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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Closed talik
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Meteorological Drought
2. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Where rise in OC is greatest
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
3. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Permafrost Degradation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice loss
4. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Warm
Strong
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Closed talik
5. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Heat wave
Thermohaline Circulation
Ozone Hole
6. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Talik
Layers of Earth
Ozone
La Nia
7. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Methane
Thermokarst Lake
Ice absorbs
Thermohaline Circulation
8. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
How talik forms under lakes
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
9. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Layers of Earth
Thermokarst Lake
Ice Shelf
Ocean water
10. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sublimation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Permafrost
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
11. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Thermohaline Circulation
12. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Ice in the Arctic
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Active Layer
13. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Ice shelf
75-OC
Thermokarst
What effects the density
14. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Black Carbon
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Energy Budget
Grounding v Surface Melting
15. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Sublimation
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
How talik forms under lakes
Ice/snow
16. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
Thermohaline Circulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
17. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
75-OC
Methane
Greenland
18. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice Sheets
Natural Causes of Warming
19. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Severe coastal erosion
Greenland
Strong
Ice Sheets
20. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice/snow
Accumulation
Depth v Surface
21. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Global warming and hot nights?
22. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
50%
How to define a heatwave
winter
Greenland
23. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Thinner atmosphere
20%
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
.7O Celsius over the past century.
24. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Altimetry (height)
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Longwave Radiation
Threshold departures
25. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Troposphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Percentile departures
How we measure Mass Balance
26. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
All Greenhouse gases
Ocean water
Dry
27. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Atmospheric Composition
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Sunspots
More rain means no drought
28. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Troposphere
29. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Questions to think about
Depth v Surface
Precipitation and High Latitudes
How a closed talik forms
30. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Heat wave
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition
31. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Inversion Layer Winter
Radiative Forcing
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice Shelf
32. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Surface Mass Balance
Mass Budget
IPCC
Negative
33. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Natural Causes of Warming
What effects the density
Why the Arctic climate is special
34. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
US and precipitation
Natural Causes of Warming
Sea-Ice Albedo
.75OC/km-1
35. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Ice-Albedo
How we measure Mass Balance
Threshold departures
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
36. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
1 m/yr; 10x
Stronger
37. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Antarctica
Layers of Earth
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
summer
38. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Altimetry Pros
La Nia
7%
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
39. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
air can warm dramatically
Agricultural Drought
Ocean water
Indirect heat wave effect
40. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermokarst
Altimetry (height)
41. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Arctic Atmosphere
Sunspots
Negative
42. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Thermokarst Lake
Altimetry
Dry
What effects the density
43. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Altimetry Cons
Thinner atmosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Carbon Dioxide
44. Less frequent and weaker
Inversion Layer Summer
Inversion Layer Winter
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
US and precipitation
45. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Ice shelf
Climate Change in the Arctic
Accumulation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
46. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Depth v Surface
Mass Change
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
1 m/yr; 10x
47. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
summer
Troposphere
Active Layer
Ice loss
48. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice Shelf
Arctic Atmosphere
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
49. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
La Nia
Troposphere
Wetter; drier
Natural Causes of Warming
50. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ice Shelf
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry (height)