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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
1 m/yr; 10x
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2. Where does the ozone protect us?
Air pollution
In the stratosphere.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice absorbs
3. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Once every 4 years.
Altimetry Pros
How we measure Mass Balance
4. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
20%
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thermokarst
5. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Sublimation
Atmospheric Composition
Altimetry (height)
Warm
6. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Affect Floods and Droughts
How to define a heatwave
Threshold departures
Ice-Albedo
7. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
All Greenhouse gases
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Dry
8. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
Antarctica
Absolute thresholds
Natural Causes of Warming
9. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Sea-Ice Albedo
US and precipitation
Atmospheric Composition?
Sunspots
10. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Ocean water
Methane
75-OC
11. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Radiative Forcing
Sublimation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
12. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Thermohaline Circulation
50%
Radiative Forcing
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
13. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Once every 4 years.
14. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Energy Budget
Grounding Lines
Thermokarst
Mass Balance
15. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Closed talik
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Layers of Earth
16. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Climate Change in the Arctic
Methane
The Ozone Hole
17. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Permafrost
7%
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
18. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Ice/snow
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Warm
Severe coastal erosion
19. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Methane
Layers of Earth
20. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Monthly maximums and minimums
Talik
Agricultural Drought
Dry
21. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Questions to think about
Talik
7%
Negative
22. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
GHG
Surface Mass Balance
Hydrological Drought
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
23. More common
Ice/snow
Talik
Inversion Layer Summer
Inversion Layer Winter
24. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Types of Albedo
Grounding Lines
Troposphere
Time Variable Gravity
25. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Discontinuous
air can warm dramatically
Greenland
75-OC
26. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
US and precipitation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
El Nino
IPCC
27. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Heat wave
Very small portion
Heat Source and Pressure
Altimetry (height)
28. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Warming; cooling
Ozone
29. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Warming; cooling
Types of Albedo
7%
30. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Wetter; drier
Calving
31. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Permafrost
Surface Mass Balance
Thinner atmosphere
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
32. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ocean water
Arctic Atmosphere
Permafrost
33. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Permafrost
Carbon Dioxide
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
34. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Mass Budget
reduction in sea-ice
Albedos of Snow and Ice
In the stratosphere.
35. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Air pollution
Today melting ice
winter
Severe coastal erosion
36. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Reduction in sea-ice extent
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Time Variable Gravity
Warm
37. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Threshold departures
Normal condition for air
Ozone Hole
Percentile departures
38. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Importance of ice sheets
Positive feedbacks both found in...
doubles
Carbon Dioxide
39. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Strong
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Normal condition for air
40. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Atmospheric Circulation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Wetter; drier
70%
41. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Antarctica
Permafrost Degradation
Surface Mass Balance
42. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
25%
70%
La Nia
43. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Thermokarst Lake
Layers of Earth
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Radiative Forcing
44. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Ozone Hole
1 m/yr; 10x
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Ice absorbs
45. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
20%
Thermokarst Lake
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
46. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
30%
Active Layer
70%
Normal condition for air
47. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Greenhouse Gases
How a closed talik forms
Hydrological Drought
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
48. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Inversion Layer Winter
Active Layer
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Discontinuous
49. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Positive
Dry
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ocean water
50. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Radiative Flux
Atmospheric Structure
How a closed talik forms
Sunspots