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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The Earth emits this.
Once every 4 years.
Permafrost Degradation
Longwave Radiation
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
2. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Thinner atmosphere
Open talik
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
3. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Layers of Earth
Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry Cons
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
4. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Mass Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Percentile departures
5. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Mass Change
Ice-Albedo
25%
6. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Altimetry Cons
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
7. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Questions to think about
summer
20%
8. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Mass Budget
Sea Ice
Air pollution
Ozone Hole
9. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Permafrost Degradation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Absolute thresholds
10. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice-Albedo
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice/snow
11. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse Gases
Heat wave
12. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Meteorological Drought
Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulation
Indirect heat wave effect
13. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Very small portion
Surface Mass Balance
Ice/snow
14. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Percentile departures
Grounding Lines
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
75-OC
15. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Thermohaline Circulation
Antarctica
Mass Balance
16. Less frequent and weaker
Hydrological Drought
Inversion Layer Summer
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
How talik forms under lakes
17. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Strong
Ice absorbs
18. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
7%
Shortwave Length
Ice in the Arctic
19. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ice Motion
Importance of ice sheets
70%
20. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
In the stratosphere.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Permafrost Degradation
21. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Active Layer
Ice Cap
75-OC
Importance of ice sheets
22. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Very small portion
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Negative
23. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Positive
Today melting ice
Depth v Surface
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
24. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Importance of ice sheets
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thinner atmosphere
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
25. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Strong
GHG
Thermokarst Lake
In the stratosphere.
26. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
US and precipitation
Sublimation
Ice in the Arctic
27. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Positive feedbacks both found in...
30%
Affect Floods and Droughts
Inversion Layer (feedback)
28. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Thermokarst
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Importance of ice sheets
Ice shelf
29. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Sublimation
Sea Ice
Today melting ice
Permafrost Degradation
30. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Melt
How we measure Mass Balance
Ozone
Wetter; drier
31. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Inversion Layer Winter
50%
32. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thermokarst
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ocean water
Infrared radiation
33. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Shortwave Length
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
US and precipitation
Wetter; drier
34. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Ice in the Arctic
reduction in sea-ice
Global warming and hot nights?
Heat Source and Pressure
35. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Air pollution
Precipitation and High Latitudes
36. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
In the stratosphere.
Thermokarst
Very small portion
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
37. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Active Layer
45%
Why the Arctic climate is special
Agricultural Drought
38. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
1 m/yr; 10x
Dry
Troposphere
39. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Ice/snow
Albedo
Shortwave Length
40. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Mass Budget
Affect Floods and Droughts
Positive
41. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Calving
IPCC
Permafrost
winter
42. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Grounding v Surface Melting
Heat wave
Warming; cooling
43. 85%
All Greenhouse gases
Sea-Ice Albedo
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
44. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
US and precipitation
Carbon Dioxide
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
45. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Stronger
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Methane
46. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Grounding Lines
Permafrost Degradation
Greenland
Questions to think about
47. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
30%
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Affect Floods and Droughts
48. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Ice Discharge
Energy Budget
Depth v Surface
Thermokarst
49. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Ice/snow
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ozone
Mass Change
50. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Agricultural Drought
Atmospheric Structure
How talik forms under lakes