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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
winter
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
How we measure Mass Balance
2. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
1 m/yr; 10x
Increases - decreases
Severe coastal erosion
Ice loss
3. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ice Discharge
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
4. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Radiative Flux
GHG
Atmospheric Composition?
50%
5. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Altimetry Cons
Energy Budget
Methane
70%
6. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Severe coastal erosion
Mass Change
Archimedes' Principle
Air pollution
7. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Mass Change
Greenland
8. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Very small portion
Ice absorbs
70%
9. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Energy Budget
Ozone Hole
air can warm dramatically
Atmospheric Composition?
10. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Thermokarst
The cryosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Types of Albedo
11. Less frequent and weaker
Positive
Monthly maximums and minimums
More rain means no drought
Inversion Layer Summer
12. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Ozone Hole
Where rise in OC is greatest
El Nino
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
13. Where does the ozone protect us?
Altimetry (height)
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Surface Mass Balance
In the stratosphere.
14. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Altimetry Cons
Ice Sheets
How we measure Mass Balance
15. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Radiative Flux
Altimetry (height)
Negative
Ozone
16. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
In the troposphere that we live in.
Hydrological Drought
Methane
17. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Cloud Feedbacks
Inversion Layer Winter
How to define a heatwave
The Ozone Hole
18. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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19. 240 w/m squared
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Strong
20. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How talik forms under lakes
Earth's tilt
21. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Atmospheric Composition?
Greenland
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
22. How much is the planet really warming?
Thinner atmosphere
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sunspots
.7O Celsius over the past century.
23. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Percentile departures
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Positive
24. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Positive
Sea-Ice Albedo
Monthly maximums and minimums
US and precipitation
25. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Normal condition for air
70%
Dry
50%
26. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Importance of ice sheets
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Heat wave
27. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Grounding Lines
Sublimation
7%
28. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Open talik
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ocean water
Closed talik
29. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Greenland
30. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
La Nia
Archimedes' Principle
Sea-Ice Albedo
31. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Strong
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice shelf
30%
32. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Hydrological Drought
Talik
Indirect heat wave effect
33. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Permafrost Degradation
What effects the density
Ocean water
Absolute thresholds
34. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
winter
1 m/yr; 10x
Earth's tilt
35. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Severe coastal erosion
Accumulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ice Cap
36. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
70%
Climate Change in the Arctic
Shortwave Length
Sea Ice
37. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
In the stratosphere.
Discontinuous
Sea-Ice Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
38. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
25%
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
39. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Where rise in OC is greatest
Atmospheric Composition
Ice absorbs
40. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ocean water
IPCC
Ice Sheets
41. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Permafrost
Albedo
Closed talik
What happens with the Ozone Hole
42. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Structure
Ice-Albedo
Accumulation
43. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
70%
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Normal condition for air
44. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
air can warm dramatically
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
45. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
US and precipitation
Energy Budget
20%
Grounding Lines
46. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
45%
Atmospheric Composition
Indirect heat wave effect
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
47. Measures input and output.
45%
Closed talik
Stronger
Mass Budget
48. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
.75OC/km-1
% of Greenhouse Gases
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Grounding Lines
49. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
winter
Sea Ice
50. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Ice Motion
Indirect heat wave effect
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
How we measure Mass Balance