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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Altimetry Pros
Sea Ice
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
2. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
All Greenhouse gases
Ice Sheets
Closed talik
Normal condition for air
3. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Accumulation
Stronger
Hydrological Drought
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
4. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
air can warm dramatically
Greenland
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Closed talik
5. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
% of Greenhouse Gases
.75OC/km-1
Today melting ice
Climate Change in the Arctic
6. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost
Ice in the Arctic
7. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Increases - decreases
Shortwave Length
Altimetry (height)
8. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Calving
Ocean water
Very small portion
Black Carbon
9. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
GHG
7%
IPCC
All Greenhouse gases
10. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Where rise in OC is greatest
Affect Floods and Droughts
El Nino
Ice loss
11. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Normal condition for air
Carbon Dioxide
Thermohaline Circulation
12. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Accumulation
Agricultural Drought
Energy Budget
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
13. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Ozone Hole
air can warm dramatically
Ice shelf
US and precipitation
14. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Increases - decreases
How we measure Mass Balance
Thermokarst
15. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Positive
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
summer
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
16. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Ocean water
75-OC
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Sea-Ice Albedo
17. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Percentile departures
Strong
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Black Carbon
18. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Troposphere
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
air can warm dramatically
Heat wave
19. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
How a closed talik forms
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
The cryosphere
Talik
20. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
The cryosphere
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
reduction in sea-ice
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
21. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ice Sheets
GHG
22. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Meteorological Drought
What effects the density
How to define a heatwave
23. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Altimetry Cons
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
7%
24. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Very small portion
25%
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Permafrost
25. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ozone Hole
Methane
Sea Ice
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
26. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Positive
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Inversion Layer Summer
27. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Meteorological Drought
Accumulation
28. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Energy Budget
Altimetry (height)
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
29. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Permafrost
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Grounding Lines
30. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Threshold departures
Precipitation and High Latitudes
All Greenhouse gases
Inversion Layer Winter
31. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Normal condition for air
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Sunspots
32. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Thermokarst
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
reduction in sea-ice
Severe coastal erosion
33. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Altimetry
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Mass Balance
34. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
What effects the density
All Greenhouse gases
Thermokarst
35. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
30%
Sublimation
Permafrost
All Greenhouse gases
36. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
The Ozone Hole
Sea Ice
Permafrost
Absolute thresholds
37. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Global warming and hot nights?
US and precipitation
Radiative Forcing
Atmospheric Circulation
38. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Ice Shelf
Carbon Dioxide
Dynamic thinning
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
39. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
40. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Warm
41. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Altimetry
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice Discharge
42. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ice loss
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Altimetry Cons
43. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Positive
Ozone Hole
Accumulation
Importance of ice sheets
44. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Dry
Why the Arctic climate is special
Thinner atmosphere
Surface Mass Balance
45. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Permafrost Degradation
Ozone Hole
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Mass Budget
46. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
75-OC
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
doubles
Ice Sheets
47. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
.75OC/km-1
Why the Arctic climate is special
Rainy
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
48. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
20%
45%
Affect Floods and Droughts
Global warming and hot nights?
49. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Types of Albedo
Frozen Soil
Methane
50. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Agricultural Drought
In the stratosphere.
Global warming and hot nights?
Hydrological Drought