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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Atmospheric Composition?
Ozone
Mass Change
2. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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3. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Wetter; drier
4. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
70%
How talik forms under lakes
In the troposphere that we live in.
5. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Stronger
Radiative Forcing
Inversion Layer Winter
6. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Through talik
Ice Motion
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulatoin
7. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice-Albedo
Altimetry Pros
In the troposphere that we live in.
8. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Inversion Layer Winter
Altimetry (height)
The cryosphere
Ice Cap
9. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Grounding Lines
Methane
Ozone Hole
10. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Dynamic thinning
11. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Radiative Flux
The Ozone Hole
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Troposphere
12. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Thermohaline Circulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Thinner atmosphere
13. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Grounding Lines
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ozone Hole
14. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Agricultural Drought
winter
Radiative Flux
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
15. How often does El Nio occur?
Once every 4 years.
Ice Discharge
Open talik
Rainy
16. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Atmospheric Circulation
La Nia
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ocean water
17. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Closed talik
Talik
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
What effects the density
18. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Ice-Albedo
The cryosphere
Surface Mass Balance
Severe coastal erosion
19. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Dry
Mass Balance
Depth v Surface
20. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
70%
21. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulation
22. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
doubles
Precipitation and High Latitudes
45%
23. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Air pollution
Grounding v Surface Melting
Positive
More rain means no drought
24. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Threshold departures
Stronger
Ice Sheets
Talik
25. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
1 m/yr; 10x
Longwave Radiation
30%
Methane
26. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Methane
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
75-OC
27. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Energy Budget
Longwave Radiation
Permafrost
Atmospheric Structure
28. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Infrared radiation
Black Carbon
How talik forms under lakes
29. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
La Nia
Methane
Rainy
30. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Ice Cap
Discontinuous
Albedo
Ozone Hole
31. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Arctic Atmosphere
Permafrost Degradation
What effects the density
Active Layer
32. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost Degradation
Talik
Sublimation
33. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Dynamic thinning
All Greenhouse gases
% of Greenhouse Gases
34. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Types of Albedo
Air pollution
Stronger
35. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
How to define a heatwave
.75OC/km-1
75-OC
Mass Balance
36. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Radiative Flux
How talik forms under lakes
Reduction in sea-ice extent
37. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Infrared radiation
Longwave Radiation
Grounding Lines
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
38. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Types of Albedo
Thinner atmosphere
Through talik
Ice/snow
39. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
What effects the density
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
40. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Inversion Layer Winter
Altimetry Cons
Sea Ice
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
41. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Carbon Dioxide
50%
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Methane
42. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
30%
Longwave Radiation
Inversion Layer Winter
43. The Earth emits this.
Longwave Radiation
IPCC
Ozone Hole
Methane
44. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Surface Mass Balance
30%
Altimetry (height)
45. 240 w/m squared
Thermohaline Circulation
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Global warming and hot nights?
46. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Accumulation
How we measure Mass Balance
Carbon Dioxide
Dry
47. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Ice shelf
Frozen Soil
30%
48. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
How a closed talik forms
Methane
Ocean water
.7O Celsius over the past century.
49. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Radiative Forcing
Wetter; drier
Surface Mass Balance
Importance of ice sheets
50. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ocean water
Negative
All Greenhouse gases