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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Permafrost
1 m/yr; 10x
Black Carbon
Frozen Soil
2. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
La Nia
Sunspots
Inversion Layer (feedback)
3. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Active Layer
winter
Percentile departures
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
4. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Percentile departures
Discontinuous
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Permafrost
5. Total absorbed solar radiation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
How talik forms under lakes
Thermokarst Lake
70%
6. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Permafrost
Affect Floods and Droughts
Monthly maximums and minimums
doubles
7. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Warming; cooling
Severe coastal erosion
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Mass Budget
8. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Discontinuous
Thinner atmosphere
Climate Change in the Arctic
.7O Celsius over the past century.
9. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Mass Budget
Importance of ice sheets
Negative
Permafrost
10. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
% of Greenhouse Gases
Surface Mass Balance
Thermokarst Lake
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
11. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Wetter; drier
Antarctica
Mass Change
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
12. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Indirect heat wave effect
.75OC/km-1
Thermokarst Lake
Antarctica
13. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
How talik forms under lakes
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Grounding Lines
14. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
Types of Albedo
15. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Time Variable Gravity
Permafrost
El Nino
16. More common
50%
Inversion Layer Winter
Frozen Soil
Ozone
17. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Ice/snow
Very small portion
Greenland
Closed talik
18. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Infrared radiation
Longwave Radiation
Agricultural Drought
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
19. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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20. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the stratosphere.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Inversion Layer Winter
How a closed talik forms
21. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
1 m/yr; 10x
Talik
Affect Floods and Droughts
Absolute thresholds
22. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
winter
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
El Nino
Warm
23. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Mass Balance
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Black Carbon
Ice in the Arctic
24. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
All Greenhouse gases
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Mass Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
25. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ocean water
Inversion Layer Summer
26. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
US and precipitation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice absorbs
27. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
1 m/yr; 10x
Sea Ice
Agricultural Drought
Atmospheric Composition?
28. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Cloud Feedbacks
Layers of Earth
Sublimation
Affect Floods and Droughts
29. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Grounding Lines
30. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
Thinner atmosphere
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Ice Motion
31. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Ozone Hole
Importance of ice sheets
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
32. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
air can warm dramatically
El Nino
Grounding Lines
Mass Change
33. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Ice Sheets
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
34. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
35. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Percentile departures
Mass Balance
How talik forms under lakes
Methane
36. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Grounding Lines
US and precipitation
Where rise in OC is greatest
Troposphere
37. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
How talik forms under lakes
Closed talik
Strong
Importance of ice sheets
38. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Reduction in sea-ice extent
How we measure Mass Balance
45%
Atmospheric Composition
39. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Thermokarst
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Melt
Grounding Lines
40. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Thermohaline Circulation
All Greenhouse gases
Atmospheric Structure
Greenhouse Gases
41. How often does El Nio occur?
The Ozone Hole
Once every 4 years.
Methane
Natural Causes of Warming
42. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Rainy
Methane
Layers of Earth
Grounding v Surface Melting
43. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Ice in the Arctic
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
All Greenhouse gases
44. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Increases - decreases
Active Layer
25%
Why the Arctic climate is special
45. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Precipitation and High Latitudes
doubles
Very small portion
46. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Closed talik
Arctic Atmosphere
Grounding v Surface Melting
La Nia
47. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
1 m/yr; 10x
45%
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases
48. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Cloud Feedbacks
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Frozen Soil
49. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
IPCC
Air pollution
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Structure
50. High vs low
Positive
Indirect heat wave effect
Cloud Feedbacks
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback