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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Increases - decreases
How to define a heatwave
Grounding Lines
Hydrological Drought
2. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Active Layer
Sea Ice
Dynamic thinning
Ozone
3. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Thermokarst
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
30%
4. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Troposphere
doubles
Surface Mass Balance
70%
5. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
The cryosphere
Warming; cooling
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ozone Hole
6. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Normal condition for air
Earth's tilt
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Greenland
7. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Inversion Layer (feedback)
GHG
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
How to define a heatwave
8. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
reduction in sea-ice
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
9. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Active Layer
Arctic Atmosphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Discontinuous
10. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Earth's tilt
Ice Cap
Ice/snow
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
11. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Depth v Surface
Affect Floods and Droughts
Archimedes' Principle
12. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
Wetter; drier
Melt
Layers of Earth
13. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Grounding Lines
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
How to define a heatwave
Why the Arctic climate is special
14. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Infrared radiation
In the stratosphere.
15. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Ice Sheets
Methane
7%
Greenland
16. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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17. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Cloud Feedbacks
Greenland
30%
Warm
18. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
reduction in sea-ice
Atmospheric Composition
Ice in the Arctic
19. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Once every 4 years.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
20. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
30%
Frozen Soil
summer
Thermokarst Lake
21. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Closed talik
Thermohaline Circulation
Today melting ice
Albedo
22. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Very small portion
Accumulation
Surface Mass Balance
23. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Absolute thresholds
Ice in the Arctic
Albedos of Snow and Ice
24. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Negative
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Active Layer
Agricultural Drought
25. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Heat Source and Pressure
Through talik
Active Layer
Dynamic thinning
26. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Infrared radiation
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice Discharge
Mass Budget
27. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ocean water
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Time Variable Gravity
Earth's tilt
28. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
7%
Grounding v Surface Melting
75-OC
reduction in sea-ice
29. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ocean water
Ozone Hole
30. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Absolute thresholds
Depth v Surface
Atmospheric Composition?
Discontinuous
31. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
45%
Radiative Forcing
Where rise in OC is greatest
Surface Mass Balance
32. How often does El Nio occur?
Inversion Layer Summer
Once every 4 years.
Permafrost Degradation
Atmospheric Structure
33. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Radiative Forcing
Altimetry (height)
How to define a heatwave
All Greenhouse gases
34. Less frequent and weaker
Grounding Lines
Calving
Heat wave
Inversion Layer Summer
35. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Mass Change
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Increases - decreases
36. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Strong
Mass Budget
Sunspots
Closed talik
37. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Altimetry Cons
Active Layer
38. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Ice in the Arctic
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ice absorbs
.7O Celsius over the past century.
39. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Atmospheric Composition
Permafrost Degradation
Radiative Flux
Permafrost
40. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
7%
Radiative Forcing
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition
41. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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42. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
The cryosphere
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
43. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Through talik
Absolute thresholds
La Nia
Albedo
44. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Carbon Dioxide
IPCC
Altimetry (height)
45. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
Natural Causes of Warming
Active Layer
Ice Sheets
46. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Thermohaline Circulation
Positive
Surface Mass Balance
30%
47. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Atmospheric Composition?
Altimetry Pros
Greenhouse Gases
Shortwave Length
48. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Atmospheric Composition?
Grounding v Surface Melting
Strong
49. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Discontinuous
What effects the density
Sunspots
Methane
50. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Shortwave Length
All Greenhouse gases
Percentile departures
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change