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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Why the Arctic climate is special
Surface Mass Balance
El Nino
IPCC
2. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
7%
Wetter; drier
Thermokarst
3. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Longwave Radiation
.75OC/km-1
Closed talik
In the troposphere that we live in.
4. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Troposphere
Permafrost Degradation
25%
Cloud Feedbacks
5. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Open talik
% of Greenhouse Gases
Climate Change in the Arctic
6. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Black Carbon
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atmospheric Structure
7. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
7%
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Inversion Layer Winter
Thermohaline Circulation
8. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Today melting ice
Severe coastal erosion
Ice/snow
9. 240 w/m squared
summer
Altimetry (height)
Black Carbon
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
10. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermokarst
Thinner atmosphere
air can warm dramatically
Positive feedbacks both found in...
11. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Surface Mass Balance
How a closed talik forms
Ice loss
Affect Floods and Droughts
12. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Talik
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Winter
13. 85%
Ice Motion
Altimetry
Energy Budget
Sea-Ice Albedo
14. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Why the Arctic climate is special
What effects the density
20%
15. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Grounding Lines
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ice-Albedo
Discontinuous
16. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Shelf
Today melting ice
Ice Sheets
US and precipitation
17. How often does El Nio occur?
Hydrological Drought
Atmospheric Composition
Thermohaline Circulation
Once every 4 years.
18. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Grounding Lines
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Through talik
19. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
Negative
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Thermohaline Circulation
20. Total absorbed solar radiation
Air pollution
Grounding Lines
Affect Floods and Droughts
70%
21. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Grounding Lines
Sea Ice
Methane
Energy Budget
22. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Hydrological Drought
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
23. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Circulation
24. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Ice Cap
Very small portion
70%
25. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
26. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Climate Change in the Arctic
Thermokarst
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
GHG
27. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Ocean water
Natural Causes of Warming
Troposphere
28. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Time Variable Gravity
Warming; cooling
Ice loss
29. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Surface Mass Balance
Depth v Surface
Carbon Dioxide
Indirect heat wave effect
30. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
31. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Normal condition for air
Positive
summer
Absolute thresholds
32. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Surface Mass Balance
30%
IPCC
Today melting ice
33. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Albedos of Snow and Ice
doubles
Ice-Ocean Interactions
34. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Surface Mass Balance
Climate Change in the Arctic
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
How a closed talik forms
35. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Methane
50%
Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice
36. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Ice absorbs
Carbon Dioxide
30%
37. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice Discharge
25%
Permafrost Degradation
38. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Earth's tilt
Ocean water
Why the Arctic climate is special
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
39. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
50%
Rainy
summer
Meteorological Drought
40. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Rainy
7%
Atmospheric Structure
Strong
41. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Altimetry
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Once every 4 years.
42. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Air pollution
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
30%
Ice Sheets
43. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Climate Change in the Arctic
Stronger
Infrared radiation
How we measure Mass Balance
44. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Radiative Flux
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Infrared radiation
45. Melting Point decreases
Natural Causes of Warming
Carbon Dioxide
.75OC/km-1
50%
46. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Open talik
Albedos of Snow and Ice
summer
In the troposphere that we live in.
47. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Rainy
Altimetry Pros
48. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Surface Mass Balance
Positive
30%
49. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Permafrost
Absolute thresholds
50%
Calving
50. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Methane
Percentile departures
Discontinuous Permafrosrt