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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
Troposphere
reduction in sea-ice
winter
2. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Rainy
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
The cryosphere
3. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Shelf
Negative
summer
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
4. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
% of Greenhouse Gases
.75OC/km-1
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
5. Really measures volume.
Meteorological Drought
Altimetry
Thermokarst Lake
Climate Change in the Arctic
6. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Methane
45%
Ice loss
7. High vs low
30%
Ice Cap
Very small portion
Cloud Feedbacks
8. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Grounding Lines
Thermohaline Circulatoin
GHG
9. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Today melting ice
Surface Mass Balance
How we measure Mass Balance
What happens with the Ozone Hole
10. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atmospheric Structure
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
11. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Climate Change in the Arctic
GHG
Ice in the Arctic
Layers of Earth
12. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Grounding v Surface Melting
Positive feedbacks both found in...
13. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Earth's tilt
Ice shelf
air can warm dramatically
Ice Sheets
14. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ice Cap
winter
15. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Monthly maximums and minimums
Melt
Active Layer
Permafrost
16. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Altimetry Pros
75-OC
Percentile departures
17. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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183
18. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Ozone Hole
Percentile departures
Ice Discharge
Through talik
19. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
.75OC/km-1
How a closed talik forms
In the stratosphere.
20. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Infrared radiation
Atmospheric Composition
21. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Arctic Atmosphere
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
50%
Ice absorbs
22. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Albedo
30%
Ice Discharge
23. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
US and precipitation
Arctic Atmosphere
24. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Wetter; drier
Dynamic thinning
Infrared radiation
Ice shelf
25. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Once every 4 years.
Threshold departures
1 m/yr; 10x
Ocean water
26. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
The Ozone Hole
Natural Causes of Warming
Greenhouse Gases
27. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Ice Discharge
Dynamic thinning
Rainy
Sunspots
28. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Threshold departures
Surface Mass Balance
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Atmospheric Composition
29. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Positive
Wetter; drier
Altimetry (height)
30. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Why the Arctic climate is special
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
All Greenhouse gases
31. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Frozen Soil
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ozone Hole
32. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Wetter; drier
reduction in sea-ice
Thermohaline Circulation
Once every 4 years.
33. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Grounding Lines
Antarctica
Methane
34. How often does El Nio occur?
Infrared radiation
Once every 4 years.
Active Layer
How a closed talik forms
35. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Black Carbon
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ocean water
20%
36. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Ice Sheets
Ozone Hole
Why the Arctic climate is special
Meteorological Drought
37. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
50%
Carbon Dioxide
Thermohaline Circulation
Active Layer
38. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Altimetry Cons
Ice-Albedo
Radiative Flux
Warm
39. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
45%
Melt
Dynamic thinning
Ice shelf
40. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Indirect heat wave effect
Natural Causes of Warming
Albedo
In the troposphere that we live in.
41. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Antarctica
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Albedo
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
42. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
reduction in sea-ice
Air pollution
Global warming and hot nights?
43. Less frequent and weaker
El Nino
.75OC/km-1
Stronger
Inversion Layer Summer
44. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice absorbs
Wetter; drier
45. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Ice Cap
Albedo
25%
summer
46. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
La Nia
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Grounding v Surface Melting
Air pollution
47. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Time Variable Gravity
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Altimetry
50%
48. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Strong
The cryosphere
Atmospheric Circulation
50%
49. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Wetter; drier
Atmospheric Structure
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
50. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Ice shelf
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
1 m/yr; 10x
summer