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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Heat Source and Pressure
Radiative Flux
Active Layer
2. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Atmospheric Circulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice/snow
3. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Dry
Ice Motion
The Ozone Hole
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
4. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
25%
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Surface Mass Balance
Antarctica
5. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice-Albedo
6. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Frozen Soil
Wetter; drier
7%
Infrared radiation
7. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Troposphere
8. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
1 m/yr; 10x
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Indirect heat wave effect
9. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Ice Shelf
IPCC
Mass Change
El Nio is in the coasts of...
10. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Greenhouse Gases
Talik
Ice loss
Cloud Feedbacks
11. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Earth's tilt
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Greenhouse Gases
12. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Percentile departures
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Radiative Forcing
Ice-Albedo
13. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
La Nia
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Atmospheric Composition?
Precipitation and High Latitudes
14. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
How a closed talik forms
Increases - decreases
Sea Ice
15. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
US and precipitation
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Talik
Severe coastal erosion
16. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Wetter; drier
Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Structure
Permafrost
17. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
How we measure Mass Balance
Stronger
Ice in the Arctic
18. How much is the planet really warming?
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Altimetry Pros
.7O Celsius over the past century.
45%
19. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Agricultural Drought
Atmospheric Composition
Heat wave
20%
20. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Dynamic thinning
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Through talik
21. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Sublimation
The cryosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
22. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Ice Motion
air can warm dramatically
Importance of ice sheets
1 m/yr; 10x
23. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice Cap
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Absolute thresholds
24. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Monthly maximums and minimums
Importance of ice sheets
Thermokarst
25. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Greenland
Warm
Infrared radiation
Methane
26. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Layers of Earth
air can warm dramatically
Frozen Soil
Antarctica
27. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Inversion Layer Summer
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Discontinuous
28. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Warming; cooling
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Strong
Negative
29. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
20%
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Infrared radiation
30. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Atmospheric Circulation
Surface Mass Balance
Strong
Ice Sheets
31. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
In the stratosphere.
Ice Motion
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Thinner atmosphere
32. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Normal condition for air
The Ozone Hole
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Structure
33. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
How to define a heatwave
Atmospheric Composition
Archimedes' Principle
34. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Agricultural Drought
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
GHG
La Nia
35. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
% of Greenhouse Gases
Thermokarst
Ocean water
36. Really measures volume.
Severe coastal erosion
Altimetry
Ice Sheets
Stronger
37. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Ice Cap
Inversion Layer Summer
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Greenland
38. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Altimetry Pros
Grounding Lines
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
What effects the density
39. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
20%
Permafrost
Greenhouse Gases
Severe coastal erosion
40. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Surface Mass Balance
Today melting ice
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Radiative Flux
41. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Natural Causes of Warming
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
doubles
Importance of ice sheets
42. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Sublimation
43. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Normal condition for air
Ice loss
Greenhouse Gases
Once every 4 years.
44. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Ozone Hole
Ice in the Arctic
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
45. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Heat wave
Ice Discharge
Thermohaline Circulatoin
25%
46. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Ocean water
Surface Mass Balance
Active Layer
Altimetry Pros
47. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
.75OC/km-1
Calving
Energy Budget
Dry
48. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Thermohaline Circulation
El Nino
Accumulation
49. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Natural Causes of Warming
Ice/snow
Altimetry
50. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
More rain means no drought
Surface Mass Balance
Air pollution
Thermokarst