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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Surface Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
Closed talik
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
2. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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3. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice/snow
4. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Carbon Dioxide
Accumulation
5. How often does El Nio occur?
Active Layer
Once every 4 years.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ocean water
6. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Carbon Dioxide
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Frozen Soil
winter
7. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Hydrological Drought
Types of Albedo
Atmospheric Composition
8. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Positive
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
9. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Ice absorbs
Calving
Agricultural Drought
10. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Altimetry Pros
Thermokarst
Radiative Forcing
Thermohaline Circulation
11. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Calving
In the stratosphere.
Troposphere
12. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Antarctica
All Greenhouse gases
Questions to think about
Atmospheric Composition?
13. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Shortwave Length
Very small portion
Absolute thresholds
14. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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15. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Radiative Flux
Troposphere
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Why the Arctic climate is special
16. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Increases - decreases
Active Layer
Dry
Ice/snow
17. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Ice Sheets
Thermokarst Lake
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
18. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Greenland
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Black Carbon
Albedo
19. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Importance of ice sheets
Ozone
Mass Change
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
20. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Methane
Ice Sheets
Where rise in OC is greatest
The Ozone Hole
21. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Shortwave Length
doubles
How we measure Mass Balance
Grounding v Surface Melting
22. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Ice Sheets
Heat Source and Pressure
45%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
23. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Agricultural Drought
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Hydrological Drought
24. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Percentile departures
Climate Change in the Arctic
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Normal condition for air
25. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Atmospheric Circulation
Negative
Stronger
Ice/snow
26. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Ocean water
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Calving
Wetter; drier
27. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Frozen Soil
Methane
Troposphere
28. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Sea Ice
Why the Arctic climate is special
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Talik
29. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Surface Mass Balance
Grounding Lines
air can warm dramatically
Greenhouse Gases
30. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Sunspots
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ozone Hole
Surface Mass Balance
31. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Permafrost
summer
Thermokarst
Global warming and hot nights?
32. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
IPCC
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
air can warm dramatically
Dynamic thinning
33. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Inversion Layer Summer
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Hydrological Drought
GHG
34. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
75-OC
35. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice Shelf
The cryosphere
Radiative Flux
36. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
70%
Time Variable Gravity
Ozone Hole
37. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
US and precipitation
Shortwave Length
1 m/yr; 10x
38. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ice-Albedo
How talik forms under lakes
Sea Ice
39. More common
Altimetry Cons
Inversion Layer Winter
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Troposphere
40. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Sea Ice
Longwave Radiation
Precipitation and High Latitudes
How a closed talik forms
41. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
45%
Affect Floods and Droughts
Altimetry Pros
Sunspots
42. Measures input and output.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Mass Budget
Infrared radiation
Altimetry (height)
43. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Ice Cap
Importance of ice sheets
Altimetry (height)
44. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Calving
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Atmospheric Circulation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
45. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Atmospheric Composition
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ozone
46. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Greenland
Archimedes' Principle
Rainy
20%
47. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
50%
Ice loss
Wetter; drier
48. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Ocean water
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Arctic Atmosphere
Layers of Earth
49. Ocean retains ____ CO2
What effects the density
25%
Ice Cap
Methane
50. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Stronger
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
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