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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Altimetry
Depth v Surface
75-OC
30%
2. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Warming; cooling
How to define a heatwave
Sublimation
Thermokarst
3. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Increases - decreases
Where rise in OC is greatest
50%
air can warm dramatically
4. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Altimetry Cons
Atmospheric Composition
Troposphere
Positive feedbacks both found in...
5. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Hydrological Drought
Thermokarst
Natural Causes of Warming
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
6. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Heat wave
Surface Mass Balance
Ice in the Arctic
Permafrost Degradation
7. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Ocean water
Greenland
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Percentile departures
8. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Altimetry
Severe coastal erosion
1 m/yr; 10x
Methane
9. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Radiative Forcing
Warm
Open talik
10. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Ozone Hole
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Discontinuous
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
11. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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12. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Altimetry Pros
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Altimetry Cons
13. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Mass Budget
70%
Calving
Reduction in sea-ice extent
14. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Depth v Surface
45%
70%
Ice/snow
15. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
Antarctica
Why the Arctic climate is special
Sea Ice
16. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Antarctica
Layers of Earth
Ice loss
Heat wave
17. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
El Nino
summer
Heat wave
Ice loss
18. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
In the stratosphere.
Percentile departures
Climate Change in the Arctic
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
19. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Time Variable Gravity
Carbon Dioxide
Shortwave Length
20. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Discontinuous
Greenhouse Gases
21. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
Radiative Flux
Dry
Closed talik
22. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
All Greenhouse gases
Positive feedbacks both found in...
doubles
El Nino
23. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
reduction in sea-ice
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Warm
% of Greenhouse Gases
24. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Greenhouse Gases
Stronger
Methane
Air pollution
25. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Ice Sheets
Surface Mass Balance
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Sea-Ice Albedo
26. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Altimetry Pros
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Dynamic thinning
Mass Balance
27. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Heat Source and Pressure
Percentile departures
Greenland
Thermokarst Lake
28. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Grounding Lines
In the stratosphere.
Accumulation
Permafrost Degradation
29. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Inversion Layer Winter
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Discontinuous
30. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
Closed talik
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
How to define a heatwave
31. Melting Point decreases
1 m/yr; 10x
.75OC/km-1
Threshold departures
Active Layer
32. Less frequent and weaker
% of Greenhouse Gases
Inversion Layer Summer
Affect Floods and Droughts
Earth's tilt
33. 240 w/m squared
GHG
Grounding v Surface Melting
Climate Change in the Arctic
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
34. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Layers of Earth
How we measure Mass Balance
Altimetry Cons
35. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Thermokarst
Permafrost
Longwave Radiation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
36. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
IPCC
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Altimetry
25%
37. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Earth's tilt
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Archimedes' Principle
38. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
US and precipitation
La Nia
Ice-Albedo
Questions to think about
39. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ocean water
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
.75OC/km-1
Ice Cap
40. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Precipitation and High Latitudes
What effects the density
Discontinuous
41. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
More rain means no drought
Shortwave Length
Melt
42. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Antarctica
Talik
Ice Shelf
All Greenhouse gases
43. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Through talik
Wetter; drier
The Ozone Hole
IPCC
44. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Atmospheric Composition?
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice-Ocean Interactions
% of Greenhouse Gases
45. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Dynamic thinning
Ice absorbs
Ice Shelf
Albedos of Snow and Ice
46. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Antarctica
Ocean water
air can warm dramatically
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
47. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
El Nino
Ice in the Arctic
In the stratosphere.
30%
48. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Ice Cap
Melt
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
49. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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50. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Warm
Positive
Arctic Atmosphere
Ozone Hole