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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Thinner atmosphere
Where rise in OC is greatest
El Nino
2. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Threshold departures
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Layers of Earth
7%
3. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Altimetry Pros
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Surface Mass Balance
4. High vs low
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ice Sheets
Through talik
Cloud Feedbacks
5. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Today melting ice
Monthly maximums and minimums
6. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice Cap
Strong
7. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Thermokarst Lake
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
In the troposphere that we live in.
8. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Grounding Lines
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Open talik
All Greenhouse gases
9. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
In the troposphere that we live in.
70%
Active Layer
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
10. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Frozen Soil
Methane
45%
How to define a heatwave
11. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
GHG
Dry
Grounding Lines
% of Greenhouse Gases
12. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Antarctica
Talik
13. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Radiative Forcing
reduction in sea-ice
Positive feedbacks both found in...
14. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Very small portion
15. Where does the ozone protect us?
Normal condition for air
Meteorological Drought
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
In the stratosphere.
16. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ice Cap
Depth v Surface
17. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Ice/snow
Permafrost
Ocean water
Atmospheric Circulation
18. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Thermokarst Lake
Importance of ice sheets
Inversion Layer Summer
Positive feedbacks both found in...
19. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Global warming and hot nights?
Atmospheric Structure
Albedos of Snow and Ice
20. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Monthly maximums and minimums
21. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Radiative Forcing
Ice/snow
Layers of Earth
22. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Permafrost Degradation
20%
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice/snow
23. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Troposphere
Wetter; drier
Ice in the Arctic
45%
24. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Atmospheric Circulation
75-OC
Stronger
25. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Frozen Soil
Ice loss
Ice-Ocean Interactions
26. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
winter
30%
Atmospheric Structure
27. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Dynamic thinning
How we measure Mass Balance
US and precipitation
28. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Where rise in OC is greatest
Air pollution
25%
29. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse Gases
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ozone Hole
30. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice-Albedo
All Greenhouse gases
31. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
How talik forms under lakes
Increases - decreases
32. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Frozen Soil
All Greenhouse gases
Troposphere
Percentile departures
33. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Sunspots
Archimedes' Principle
Thinner atmosphere
Wetter; drier
34. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice-Albedo
Cloud Feedbacks
35. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sunspots
Mass Budget
Ice Discharge
36. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
air can warm dramatically
winter
Percentile departures
Mass Balance
37. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
In the stratosphere.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
38. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Ice Motion
reduction in sea-ice
Very small portion
Wetter; drier
39. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
In the stratosphere.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
La Nia
Carbon Dioxide
40. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Ozone Hole
Greenland
Percentile departures
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
41. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Grounding Lines
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
42. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Ice Discharge
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Mass Budget
How a closed talik forms
43. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Agricultural Drought
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Permafrost
Shortwave Length
44. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
75-OC
Mass Budget
Ice absorbs
45. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Ozone Hole
Ice loss
Closed talik
El Nio is in the coasts of...
46. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Ice-Albedo
Ice in the Arctic
IPCC
Antarctica
47. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Melt
Importance of ice sheets
Global warming and hot nights?
Discontinuous
48. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
air can warm dramatically
Normal condition for air
30%
Cloud Feedbacks
49. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Heat wave
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrological Drought
Albedo
50. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Thermokarst
In the troposphere that we live in.