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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Surface Mass Balance
Agricultural Drought
Normal condition for air
Altimetry Pros
2. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Heat Source and Pressure
How to define a heatwave
Severe coastal erosion
3. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Ozone
% of Greenhouse Gases
Layers of Earth
Precipitation and High Latitudes
4. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Grounding Lines
Positive
Thermohaline Circulation
IPCC
5. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Closed talik
75-OC
doubles
6. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Questions to think about
Open talik
Energy Budget
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
7. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
In the stratosphere.
Warm
US and precipitation
Ice Motion
8. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Negative
Agricultural Drought
9. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice Shelf
Radiative Forcing
10. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Albedo
Affect Floods and Droughts
Troposphere
11. Melting Point decreases
Accumulation
Antarctica
.75OC/km-1
US and precipitation
12. How often does El Nio occur?
How talik forms under lakes
Once every 4 years.
Layers of Earth
Global warming and hot nights?
13. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Ice in the Arctic
Indirect heat wave effect
Methane
Stronger
14. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Melt
Ice/snow
Positive
15. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
1 m/yr; 10x
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Thermokarst
Mass Change
16. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
winter
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
reduction in sea-ice
Very small portion
17. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ozone
Why the Arctic climate is special
Rainy
1 m/yr; 10x
18. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
Frozen Soil
% of Greenhouse Gases
19. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Time Variable Gravity
30%
Why the Arctic climate is special
20. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Ice Sheets
Cloud Feedbacks
Types of Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation
21. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Troposphere
Frozen Soil
Sunspots
Longwave Radiation
22. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Closed talik
Ice-Albedo
Ice shelf
Stronger
23. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Very small portion
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Air pollution
Ice/snow
24. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Air pollution
Calving
1 m/yr; 10x
Atmospheric Composition
25. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
IPCC
How a closed talik forms
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
26. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Normal condition for air
Questions to think about
Indirect heat wave effect
27. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Positive
20%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Climate Change in the Arctic
28. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Time Variable Gravity
Ice loss
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Inversion Layer Winter
29. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Heat wave
Ice-Albedo
Longwave Radiation
Greenhouse Gases
30. How much is the planet really warming?
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
.7O Celsius over the past century.
30%
Altimetry (height)
31. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Discontinuous
doubles
32. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
Depth v Surface
summer
Ice-Albedo
33. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
Today melting ice
Ice Shelf
Thermokarst
34. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Atmospheric Circulation
Rainy
El Nino
Negative
35. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
45%
Hydrological Drought
Permafrost
36. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Sea Ice
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Positive
37. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Why the Arctic climate is special
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Shortwave Length
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
38. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
IPCC
Inversion Layer Summer
GHG
39. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Through talik
Altimetry
Methane
Ozone Hole
40. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Stronger
Depth v Surface
Severe coastal erosion
41. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Heat wave
Ozone Hole
Permafrost
Altimetry
42. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Thermokarst Lake
Mass Change
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
El Nio is in the coasts of...
43. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
Questions to think about
Sea-Ice Albedo
Antarctica
44. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Dynamic thinning
reduction in sea-ice
Hydrological Drought
Permafrost
45. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Ice Motion
Ice loss
.75OC/km-1
46. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Meteorological Drought
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Hydrological Drought
What happens with the Ozone Hole
47. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Altimetry Pros
Thinner atmosphere
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
75-OC
48. Really measures volume.
Infrared radiation
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Antarctica
Altimetry
49. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Infrared radiation
Talik
Increases - decreases
Sea-Ice Albedo
50. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ozone Hole
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction