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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice Shelf
Sea Ice
Time Variable Gravity
2. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Ice Motion
Importance of ice sheets
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
3. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Melt
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ice-Albedo
Depth v Surface
4. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Ice Shelf
Surface Mass Balance
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Why the Arctic climate is special
5. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Melt
Active Layer
Ocean water
Longwave Radiation
6. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice Sheets
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
7. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Altimetry Cons
Altimetry
.75OC/km-1
Discontinuous
8. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Affect Floods and Droughts
Active Layer
9. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Methane
summer
Melt
Very small portion
10. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Through talik
Hydrological Drought
Natural Causes of Warming
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
11. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Ice-Albedo
Thermokarst
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Antarctica
12. Where does the ozone protect us?
Ice Discharge
Ice loss
Accumulation
In the stratosphere.
13. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Mass Change
Atmospheric Composition
Ice Shelf
Stronger
14. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Threshold departures
Ice shelf
Thermohaline Circulation
45%
15. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Ice in the Arctic
Melt
Surface Mass Balance
Radiative Forcing
16. Less frequent and weaker
Infrared radiation
Layers of Earth
Inversion Layer Summer
Thermokarst
17. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Calving
Mass Balance
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
18. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
What effects the density
Layers of Earth
Methane
19. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
30%
Atmospheric Composition
Permafrost
Ice Shelf
20. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Talik
21. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
All Greenhouse gases
Layers of Earth
Global warming and hot nights?
70%
22. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Open talik
Permafrost Degradation
Thermohaline Circulation
23. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Affect Floods and Droughts
1 m/yr; 10x
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
24. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermokarst Lake
Ice in the Arctic
Accumulation
Types of Albedo
25. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice absorbs
How a closed talik forms
Calving
26. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
Monthly maximums and minimums
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Altimetry Cons
27. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Positive
Antarctica
28. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Inversion Layer Winter
Permafrost
All Greenhouse gases
Calving
29. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Positive
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Dynamic thinning
30. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Ice Cap
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Rainy
La Nia
31. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Calving
Ice shelf
Surface Mass Balance
Positive
32. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Very small portion
All Greenhouse gases
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
33. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
All Greenhouse gases
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
45%
34. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Severe coastal erosion
7%
Carbon Dioxide
35. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Infrared radiation
Inversion Layer Winter
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
36. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Absolute thresholds
Monthly maximums and minimums
37. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
The Ozone Hole
More rain means no drought
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice Shelf
38. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Mass Balance
39. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Altimetry Pros
Sea Ice
Warm
40. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ozone
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Dry
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
41. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
How a closed talik forms
Permafrost Degradation
Thermokarst
42. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
reduction in sea-ice
Global warming and hot nights?
Warm
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
43. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Ice Sheets
air can warm dramatically
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
44. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Very small portion
Questions to think about
45. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
30%
Infrared radiation
Thermokarst Lake
7%
46. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
75-OC
Calving
Radiative Flux
The Ozone Hole
47. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Depth v Surface
25%
Infrared radiation
48. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Methane
Longwave Radiation
Mass Change
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
49. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Surface Mass Balance
What effects the density
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Inversion Layer Winter
50. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Monthly maximums and minimums
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ice Discharge