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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
reduction in sea-ice
How we measure Mass Balance
winter
2. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Closed talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Frozen Soil
Altimetry
3. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Troposphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Inversion Layer Summer
4. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Normal condition for air
Through talik
Infrared radiation
5. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Permafrost
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
air can warm dramatically
Meteorological Drought
6. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Antarctica
Increases - decreases
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Precipitation and High Latitudes
7. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Natural Causes of Warming
Monthly maximums and minimums
air can warm dramatically
Thermohaline Circulation
8. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
Dry
Monthly maximums and minimums
Negative
9. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Sea Ice
Mass Budget
Antarctica
% of Greenhouse Gases
10. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Altimetry Cons
Troposphere
Mass Budget
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
11. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
In the stratosphere.
1 m/yr; 10x
More rain means no drought
Absolute thresholds
12. Measures input and output.
Methane
Mass Budget
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Warm
13. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
30%
Thinner atmosphere
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
14. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice Cap
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
winter
Ice loss
15. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Permafrost Degradation
Energy Budget
Mass Change
.7O Celsius over the past century.
16. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ice Cap
Time Variable Gravity
The cryosphere
Methane
17. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
More rain means no drought
Arctic Atmosphere
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Permafrost
18. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
.75OC/km-1
In the stratosphere.
Severe coastal erosion
19. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Once every 4 years.
Atmospheric Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation
20. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Altimetry (height)
Importance of ice sheets
Thermokarst
21. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Mass Change
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry Pros
La Nia
22. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Thermokarst
Rainy
7%
Air pollution
23. Really measures volume.
Altimetry
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice Cap
24. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Albedo
More rain means no drought
Thermohaline Circulation
Severe coastal erosion
25. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
How talik forms under lakes
Ice Motion
Arctic Atmosphere
26. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Air pollution
Ozone Hole
Today melting ice
GHG
27. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
How talik forms under lakes
In the troposphere that we live in.
Sea Ice
45%
28. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Mass Change
Permafrost Degradation
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Dry
29. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Energy Budget
Closed talik
Where rise in OC is greatest
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
30. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice in the Arctic
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Monthly maximums and minimums
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
31. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
Inversion Layer Summer
How to define a heatwave
Severe coastal erosion
32. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Radiative Flux
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Wetter; drier
33. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice shelf
Dynamic thinning
Altimetry Pros
34. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Questions to think about
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Grounding Lines
35. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Very small portion
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Global warming and hot nights?
reduction in sea-ice
36. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Sunspots
reduction in sea-ice
doubles
Atmospheric Composition?
37. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Through talik
Mass Budget
Calving
38. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Calving
In the troposphere that we live in.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Surface Mass Balance
39. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Threshold departures
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Arctic Atmosphere
Altimetry Cons
40. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Wetter; drier
Frozen Soil
41. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
The Ozone Hole
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Albedo
How we measure Mass Balance
42. Cooler water and drought conditions.
La Nia
The cryosphere
Ice Shelf
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
43. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Ocean water
Altimetry
All Greenhouse gases
Wetter; drier
44. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
How talik forms under lakes
Agricultural Drought
La Nia
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
45. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Today melting ice
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
How a closed talik forms
The Ozone Hole
46. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Normal condition for air
Questions to think about
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Active Layer
47. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Cloud Feedbacks
Carbon Dioxide
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
75-OC
48. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Cloud Feedbacks
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Indirect heat wave effect
Grounding Lines
49. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Where rise in OC is greatest
In the troposphere that we live in.
Through talik
50. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Hydrological Drought
Where rise in OC is greatest
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this