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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Frozen Soil
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
In the troposphere that we live in.
2. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
30%
Carbon Dioxide
Precipitation and High Latitudes
3. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Atmospheric Composition
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
IPCC
4. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Time Variable Gravity
Surface Mass Balance
5. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Antarctica
Dry
Percentile departures
Atmospheric Circulation
6. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Sunspots
Rainy
Black Carbon
Radiative Forcing
7. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ozone Hole
Ocean water
Percentile departures
Hydrological Drought
8. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Altimetry Cons
air can warm dramatically
IPCC
30%
9. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
% of Greenhouse Gases
10. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Types of Albedo
Thinner atmosphere
Thermokarst
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
11. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice Motion
Energy Budget
Thermokarst Lake
12. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
In the stratosphere.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Sublimation
Inversion Layer (feedback)
13. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Sea-Ice Albedo
Normal condition for air
Shortwave Length
Greenland
14. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Monthly maximums and minimums
15. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Atmospheric Composition?
Wetter; drier
Warm
16. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Inversion Layer Winter
Talik
Severe coastal erosion
17. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Ice/snow
La Nia
Warm
Greenland
18. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Sublimation
summer
Calving
Shortwave Length
19. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Ice Shelf
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Layers of Earth
Permafrost
20. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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21. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Natural Causes of Warming
Closed talik
Ice Motion
22. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Severe coastal erosion
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Atmospheric Composition
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
23. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Thermokarst
Ocean water
The cryosphere
Threshold departures
24. How often does El Nio occur?
Surface Mass Balance
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Atmospheric Structure
Once every 4 years.
25. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Shortwave Length
Troposphere
Altimetry Cons
Sunspots
26. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Grounding Lines
Rainy
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
30%
27. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Sunspots
Hydrological Drought
75-OC
Ice Shelf
28. The Earth emits this.
Surface Mass Balance
Longwave Radiation
Ice Shelf
Black Carbon
29. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Surface Mass Balance
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Through talik
30. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
31. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Albedo
7%
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
20%
32. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Very small portion
Rainy
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Importance of ice sheets
33. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
20%
Thermokarst
How we measure Mass Balance
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
34. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Positive
Altimetry Pros
Ice absorbs
Troposphere
35. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Today melting ice
Frozen Soil
Inversion Layer Summer
36. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Altimetry Cons
Ice Discharge
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
How talik forms under lakes
37. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ozone Hole
38. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Air pollution
Threshold departures
Greenland
39. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Troposphere
Importance of ice sheets
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
40. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Strong
How talik forms under lakes
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
41. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Grounding Lines
Troposphere
Surface Mass Balance
42. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Thermohaline Circulation
Frozen Soil
What effects the density
43. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
7%
Discontinuous
45%
Ozone Hole
44. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry Cons
Normal condition for air
45. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Methane
Rainy
Once every 4 years.
46. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Percentile departures
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice Cap
Altimetry
47. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Increases - decreases
Heat Source and Pressure
Ocean water
48. Where does the ozone protect us?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
In the stratosphere.
Ice Shelf
Negative
49. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Climate Change in the Arctic
Frozen Soil
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Infrared radiation
50. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Shortwave Length
Methane
Sea ice melt does not change sea level