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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Ocean water
Agricultural Drought
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
7%
Ice Motion
Thermokarst
Energy Budget
3. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Altimetry (height)
How a closed talik forms
Thinner atmosphere
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
4. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
25%
30%
Sunspots
5. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Monthly maximums and minimums
Stronger
Discontinuous
6. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermokarst
Types of Albedo
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
7. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Greenhouse Gases
Air pollution
The Ozone Hole
Ozone Hole
8. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Indirect heat wave effect
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
In the troposphere that we live in.
9. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ocean water
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
10. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Altimetry
Ice in the Arctic
Rainy
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
11. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Ice Motion
12. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Increases - decreases
Dynamic thinning
Ice loss
Rainy
13. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Permafrost Degradation
Wetter; drier
summer
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
14. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Altimetry Pros
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Calving
Closed talik
15. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
La Nia
How talik forms under lakes
Percentile departures
16. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Warming; cooling
How we measure Mass Balance
Today melting ice
Thermokarst Lake
17. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Natural Causes of Warming
Ocean water
18. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
summer
Mass Budget
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Increases - decreases
19. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Radiative Flux
20. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Talik
Climate Change in the Arctic
La Nia
21. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Motion
20%
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ice Cap
22. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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183
23. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice Shelf
Antarctica
Ozone Hole
24. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Depth v Surface
Atmospheric Composition
30%
Warm
25. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Very small portion
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Grounding Lines
Thermokarst
26. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
El Nino
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Absolute thresholds
27. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Antarctica
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Discontinuous
28. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Grounding Lines
Dry
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ocean water
29. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Ice-Ocean Interactions
winter
Natural Causes of Warming
Longwave Radiation
30. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Methane
US and precipitation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
31. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Altimetry (height)
Sublimation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Greenland
32. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Warming; cooling
Threshold departures
Ice absorbs
33. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Open talik
Calving
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Black Carbon
34. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Active Layer
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulation
35. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Archimedes' Principle
75-OC
Radiative Forcing
Through talik
36. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
Global warming and hot nights?
30%
The cryosphere
Sublimation
37. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Time Variable Gravity
Ice absorbs
How to define a heatwave
38. 85%
Monthly maximums and minimums
70%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Wetter; drier
39. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Global warming and hot nights?
Methane
Heat wave
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
40. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Today melting ice
Layers of Earth
What effects the density
Greenhouse Gases
41. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
.75OC/km-1
Positive
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
42. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Black Carbon
Infrared radiation
Wetter; drier
43. More common
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Wetter; drier
Inversion Layer Winter
44. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
70%
What happens with the Ozone Hole
All Greenhouse gases
Carbon Dioxide
45. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Very small portion
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Thinner atmosphere
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
46. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
7%
Inversion Layer Winter
Atmospheric Circulation
47. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Mass Balance
Global warming and hot nights?
Carbon Dioxide
48. High vs low
Why the Arctic climate is special
.75OC/km-1
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Cloud Feedbacks
49. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
50%
Permafrost
Depth v Surface
Ice loss
50. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
75-OC
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Melt
50%