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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Sea Ice
All Greenhouse gases
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Altimetry Cons
2. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Ice Sheets
How to define a heatwave
Ice-Ocean Interactions
3. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Sunspots
Longwave Radiation
Albedo
50%
4. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
Reduction in sea-ice extent
air can warm dramatically
Ice in the Arctic
5. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
Layers of Earth
7%
20%
6. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Inversion Layer Winter
Mass Balance
Open talik
7. Cooler water and drought conditions.
La Nia
Stronger
IPCC
30%
8. Measures input and output.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Ice in the Arctic
El Nino
Mass Budget
9. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Thinner atmosphere
US and precipitation
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
What happens with the Ozone Hole
10. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Radiative Forcing
Thermohaline Circulation
11. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Rainy
Percentile departures
Active Layer
12. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ocean water
Surface Mass Balance
Grounding Lines
Mass Balance
13. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Arctic Atmosphere
Thermokarst Lake
IPCC
La Nia
14. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Altimetry (height)
Methane
Positive feedbacks both found in...
15. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Altimetry (height)
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Active Layer
16. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Frozen Soil
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Sunspots
17. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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18. The Earth emits this.
Thermohaline Circulation
Meteorological Drought
Ice in the Arctic
Longwave Radiation
19. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Cloud Feedbacks
Why the Arctic climate is special
Altimetry Pros
20. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice Shelf
70%
Air pollution
21. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Mass Budget
Black Carbon
Dynamic thinning
22. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
La Nia
Radiative Forcing
Indirect heat wave effect
23. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Energy Budget
Ocean water
More rain means no drought
Rainy
24. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Troposphere
Grounding v Surface Melting
Heat wave
Ice Motion
25. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Why the Arctic climate is special
Carbon Dioxide
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
% of Greenhouse Gases
26. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Earth's tilt
What effects the density
Types of Albedo
Radiative Flux
27. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Heat wave
Energy Budget
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
In the troposphere that we live in.
28. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
reduction in sea-ice
Permafrost Degradation
29. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Inversion Layer Summer
Inversion Layer Winter
Depth v Surface
30. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Threshold departures
Types of Albedo
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Longwave Radiation
31. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Energy Budget
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Strong
Ice-Ocean Interactions
32. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Why the Arctic climate is special
75-OC
IPCC
Energy Budget
33. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the troposphere that we live in.
In the stratosphere.
Thermohaline Circulation
Positive
34. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Sea Ice
Today melting ice
75-OC
35. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Radiative Forcing
winter
Permafrost
36. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Hydrological Drought
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Atmospheric Composition
Climate Change in the Arctic
37. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Thinner atmosphere
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
38. Really measures volume.
The Ozone Hole
30%
Sublimation
Altimetry
39. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Heat Source and Pressure
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Permafrost
Global warming and hot nights?
40. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Precipitation and High Latitudes
winter
US and precipitation
75-OC
41. How much is the planet really warming?
Longwave Radiation
Radiative Flux
Discontinuous
.7O Celsius over the past century.
42. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
The Ozone Hole
Mass Balance
winter
Thermokarst Lake
43. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Radiative Forcing
Sea-Ice Albedo
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Wetter; drier
44. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Warm
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Negative
The cryosphere
45. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Grounding v Surface Melting
Through talik
46. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Thinner atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
Dry
47. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
30%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Melt
Monthly maximums and minimums
48. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
49. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Monthly maximums and minimums
Altimetry Pros
Permafrost Degradation
50. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Antarctica
Percentile departures
Thermohaline Circulatoin