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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Increases - decreases
Black Carbon
How we measure Mass Balance
Permafrost
2. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
El Nino
Closed talik
Talik
The cryosphere
3. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
air can warm dramatically
Affect Floods and Droughts
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ice Shelf
4. How often does El Nio occur?
Dry
Once every 4 years.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ice Motion
5. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
summer
Calving
Sublimation
6. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Troposphere
Why the Arctic climate is special
Frozen Soil
How we measure Mass Balance
7. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Permafrost
Sublimation
Archimedes' Principle
Ice loss
8. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ocean water
.75OC/km-1
Layers of Earth
What happens with the Ozone Hole
9. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Once every 4 years.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Sea-Ice Albedo
10. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Today melting ice
IPCC
Increases - decreases
Where rise in OC is greatest
11. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Melt
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Black Carbon
12. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ice absorbs
Ozone Hole
13. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
El Nino
Increases - decreases
Altimetry Cons
Grounding Lines
14. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Threshold departures
Absolute thresholds
.75OC/km-1
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
15. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
How talik forms under lakes
Strong
Ice/snow
How to define a heatwave
16. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Meteorological Drought
Black Carbon
US and precipitation
Wetter; drier
17. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Archimedes' Principle
Air pollution
reduction in sea-ice
25%
18. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Global warming and hot nights?
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
45%
19. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Altimetry Pros
In the stratosphere.
air can warm dramatically
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
20. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Time Variable Gravity
Stronger
Greenland
Arctic Atmosphere
21. 240 w/m squared
Precipitation and High Latitudes
70%
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Active Layer
22. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
reduction in sea-ice
23. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
IPCC
More rain means no drought
.7O Celsius over the past century.
24. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice Shelf
.75OC/km-1
Ice/snow
25. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Threshold departures
Atmospheric Structure
30%
Ocean water
26. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ice Motion
Types of Albedo
Rainy
1 m/yr; 10x
27. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Ice-Ocean Interactions
30%
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
28. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Time Variable Gravity
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Absolute thresholds
29. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Where rise in OC is greatest
Shortwave Length
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Warming; cooling
30. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
winter
Permafrost
Time Variable Gravity
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
31. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Altimetry Cons
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Threshold departures
Inversion Layer (feedback)
32. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice/snow
Hydrological Drought
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
33. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Inversion Layer Winter
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
34. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric Composition?
Closed talik
Antarctica
35. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Layers of Earth
The Ozone Hole
Climate Change in the Arctic
Albedo
36. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Inversion Layer Winter
US and precipitation
Thinner atmosphere
37. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Grounding Lines
Grounding v Surface Melting
Mass Balance
Dry
38. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
US and precipitation
Ocean water
Mass Change
Atmospheric Structure
39. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
More rain means no drought
Antarctica
Increases - decreases
Thermokarst
40. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Today melting ice
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
41. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Atmospheric Composition?
La Nia
Ice-Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation
42. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
air can warm dramatically
Greenland
Thermokarst
How to define a heatwave
43. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Warm
25%
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Closed talik
44. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Surface Mass Balance
Mass Change
25%
Methane
45. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Methane
Meteorological Drought
Arctic Atmosphere
46. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Greenland
Grounding Lines
doubles
.75OC/km-1
47. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Frozen Soil
Shortwave Length
Surface Mass Balance
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
48. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
How talik forms under lakes
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Altimetry
Very small portion
49. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice Sheets
Altimetry Cons
50. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Greenhouse Gases
Affect Floods and Droughts
Greenland
Sea-Ice Albedo