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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Ozone
winter
Open talik
Atmospheric Composition?
2. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Greenhouse Gases
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Air pollution
3. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Questions to think about
Discontinuous
Where rise in OC is greatest
4. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Grounding Lines
Greenhouse Gases
Altimetry Pros
Heat Source and Pressure
5. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Questions to think about
Ice Motion
Cloud Feedbacks
6. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
In the troposphere that we live in.
Accumulation
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition
7. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Depth v Surface
summer
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ice loss
8. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
% of Greenhouse Gases
1 m/yr; 10x
Atmospheric Circulation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
9. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Importance of ice sheets
GHG
Global warming and hot nights?
Hydrological Drought
10. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Methane
Calving
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
11. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
% of Greenhouse Gases
air can warm dramatically
Natural Causes of Warming
12. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Global warming and hot nights?
Permafrost
Ice loss
Methane
13. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
20%
Altimetry Cons
14. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Radiative Flux
Ice Sheets
Melt
15. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Talik
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice/snow
Carbon Dioxide
16. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Wetter; drier
Thermohaline Circulation
Heat Source and Pressure
Dynamic thinning
17. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Strong
1 m/yr; 10x
Black Carbon
Normal condition for air
18. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Threshold departures
Active Layer
Strong
30%
19. The Earth emits this.
Very small portion
Surface Mass Balance
Longwave Radiation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
20. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ice in the Arctic
Time Variable Gravity
In the stratosphere.
Agricultural Drought
21. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
More rain means no drought
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Methane
US and precipitation
22. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
Infrared radiation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
23. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Rainy
Thermokarst
Carbon Dioxide
24. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
air can warm dramatically
Atmospheric Composition
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
25. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Black Carbon
Atmospheric Circulation
Altimetry (height)
Air pollution
26. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Accumulation
Closed talik
Very small portion
Affect Floods and Droughts
27. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Methane
Sunspots
Ozone
Longwave Radiation
28. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Surface Mass Balance
Earth's tilt
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Absolute thresholds
29. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation
Ozone
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
30. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Dynamic thinning
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
31. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
The Ozone Hole
Normal condition for air
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
30%
32. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Questions to think about
La Nia
More rain means no drought
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
33. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Rainy
45%
Heat wave
34. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
.75OC/km-1
Ice Discharge
Why the Arctic climate is special
35. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
What effects the density
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Thermokarst Lake
7%
36. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
Ice Motion
Air pollution
What happens with the Ozone Hole
37. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Mass Change
Rainy
Ice absorbs
38. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Talik
Ice Sheets
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
% of Greenhouse Gases
39. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Accumulation
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice in the Arctic
Thermokarst Lake
40. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Dynamic thinning
Warming; cooling
Archimedes' Principle
41. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
reduction in sea-ice
Infrared radiation
Ice shelf
Permafrost
42. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Warm
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Climate Change in the Arctic
43. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Very small portion
Ocean water
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
44. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
La Nia
Ice shelf
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
45. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
GHG
Permafrost Degradation
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Mass Change
46. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
The cryosphere
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
.75OC/km-1
Ocean water
47. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Grounding Lines
48. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
How talik forms under lakes
Carbon Dioxide
Troposphere
49. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
IPCC
Ice absorbs
Greenland
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
50. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Wetter; drier
Atmospheric Circulation
Mass Change
Atmospheric Structure
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