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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
.75OC/km-1
Affect Floods and Droughts
Heat wave
2. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Global warming and hot nights?
Monthly maximums and minimums
Heat Source and Pressure
Ice absorbs
3. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Cloud Feedbacks
45%
Mass Balance
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
4. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Questions to think about
Infrared radiation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Absolute thresholds
5. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Accumulation
Altimetry
Absolute thresholds
6. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Ice Cap
Layers of Earth
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Grounding v Surface Melting
7. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Shortwave Length
30%
Longwave Radiation
8. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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9. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Natural Causes of Warming
Sea Ice
25%
10. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thermohaline Circulation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice Sheets
Energy Budget
11. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Ozone Hole
Negative
1 m/yr; 10x
Sunspots
12. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
Ice-Ocean Interactions
1 m/yr; 10x
What happens with the Ozone Hole
13. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Increases - decreases
Melt
Accumulation
Ozone Hole
14. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Inversion Layer Winter
Sublimation
15. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Thermokarst
Ice in the Arctic
Depth v Surface
16. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Methane
% of Greenhouse Gases
Active Layer
17. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
GHG
How a closed talik forms
All Greenhouse gases
18. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Permafrost Degradation
Grounding Lines
In the stratosphere.
19. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
70%
Positive feedbacks both found in...
How to define a heatwave
20. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
Questions to think about
Dry
Ozone Hole
21. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Importance of ice sheets
Altimetry
The Ozone Hole
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
22. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
In the troposphere that we live in.
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice Sheets
23. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Altimetry
Stronger
Natural Causes of Warming
24. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Carbon Dioxide
1 m/yr; 10x
Ozone Hole
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
25. Permafrost- A frozen soil
7%
Frozen Soil
Dynamic thinning
Ice Sheets
26. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Carbon Dioxide
Closed talik
IPCC
How we measure Mass Balance
27. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Methane
Indirect heat wave effect
Hydrological Drought
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
28. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Grounding Lines
What effects the density
Ocean water
Sublimation
29. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
doubles
The Ozone Hole
Ozone
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
30. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
How a closed talik forms
Carbon Dioxide
Melt
Positive
31. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Infrared radiation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Rainy
Carbon Dioxide
32. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Mass Balance
Ice Cap
Atmospheric Circulation
33. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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34. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Meteorological Drought
La Nia
Atmospheric Circulation
Ocean water
35. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Natural Causes of Warming
Air pollution
7%
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
36. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
All Greenhouse gases
Permafrost
37. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Positive feedbacks both found in...
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Mass Budget
38. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
% of Greenhouse Gases
What effects the density
.7O Celsius over the past century.
39. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
In the troposphere that we live in.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
40. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Percentile departures
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Threshold departures
41. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Radiative Flux
Importance of ice sheets
Ozone Hole
The Ozone Hole
42. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
In the troposphere that we live in.
In the stratosphere.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
43. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
La Nia
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Permafrost
44. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Layers of Earth
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Through talik
45. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
70%
Ice Shelf
air can warm dramatically
46. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Dynamic thinning
Arctic Atmosphere
Accumulation
How a closed talik forms
47. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Thermohaline Circulation
How a closed talik forms
Sea Ice
Antarctica
48. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Methane
Grounding v Surface Melting
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Talik
49. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Cloud Feedbacks
Positive
Strong
Thermohaline Circulatoin
50. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Warming; cooling
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Active Layer