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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Depth v Surface
Heat wave
Discontinuous
Greenland
2. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Atmospheric Composition?
Melt
Thermokarst
3. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Types of Albedo
7%
Calving
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
4. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
doubles
All Greenhouse gases
Active Layer
Surface Mass Balance
5. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Ice absorbs
Stronger
Sea Ice
Albedo
6. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Grounding Lines
Sublimation
Radiative Flux
7. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
How to define a heatwave
7%
Where rise in OC is greatest
Precipitation and High Latitudes
8. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Layers of Earth
US and precipitation
Indirect heat wave effect
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
9. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Radiative Forcing
summer
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
10. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
La Nia
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice shelf
11. 85%
Inversion Layer Winter
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Sea-Ice Albedo
12. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Strong
20%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
13. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Negative
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Air pollution
14. Total absorbed solar radiation
Mass Budget
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
70%
Radiative Flux
15. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Agricultural Drought
Time Variable Gravity
Shortwave Length
summer
16. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Hydrological Drought
Mass Budget
17. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Sea Ice
Dry
Methane
Why the Arctic climate is special
18. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Active Layer
Permafrost
Mass Balance
19. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Frozen Soil
Absolute thresholds
La Nia
Time Variable Gravity
20. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Inversion Layer Winter
Grounding Lines
El Nio is in the coasts of...
21. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
.75OC/km-1
Radiative Forcing
reduction in sea-ice
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
22. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Talik
Mass Balance
The Ozone Hole
23. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
1 m/yr; 10x
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
24. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Ice loss
Altimetry (height)
Energy Budget
All Greenhouse gases
25. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Increases - decreases
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Permafrost
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
26. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Thermokarst
Black Carbon
Where rise in OC is greatest
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
27. More common
Altimetry Pros
Inversion Layer Winter
doubles
% of Greenhouse Gases
28. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Ice Sheets
The Ozone Hole
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Permafrost Degradation
29. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Talik
Inversion Layer (feedback)
30. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
45%
Earth's tilt
La Nia
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
31. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Open talik
Global warming and hot nights?
Very small portion
Sea Ice
32. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Archimedes' Principle
Increases - decreases
Global warming and hot nights?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
33. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Heat Source and Pressure
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
20%
34. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Global warming and hot nights?
Troposphere
Melt
35. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Precipitation and High Latitudes
36. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Open talik
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
The Ozone Hole
winter
37. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Air pollution
Mass Budget
The cryosphere
Negative
38. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Meteorological Drought
How a closed talik forms
More rain means no drought
Thinner atmosphere
39. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Air pollution
Thermohaline Circulation
La Nia
Ice Sheets
40. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the stratosphere.
More rain means no drought
IPCC
Calving
41. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
IPCC
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Air pollution
42. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
US and precipitation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Once every 4 years.
Thermohaline Circulation
43. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Ozone
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Absolute thresholds
How a closed talik forms
44. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Carbon Dioxide
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ice Shelf
30%
45. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
30%
Very small portion
Mass Change
Sublimation
46. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Infrared radiation
Thermokarst
Mass Change
47. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Calving
Grounding Lines
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
48. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
1 m/yr; 10x
GHG
Surface Mass Balance
30%
49. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Threshold departures
Ice shelf
Rainy
Warming; cooling
50. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Dynamic thinning
Grounding Lines