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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Wetter; drier
Surface Mass Balance
30%
2. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
IPCC
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Inversion Layer Winter
Dry
3. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sea-Ice Albedo
Greenhouse Gases
Sea Ice
4. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
The Ozone Hole
How we measure Mass Balance
Active Layer
5. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
More rain means no drought
Ice Sheets
El Nino
How a closed talik forms
6. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Sublimation
Positive
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Radiative Forcing
7. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Greenhouse Gases
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Altimetry Cons
Severe coastal erosion
8. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Thermokarst
Hydrological Drought
Atmospheric Composition?
Albedo
9. Total absorbed solar radiation
50%
Antarctica
Stronger
70%
10. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
How we measure Mass Balance
Altimetry (height)
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry Pros
11. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Stronger
7%
Altimetry
12. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Carbon Dioxide
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Arctic Atmosphere
13. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Ice absorbs
Black Carbon
Threshold departures
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
14. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
IPCC
Longwave Radiation
How talik forms under lakes
Increases - decreases
15. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Permafrost
1 m/yr; 10x
El Nino
16. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Mass Change
Grounding Lines
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice-Ocean Interactions
17. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Archimedes' Principle
50%
Surface Mass Balance
Discontinuous
18. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Accumulation
Permafrost
Strong
Greenhouse Gases
19. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Atmospheric Composition
.75OC/km-1
Depth v Surface
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
20. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Active Layer
Warming; cooling
Positive
21. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Methane
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Thermohaline Circulation
% of Greenhouse Gases
22. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
How to define a heatwave
How talik forms under lakes
23. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Ice Cap
Dynamic thinning
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Grounding Lines
24. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
In the stratosphere.
Today melting ice
Infrared radiation
25%
25. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Ice Motion
Cloud Feedbacks
Permafrost
30%
26. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Grounding Lines
Ozone Hole
Open talik
% of Greenhouse Gases
27. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Sea-Ice Albedo
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
28. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Atmospheric Structure
Ocean water
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Ozone
29. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Thermokarst
Thermokarst Lake
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
25%
30. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Normal condition for air
Ice Sheets
Methane
How we measure Mass Balance
31. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Open talik
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
50%
32. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
La Nia
Ice Sheets
50%
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
33. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Cloud Feedbacks
Rainy
The cryosphere
34. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
More rain means no drought
1 m/yr; 10x
35. How often does El Nio occur?
Warming; cooling
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Mass Change
Once every 4 years.
36. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Negative
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Surface Mass Balance
37. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
How a closed talik forms
winter
38. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Severe coastal erosion
Grounding Lines
Inversion Layer Summer
How we measure Mass Balance
39. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Accumulation
Negative
40. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Altimetry
Agricultural Drought
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Antarctica
41. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
How to define a heatwave
Very small portion
Ice loss
Ice/snow
42. Less frequent and weaker
Ozone Hole
Inversion Layer Summer
Carbon Dioxide
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
43. 85%
Through talik
US and precipitation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Sea-Ice Albedo
44. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
GHG
45. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Ice Shelf
Air pollution
Surface Mass Balance
air can warm dramatically
46. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Greenland
Ocean water
Heat Source and Pressure
47. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Thinner atmosphere
Mass Change
Ozone Hole
Monthly maximums and minimums
48. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Indirect heat wave effect
Agricultural Drought
45%
49. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
What effects the density
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation
Questions to think about
50. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Ice Motion
Atmospheric Structure
Troposphere
Through talik
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