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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
30%
Radiative Flux
Thermokarst Lake
What happens with the Ozone Hole
2. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
50%
Archimedes' Principle
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Active Layer
3. Measures input and output.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Mass Budget
Affect Floods and Droughts
IPCC
4. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Ice Cap
Infrared radiation
Sunspots
Questions to think about
5. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
30%
El Nino
Accumulation
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
6. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Ozone
Stronger
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
El Nino
7. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Sublimation
Where rise in OC is greatest
Permafrost
Inversion Layer (feedback)
8. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Heat wave
In the troposphere that we live in.
winter
9. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Thermokarst
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Meteorological Drought
Indirect heat wave effect
10. 85%
winter
Calving
Sea-Ice Albedo
doubles
11. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ice Cap
Ozone Hole
1 m/yr; 10x
Percentile departures
12. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Earth's tilt
Inversion Layer Summer
25%
13. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Radiative Flux
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Antarctica
Ice absorbs
14. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
Atmospheric Composition
Ice Motion
.75OC/km-1
15. How often does El Nio occur?
Active Layer
Dynamic thinning
Very small portion
Once every 4 years.
16. Total absorbed solar radiation
Altimetry (height)
70%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ozone Hole
17. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Mass Balance
Arctic Atmosphere
Active Layer
El Nino
18. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Hydrological Drought
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Closed talik
19. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Affect Floods and Droughts
Agricultural Drought
Absolute thresholds
Active Layer
20. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Thermohaline Circulation
Questions to think about
US and precipitation
Meteorological Drought
21. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermokarst
Very small portion
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ozone
22. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
Mass Balance
Open talik
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
23. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Shortwave Length
Dry
Grounding Lines
24. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulation
Open talik
Atmospheric Structure
25. 240 w/m squared
Archimedes' Principle
Altimetry (height)
How to define a heatwave
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
26. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Dynamic thinning
Ice loss
Ice Shelf
27. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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183
28. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
29. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Heat wave
Ice absorbs
Atmospheric Structure
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
30. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
How to define a heatwave
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
31. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Arctic Atmosphere
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Active Layer
Atmospheric Structure
32. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
How talik forms under lakes
Natural Causes of Warming
Melt
33. Melting Point decreases
Troposphere
Thermohaline Circulatoin
.75OC/km-1
Albedos of Snow and Ice
34. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
35. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
Ice Sheets
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Reduction in sea-ice extent
36. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Global warming and hot nights?
Ice in the Arctic
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
37. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice Cap
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice-Ocean Interactions
38. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Altimetry Cons
Frozen Soil
Earth's tilt
39. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Grounding Lines
25%
How to define a heatwave
The Ozone Hole
40. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Time Variable Gravity
air can warm dramatically
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Types of Albedo
41. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Threshold departures
Ice-Ocean Interactions
75-OC
Ice absorbs
42. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Antarctica
Thermokarst
Indirect heat wave effect
Inversion Layer (feedback)
43. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
1 m/yr; 10x
Grounding Lines
Grounding v Surface Melting
How talik forms under lakes
44. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Affect Floods and Droughts
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
45. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Atmospheric Circulation
Surface Mass Balance
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
46. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Negative
Threshold departures
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Altimetry (height)
47. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Radiative Forcing
Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
Accumulation
48. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulation
Stronger
Heat Source and Pressure
49. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice Sheets
50. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Ice Motion
Active Layer
Methane
How we measure Mass Balance