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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Permafrost
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Accumulation
Troposphere
2. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
1 m/yr; 10x
Surface Mass Balance
Black Carbon
3. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Affect Floods and Droughts
Sea-Ice Albedo
Why the Arctic climate is special
4. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Through talik
25%
Ice shelf
Rainy
5. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Grounding Lines
6. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Shortwave Length
Sea-Ice Albedo
7. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Indirect heat wave effect
Why the Arctic climate is special
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Layers of Earth
8. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Grounding Lines
Threshold departures
9. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Surface Mass Balance
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
45%
10. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
La Nia
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Very small portion
air can warm dramatically
11. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Accumulation
30%
summer
12. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
All Greenhouse gases
Time Variable Gravity
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Radiative Flux
13. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
30%
Positive
The cryosphere
14. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Ice loss
1 m/yr; 10x
Questions to think about
Ice Motion
15. Less frequent and weaker
Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Summer
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
air can warm dramatically
16. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Frozen Soil
Archimedes' Principle
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ice-Ocean Interactions
17. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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18. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
La Nia
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
19. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Questions to think about
Surface Mass Balance
Discontinuous
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
20. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Cloud Feedbacks
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Very small portion
21. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
Warming; cooling
Absolute thresholds
Permafrost
22. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Discontinuous
7%
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
% of Greenhouse Gases
23. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Positive
Mass Change
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
24. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
IPCC
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Carbon Dioxide
25. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
All Greenhouse gases
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Increases - decreases
Thermohaline Circulation
26. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Surface Mass Balance
Antarctica
27. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Antarctica
Ozone Hole
Energy Budget
Natural Causes of Warming
28. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
Carbon Dioxide
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Sunspots
29. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
20%
All Greenhouse gases
Sunspots
Thermohaline Circulatoin
30. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
7%
Negative
Atmospheric Structure
31. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Permafrost
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Ice-Ocean Interactions
25%
32. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Wetter; drier
Ice in the Arctic
Negative
summer
33. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Types of Albedo
1 m/yr; 10x
More rain means no drought
34. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
The cryosphere
Severe coastal erosion
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Greenhouse Gases
35. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Radiative Flux
Permafrost
Altimetry Pros
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
36. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Meteorological Drought
1 m/yr; 10x
What effects the density
Antarctica
37. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Inversion Layer Winter
Troposphere
Longwave Radiation
Ice absorbs
38. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
Active Layer
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
39. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
What effects the density
Ice shelf
Ocean water
Positive feedbacks both found in...
40. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
More rain means no drought
Ice absorbs
Inversion Layer (feedback)
41. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Frozen Soil
Altimetry Pros
Ice Sheets
42. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Ice in the Arctic
Ice Discharge
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Questions to think about
43. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Accumulation
Ice absorbs
Absolute thresholds
Black Carbon
44. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
What effects the density
Mass Change
Dry
45. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
reduction in sea-ice
Natural Causes of Warming
Affect Floods and Droughts
Once every 4 years.
46. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
Melt
Permafrost
20%
47. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Talik
30%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Thermohaline Circulation
48. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Why the Arctic climate is special
Questions to think about
Positive
Surface Mass Balance
49. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
What effects the density
Percentile departures
Threshold departures
70%
50. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Radiative Forcing
Ozone Hole
Permafrost
Severe coastal erosion