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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
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Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Monthly maximums and minimums
Types of Albedo
Ice Sheets
2. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
Permafrost
Ice Shelf
Mass Change
3. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Antarctica
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice Shelf
Hydrological Drought
4. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Cloud Feedbacks
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Melt
5. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Altimetry Cons
Indirect heat wave effect
1 m/yr; 10x
6. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Ocean water
Ice-Albedo
Grounding v Surface Melting
Surface Mass Balance
7. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Depth v Surface
Altimetry Cons
Permafrost
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
8. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
GHG
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
How we measure Mass Balance
El Nio is in the coasts of...
9. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Archimedes' Principle
Positive feedbacks both found in...
IPCC
Ice absorbs
10. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Questions to think about
Today melting ice
Open talik
Methane
11. 85%
Ice Sheets
Active Layer
Sea-Ice Albedo
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
12. High vs low
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice in the Arctic
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Cloud Feedbacks
13. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ocean water
Active Layer
Ice in the Arctic
% of Greenhouse Gases
14. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Greenland
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Natural Causes of Warming
75-OC
15. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Meteorological Drought
Antarctica
30%
Carbon Dioxide
16. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
doubles
Ice Shelf
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Increases - decreases
17. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Absolute thresholds
Methane
Grounding Lines
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
18. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Carbon Dioxide
How we measure Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
Warm
19. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
doubles
Ice in the Arctic
Energy Budget
20. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Air pollution
reduction in sea-ice
Affect Floods and Droughts
21. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
US and precipitation
45%
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Archimedes' Principle
22. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Natural Causes of Warming
What effects the density
50%
Thermokarst Lake
23. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
20%
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Atmospheric Structure
Time Variable Gravity
24. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Mass Budget
Sea-Ice Albedo
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice-Ocean Interactions
25. Where does the ozone protect us?
Depth v Surface
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
In the stratosphere.
Heat Source and Pressure
26. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Where rise in OC is greatest
doubles
27. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Agricultural Drought
30%
70%
28. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Threshold departures
Today melting ice
Atmospheric Composition?
50%
29. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Inversion Layer (feedback)
How to define a heatwave
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
30. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Why the Arctic climate is special
Surface Mass Balance
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
31. Measures input and output.
Heat wave
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Mass Budget
Strong
32. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Positive feedbacks both found in...
The Ozone Hole
Today melting ice
33. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Altimetry (height)
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Altimetry Cons
34. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Thermohaline Circulation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Indirect heat wave effect
Mass Balance
35. The Earth emits this.
Dry
Ice Motion
El Nino
Longwave Radiation
36. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Stronger
Layers of Earth
25%
In the stratosphere.
37. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Calving
reduction in sea-ice
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Black Carbon
38. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Dynamic thinning
Natural Causes of Warming
39. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Thinner atmosphere
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
40. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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183
41. More common
reduction in sea-ice
El Nino
Inversion Layer Winter
The Ozone Hole
42. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Air pollution
Discontinuous
Antarctica
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
43. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
Percentile departures
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Calving
44. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Grounding v Surface Melting
How talik forms under lakes
Inversion Layer Summer
70%
45. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Altimetry Cons
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
US and precipitation
46. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Positive feedbacks both found in...
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Why the Arctic climate is special
47. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Dry
Atmospheric Composition?
Thermokarst
48. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Altimetry Cons
Radiative Forcing
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulatoin
49. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Radiative Flux
Longwave Radiation
Ice Cap
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
50. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Mass Balance
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thinner atmosphere
Ice Sheets
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