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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Ozone
Surface Mass Balance
IPCC
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
2. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Today melting ice
Sea Ice
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
The cryosphere
3. More common
Layers of Earth
Ice/snow
Inversion Layer Winter
Depth v Surface
4. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Altimetry Cons
Altimetry Pros
Active Layer
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
5. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Importance of ice sheets
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sea Ice
Atmospheric Composition?
6. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
IPCC
Radiative Forcing
Albedos of Snow and Ice
7. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Inversion Layer Winter
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
8. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Absolute thresholds
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Greenhouse Gases
Severe coastal erosion
9. Measures input and output.
Thermokarst
Heat wave
Mass Budget
GHG
10. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Albedo
Sunspots
Mass Budget
11. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Where rise in OC is greatest
How to define a heatwave
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Percentile departures
12. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Altimetry Pros
summer
13. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
More rain means no drought
Negative
Ice shelf
14. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ocean water
Troposphere
Grounding Lines
Closed talik
15. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Melt
Ice in the Arctic
Energy Budget
Strong
16. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Global warming and hot nights?
All Greenhouse gases
Dynamic thinning
Ice absorbs
17. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
How to define a heatwave
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
How we measure Mass Balance
18. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Antarctica
What happens with the Ozone Hole
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Permafrost Degradation
19. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Thermohaline Circulation
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Depth v Surface
Wetter; drier
20. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Natural Causes of Warming
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ocean water
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
21. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Methane
20%
Ocean water
22. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Absolute thresholds
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice-Ocean Interactions
23. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Very small portion
doubles
Dry
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
24. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Types of Albedo
Importance of ice sheets
Thinner atmosphere
Active Layer
25. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Methane
Ocean water
Where rise in OC is greatest
Atmospheric Composition?
26. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Hydrological Drought
Antarctica
Greenhouse Gases
Importance of ice sheets
27. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Altimetry Pros
Surface Mass Balance
28. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Altimetry (height)
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Mass Balance
29. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Open talik
The Ozone Hole
Altimetry Pros
Reduction in sea-ice extent
30. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
What effects the density
Active Layer
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Thermokarst Lake
31. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
75-OC
The cryosphere
Methane
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
32. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Questions to think about
How a closed talik forms
Shortwave Length
33. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Ice Discharge
Thinner atmosphere
Ozone Hole
In the troposphere that we live in.
34. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Ice Cap
Thinner atmosphere
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Where rise in OC is greatest
35. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
70%
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
The cryosphere
36. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Altimetry
How talik forms under lakes
Inversion Layer Winter
37. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
Threshold departures
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Active Layer
38. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
All Greenhouse gases
Sunspots
Where rise in OC is greatest
Surface Mass Balance
39. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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40. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Questions to think about
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Altimetry Pros
41. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Talik
The Ozone Hole
30%
IPCC
42. Where does the ozone protect us?
El Nino
Thermokarst
Time Variable Gravity
In the stratosphere.
43. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Agricultural Drought
Very small portion
La Nia
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
44. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Percentile departures
Permafrost
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
45. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Sheets
Ice Shelf
reduction in sea-ice
Troposphere
46. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice loss
What effects the density
47. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
.7O Celsius over the past century.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Surface Mass Balance
48. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Percentile departures
Stronger
Frozen Soil
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
49. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Radiative Flux
Ice Sheets
Thermokarst
Methane
50. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
How talik forms under lakes
Permafrost
Altimetry
What happens with the Ozone Hole