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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Ocean water
Ice Shelf
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
How talik forms under lakes
2. Total absorbed solar radiation
Thermokarst Lake
air can warm dramatically
70%
US and precipitation
3. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
25%
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Heat Source and Pressure
Thinner atmosphere
4. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Percentile departures
In the stratosphere.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
5. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ice in the Arctic
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How to define a heatwave
30%
6. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Active Layer
Questions to think about
30%
7%
7. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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8. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Negative
Grounding v Surface Melting
Infrared radiation
9. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice Shelf
Altimetry (height)
Affect Floods and Droughts
10. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
reduction in sea-ice
Thermohaline Circulation
Ocean water
winter
11. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Frozen Soil
Absolute thresholds
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Wetter; drier
12. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Strong
Ocean water
.75OC/km-1
Calving
13. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Altimetry Cons
Cloud Feedbacks
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
25%
14. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Sea Ice
Active Layer
75-OC
El Nio is in the coasts of...
15. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
75-OC
Atmospheric Composition?
Permafrost Degradation
16. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Talik
Methane
Arctic Atmosphere
17. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Greenland
Air pollution
30%
Ice Cap
18. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Severe coastal erosion
Through talik
The cryosphere
Ice Motion
19. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Carbon Dioxide
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
75-OC
20. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Dynamic thinning
El Nino
Mass Balance
21. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Sea Ice
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Energy Budget
22. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Ice loss
Layers of Earth
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
23. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Mass Change
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Altimetry
Climate Change in the Arctic
24. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
summer
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Stronger
La Nia
25. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Warm
Importance of ice sheets
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ozone Hole
26. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Antarctica
Natural Causes of Warming
Albedo
27. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
50%
30%
Thermokarst
Layers of Earth
28. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Mass Budget
Positive
Time Variable Gravity
25%
29. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Percentile departures
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Antarctica
30. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Antarctica
Hydrological Drought
31. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Threshold departures
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
How a closed talik forms
32. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Surface Mass Balance
Ice Sheets
Greenland
33. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Greenland
Once every 4 years.
34. 85%
Climate Change in the Arctic
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Meteorological Drought
Sea-Ice Albedo
35. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Surface Mass Balance
Ice loss
Today melting ice
Thermokarst Lake
36. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Ice shelf
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ozone
37. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Longwave Radiation
Radiative Flux
Thermokarst Lake
Mass Change
38. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Once every 4 years.
Meteorological Drought
Sea-Ice Albedo
39. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Mass Budget
30%
Atmospheric Composition
Greenhouse Gases
40. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Atmospheric Composition?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
41. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Depth v Surface
% of Greenhouse Gases
50%
Inversion Layer (feedback)
42. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Sea-Ice Albedo
Sunspots
43. Less frequent and weaker
Talik
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice Sheets
Altimetry Pros
44. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Sea Ice
Arctic Atmosphere
Importance of ice sheets
winter
45. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Altimetry Cons
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Through talik
46. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
How a closed talik forms
Ice shelf
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Questions to think about
47. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice-Albedo
Ice Discharge
48. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Sea Ice
Troposphere
How a closed talik forms
Mass Budget
49. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Infrared radiation
Very small portion
Active Layer
Ice-Ocean Interactions
50. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Wetter; drier
Ice in the Arctic
Inversion Layer Winter
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change