change
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
26. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Energy Budget
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
27. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Ice in the Arctic
Closed talik
Atmospheric Structure
28. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
45%
Meteorological Drought
29. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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30. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Talik
Ocean water
Shortwave Length
Threshold departures
31. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
.75OC/km-1
20%
Sublimation
Mass Balance
32. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Earth's tilt
Ice Discharge
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer Summer
33. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
All Greenhouse gases
Heat wave
Climate Change in the Arctic
Carbon Dioxide
34. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Atmospheric Composition?
Methane
Absolute thresholds
Ice Sheets
35. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Meteorological Drought
Indirect heat wave effect
Depth v Surface
reduction in sea-ice
36. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Rainy
Ocean water
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Types of Albedo
37. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Albedo
Thinner atmosphere
Atmospheric Circulation
38. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
doubles
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Precipitation and High Latitudes
US and precipitation
39. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Permafrost
25%
40. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Severe coastal erosion
Greenhouse Gases
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
IPCC
41. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Thermokarst Lake
Talik
Time Variable Gravity
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
42. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Surface Mass Balance
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Heat wave
43. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Ocean water
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Arctic Atmosphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
44. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Albedo
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
45. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Altimetry Pros
Why the Arctic climate is special
Cloud Feedbacks
46. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Radiative Forcing
Atmospheric Composition
Earth's tilt
47. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Altimetry (height)
Ice Discharge
Global warming and hot nights?
Closed talik
48. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Surface Mass Balance
Energy Budget
49. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Inversion Layer Winter
Calving
More rain means no drought
50. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Ocean water
Earth's tilt
Cloud Feedbacks
Mass Balance