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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
How a closed talik forms
Sea Ice
2. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Ice Sheets
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Antarctica
The cryosphere
3. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Heat wave
Methane
Ice Motion
4. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Through talik
The Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
5. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Radiative Forcing
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation
Surface Mass Balance
6. How much is the planet really warming?
Ice Discharge
Sublimation
Discontinuous
.7O Celsius over the past century.
7. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Atmospheric Composition
Very small portion
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
8. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
45%
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Inversion Layer Winter
9. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Permafrost
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
10. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
winter
El Nino
Meteorological Drought
Wetter; drier
11. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
Natural Causes of Warming
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Rainy
12. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Atmospheric Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Atmospheric Structure
13. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Greenland
Atmospheric Composition?
Infrared radiation
14. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How we measure Mass Balance
Mass Budget
15. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Agricultural Drought
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thinner atmosphere
75-OC
16. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Talik
Calving
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice Discharge
17. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Energy Budget
Heat wave
winter
Thermohaline Circulatoin
18. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Global warming and hot nights?
Ice Cap
Atmospheric Structure
US and precipitation
19. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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20. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Ozone Hole
Through talik
Sublimation
Permafrost
21. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Ozone
Ice Shelf
Talik
22. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Talik
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice absorbs
Methane
23. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Through talik
Archimedes' Principle
Questions to think about
24. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Severe coastal erosion
Strong
How we measure Mass Balance
25. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Carbon Dioxide
reduction in sea-ice
All Greenhouse gases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
26. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Ocean water
Ice loss
Frozen Soil
What effects the density
27. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
IPCC
Sea-Ice Albedo
Reduction in sea-ice extent
La Nia
28. The Earth emits this.
Longwave Radiation
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Global warming and hot nights?
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
29. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Types of Albedo
Ice absorbs
Strong
US and precipitation
30. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
30%
Calving
Ice Shelf
31. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Atmospheric Circulation
Mass Change
How a closed talik forms
Air pollution
32. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the stratosphere.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Discontinuous
Radiative Flux
33. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Altimetry Pros
Today melting ice
Through talik
34. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Mass Change
Altimetry
Hydrological Drought
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
35. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Threshold departures
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
30%
36. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
30%
Positive
Climate Change in the Arctic
Wetter; drier
37. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Altimetry
Ocean water
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Longwave Radiation
38. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Atmospheric Composition
Discontinuous
Atmospheric Composition?
39. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Open talik
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermokarst
Permafrost Degradation
40. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Greenhouse Gases
41. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Active Layer
42. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
In the stratosphere.
Global warming and hot nights?
Ocean water
Albedo
43. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Permafrost
Time Variable Gravity
Cloud Feedbacks
Frozen Soil
44. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Why the Arctic climate is special
winter
Melt
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
45. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Surface Mass Balance
Active Layer
How we measure Mass Balance
Frozen Soil
46. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
30%
Ice/snow
Depth v Surface
What effects the density
47. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
How to define a heatwave
Ice-Albedo
Carbon Dioxide
Altimetry Cons
48. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Troposphere
Melt
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Thermokarst
49. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Indirect heat wave effect
Surface Mass Balance
Albedos of Snow and Ice
50. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Arctic Atmosphere
Radiative Flux
El Nino