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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ocean water
Air pollution
2. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
.75OC/km-1
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Dry
Positive feedbacks both found in...
3. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Thinner atmosphere
How to define a heatwave
Ice-Albedo
4. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Ice in the Arctic
Ice loss
Ice Sheets
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
5. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Talik
1 m/yr; 10x
Radiative Forcing
6. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Melt
reduction in sea-ice
Hydrological Drought
Atmospheric Composition?
7. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ozone
Increases - decreases
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Permafrost
8. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
More rain means no drought
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Greenland
Monthly maximums and minimums
9. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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10. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Affect Floods and Droughts
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice Cap
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
11. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Frozen Soil
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice Shelf
Thermohaline Circulatoin
12. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
25%
Positive feedbacks both found in...
doubles
Thermohaline Circulatoin
13. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
IPCC
Frozen Soil
Global warming and hot nights?
Depth v Surface
14. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
Sunspots
More rain means no drought
Methane
15. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Greenhouse Gases
Why the Arctic climate is special
Importance of ice sheets
Thermohaline Circulatoin
16. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Altimetry (height)
Frozen Soil
Threshold departures
Global warming and hot nights?
17. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Atmospheric Structure
Ice Cap
Ozone Hole
Black Carbon
18. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Altimetry Cons
Natural Causes of Warming
Strong
Depth v Surface
19. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Ice Motion
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Permafrost Degradation
Heat wave
20. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Sublimation
Black Carbon
Surface Mass Balance
Melt
21. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Permafrost
Ice Discharge
Thinner atmosphere
Global warming and hot nights?
22. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Types of Albedo
Heat wave
Calving
Very small portion
23. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Methane
Ice absorbs
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ice-Ocean Interactions
24. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Black Carbon
El Nino
Permafrost Degradation
Threshold departures
25. More common
El Nino
Black Carbon
Inversion Layer Winter
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
26. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
US and precipitation
Surface Mass Balance
Normal condition for air
27. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Frozen Soil
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Sunspots
Carbon Dioxide
28. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulation
air can warm dramatically
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
29. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Albedos of Snow and Ice
air can warm dramatically
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Dry
30. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Agricultural Drought
Time Variable Gravity
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
31. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
Stronger
Agricultural Drought
Thermohaline Circulatoin
32. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
75-OC
Wetter; drier
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
33. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
25%
Stronger
Thermohaline Circulation
34. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Time Variable Gravity
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Permafrost
Percentile departures
35. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Negative
Troposphere
Methane
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
36. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Absolute thresholds
Altimetry Pros
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermohaline Circulatoin
37. Where does the ozone protect us?
Greenland
In the stratosphere.
Dry
Active Layer
38. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Methane
Where rise in OC is greatest
Thermokarst
Atmospheric Composition?
39. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Dry
Grounding v Surface Melting
Strong
40. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Natural Causes of Warming
air can warm dramatically
Methane
Ice Sheets
41. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
What effects the density
Atmospheric Composition
How talik forms under lakes
Discontinuous
42. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Carbon Dioxide
Ice loss
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Altimetry
43. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Dry
Antarctica
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
reduction in sea-ice
44. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
25%
Agricultural Drought
Ice in the Arctic
45. The Earth emits this.
Time Variable Gravity
Longwave Radiation
Melt
Radiative Flux
46. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ocean water
Questions to think about
47. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
7%
Atmospheric Circulation
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
20%
48. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Depth v Surface
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ice-Ocean Interactions
doubles
49. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Methane
How we measure Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Why the Arctic climate is special
50. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Talik
Negative
Is precipitation around the world increasing?