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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ozone Hole
1 m/yr; 10x
Hydrological Drought
2. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Greenland
Methane
doubles
Thermohaline Circulatoin
3. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
How to define a heatwave
Atmospheric Composition?
Altimetry Pros
4. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Where rise in OC is greatest
Thermohaline Circulatoin
5. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Discontinuous
Atmospheric Structure
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Today melting ice
6. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Thermokarst Lake
7. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Energy Budget
El Nino
Altimetry
8. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Normal condition for air
Methane
Precipitation and High Latitudes
75-OC
9. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
In the stratosphere.
Archimedes' Principle
Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry Pros
10. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
% of Greenhouse Gases
reduction in sea-ice
Dynamic thinning
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
11. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
winter
Absolute thresholds
Thermokarst Lake
El Nio is in the coasts of...
12. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Depth v Surface
Troposphere
reduction in sea-ice
13. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Thermokarst
Ice Shelf
Archimedes' Principle
GHG
14. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Active Layer
Ice Discharge
El Nio is in the coasts of...
15. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Talik
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
16. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Warm
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
17. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry Cons
summer
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
18. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Thermokarst
Longwave Radiation
Absolute thresholds
Ice/snow
19. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Troposphere
Ice Sheets
50%
Altimetry (height)
20. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
Permafrost Degradation
Atmospheric Composition?
21. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Percentile departures
22. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Thermohaline Circulation
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Carbon Dioxide
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
23. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Ocean water
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
45%
Ocean water
24. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Sunspots
Ice Discharge
Active Layer
25. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Dry
Sublimation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
26. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Agricultural Drought
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Sea-Ice Albedo
27. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
70%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Importance of ice sheets
28. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Grounding Lines
Severe coastal erosion
Surface Mass Balance
Sublimation
29. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Hydrological Drought
summer
30. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Grounding Lines
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Severe coastal erosion
31. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Radiative Flux
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Indirect heat wave effect
Through talik
32. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Severe coastal erosion
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ice-Albedo
US and precipitation
33. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
How to define a heatwave
Hydrological Drought
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Altimetry Cons
34. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
The Ozone Hole
Today melting ice
Dry
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
35. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Sea-Ice Albedo
Thinner atmosphere
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Melt
36. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Ice/snow
Sunspots
Normal condition for air
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
37. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
How we measure Mass Balance
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice-Ocean Interactions
38. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Mass Change
Antarctica
Arctic Atmosphere
Discontinuous
39. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Active Layer
Accumulation
Thermokarst Lake
Threshold departures
40. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
reduction in sea-ice
How a closed talik forms
Infrared radiation
Greenhouse Gases
41. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Positive
La Nia
Sunspots
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
42. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Sunspots
Grounding Lines
43. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Calving
44. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Thermokarst
Open talik
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
45. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Sublimation
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Air pollution
46. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
25%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Carbon Dioxide
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
47. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Archimedes' Principle
Closed talik
air can warm dramatically
48. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
All Greenhouse gases
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
70%
49. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
25%
Permafrost
What effects the density
Atmospheric Composition?
50. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Cloud Feedbacks
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
US and precipitation
Grounding v Surface Melting
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