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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Very small portion
Strong
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Importance of ice sheets
2. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Carbon Dioxide
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Grounding Lines
3. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Warming; cooling
Methane
4. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Antarctica
Permafrost
Layers of Earth
Surface Mass Balance
5. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Ice/snow
20%
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
6. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Affect Floods and Droughts
How a closed talik forms
Layers of Earth
El Nino
7. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Albedo
Greenhouse Gases
Rainy
Percentile departures
8. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
.7O Celsius over the past century.
20%
Altimetry Pros
9. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Surface Mass Balance
Earth's tilt
Stronger
Indirect heat wave effect
10. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Rainy
Permafrost Degradation
25%
11. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Longwave Radiation
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
12. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Altimetry Cons
Ocean water
Questions to think about
Shortwave Length
13. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Sunspots
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Agricultural Drought
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
14. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Grounding Lines
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Warming; cooling
Greenhouse Gases
15. Where does the ozone protect us?
Heat Source and Pressure
Methane
Greenhouse Gases
In the stratosphere.
16. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ice Shelf
Antarctica
Heat wave
Grounding Lines
17. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Methane
Questions to think about
The cryosphere
18. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Accumulation
Air pollution
Thinner atmosphere
Thermokarst Lake
19. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Atmospheric Circulation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
20. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
50%
What effects the density
Arctic Atmosphere
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
21. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
% of Greenhouse Gases
Energy Budget
Radiative Flux
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
22. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Thermohaline Circulation
Time Variable Gravity
.75OC/km-1
23. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Antarctica
IPCC
Where rise in OC is greatest
The cryosphere
24. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Grounding Lines
Ice Sheets
Antarctica
25. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Sublimation
Negative
Ice in the Arctic
50%
26. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
30%
Very small portion
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Global warming and hot nights?
27. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Indirect heat wave effect
Altimetry Pros
Heat wave
28. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Discontinuous
Ice-Albedo
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
20%
29. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Atmospheric Structure
How to define a heatwave
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Methane
30. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Infrared radiation
Normal condition for air
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
20%
31. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Grounding Lines
Antarctica
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
32. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ice in the Arctic
What effects the density
33. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
doubles
Ice Sheets
Infrared radiation
34. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
How a closed talik forms
Ice Motion
Importance of ice sheets
35. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Natural Causes of Warming
Why the Arctic climate is special
How a closed talik forms
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
36. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Shortwave Length
reduction in sea-ice
The Ozone Hole
37. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Discontinuous
70%
Ice-Albedo
38. Really measures volume.
How talik forms under lakes
Altimetry
Ice absorbs
Ice Discharge
39. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Thermokarst
Ice Cap
Very small portion
Dry
40. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
IPCC
Sublimation
Reduction in sea-ice extent
50%
41. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
50%
Troposphere
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Antarctica
42. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Monthly maximums and minimums
Increases - decreases
Meteorological Drought
43. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Sea Ice
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
What effects the density
44. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Types of Albedo
Grounding Lines
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
45%
45. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Importance of ice sheets
Radiative Forcing
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thinner atmosphere
46. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Thermokarst Lake
Altimetry Cons
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ice in the Arctic
47. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Greenland
30%
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
48. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric Composition?
More rain means no drought
49. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Antarctica
Carbon Dioxide
Talik
Thermohaline Circulatoin
50. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Mass Change