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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Atmospheric Structure
Thermokarst
Antarctica
Ice Shelf
2. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Radiative Flux
Calving
doubles
Atmospheric Structure
3. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Frozen Soil
Meteorological Drought
Wetter; drier
Troposphere
4. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
How a closed talik forms
Talik
Ozone Hole
5. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Infrared radiation
Indirect heat wave effect
Altimetry (height)
air can warm dramatically
6. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Circulation
Positive
Air pollution
7. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Atmospheric Structure
Methane
Ocean water
Albedos of Snow and Ice
8. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Permafrost Degradation
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Positive feedbacks both found in...
9. 240 w/m squared
Atmospheric Composition?
Grounding v Surface Melting
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
10. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Dry
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
11. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Indirect heat wave effect
Mass Budget
Heat Source and Pressure
Ocean water
12. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Radiative Flux
Troposphere
Ice absorbs
Ozone Hole
13. More common
Stronger
Inversion Layer Winter
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Thermokarst
14. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thinner atmosphere
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ocean water
Cloud Feedbacks
15. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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16. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Active Layer
17. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Talik
Thermohaline Circulation
18. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Antarctica
Grounding Lines
Thermokarst
Types of Albedo
19. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ozone Hole
20. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
winter
Ice Motion
Grounding Lines
Dry
21. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Permafrost
Closed talik
Altimetry
22. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Affect Floods and Droughts
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Active Layer
Layers of Earth
23. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Longwave Radiation
Ice shelf
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice in the Arctic
24. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Meteorological Drought
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ice Sheets
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
25. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Depth v Surface
Archimedes' Principle
What effects the density
26. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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27. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Sea-Ice Albedo
IPCC
Positive
Mass Budget
28. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice Sheets
Sea-Ice Albedo
Sunspots
29. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Types of Albedo
Warm
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
30. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Global warming and hot nights?
How a closed talik forms
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
31. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Open talik
GHG
Radiative Forcing
Altimetry Pros
32. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Calving
Warm
Thermokarst Lake
Ocean water
33. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Natural Causes of Warming
doubles
Positive
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
34. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Absolute thresholds
Infrared radiation
Questions to think about
35. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Where rise in OC is greatest
Grounding Lines
1 m/yr; 10x
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
36. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Altimetry Pros
Grounding Lines
Frozen Soil
37. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
More rain means no drought
How talik forms under lakes
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
38. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Reduction in sea-ice extent
1 m/yr; 10x
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Cloud Feedbacks
39. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Closed talik
Atmospheric Structure
Shortwave Length
Thermokarst
40. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Normal condition for air
How a closed talik forms
La Nia
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
41. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Indirect heat wave effect
How talik forms under lakes
Hydrological Drought
Ozone
42. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Indirect heat wave effect
Energy Budget
Mass Change
43. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Threshold departures
Frozen Soil
What effects the density
44. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice shelf
Positive
Very small portion
45. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Mass Change
Thinner atmosphere
Grounding v Surface Melting
Types of Albedo
46. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Energy Budget
Permafrost
30%
47. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Energy Budget
Monthly maximums and minimums
Normal condition for air
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
48. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Thermokarst Lake
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Greenhouse Gases
Ice-Albedo
49. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
75-OC
Types of Albedo
Rainy
Black Carbon
50. Amount of light absorbed by surface
75-OC
50%
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Heat Source and Pressure