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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
How to define a heatwave
Grounding v Surface Melting
Altimetry (height)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
7%
GHG
Infrared radiation
Ocean water
3. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Ozone
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
Types of Albedo
4. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How talik forms under lakes
.75OC/km-1
Methane
5. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Positive
Mass Change
Ice absorbs
Melt
6. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Air pollution
Infrared radiation
Warming; cooling
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
7. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Once every 4 years.
Ice-Albedo
Threshold departures
Global warming and hot nights?
8. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Thinner atmosphere
Methane
Thermohaline Circulatoin
9. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Sunspots
Very small portion
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
10. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Accumulation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
How a closed talik forms
summer
11. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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12. 85%
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice Sheets
Sea-Ice Albedo
Albedos of Snow and Ice
13. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
How to define a heatwave
Troposphere
doubles
Altimetry (height)
14. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Air pollution
What effects the density
15. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Through talik
Strong
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
16. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the stratosphere.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Rainy
Atmospheric Structure
17. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Melt
Normal condition for air
More rain means no drought
How to define a heatwave
18. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Ice Cap
Increases - decreases
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Atmospheric Composition
19. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Sea Ice
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Black Carbon
20. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ozone Hole
21. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
What effects the density
1 m/yr; 10x
The Ozone Hole
Ice/snow
22. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
1 m/yr; 10x
Percentile departures
How talik forms under lakes
23. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Sublimation
Talik
Reduction in sea-ice extent
24. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Carbon Dioxide
How to define a heatwave
How talik forms under lakes
Very small portion
25. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Reduction in sea-ice extent
26. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
How talik forms under lakes
Altimetry (height)
Ice Cap
.75OC/km-1
27. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice/snow
28. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Sea-Ice Albedo
The cryosphere
Calving
Arctic Atmosphere
29. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Greenhouse Gases
Open talik
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
30. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Greenhouse Gases
reduction in sea-ice
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Increases - decreases
31. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Thermokarst Lake
% of Greenhouse Gases
Layers of Earth
Open talik
32. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Atmospheric Composition?
reduction in sea-ice
Active Layer
33. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Sunspots
reduction in sea-ice
34. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Sunspots
Very small portion
How talik forms under lakes
Thermohaline Circulatoin
35. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Positive
Ice-Albedo
45%
36. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Melt
Air pollution
Discontinuous
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
37. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Climate Change in the Arctic
25%
70%
Thermokarst
38. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Talik
Atmospheric Structure
Global warming and hot nights?
US and precipitation
39. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ice-Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Talik
40. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice in the Arctic
41. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
Thermokarst
Once every 4 years.
How a closed talik forms
42. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
43. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Calving
44. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Shortwave Length
Climate Change in the Arctic
How talik forms under lakes
45. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Thermokarst
Where rise in OC is greatest
Air pollution
Arctic Atmosphere
46. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Active Layer
Percentile departures
Once every 4 years.
Permafrost Degradation
47. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Energy Budget
In the troposphere that we live in.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Affect Floods and Droughts
48. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry Cons
In the troposphere that we live in.
49. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Dry
Negative
Ice loss
50. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Infrared radiation
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Shortwave Length
Rainy