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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Atmospheric Composition?
20%
Carbon Dioxide
Ocean water
2. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Types of Albedo
Natural Causes of Warming
Albedos of Snow and Ice
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
3. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Infrared radiation
Archimedes' Principle
Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulation
4. Really measures volume.
Longwave Radiation
Altimetry
Depth v Surface
50%
5. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Air pollution
Permafrost
Rainy
Stronger
6. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Closed talik
Black Carbon
More rain means no drought
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
7. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Atmospheric Structure
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
8. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
.75OC/km-1
1 m/yr; 10x
More rain means no drought
How to define a heatwave
9. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Air pollution
Ice Cap
Ice Sheets
US and precipitation
10. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Infrared radiation
How talik forms under lakes
Hydrological Drought
11. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Altimetry
Hydrological Drought
Severe coastal erosion
Heat Source and Pressure
12. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Indirect heat wave effect
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
13. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Indirect heat wave effect
What happens with the Ozone Hole
45%
Heat wave
14. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Wetter; drier
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Greenhouse Gases
15. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
All Greenhouse gases
Atmospheric Structure
Through talik
Open talik
16. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Threshold departures
Ocean water
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Atmospheric Composition
17. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Arctic Atmosphere
Ice Discharge
Very small portion
18. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Energy Budget
Severe coastal erosion
Hydrological Drought
Negative
19. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
.75OC/km-1
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Meteorological Drought
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
20. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
doubles
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ice absorbs
21. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ice Sheets
22. Measures input and output.
25%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Mass Budget
reduction in sea-ice
23. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Through talik
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
24. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Percentile departures
Altimetry Cons
25. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
Troposphere
Indirect heat wave effect
What effects the density
26. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Absolute thresholds
Global warming and hot nights?
27. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Sunspots
Once every 4 years.
How we measure Mass Balance
Thermokarst
28. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
1 m/yr; 10x
Hydrological Drought
Atmospheric Circulation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
29. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Altimetry (height)
The cryosphere
30. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Sunspots
Atmospheric Structure
Open talik
Depth v Surface
31. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Ice Motion
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Inversion Layer Winter
32. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Closed talik
Wetter; drier
Thermokarst
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
33. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
All Greenhouse gases
Where rise in OC is greatest
34. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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35. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Ice-Albedo
Strong
Altimetry
36. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
How talik forms under lakes
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Inversion Layer Winter
37. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Positive
How a closed talik forms
Layers of Earth
Altimetry Cons
38. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
Ice/snow
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Hydrological Drought
39. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Surface Mass Balance
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
40. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Ice Sheets
Greenhouse Gases
Ozone Hole
Melt
41. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Today melting ice
Altimetry Cons
Severe coastal erosion
Albedo
42. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
The Ozone Hole
Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide
43. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Reduction in sea-ice extent
winter
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Air pollution
44. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Negative
What effects the density
GHG
45. Permafrost- A frozen soil
How to define a heatwave
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Radiative Forcing
Frozen Soil
46. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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47. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Albedo
Ice Sheets
Ice Discharge
Severe coastal erosion
48. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Surface Mass Balance
Shortwave Length
% of Greenhouse Gases
49. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Ozone Hole
What effects the density
Very small portion
Antarctica
50. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Mass Budget
Permafrost Degradation
Ice-Albedo
Ice/snow