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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Permafrost
Stronger
50%
2. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Global warming and hot nights?
Time Variable Gravity
air can warm dramatically
Methane
3. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Mass Budget
20%
Altimetry Cons
4. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Heat wave
Radiative Forcing
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice-Ocean Interactions
5. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Inversion Layer Winter
Why the Arctic climate is special
6. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Radiative Forcing
Grounding Lines
7. How much is the planet really warming?
Ice Discharge
Sea-Ice Albedo
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
8. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Surface Mass Balance
Shortwave Length
Open talik
9. Really measures volume.
75-OC
7%
Ocean water
Altimetry
10. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Indirect heat wave effect
Air pollution
Sunspots
11. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Methane
Positive
Stronger
30%
12. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Albedos of Snow and Ice
13. How often does El Nio occur?
30%
Once every 4 years.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
14. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Antarctica
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
15. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Ice-Albedo
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Antarctica
IPCC
16. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ocean water
Radiative Forcing
Permafrost Degradation
17. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Indirect heat wave effect
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Thermohaline Circulation
18. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Increases - decreases
Infrared radiation
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Dry
19. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
winter
How talik forms under lakes
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Longwave Radiation
20. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
70%
75-OC
7%
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
21. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
30%
Ice loss
Heat Source and Pressure
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
22. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Importance of ice sheets
Frozen Soil
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Calving
23. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Very small portion
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Troposphere
24. Ocean retains ____ CO2
45%
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
25%
Thermokarst
25. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
70%
Strong
Types of Albedo
26. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
US and precipitation
Ice absorbs
Altimetry Cons
Importance of ice sheets
27. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Ozone Hole
Dry
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
28. Melting Point decreases
7%
Through talik
Increases - decreases
.75OC/km-1
29. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Meteorological Drought
How to define a heatwave
Precipitation and High Latitudes
30. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Meteorological Drought
Ozone
Rainy
Stronger
31. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Radiative Forcing
Today melting ice
50%
Longwave Radiation
32. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry Pros
33. The Earth emits this.
75-OC
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Percentile departures
Longwave Radiation
34. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Radiative Forcing
Mass Change
Altimetry Pros
35. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Sea-Ice Albedo
Absolute thresholds
Importance of ice sheets
36. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Permafrost
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Methane
37. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ozone Hole
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
38. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
45%
Melt
25%
Energy Budget
39. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Hydrological Drought
Ice Sheets
Troposphere
Open talik
40. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
The cryosphere
Atmospheric Composition?
Rainy
Dynamic thinning
41. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Questions to think about
Warm
42. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Atmospheric Circulation
Radiative Forcing
Hydrological Drought
43. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice/snow
US and precipitation
Ice Sheets
Heat wave
44. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Very small portion
Where rise in OC is greatest
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Meteorological Drought
45. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Sea Ice
Frozen Soil
Absolute thresholds
Natural Causes of Warming
46. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Today melting ice
Infrared radiation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Atmospheric Structure
47. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Altimetry Cons
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ice loss
48. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
reduction in sea-ice
Severe coastal erosion
Ozone Hole
Grounding Lines
49. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Inversion Layer Summer
% of Greenhouse Gases
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
50. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Stronger
Negative
Depth v Surface
Permafrost