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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Thinner atmosphere
Dynamic thinning
Ice Shelf
Warm
2. Total absorbed solar radiation
Severe coastal erosion
All Greenhouse gases
Ozone
70%
3. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Ice Sheets
Where rise in OC is greatest
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Sunspots
4. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Structure
Antarctica
Albedo
5. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Very small portion
Accumulation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
El Nino
6. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Thermokarst
Severe coastal erosion
Mass Balance
7. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Thermokarst
Meteorological Drought
Questions to think about
8. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
winter
How to define a heatwave
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Greenhouse Gases
9. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Permafrost
All Greenhouse gases
Once every 4 years.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
10. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Antarctica
Absolute thresholds
Troposphere
11. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
All Greenhouse gases
Importance of ice sheets
12. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Energy Budget
Grounding Lines
13. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Percentile departures
Radiative Flux
Inversion Layer Summer
Severe coastal erosion
14. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Thermohaline Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Archimedes' Principle
Permafrost
15. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
Earth's tilt
Energy Budget
16. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ozone Hole
Strong
Permafrost Degradation
17. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Climate Change in the Arctic
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Cloud Feedbacks
Grounding v Surface Melting
18. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
20%
30%
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Once every 4 years.
19. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Very small portion
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
20. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
Altimetry Pros
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Permafrost
21. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Black Carbon
Affect Floods and Droughts
Warm
Permafrost
22. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Agricultural Drought
Absolute thresholds
Active Layer
23. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
What effects the density
Melt
Active Layer
Once every 4 years.
24. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
US and precipitation
Greenhouse Gases
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
summer
25. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
75-OC
Mass Balance
El Nio is in the coasts of...
26. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Dynamic thinning
What effects the density
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ice Cap
27. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
US and precipitation
Longwave Radiation
The Ozone Hole
28. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Agricultural Drought
Grounding Lines
45%
30%
29. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Arctic Atmosphere
Normal condition for air
30. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ocean water
Percentile departures
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
31. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ocean water
Shortwave Length
32. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Rainy
Types of Albedo
The cryosphere
Heat Source and Pressure
33. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Atmospheric Circulation
Thermokarst
Ice/snow
34. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Mass Balance
Infrared radiation
More rain means no drought
35. More common
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Talik
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Inversion Layer Winter
36. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Greenhouse Gases
Warm
45%
Normal condition for air
37. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Mass Change
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Global warming and hot nights?
winter
38. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Altimetry (height)
Ice Cap
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
39. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Surface Mass Balance
La Nia
Thermohaline Circulation
40. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
% of Greenhouse Gases
All Greenhouse gases
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Strong
41. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Rainy
Talik
Black Carbon
42. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
70%
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Permafrost Degradation
Carbon Dioxide
43. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
GHG
Earth's tilt
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Methane
44. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Depth v Surface
.75OC/km-1
Ozone Hole
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
45. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Active Layer
Radiative Flux
46. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
.75OC/km-1
Radiative Forcing
Black Carbon
Greenland
47. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Strong
Methane
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
45%
48. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Sea Ice
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Talik
Permafrost
49. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Troposphere
Inversion Layer Winter
Black Carbon
Reduction in sea-ice extent
50. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Thermokarst
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Heat wave