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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Grounding Lines
Antarctica
Ice-Ocean Interactions
2. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Ice Discharge
Sea Ice
GHG
Open talik
3. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
4. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Ozone
Inversion Layer Winter
doubles
Permafrost Degradation
5. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Thinner atmosphere
Dry
Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
6. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Black Carbon
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Rainy
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
7. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Rainy
Altimetry Pros
How we measure Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Summer
8. Melting Point decreases
25%
Threshold departures
Antarctica
.75OC/km-1
9. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Closed talik
Discontinuous
Strong
10. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Warm
Permafrost
How to define a heatwave
11. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Monthly maximums and minimums
12. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Ice-Albedo
Where rise in OC is greatest
.75OC/km-1
Thermokarst
13. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Ice in the Arctic
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Questions to think about
14. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Closed talik
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Through talik
Thermohaline Circulation
15. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Strong
Mass Budget
Heat Source and Pressure
Heat wave
16. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Longwave Radiation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Depth v Surface
Mass Budget
17. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Hydrological Drought
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
How to define a heatwave
18. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Through talik
Radiative Flux
Indirect heat wave effect
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
19. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Sublimation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Radiative Forcing
20. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
30%
Ice Sheets
Sea-Ice Albedo
Air pollution
21. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Strong
Troposphere
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Mass Budget
22. Less frequent and weaker
Inversion Layer Summer
Natural Causes of Warming
Dry
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
23. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Greenland
Mass Budget
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Today melting ice
24. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Thinner atmosphere
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Infrared radiation
25. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Greenhouse Gases
70%
26. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Melt
Through talik
Ozone Hole
Antarctica
27. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Agricultural Drought
Ice in the Arctic
25%
Why the Arctic climate is special
28. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Antarctica
Heat wave
29. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Wetter; drier
Methane
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Questions to think about
30. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Ice shelf
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Surface Mass Balance
31. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
30%
In the troposphere that we live in.
Inversion Layer Winter
How a closed talik forms
32. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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183
33. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
50%
The Ozone Hole
Why the Arctic climate is special
Cloud Feedbacks
34. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Atmospheric Composition
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Dynamic thinning
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
35. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
In the stratosphere.
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Accumulation
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
36. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Shortwave Length
Permafrost
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Ice/snow
37. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Ice-Albedo
Ocean water
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
38. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ozone Hole
summer
Why the Arctic climate is special
39. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermokarst
Active Layer
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
40. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Permafrost
GHG
41. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Thermokarst
How to define a heatwave
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
% of Greenhouse Gases
42. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
summer
Surface Mass Balance
Ice/snow
43. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Atmospheric Composition?
Warm
44. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
How a closed talik forms
Negative
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
45. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
In the stratosphere.
Sea Ice
The Ozone Hole
Surface Mass Balance
46. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Atmospheric Composition
Types of Albedo
Stronger
Where rise in OC is greatest
47. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
doubles
Ice Sheets
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Thermohaline Circulatoin
48. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Ice/snow
.75OC/km-1
Rainy
Natural Causes of Warming
49. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
What effects the density
Wetter; drier
50. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Positive
Open talik
Sunspots