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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
20%
Shortwave Length
Layers of Earth
Agricultural Drought
2. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Dry
Permafrost Degradation
3. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Talik
Thermohaline Circulation
Heat Source and Pressure
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
4. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Strong
Troposphere
air can warm dramatically
Active Layer
5. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Global warming and hot nights?
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice Cap
6. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
How talik forms under lakes
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
7. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Wetter; drier
Grounding Lines
Thermokarst Lake
8. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Global warming and hot nights?
Monthly maximums and minimums
30%
Affect Floods and Droughts
9. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
% of Greenhouse Gases
Sublimation
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
10. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thinner atmosphere
Thermokarst
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice absorbs
11. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Today melting ice
Absolute thresholds
Dry
Ice in the Arctic
12. Really measures volume.
Mass Budget
How talik forms under lakes
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Altimetry
13. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
1 m/yr; 10x
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
75-OC
Monthly maximums and minimums
14. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Reduction in sea-ice extent
air can warm dramatically
Threshold departures
15. The amount of light reflected by an object.
30%
Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Albedo
16. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
US and precipitation
Ozone
50%
Carbon Dioxide
17. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Infrared radiation
Thermokarst
Dry
Surface Mass Balance
18. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Depth v Surface
Thinner atmosphere
19. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Agricultural Drought
Hydrological Drought
Severe coastal erosion
Sea Ice
20. The Earth emits this.
Ice-Albedo
Today melting ice
Once every 4 years.
Longwave Radiation
21. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Normal condition for air
Very small portion
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
22. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
45%
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
23. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice Motion
Agricultural Drought
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
24. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Why the Arctic climate is special
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
In the troposphere that we live in.
25. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Climate Change in the Arctic
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
26. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
summer
Grounding Lines
How talik forms under lakes
Warm
27. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Frozen Soil
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice in the Arctic
Atmospheric Structure
28. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ozone Hole
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Melt
29. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Closed talik
Indirect heat wave effect
30. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ocean water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
31. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
25%
doubles
Ice Motion
50%
32. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
The cryosphere
Radiative Forcing
Hydrological Drought
Surface Mass Balance
33. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Grounding v Surface Melting
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
34. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Ice in the Arctic
75-OC
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Reduction in sea-ice extent
35. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Absolute thresholds
Severe coastal erosion
Methane
36. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
All Greenhouse gases
Altimetry (height)
Permafrost
37. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice absorbs
Atmospheric Composition
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Surface Mass Balance
38. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Air pollution
doubles
IPCC
Monthly maximums and minimums
39. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Thermokarst
Rainy
Very small portion
Depth v Surface
40. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Ice Cap
La Nia
Discontinuous
Atmospheric Circulation
41. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Atmospheric Composition?
Ocean water
Discontinuous
42. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Antarctica
Meteorological Drought
Ice Shelf
43. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Accumulation
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
doubles
Permafrost
44. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Greenhouse Gases
Grounding Lines
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Thermokarst
45. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
How a closed talik forms
Ice Motion
Radiative Flux
70%
46. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Closed talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Thermohaline Circulation
Positive
47. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Methane
Sunspots
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
48. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Greenhouse Gases
doubles
49. 85%
Ocean water
Sea-Ice Albedo
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
GHG
50. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Altimetry Pros
Monthly maximums and minimums
Surface Mass Balance