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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Thermokarst
Monthly maximums and minimums
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Agricultural Drought
2. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
How we measure Mass Balance
Heat Source and Pressure
Antarctica
Increases - decreases
3. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Depth v Surface
doubles
Mass Balance
reduction in sea-ice
4. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Talik
Ice Shelf
Very small portion
5. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
El Nino
reduction in sea-ice
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Altimetry Cons
6. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Ozone Hole
Methane
Mass Change
Closed talik
7. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Ice-Albedo
Altimetry Pros
Ocean water
Energy Budget
8. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Atmospheric Composition?
Permafrost
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice absorbs
9. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Archimedes' Principle
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
The Ozone Hole
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
10. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Ice Discharge
Dry
Ozone Hole
Earth's tilt
11. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
El Nino
Methane
Ice Motion
12. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
How we measure Mass Balance
Heat Source and Pressure
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice in the Arctic
13. Cooler water and drought conditions.
La Nia
Monthly maximums and minimums
How a closed talik forms
Longwave Radiation
14. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Shortwave Length
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
15. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Indirect heat wave effect
Ozone
Climate Change in the Arctic
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
16. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Grounding Lines
Where rise in OC is greatest
Permafrost Degradation
Atmospheric Structure
17. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Radiative Forcing
Hydrological Drought
Cloud Feedbacks
18. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Permafrost
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Types of Albedo
19. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Grounding Lines
Ice absorbs
IPCC
Antarctica
20. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Why the Arctic climate is special
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
21. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
El Nio is in the coasts of...
In the troposphere that we live in.
Radiative Flux
Cloud Feedbacks
22. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Grounding v Surface Melting
23. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Dynamic thinning
1 m/yr; 10x
Earth's tilt
24. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Warm
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
summer
25. Where does the ozone protect us?
Meteorological Drought
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Black Carbon
In the stratosphere.
26. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Thinner atmosphere
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ice/snow
27. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
.75OC/km-1
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Very small portion
28. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Air pollution
Open talik
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
29. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Energy Budget
30%
30. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
The cryosphere
Greenhouse Gases
31. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Through talik
Mass Change
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Today melting ice
32. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Importance of ice sheets
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
75-OC
33. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermokarst Lake
Active Layer
Today melting ice
Surface Mass Balance
34. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Grounding Lines
La Nia
Types of Albedo
35. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
70%
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ice Sheets
36. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
30%
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Reduction in sea-ice extent
37. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Mass Balance
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Indirect heat wave effect
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
38. How often does El Nio occur?
Once every 4 years.
Importance of ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
39. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Ice Shelf
IPCC
Grounding Lines
Time Variable Gravity
40. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Atmospheric Structure
Dynamic thinning
Sunspots
1 m/yr; 10x
41. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Strong
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Black Carbon
42. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Frozen Soil
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Open talik
Calving
43. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Sea Ice
Ice Motion
Rainy
44. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
45. Really measures volume.
Inversion Layer Winter
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Altimetry
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
46. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Once every 4 years.
Ozone
Altimetry Pros
Ocean water
47. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Talik
Ice Shelf
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Strong
48. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Grounding Lines
Earth's tilt
70%
30%
49. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Antarctica
Greenhouse Gases
air can warm dramatically
Where rise in OC is greatest
50. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Greenhouse Gases
How talik forms under lakes
Grounding Lines