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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
25%
Ice Cap
Layers of Earth
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
2. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Threshold departures
45%
Types of Albedo
Open talik
3. Where does the ozone protect us?
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Normal condition for air
In the stratosphere.
Layers of Earth
4. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ice Sheets
Air pollution
Wetter; drier
5. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Ocean water
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Rainy
The Ozone Hole
6. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ice shelf
7. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Radiative Flux
Archimedes' Principle
Importance of ice sheets
Surface Mass Balance
8. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Precipitation and High Latitudes
air can warm dramatically
9. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Atmospheric Composition
70%
Through talik
Antarctica
10. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Ice Shelf
Grounding Lines
Today melting ice
How a closed talik forms
11. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Natural Causes of Warming
Atmospheric Composition?
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
% of Greenhouse Gases
12. How often does El Nio occur?
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Mass Change
Once every 4 years.
13. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Thermohaline Circulation
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Today melting ice
14. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Cloud Feedbacks
Frozen Soil
Altimetry (height)
Heat Source and Pressure
15. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Inversion Layer Winter
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
La Nia
Thermokarst
16. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermokarst
Indirect heat wave effect
Greenhouse Gases
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
17. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Winter
Dry
Ice Discharge
18. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Permafrost
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
1 m/yr; 10x
19. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Stronger
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Affect Floods and Droughts
20. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Active Layer
Ozone Hole
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Talik
21. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Energy Budget
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Surface Mass Balance
22. Melting Point decreases
Depth v Surface
.75OC/km-1
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
23. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Energy Budget
Infrared radiation
Percentile departures
24. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
All Greenhouse gases
Thermohaline Circulation
Absolute thresholds
25. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
70%
Threshold departures
Arctic Atmosphere
What effects the density
26. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Warming; cooling
20%
Mass Balance
27. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Ice Sheets
Altimetry Pros
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
28. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Layers of Earth
Carbon Dioxide
Energy Budget
Threshold departures
29. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Time Variable Gravity
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
More rain means no drought
Strong
Arctic Atmosphere
31. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Affect Floods and Droughts
Indirect heat wave effect
Absolute thresholds
32. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
33. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Indirect heat wave effect
IPCC
Dry
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
34. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
doubles
Warming; cooling
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Discontinuous
35. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
How talik forms under lakes
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
doubles
Affect Floods and Droughts
36. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Sea Ice
Altimetry Cons
30%
37. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
.75OC/km-1
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Threshold departures
38. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
7%
Ocean water
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
39. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
What effects the density
Positive
Permafrost
Types of Albedo
40. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
30%
Very small portion
Precipitation and High Latitudes
41. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
summer
IPCC
Warming; cooling
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
42. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Ice Sheets
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
43. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
1 m/yr; 10x
Once every 4 years.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ozone Hole
44. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Atmospheric Composition?
Shortwave Length
Permafrost Degradation
45. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
.75OC/km-1
Ocean water
reduction in sea-ice
Very small portion
46. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Stronger
1 m/yr; 10x
In the troposphere that we live in.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
47. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
50%
7%
Energy Budget
48. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Climate Change in the Arctic
How to define a heatwave
GHG
Sublimation
49. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Melt
All Greenhouse gases
50. Measures input and output.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Hydrological Drought
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Mass Budget