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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Arctic Atmosphere
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Absolute thresholds
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
2. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Atmospheric Composition?
Permafrost
Sunspots
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
3. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice shelf
% of Greenhouse Gases
air can warm dramatically
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
4. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
.75OC/km-1
Today melting ice
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
5. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
GHG
Mass Budget
Absolute thresholds
Atmospheric Composition
6. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Altimetry
Layers of Earth
Energy Budget
7. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Ozone
Increases - decreases
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
8. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Severe coastal erosion
IPCC
El Nio is in the coasts of...
9. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Altimetry (height)
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Time Variable Gravity
Once every 4 years.
10. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Time Variable Gravity
Atmospheric Structure
Reduction in sea-ice extent
11. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Radiative Forcing
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Mass Budget
Agricultural Drought
12. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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13. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Positive
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
air can warm dramatically
14. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Surface Mass Balance
Ice Sheets
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
15. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Troposphere
Radiative Flux
Absolute thresholds
Monthly maximums and minimums
16. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Time Variable Gravity
Carbon Dioxide
17. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
70%
Ozone
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
How we measure Mass Balance
18. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Mass Change
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Rainy
Altimetry Pros
19. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Talik
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Altimetry Pros
In the troposphere that we live in.
20. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Ice Discharge
Warming; cooling
Frozen Soil
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
21. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
20%
75-OC
Monthly maximums and minimums
Calving
22. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Agricultural Drought
Atmospheric Composition
La Nia
Ice Sheets
23. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Ocean water
Grounding Lines
Altimetry (height)
Wetter; drier
24. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Types of Albedo
Ice Cap
Positive
Strong
25. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Why the Arctic climate is special
Once every 4 years.
Radiative Flux
Dry
26. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Ice Discharge
Heat Source and Pressure
Calving
Positive feedbacks both found in...
27. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Negative
Heat Source and Pressure
El Nino
Mass Change
28. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Absolute thresholds
Ice Discharge
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Precipitation and High Latitudes
29. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Shortwave Length
Why the Arctic climate is special
Antarctica
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
30. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Black Carbon
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
31. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Why the Arctic climate is special
Melt
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
32. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice Cap
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Structure
33. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
Ice Discharge
Ice/snow
Thermokarst Lake
34. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
winter
Arctic Atmosphere
Warming; cooling
35. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Ozone Hole
Sea Ice
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Dynamic thinning
36. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Thinner atmosphere
reduction in sea-ice
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
37. How often does El Nio occur?
20%
Warming; cooling
winter
Once every 4 years.
38. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
What effects the density
Surface Mass Balance
Percentile departures
70%
39. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Methane
Warming; cooling
7%
40. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Questions to think about
7%
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Greenland
41. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Ice absorbs
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
42. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
30%
Warming; cooling
43. More common
Ocean water
How talik forms under lakes
Closed talik
Inversion Layer Winter
44. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Energy Budget
Ice shelf
Atmospheric Structure
45%
45. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
45%
Hydrological Drought
Troposphere
Antarctica
46. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Mass Balance
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice Discharge
Importance of ice sheets
47. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
doubles
Percentile departures
Antarctica
48. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
50%
Where rise in OC is greatest
What effects the density
Ozone Hole
49. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
.75OC/km-1
Ice loss
Atmospheric Circulation
50. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Permafrost
More rain means no drought
30%