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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
All Greenhouse gases
Albedo
Dynamic thinning
Atmospheric Composition
2. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
45%
Infrared radiation
Indirect heat wave effect
Natural Causes of Warming
3. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Sublimation
IPCC
Atmospheric Structure
4. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Antarctica
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Surface Mass Balance
% of Greenhouse Gases
5. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Natural Causes of Warming
Greenland
Grounding Lines
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
6. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Warming; cooling
% of Greenhouse Gases
Meteorological Drought
7. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Sunspots
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Black Carbon
8. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Negative
Indirect heat wave effect
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ice Sheets
9. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Threshold departures
Warming; cooling
Radiative Flux
Altimetry Cons
10. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Troposphere
Atmospheric Structure
Grounding Lines
11. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Altimetry Pros
How to define a heatwave
Today melting ice
50%
12. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Sea-Ice Albedo
Altimetry Pros
Ice-Ocean Interactions
13. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Discontinuous
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Closed talik
14. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Grounding Lines
Today melting ice
Surface Mass Balance
20%
15. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Affect Floods and Droughts
How we measure Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
16. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Ice Sheets
Ice-Albedo
Heat Source and Pressure
17. Where does the ozone protect us?
Types of Albedo
Depth v Surface
In the stratosphere.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
18. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Permafrost
Active Layer
summer
70%
19. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sunspots
El Nino
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
70%
20. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Ozone Hole
Inversion Layer Summer
air can warm dramatically
Heat Source and Pressure
21. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
IPCC
Methane
Arctic Atmosphere
La Nia
22. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Altimetry (height)
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Today melting ice
All Greenhouse gases
23. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Altimetry Cons
Accumulation
24. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Atmospheric Composition?
45%
Normal condition for air
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
25. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Dry
How to define a heatwave
Ice absorbs
26. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Warming; cooling
75-OC
Strong
27. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Air pollution
Infrared radiation
Dry
Ice in the Arctic
28. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
winter
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
1 m/yr; 10x
29. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Positive
7%
Mass Balance
Ocean water
30. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Sea-Ice Albedo
Grounding Lines
Layers of Earth
31. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Warming; cooling
Ice shelf
Types of Albedo
Open talik
32. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Arctic Atmosphere
Altimetry Pros
Ice/snow
More rain means no drought
33. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Sunspots
Dry
Ice Discharge
Where rise in OC is greatest
34. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Ice loss
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Energy Budget
35. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Ice shelf
Thermokarst Lake
.75OC/km-1
Mass Balance
36. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Meteorological Drought
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Ocean water
37. Melting Point decreases
50%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Inversion Layer (feedback)
.75OC/km-1
38. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
In the stratosphere.
Talik
Sunspots
Greenhouse Gases
39. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Stronger
Talik
% of Greenhouse Gases
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
40. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Meteorological Drought
Rainy
Ozone Hole
41. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Melt
El Nino
Surface Mass Balance
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
42. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Radiative Flux
Meteorological Drought
Grounding v Surface Melting
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
43. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Atmospheric Circulation
Troposphere
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
44. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Global warming and hot nights?
70%
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
45. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Absolute thresholds
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Strong
46. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Active Layer
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Monthly maximums and minimums
How a closed talik forms
47. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Very small portion
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ozone
48. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Thermohaline Circulation
Dry
.75OC/km-1
7%
49. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Stronger
Carbon Dioxide
Once every 4 years.
Ozone Hole
50. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Thermohaline Circulation
Agricultural Drought
Absolute thresholds