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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
All Greenhouse gases
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Carbon Dioxide
2. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
US and precipitation
Ozone
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Monthly maximums and minimums
3. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Layers of Earth
Greenland
Atmospheric Structure
4. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Calving
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ozone Hole
5. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Antarctica
Increases - decreases
Ozone
All Greenhouse gases
6. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Sublimation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
In the troposphere that we live in.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
7. Permafrost- A frozen soil
.75OC/km-1
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Frozen Soil
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
8. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Types of Albedo
Sunspots
Indirect heat wave effect
GHG
9. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
All Greenhouse gases
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Very small portion
Surface Mass Balance
10. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Ice loss
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Talik
Active Layer
11. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Rainy
El Nino
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Mass Change
12. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Troposphere
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Permafrost
13. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Ice shelf
Shortwave Length
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
How we measure Mass Balance
14. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
air can warm dramatically
Frozen Soil
Surface Mass Balance
15. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
What effects the density
Active Layer
Dry
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
16. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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17. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermokarst
Accumulation
Methane
Rainy
18. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Affect Floods and Droughts
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ice/snow
US and precipitation
19. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
La Nia
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Types of Albedo
20. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Through talik
70%
doubles
20%
21. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ozone Hole
Percentile departures
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
22. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Active Layer
Altimetry Cons
Types of Albedo
23. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
In the troposphere that we live in.
Energy Budget
Thermokarst Lake
24. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Altimetry
Atmospheric Composition
How we measure Mass Balance
25%
25. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
US and precipitation
Sea Ice
Greenhouse Gases
Grounding Lines
26. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Warm
Time Variable Gravity
27. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Layers of Earth
Thinner atmosphere
Ozone Hole
Cloud Feedbacks
28. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Atmospheric Composition
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
% of Greenhouse Gases
29. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Ocean water
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Albedos of Snow and Ice
In the stratosphere.
30. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Ice in the Arctic
Atmospheric Composition
30%
31. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
1 m/yr; 10x
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermokarst
32. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Dry
Carbon Dioxide
Radiative Flux
33. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Open talik
reduction in sea-ice
winter
Active Layer
34. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Surface Mass Balance
Sunspots
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Albedos of Snow and Ice
35. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Closed talik
Greenhouse Gases
70%
36. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
La Nia
Wetter; drier
Air pollution
37. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
The cryosphere
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Hydrological Drought
Ocean water
38. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
More rain means no drought
Mass Change
Albedo
Severe coastal erosion
39. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Calving
Today melting ice
7%
Dry
40. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
45%
Archimedes' Principle
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
41. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Global warming and hot nights?
Normal condition for air
Altimetry Cons
42. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
El Nino
Albedo
43. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Greenland
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice Sheets
Ozone
44. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Severe coastal erosion
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sea Ice
45. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Rainy
Arctic Atmosphere
46. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Atmospheric Composition
Thermohaline Circulation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice Shelf
47. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Depth v Surface
Warming; cooling
7%
Closed talik
48. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
El Nino
Where rise in OC is greatest
Greenland
% of Greenhouse Gases
49. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Altimetry (height)
Ozone Hole
20%
Ice-Ocean Interactions
50. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Thermokarst
.7O Celsius over the past century.