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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Dry
Ice-Ocean Interactions
30%
El Nino
2. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
GHG
Thermokarst
Mass Balance
3. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Ozone
Thinner atmosphere
Monthly maximums and minimums
Natural Causes of Warming
4. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Ozone
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
5. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Increases - decreases
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
6. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Air pollution
Why the Arctic climate is special
reduction in sea-ice
El Nino
7. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
How a closed talik forms
Mass Balance
Permafrost
summer
8. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Ice shelf
Ocean water
Positive feedbacks both found in...
All Greenhouse gases
9. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Cloud Feedbacks
Altimetry Pros
Shortwave Length
Dry
10. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Sunspots
50%
Ozone
25%
11. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Warming; cooling
Methane
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Layers of Earth
12. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Thinner atmosphere
50%
Atmospheric Composition?
Surface Mass Balance
13. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Affect Floods and Droughts
Radiative Forcing
Shortwave Length
14. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
US and precipitation
Methane
7%
Why the Arctic climate is special
15. Melting Point decreases
20%
Sea-Ice Albedo
.75OC/km-1
Altimetry Cons
16. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Normal condition for air
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
17. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Greenhouse Gases
Precipitation and High Latitudes
How talik forms under lakes
Indirect heat wave effect
18. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Types of Albedo
Global warming and hot nights?
summer
Why the Arctic climate is special
19. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Earth's tilt
Ice-Albedo
Thermokarst Lake
US and precipitation
20. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Energy Budget
Permafrost
Where rise in OC is greatest
Rainy
21. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Radiative Forcing
Thermokarst
22. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ice shelf
Permafrost
Wetter; drier
23. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Ice Motion
Affect Floods and Droughts
Permafrost Degradation
Earth's tilt
24. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
winter
US and precipitation
25. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
The Ozone Hole
Antarctica
Grounding Lines
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
26. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
La Nia
Altimetry Pros
Methane
Severe coastal erosion
27. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Permafrost
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Heat Source and Pressure
1 m/yr; 10x
28. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Thinner atmosphere
25%
Ocean water
Mass Budget
29. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Albedo
Melt
30%
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
30. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
50%
Types of Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
Shortwave Length
31. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
US and precipitation
1 m/yr; 10x
Active Layer
32. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Questions to think about
Positive
The cryosphere
Altimetry Pros
33. Measures input and output.
Dry
air can warm dramatically
Mass Budget
The cryosphere
34. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ice Cap
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ozone
35. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Arctic Atmosphere
Depth v Surface
How a closed talik forms
36. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Albedo
Altimetry Cons
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Permafrost Degradation
37. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Increases - decreases
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Mass Change
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
38. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Ice-Albedo
Sublimation
Ocean water
Archimedes' Principle
39. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Greenhouse Gases
Wetter; drier
40. How much is the planet really warming?
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice-Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
41. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Methane
Atmospheric Structure
Greenhouse Gases
25%
42. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Absolute thresholds
Ice Sheets
Time Variable Gravity
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
43. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Strong
Ice Shelf
Layers of Earth
44. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Mass Change
75-OC
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
% of Greenhouse Gases
45. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Rainy
Dynamic thinning
US and precipitation
Infrared radiation
46. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
Black Carbon
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Importance of ice sheets
47. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Atmospheric Composition
Permafrost
Methane
air can warm dramatically
48. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
75-OC
air can warm dramatically
Surface Mass Balance
La Nia
49. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
US and precipitation
Ozone
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Mass Budget
50. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
45%
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Atmospheric Circulation
Where rise in OC is greatest