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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Energy Budget
Today melting ice
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Ozone Hole
2. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Meteorological Drought
Thinner atmosphere
Absolute thresholds
3. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Antarctica
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
4. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Ocean water
.75OC/km-1
Where rise in OC is greatest
Arctic Atmosphere
5. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Ocean water
Meteorological Drought
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Sea-Ice Albedo
6. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
Time Variable Gravity
45%
Strong
7. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Methane
Ice Discharge
Ice/snow
Very small portion
8. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Absolute thresholds
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
7%
9. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
10. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
25%
Thinner atmosphere
El Nino
Thermokarst
11. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Questions to think about
Negative
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
12. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Ozone Hole
Strong
Very small portion
.75OC/km-1
13. The Earth emits this.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Thinner atmosphere
Once every 4 years.
Longwave Radiation
14. Really measures volume.
Mass Balance
Altimetry
Climate Change in the Arctic
Inversion Layer (feedback)
15. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
GHG
Thermokarst
Antarctica
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
16. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
doubles
Sunspots
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
17. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice absorbs
How to define a heatwave
Why the Arctic climate is special
18. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Normal condition for air
Black Carbon
The Ozone Hole
More rain means no drought
19. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Monthly maximums and minimums
Permafrost
Wetter; drier
Very small portion
20. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Strong
Ozone
Altimetry
Dynamic thinning
21. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
75-OC
Stronger
Percentile departures
Ice Sheets
22. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Accumulation
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ice absorbs
23. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Meteorological Drought
% of Greenhouse Gases
Negative
Sublimation
24. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Black Carbon
Stronger
Ice Shelf
25. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Earth's tilt
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry (height)
doubles
26. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Normal condition for air
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ice Discharge
Dry
27. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Radiative Forcing
Ice Discharge
Ice/snow
Longwave Radiation
28. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Normal condition for air
Surface Mass Balance
Mass Budget
29. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How a closed talik forms
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Mass Budget
30. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Warming; cooling
Grounding Lines
Meteorological Drought
Heat wave
31. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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32. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Percentile departures
Strong
Closed talik
Ice-Ocean Interactions
33. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Negative
Melt
45%
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
34. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ice Shelf
Agricultural Drought
.7O Celsius over the past century.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
35. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Sublimation
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Black Carbon
50%
36. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Altimetry Cons
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Global warming and hot nights?
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
37. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Climate Change in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
Severe coastal erosion
Permafrost
38. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ice-Albedo
Depth v Surface
All Greenhouse gases
39. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Permafrost
Increases - decreases
Through talik
50%
40. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Greenhouse Gases
Sunspots
Thermohaline Circulation
41. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
In the stratosphere.
Once every 4 years.
Stronger
42. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Atmospheric Structure
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
43. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
GHG
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Closed talik
Threshold departures
44. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Open talik
Ice Motion
Mass Balance
Altimetry
45. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Ozone
Thermokarst
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Mass Change
46. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
US and precipitation
Permafrost Degradation
More rain means no drought
Warm
47. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Ice absorbs
reduction in sea-ice
Troposphere
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
48. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
More rain means no drought
Importance of ice sheets
La Nia
49. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Infrared radiation
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
50. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Warming; cooling
Ice shelf
What effects the density
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent