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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
30%
Arctic Atmosphere
Once every 4 years.
Positive
2. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulation
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Monthly maximums and minimums
3. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Altimetry (height)
How a closed talik forms
Depth v Surface
4. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Positive
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice Sheets
5. 240 w/m squared
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ocean water
Today melting ice
6. Less frequent and weaker
Open talik
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Inversion Layer Summer
.7O Celsius over the past century.
7. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
How talik forms under lakes
Archimedes' Principle
Heat Source and Pressure
Rainy
8. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Agricultural Drought
Antarctica
Earth's tilt
Ozone Hole
9. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Wetter; drier
Arctic Atmosphere
Archimedes' Principle
7%
10. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Cloud Feedbacks
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Meteorological Drought
Black Carbon
11. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Thermokarst
El Nino
Atmospheric Composition?
Active Layer
12. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
How a closed talik forms
Where rise in OC is greatest
Surface Mass Balance
Affect Floods and Droughts
13. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Heat wave
25%
Hydrological Drought
Permafrost Degradation
14. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Heat wave
Layers of Earth
Why the Arctic climate is special
7%
15. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Warm
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Permafrost
Ice in the Arctic
16. Permafrost- A frozen soil
In the troposphere that we live in.
Percentile departures
Frozen Soil
Normal condition for air
17. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Altimetry Cons
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Accumulation
Very small portion
18. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Percentile departures
1 m/yr; 10x
Why the Arctic climate is special
19. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Frozen Soil
Ice shelf
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Antarctica
20. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Sea Ice
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Sunspots
45%
21. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
winter
Melt
How talik forms under lakes
22. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Open talik
45%
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
23. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Indirect heat wave effect
Hydrological Drought
Once every 4 years.
Surface Mass Balance
24. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
All Greenhouse gases
Surface Mass Balance
Grounding v Surface Melting
Antarctica
25. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Dry
25%
summer
26. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Frozen Soil
Ice/snow
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
27. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Ice-Albedo
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Infrared radiation
Percentile departures
28. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
reduction in sea-ice
Energy Budget
Arctic Atmosphere
29. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
GHG
Atmospheric Structure
Mass Budget
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
30. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice loss
31. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide
Wetter; drier
Atmospheric Composition
Very small portion
32. Measures input and output.
Thermohaline Circulation
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Mass Budget
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
33. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Permafrost
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Longwave Radiation
34. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Atmospheric Composition
Thermokarst Lake
Severe coastal erosion
35. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Cloud Feedbacks
Thermohaline Circulation
Heat Source and Pressure
36. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Grounding Lines
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Atmospheric Composition
Greenland
37. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Today melting ice
Inversion Layer Summer
The Ozone Hole
38. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Ozone
Altimetry (height)
Frozen Soil
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
39. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Time Variable Gravity
Climate Change in the Arctic
winter
40. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Active Layer
IPCC
41. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Ice loss
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Surface Mass Balance
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
42. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Infrared radiation
Ice Sheets
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
43. Really measures volume.
GHG
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry
44. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
20%
Black Carbon
Hydrological Drought
US and precipitation
45. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Questions to think about
Ice loss
Ice Motion
Inversion Layer Winter
46. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Antarctica
Mass Budget
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer (feedback)
47. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Through talik
IPCC
Active Layer
48. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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49. The Earth emits this.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Longwave Radiation
Radiative Forcing
winter
50. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
In the stratosphere.
Surface Mass Balance
Wetter; drier