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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
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Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
2. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Energy Budget
Ice Discharge
Ice Sheets
Atmospheric Composition
3. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Atmospheric Composition?
Grounding Lines
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Active Layer
4. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
20%
Hydrological Drought
25%
The cryosphere
5. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
reduction in sea-ice
Ocean water
Wetter; drier
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
6. Where does the ozone protect us?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Layers of Earth
50%
In the stratosphere.
7. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Shortwave Length
Sea Ice
IPCC
50%
8. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Accumulation
Ice Sheets
Hydrological Drought
9. Total absorbed solar radiation
Sunspots
70%
In the stratosphere.
Increases - decreases
10. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Greenland
Frozen Soil
Depth v Surface
Thermokarst
11. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Albedo
Antarctica
Surface Mass Balance
Questions to think about
12. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Types of Albedo
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
75-OC
Sublimation
13. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Positive
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
14. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Inversion Layer Summer
Permafrost
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
15. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Closed talik
Ice in the Arctic
reduction in sea-ice
16. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Radiative Forcing
Thinner atmosphere
Albedo
17. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Inversion Layer Winter
Affect Floods and Droughts
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
18. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
La Nia
Normal condition for air
Strong
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
19. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Once every 4 years.
20. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Global warming and hot nights?
Strong
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Methane
21. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice-Albedo
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Warming; cooling
22. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Grounding Lines
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Mass Change
23. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Normal condition for air
Inversion Layer (feedback)
How we measure Mass Balance
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
24. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Closed talik
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry
Altimetry (height)
25. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Atmospheric Composition?
Greenland
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
75-OC
26. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice shelf
Ozone Hole
El Nino
27. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice Sheets
Atmospheric Composition
Ice absorbs
Atmospheric Structure
28. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
More rain means no drought
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Indirect heat wave effect
Positive
29. Measures input and output.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Mass Budget
20%
IPCC
30. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Types of Albedo
45%
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
31. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
In the troposphere that we live in.
Altimetry (height)
Carbon Dioxide
32. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Rainy
Shortwave Length
Ozone
Greenhouse Gases
33. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Surface Mass Balance
What effects the density
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Permafrost
34. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
In the stratosphere.
Ice shelf
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Atmospheric Composition
35. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Permafrost Degradation
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Energy Budget
36. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Ozone
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Archimedes' Principle
37. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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38. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Infrared radiation
.75OC/km-1
39. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
The Ozone Hole
Mass Balance
Ice shelf
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
40. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Affect Floods and Droughts
Grounding Lines
Importance of ice sheets
How we measure Mass Balance
41. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ice loss
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Greenland
Ozone
42. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
reduction in sea-ice
Mass Balance
Radiative Forcing
75-OC
43. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Archimedes' Principle
Increases - decreases
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
How a closed talik forms
44. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Grounding Lines
Severe coastal erosion
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ocean water
45. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Altimetry
Ocean water
75-OC
Surface Mass Balance
46. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Normal condition for air
47. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
How a closed talik forms
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Wetter; drier
Permafrost Degradation
48. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
How talik forms under lakes
Normal condition for air
In the troposphere that we live in.
Types of Albedo
49. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
How we measure Mass Balance
Methane
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sublimation
50. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Ozone Hole
Open talik
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
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