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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Rainy
Grounding Lines
Altimetry
2. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Black Carbon
3. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
doubles
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice Motion
4. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Active Layer
Ice loss
Ice in the Arctic
Frozen Soil
5. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Thermokarst Lake
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Meteorological Drought
6. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Dynamic thinning
Atmospheric Circulation
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Radiative Forcing
7. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Surface Mass Balance
Severe coastal erosion
US and precipitation
How we measure Mass Balance
8. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Inversion Layer Summer
Air pollution
All Greenhouse gases
The Ozone Hole
9. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Longwave Radiation
30%
Talik
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
10. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Depth v Surface
The cryosphere
Ice-Albedo
11. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
What effects the density
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Ice-Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
12. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Ocean water
Greenhouse Gases
1 m/yr; 10x
Reduction in sea-ice extent
13. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Carbon Dioxide
Active Layer
The Ozone Hole
Sunspots
14. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Positive
Discontinuous
Inversion Layer Winter
20%
15. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ice Motion
Grounding Lines
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Indirect heat wave effect
16. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Accumulation
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice Sheets
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
17. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Thermokarst
25%
Ice Sheets
Atmospheric Structure
18. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Ice/snow
Shortwave Length
Cloud Feedbacks
Very small portion
19. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Permafrost Degradation
Longwave Radiation
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thinner atmosphere
20. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Hydrological Drought
Inversion Layer Summer
Absolute thresholds
Antarctica
21. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Stronger
Natural Causes of Warming
30%
22. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Ice shelf
US and precipitation
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
23. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Once every 4 years.
How to define a heatwave
Grounding Lines
24. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Normal condition for air
Atmospheric Composition
Sea Ice
25. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Discontinuous
winter
26. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Sublimation
Ocean water
Calving
Heat wave
27. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Negative
Surface Mass Balance
Ice Motion
20%
28. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Positive
How to define a heatwave
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
29. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Stronger
Methane
Ice Discharge
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
30. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ozone Hole
Sea Ice
Ocean water
31. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Thinner atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Composition
Strong
32. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Closed talik
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Permafrost
Ice Cap
33. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Archimedes' Principle
Ocean water
Affect Floods and Droughts
Meteorological Drought
34. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Accumulation
Questions to think about
Active Layer
35. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How to define a heatwave
How a closed talik forms
Greenland
Frozen Soil
36. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
air can warm dramatically
Inversion Layer (feedback)
25%
Where rise in OC is greatest
37. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
The cryosphere
Ice Cap
Shortwave Length
winter
38. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
winter
Threshold departures
Ice shelf
39. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Closed talik
40. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
30%
Mass Balance
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Altimetry Pros
41. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Today melting ice
Thermohaline Circulatoin
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Ice Discharge
42. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
The cryosphere
Very small portion
7%
43. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
75-OC
% of Greenhouse Gases
IPCC
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
44. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Ice/snow
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Once every 4 years.
45. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
The cryosphere
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Time Variable Gravity
46. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Absolute thresholds
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
All Greenhouse gases
Altimetry Cons
47. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Altimetry Cons
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thermohaline Circulation
48. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Ice in the Arctic
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
49. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice Shelf
30%
Ice absorbs
50. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Sublimation
Permafrost Degradation
Agricultural Drought
Stronger