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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ocean water
Through talik
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
2. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice Sheets
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
1 m/yr; 10x
3. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Ice Sheets
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Surface Mass Balance
4. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Methane
Normal condition for air
5. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Energy Budget
reduction in sea-ice
How we measure Mass Balance
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
6. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How talik forms under lakes
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Where rise in OC is greatest
How to define a heatwave
7. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice Cap
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Atmospheric Composition
Albedo
8. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Layers of Earth
Absolute thresholds
Very small portion
9. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Normal condition for air
10. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Hydrological Drought
Stronger
Methane
11. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Albedo
Wetter; drier
Threshold departures
12. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Radiative Flux
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Sublimation
25%
13. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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14. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
The Ozone Hole
Altimetry (height)
How talik forms under lakes
7%
15. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
In the stratosphere.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Open talik
16. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Ice in the Arctic
Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
Infrared radiation
17. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Absolute thresholds
Positive feedbacks both found in...
75-OC
Meteorological Drought
18. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Shelf
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
How talik forms under lakes
Depth v Surface
19. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Time Variable Gravity
Ozone
Altimetry Cons
20. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Indirect heat wave effect
Positive feedbacks both found in...
In the troposphere that we live in.
Heat Source and Pressure
21. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Ocean water
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Thermohaline Circulatoin
22. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Permafrost Degradation
Active Layer
air can warm dramatically
All Greenhouse gases
23. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Questions to think about
Carbon Dioxide
Thinner atmosphere
1 m/yr; 10x
24. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
What effects the density
Grounding Lines
25. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Ice Shelf
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ocean water
26. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Absolute thresholds
How to define a heatwave
27. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Heat wave
Albedo
Antarctica
Ice Shelf
28. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Atmospheric Structure
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Types of Albedo
29. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
70%
Ice-Albedo
summer
Altimetry
30. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Longwave Radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Albedo
Dry
31. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Rainy
Why the Arctic climate is special
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Greenland
32. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
30%
Energy Budget
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulation
33. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Wetter; drier
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice-Albedo
34. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Active Layer
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Warming; cooling
Discontinuous
35. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Dry
Altimetry Pros
Ice Sheets
36. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Wetter; drier
Severe coastal erosion
Global warming and hot nights?
37. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Strong
Grounding v Surface Melting
Thermokarst
Closed talik
38. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Infrared radiation
Atmospheric Structure
Grounding v Surface Melting
39. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice Motion
1 m/yr; 10x
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
40. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
45%
Time Variable Gravity
30%
Monthly maximums and minimums
41. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Thinner atmosphere
The cryosphere
Grounding Lines
Global warming and hot nights?
42. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Severe coastal erosion
Discontinuous
30%
Ozone
43. 240 w/m squared
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Rainy
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Longwave Radiation
44. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Ice Discharge
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Shortwave Length
Threshold departures
45. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Time Variable Gravity
Antarctica
Heat Source and Pressure
Atmospheric Composition
46. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Ice Motion
Ice absorbs
Active Layer
What effects the density
47. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
In the stratosphere.
Time Variable Gravity
Monthly maximums and minimums
Increases - decreases
48. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
La Nia
Atmospheric Structure
20%
Negative
49. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Indirect heat wave effect
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
50. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Carbon Dioxide
Calving
Positive feedbacks both found in...