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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Thermohaline Circulation
Air pollution
Very small portion
2. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Grounding Lines
Thinner atmosphere
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Permafrost
3. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Ice Shelf
Surface Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
How to define a heatwave
4. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Thinner atmosphere
Altimetry (height)
Thermohaline Circulation
5. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Sea-Ice Albedo
Importance of ice sheets
Antarctica
Ice Shelf
6. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Agricultural Drought
Ozone
7. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Negative
8. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Thermokarst
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
9. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Sea-Ice Albedo
Melt
Mass Change
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
10. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Global warming and hot nights?
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
11. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Dry
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
GHG
12. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Meteorological Drought
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Frozen Soil
Indirect heat wave effect
13. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Layers of Earth
Dry
Ozone Hole
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
14. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Ocean water
Radiative Flux
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Increases - decreases
15. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Inversion Layer Summer
Wetter; drier
IPCC
16. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Thermokarst
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Why the Arctic climate is special
US and precipitation
17. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
IPCC
Warming; cooling
% of Greenhouse Gases
La Nia
18. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
summer
Thermohaline Circulation
Grounding Lines
Ice absorbs
19. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Stronger
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
IPCC
20. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Atmospheric Composition?
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
21. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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22. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
7%
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Warm
The Ozone Hole
23. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Dry
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Permafrost
Mass Change
24. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Ice-Albedo
Altimetry (height)
25%
Cloud Feedbacks
25. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Questions to think about
Antarctica
Infrared radiation
Active Layer
26. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Carbon Dioxide
Thermokarst Lake
The cryosphere
Thermohaline Circulation
27. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Altimetry
1 m/yr; 10x
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
28. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
Ice Sheets
Inversion Layer (feedback)
29. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Antarctica
Radiative Flux
Depth v Surface
Altimetry (height)
30. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
doubles
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
75-OC
Ice Cap
31. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Importance of ice sheets
Types of Albedo
Ice Sheets
Ice in the Arctic
32. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
45%
Ice-Albedo
Altimetry (height)
Global warming and hot nights?
33. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Frozen Soil
Threshold departures
Absolute thresholds
34. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
7%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Atmospheric Structure
Thermokarst
35. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Ice in the Arctic
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Methane
Thermohaline Circulatoin
36. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Greenland
Ice Sheets
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
25%
37. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Longwave Radiation
Thermokarst Lake
Through talik
Earth's tilt
38. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Layers of Earth
In the stratosphere.
Ice Motion
39. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Altimetry Pros
Methane
Ice loss
40. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Energy Budget
Carbon Dioxide
How a closed talik forms
41. How much is the planet really warming?
Why the Arctic climate is special
Discontinuous
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
.7O Celsius over the past century.
42. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Warming; cooling
Natural Causes of Warming
30%
43. Where does the ozone protect us?
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
El Nino
In the stratosphere.
44. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Antarctica
30%
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Indirect heat wave effect
45. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Layers of Earth
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Where rise in OC is greatest
All Greenhouse gases
46. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Energy Budget
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
47. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
GHG
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
summer
Inversion Layer Summer
48. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Natural Causes of Warming
Surface Mass Balance
Open talik
Heat wave
49. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Absolute thresholds
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Troposphere
Ice Sheets
50. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice shelf
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Radiative Flux