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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Open talik
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Warm
2. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Rainy
Air pollution
Ice Shelf
.75OC/km-1
3. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
US and precipitation
Thinner atmosphere
4. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Thermohaline Circulation
Atmospheric Composition
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Cloud Feedbacks
5. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Frozen Soil
Dynamic thinning
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How we measure Mass Balance
6. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ice Discharge
Permafrost
Once every 4 years.
7. Really measures volume.
Threshold departures
Altimetry
Once every 4 years.
Ocean water
8. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Greenland
Radiative Forcing
Ice Motion
winter
9. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Atmospheric Composition
Antarctica
Ice-Albedo
10. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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11. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Methane
Inversion Layer Winter
Permafrost
Indirect heat wave effect
12. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Once every 4 years.
Layers of Earth
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice absorbs
13. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Affect Floods and Droughts
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Heat Source and Pressure
14. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Discontinuous
All Greenhouse gases
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
15. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Wetter; drier
Types of Albedo
Precipitation and High Latitudes
16. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
25%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
The cryosphere
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
17. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Earth's tilt
Infrared radiation
Ocean water
18. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Greenland
Grounding Lines
19. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Greenhouse Gases
Why the Arctic climate is special
Mass Balance
Thermokarst
20. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Cloud Feedbacks
Sea Ice
How a closed talik forms
El Nino
21. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Methane
Cloud Feedbacks
30%
22. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
How to define a heatwave
7%
Ice Motion
23. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Warming; cooling
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Positive feedbacks both found in...
24. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ozone Hole
Ice Discharge
The cryosphere
25. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
IPCC
The cryosphere
45%
Permafrost
26. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Threshold departures
Frozen Soil
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Mass Change
27. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Carbon Dioxide
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Hydrological Drought
Precipitation and High Latitudes
28. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Altimetry
How we measure Mass Balance
Sublimation
Grounding Lines
29. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
How to define a heatwave
Importance of ice sheets
All Greenhouse gases
Heat wave
30. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Stronger
Ice in the Arctic
50%
Ice Sheets
31. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Thermokarst
Types of Albedo
Agricultural Drought
Why the Arctic climate is special
32. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Closed talik
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Energy Budget
Very small portion
33. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Why the Arctic climate is special
Talik
Grounding Lines
34. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
In the stratosphere.
Shortwave Length
% of Greenhouse Gases
35. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Sunspots
Altimetry Pros
IPCC
36. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Antarctica
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Surface Mass Balance
Cloud Feedbacks
37. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
El Nino
Ice absorbs
20%
38. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Mass Budget
Positive
30%
Mass Change
39. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Thermokarst Lake
Ice Motion
Arctic Atmosphere
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
40. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice in the Arctic
Antarctica
Discontinuous
41. Measures input and output.
Increases - decreases
Warming; cooling
Monthly maximums and minimums
Mass Budget
42. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
doubles
43. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Global warming and hot nights?
Surface Mass Balance
Active Layer
Ice-Ocean Interactions
44. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
70%
Melt
More rain means no drought
Thinner atmosphere
45. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Threshold departures
Energy Budget
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
46. The Earth emits this.
Dynamic thinning
Longwave Radiation
Global warming and hot nights?
Thermohaline Circulation
47. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Threshold departures
50%
48. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
Calving
Questions to think about
More rain means no drought
49. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
How a closed talik forms
Surface Mass Balance
50. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Open talik
La Nia