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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Active Layer
Wetter; drier
Ice Cap
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
2. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Longwave Radiation
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Altimetry Cons
Grounding Lines
3. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Antarctica
Depth v Surface
Thermokarst
Layers of Earth
4. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
The cryosphere
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Radiative Flux
5. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Negative
Ice in the Arctic
Sublimation
6. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Natural Causes of Warming
Atmospheric Composition
7. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Ice Discharge
reduction in sea-ice
Threshold departures
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
8. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Ice shelf
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
45%
Monthly maximums and minimums
9. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
10. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
Once every 4 years.
Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
11. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
7%
Ice absorbs
Permafrost
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
12. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Ice/snow
In the troposphere that we live in.
Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
13. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
How to define a heatwave
Importance of ice sheets
How a closed talik forms
Atmospheric Composition
14. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ocean water
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Radiative Forcing
15. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
50%
Albedo
Meteorological Drought
Surface Mass Balance
16. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Through talik
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Inversion Layer Summer
17. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
30%
GHG
Increases - decreases
18. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Through talik
Types of Albedo
GHG
Affect Floods and Droughts
19. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
30%
Accumulation
All Greenhouse gases
20. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
How a closed talik forms
All Greenhouse gases
7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
21. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Shortwave Length
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
45%
22. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Greenhouse Gases
Today melting ice
Inversion Layer Winter
23. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Antarctica
Atmospheric Circulation
Sublimation
Ice Sheets
24. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Longwave Radiation
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Reduction in sea-ice extent
25. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Longwave Radiation
Importance of ice sheets
Active Layer
Thermokarst
26. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Time Variable Gravity
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
How to define a heatwave
27. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Closed talik
reduction in sea-ice
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
28. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Discontinuous
Permafrost Degradation
Very small portion
Archimedes' Principle
29. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Thermokarst Lake
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ice absorbs
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
30. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
summer
Altimetry Pros
Inversion Layer Summer
31. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice Shelf
How talik forms under lakes
Ice Motion
32. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
How talik forms under lakes
Permafrost
reduction in sea-ice
33. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Warm
Ozone Hole
Permafrost
50%
34. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Archimedes' Principle
Cloud Feedbacks
Heat Source and Pressure
35. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Threshold departures
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Affect Floods and Droughts
Grounding Lines
36. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
The Ozone Hole
Melt
Global warming and hot nights?
What effects the density
37. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Permafrost
Warm
Ice-Albedo
38. Really measures volume.
Altimetry
Dry
Surface Mass Balance
Questions to think about
39. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
% of Greenhouse Gases
Troposphere
Altimetry
Indirect heat wave effect
40. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thermokarst
Ocean water
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
41. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Depth v Surface
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Types of Albedo
The cryosphere
42. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Ice Shelf
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Carbon Dioxide
43. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Permafrost
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Cloud Feedbacks
44. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atmospheric Circulation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice Motion
45. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Absolute thresholds
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
30%
Ice loss
46. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Strong
How talik forms under lakes
The Ozone Hole
47. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Strong
7%
Through talik
Percentile departures
48. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Rainy
Troposphere
49. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Climate Change in the Arctic
What effects the density
Atmospheric Structure
50. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Grounding v Surface Melting
Discontinuous Permafrosrt