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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
air can warm dramatically
IPCC
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Thermohaline Circulation
2. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Inversion Layer Winter
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Permafrost
Warm
3. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
45%
Mass Balance
Heat Source and Pressure
Accumulation
4. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Inversion Layer Summer
Atmospheric Circulation
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ice Motion
5. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Open talik
Global warming and hot nights?
Thermokarst
Grounding Lines
6. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Calving
Percentile departures
Thermokarst
Ice/snow
7. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Depth v Surface
The Ozone Hole
The cryosphere
Archimedes' Principle
8. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
7%
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Atmospheric Circulation
9. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Permafrost
All Greenhouse gases
Sunspots
Albedos of Snow and Ice
10. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Heat Source and Pressure
Antarctica
Sea-Ice Albedo
Threshold departures
11. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Severe coastal erosion
Ice Cap
Where rise in OC is greatest
12. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Troposphere
Ocean water
Ice Sheets
How talik forms under lakes
13. Measures input and output.
Affect Floods and Droughts
air can warm dramatically
How a closed talik forms
Mass Budget
14. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Hydrological Drought
Active Layer
Heat wave
15. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Ice Sheets
Ice shelf
summer
Methane
16. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Questions to think about
Natural Causes of Warming
Active Layer
17. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Active Layer
Heat Source and Pressure
18. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Inversion Layer (feedback)
What effects the density
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
19. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
45%
Grounding v Surface Melting
Indirect heat wave effect
20. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
IPCC
Percentile departures
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Very small portion
21. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Absolute thresholds
Frozen Soil
% of Greenhouse Gases
Altimetry Pros
22. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Negative
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
20%
23. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Air pollution
Heat wave
Percentile departures
Absolute thresholds
24. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Active Layer
Strong
75-OC
Atmospheric Circulation
25. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Calving
Discontinuous
26. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Altimetry
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Warm
27. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Why the Arctic climate is special
Albedo
45%
Strong
28. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Dynamic thinning
Greenhouse Gases
Thermokarst
Importance of ice sheets
29. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
1 m/yr; 10x
Importance of ice sheets
Methane
30. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Surface Mass Balance
Ocean water
Grounding v Surface Melting
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
31. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Severe coastal erosion
Why the Arctic climate is special
GHG
All Greenhouse gases
32. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Albedo
Altimetry Cons
33. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
30%
Why the Arctic climate is special
Methane
Atmospheric Composition?
34. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
How a closed talik forms
Why the Arctic climate is special
30%
El Nio is in the coasts of...
35. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Altimetry
Infrared radiation
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
36. 85%
How to define a heatwave
Thermokarst
Sea-Ice Albedo
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
37. Less frequent and weaker
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Inversion Layer Summer
Natural Causes of Warming
38. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Inversion Layer (feedback)
All Greenhouse gases
50%
39. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
summer
Earth's tilt
Greenland
Questions to think about
40. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
IPCC
Cloud Feedbacks
Mass Change
41. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Radiative Forcing
Rainy
Ice shelf
Increases - decreases
42. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Troposphere
Positive
Antarctica
All Greenhouse gases
43. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Energy Budget
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Dry
Heat Source and Pressure
44. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Agricultural Drought
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Mass Change
Cloud Feedbacks
45. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Depth v Surface
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
reduction in sea-ice
Inversion Layer (feedback)
46. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Atmospheric Structure
20%
1 m/yr; 10x
47. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
50%
Methane
Longwave Radiation
48. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Climate Change in the Arctic
49. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Sunspots
Ozone Hole
Longwave Radiation
Ice Sheets
50. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
air can warm dramatically
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
How talik forms under lakes