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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Ice/snow
25%
Increases - decreases
Frozen Soil
2. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Today melting ice
Thermokarst Lake
Methane
3. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Permafrost Degradation
Sea-Ice Albedo
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
4. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Natural Causes of Warming
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Altimetry Cons
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
5. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Earth's tilt
Active Layer
Atmospheric Composition?
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
6. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Positive
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Sea Ice
7. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Longwave Radiation
Very small portion
Ice Sheets
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
8. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Calving
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
1 m/yr; 10x
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
9. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
More rain means no drought
La Nia
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
10. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Calving
Accumulation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
11. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
El Nio is in the coasts of...
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Why the Arctic climate is special
Agricultural Drought
12. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Severe coastal erosion
What effects the density
20%
.75OC/km-1
13. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Calving
Albedos of Snow and Ice
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Surface Mass Balance
14. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice in the Arctic
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
15. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
20%
Thermohaline Circulation
Greenland
16. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Open talik
Mass Balance
Ice loss
17. 85%
25%
Methane
US and precipitation
Sea-Ice Albedo
18. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Thermokarst
All Greenhouse gases
Dry
Depth v Surface
19. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
reduction in sea-ice
US and precipitation
% of Greenhouse Gases
Reduction in sea-ice extent
20. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
How we measure Mass Balance
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice Sheets
21. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Today melting ice
Altimetry (height)
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
22. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Ice shelf
Dry
Once every 4 years.
23. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulation
Very small portion
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
24. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice shelf
Shortwave Length
Monthly maximums and minimums
25. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Indirect heat wave effect
Normal condition for air
Atmospheric Circulation
Greenhouse Gases
26. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Through talik
Shortwave Length
Greenland
Rainy
27. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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28. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Affect Floods and Droughts
Thermohaline Circulatoin
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
29. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Active Layer
Very small portion
Ozone Hole
30. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Atmospheric Circulation
Dry
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
31. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Altimetry Pros
Why the Arctic climate is special
The cryosphere
75-OC
32. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Ice absorbs
1 m/yr; 10x
Affect Floods and Droughts
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
33. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Altimetry (height)
Antarctica
In the stratosphere.
Calving
34. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Normal condition for air
Natural Causes of Warming
Greenhouse Gases
Talik
35. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Ocean water
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Permafrost
36. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Grounding Lines
20%
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
doubles
37. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Ice Cap
Time Variable Gravity
Ice-Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation
38. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
75-OC
39. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
US and precipitation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Hydrological Drought
Ice shelf
40. How much is the planet really warming?
Greenland
Ice Shelf
.7O Celsius over the past century.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
41. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
Surface Mass Balance
Active Layer
Ice Sheets
42. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Rainy
Ice Sheets
Calving
43. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Heat Source and Pressure
Thermohaline Circulation
75-OC
Once every 4 years.
44. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Percentile departures
Wetter; drier
45. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Once every 4 years.
Ice Cap
46. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Time Variable Gravity
Ice/snow
Permafrost
47. Really measures volume.
Absolute thresholds
Altimetry
Active Layer
Thermokarst
48. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Meteorological Drought
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
49. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Positive feedbacks both found in...
50. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Air pollution
Thermokarst
Frozen Soil
Discontinuous