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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Permafrost
Ocean water
70%
2. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Greenhouse Gases
Why the Arctic climate is special
7%
3. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Permafrost Degradation
Accumulation
air can warm dramatically
4. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Grounding v Surface Melting
Layers of Earth
Radiative Flux
5. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
All Greenhouse gases
Grounding Lines
.75OC/km-1
Warm
6. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Dry
25%
Closed talik
Ice Sheets
7. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
reduction in sea-ice
Grounding Lines
The cryosphere
Altimetry Pros
8. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Positive
Where rise in OC is greatest
Discontinuous
Time Variable Gravity
9. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Permafrost
Atmospheric Composition?
Inversion Layer Winter
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
10. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ice-Albedo
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice loss
11. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
La Nia
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
summer
12. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
reduction in sea-ice
75-OC
Inversion Layer Summer
13. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
How we measure Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
Agricultural Drought
Thermohaline Circulation
14. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Questions to think about
Methane
15. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
More rain means no drought
La Nia
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice absorbs
16. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Climate Change in the Arctic
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Ice Sheets
17. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Ice shelf
The cryosphere
Severe coastal erosion
What effects the density
18. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ozone
Open talik
19. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Radiative Forcing
Ice Sheets
Once every 4 years.
GHG
20. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Ozone Hole
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Reduction in sea-ice extent
How we measure Mass Balance
21. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Thermokarst
7%
Today melting ice
Ice Cap
22. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sunspots
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Percentile departures
23. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Rainy
Ice Motion
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Winter
24. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Ice Motion
Where rise in OC is greatest
Accumulation
25. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice absorbs
Types of Albedo
Ice Shelf
Stronger
26. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Ice/snow
Antarctica
Surface Mass Balance
Accumulation
27. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Methane
How talik forms under lakes
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Agricultural Drought
28. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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183
29. Total absorbed solar radiation
% of Greenhouse Gases
70%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Warming; cooling
30. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
All Greenhouse gases
Monthly maximums and minimums
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Altimetry
31. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
32. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Ice Cap
Melt
Permafrost
Altimetry Pros
33. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice shelf
% of Greenhouse Gases
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
34. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Sunspots
Methane
Archimedes' Principle
35. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Global warming and hot nights?
Grounding Lines
Warming; cooling
Ice-Ocean Interactions
36. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice Motion
37. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Dry
Frozen Soil
Thermohaline Circulation
Types of Albedo
38. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
Warm
Meteorological Drought
Altimetry Cons
39. Where does the ozone protect us?
Global warming and hot nights?
In the stratosphere.
Mass Balance
Sublimation
40. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Through talik
Agricultural Drought
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
41. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Dry
Warm
Sunspots
Antarctica
42. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Infrared radiation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Warm
Air pollution
43. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Inversion Layer Winter
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Threshold departures
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
44. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
US and precipitation
Discontinuous
Ice loss
45. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Longwave Radiation
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
winter
El Nino
46. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Wetter; drier
Mass Change
Ice Sheets
47. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Grounding Lines
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Reduction in sea-ice extent
48. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ice loss
50%
Sea-Ice Albedo
49. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
summer
Cloud Feedbacks
Global warming and hot nights?
Questions to think about
50. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Time Variable Gravity
Warm
Ice Shelf
Mass Change