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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
doubles
Permafrost Degradation
Positive
Questions to think about
2. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Permafrost
Through talik
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
3. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Active Layer
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Talik
4. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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5. How often does El Nio occur?
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Once every 4 years.
Percentile departures
Calving
6. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Radiative Flux
US and precipitation
El Nio is in the coasts of...
7. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Once every 4 years.
Carbon Dioxide
Albedos of Snow and Ice
8. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
% of Greenhouse Gases
9. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
45%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Severe coastal erosion
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
10. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Arctic Atmosphere
Permafrost Degradation
Warm
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
11. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Questions to think about
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Dry
Global warming and hot nights?
12. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Once every 4 years.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Why the Arctic climate is special
13. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Permafrost Degradation
Ice Sheets
Atmospheric Circulation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
14. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Thermohaline Circulation
Through talik
Atmospheric Circulation
Troposphere
15. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ocean water
Archimedes' Principle
Altimetry Cons
16. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Absolute thresholds
Natural Causes of Warming
All Greenhouse gases
Ice-Albedo
17. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Importance of ice sheets
Arctic Atmosphere
More rain means no drought
Why the Arctic climate is special
18. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Thermokarst Lake
Dynamic thinning
Natural Causes of Warming
Agricultural Drought
19. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
Ozone
Grounding v Surface Melting
US and precipitation
20. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Earth's tilt
Radiative Forcing
Ice loss
Ice-Ocean Interactions
21. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
Grounding Lines
Sunspots
Atmospheric Composition
22. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Discontinuous
Active Layer
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
23. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Troposphere
Open talik
Monthly maximums and minimums
24. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Ice Sheets
How talik forms under lakes
Absolute thresholds
reduction in sea-ice
25. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Increases - decreases
Air pollution
Sunspots
26. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Permafrost
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
27. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulation
Ocean water
28. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
The cryosphere
Methane
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
29. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
.75OC/km-1
Threshold departures
reduction in sea-ice
Wetter; drier
30. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Warm
Inversion Layer Winter
Where rise in OC is greatest
31. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
winter
Mass Change
Permafrost
32. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
More rain means no drought
How a closed talik forms
Ozone
33. Total absorbed solar radiation
Altimetry Pros
70%
Arctic Atmosphere
doubles
34. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Global warming and hot nights?
Greenhouse Gases
Active Layer
Agricultural Drought
35. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Severe coastal erosion
30%
Atmospheric Structure
36. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
doubles
Surface Mass Balance
37. High vs low
US and precipitation
Calving
Cloud Feedbacks
Atmospheric Structure
38. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Surface Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Meteorological Drought
Time Variable Gravity
39. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Severe coastal erosion
Strong
Accumulation
Radiative Forcing
40. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
41. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Active Layer
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Atmospheric Circulation
Hydrological Drought
42. 240 w/m squared
The Ozone Hole
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
air can warm dramatically
Sunspots
43. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Ice shelf
Stronger
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Precipitation and High Latitudes
44. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Warming; cooling
Cloud Feedbacks
.75OC/km-1
How a closed talik forms
45. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Where rise in OC is greatest
Melt
Ice Discharge
Ice Motion
46. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
summer
.75OC/km-1
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Thinner atmosphere
47. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Energy Budget
Methane
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
48. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Types of Albedo
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Methane
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
49. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Threshold departures
Strong
US and precipitation
Dynamic thinning
50. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
reduction in sea-ice
Threshold departures
La Nia
Why the Arctic climate is special