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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Through talik
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Atmospheric Structure
Where rise in OC is greatest
2. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Heat wave
Permafrost
Positive feedbacks both found in...
3. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Through talik
reduction in sea-ice
How to define a heatwave
4. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Heat wave
Ice Shelf
Shortwave Length
5. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Ice Motion
Ice Cap
Antarctica
6. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
What effects the density
Percentile departures
Very small portion
Dynamic thinning
7. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Ice Motion
How to define a heatwave
75-OC
Once every 4 years.
8. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Closed talik
Climate Change in the Arctic
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
75-OC
9. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Thinner atmosphere
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
In the troposphere that we live in.
Wetter; drier
10. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
winter
Mass Balance
reduction in sea-ice
11. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
The Ozone Hole
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Indirect heat wave effect
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
12. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ozone
winter
Grounding Lines
Ice Sheets
13. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice Cap
Negative
Greenhouse Gases
14. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Very small portion
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Open talik
Surface Mass Balance
15. High vs low
The cryosphere
Wetter; drier
IPCC
Cloud Feedbacks
16. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice Discharge
Types of Albedo
Climate Change in the Arctic
17. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Strong
Heat Source and Pressure
Altimetry Cons
Positive feedbacks both found in...
18. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
25%
Ice Shelf
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
How to define a heatwave
19. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
The Ozone Hole
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ozone
Wetter; drier
20. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Antarctica
Methane
Ice loss
Strong
21. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Atmospheric Circulation
Arctic Atmosphere
22. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Closed talik
Antarctica
Ice Sheets
Increases - decreases
23. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Sea-Ice Albedo
Agricultural Drought
1 m/yr; 10x
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
24. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermokarst
Infrared radiation
25. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Surface Mass Balance
Negative
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
26. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Permafrost Degradation
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulation
27. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Longwave Radiation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Altimetry Cons
Stronger
28. Cooler water and drought conditions.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Sublimation
La Nia
Shortwave Length
29. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Greenland
Hydrological Drought
Grounding Lines
Grounding v Surface Melting
30. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric Circulation
doubles
31. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Ice/snow
Earth's tilt
Today melting ice
30%
32. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Shortwave Length
Mass Budget
Ozone Hole
Infrared radiation
33. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Increases - decreases
Ice Cap
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
34. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Sunspots
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
35. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice Sheets
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Climate Change in the Arctic
36. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Agricultural Drought
winter
Sublimation
Increases - decreases
37. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Atmospheric Circulation
air can warm dramatically
Affect Floods and Droughts
38. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Ocean water
More rain means no drought
Antarctica
In the troposphere that we live in.
39. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Open talik
Atmospheric Composition
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Infrared radiation
40. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Mass Budget
45%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
41. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ice Shelf
Accumulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Grounding Lines
42. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Altimetry (height)
Percentile departures
Climate Change in the Arctic
All Greenhouse gases
43. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Carbon Dioxide
Grounding Lines
Ice in the Arctic
44. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Positive
Antarctica
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
45. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Heat Source and Pressure
25%
Longwave Radiation
46. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Why the Arctic climate is special
reduction in sea-ice
Hydrological Drought
Thermokarst Lake
47. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Thermokarst
.7O Celsius over the past century.
48. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Greenland
30%
Heat Source and Pressure
Warm
49. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Heat wave
summer
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
50. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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