SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
All Greenhouse gases
% of Greenhouse Gases
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice Sheets
2. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Thermokarst
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Once every 4 years.
3. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Grounding v Surface Melting
Greenhouse Gases
Ice Sheets
Albedo
4. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Warm
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Atmospheric Composition?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
5. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
30%
Mass Change
6. More common
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Winter
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Strong
7. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Cloud Feedbacks
Frozen Soil
What effects the density
Positive
8. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Permafrost
Heat Source and Pressure
Heat wave
9. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
US and precipitation
Very small portion
10. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
How a closed talik forms
Inversion Layer Winter
Positive
Ice in the Arctic
11. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Antarctica
More rain means no drought
How to define a heatwave
12. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
More rain means no drought
Earth's tilt
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
13. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Permafrost
air can warm dramatically
Altimetry Cons
14. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Shortwave Length
Positive
Mass Balance
Questions to think about
15. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Air pollution
More rain means no drought
Closed talik
Methane
16. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ozone Hole
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
17. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Black Carbon
reduction in sea-ice
Increases - decreases
More rain means no drought
18. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
summer
Arctic Atmosphere
Why the Arctic climate is special
19. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Talik
Sea Ice
Ice shelf
30%
20. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Absolute thresholds
1 m/yr; 10x
Active Layer
21. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Thermohaline Circulation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Atmospheric Composition
22. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Ice-Ocean Interactions
% of Greenhouse Gases
How to define a heatwave
23. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
.75OC/km-1
Thermohaline Circulation
Permafrost
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
24. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Through talik
doubles
Greenhouse Gases
Shortwave Length
25. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Infrared radiation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
How to define a heatwave
Layers of Earth
26. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Rainy
Positive
Active Layer
27. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Ocean water
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Surface Mass Balance
28. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Stronger
Strong
Active Layer
29. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
25%
Absolute thresholds
Ocean water
30. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice absorbs
Severe coastal erosion
Black Carbon
31. The Earth emits this.
reduction in sea-ice
Longwave Radiation
Altimetry Pros
Active Layer
32. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Altimetry (height)
Inversion Layer Summer
33. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Rainy
Ice loss
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost
34. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Mass Change
.7O Celsius over the past century.
20%
IPCC
35. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Sea-Ice Albedo
Calving
Radiative Flux
Ice loss
36. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Ozone Hole
Antarctica
Closed talik
37. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Active Layer
Sea Ice
Global warming and hot nights?
Why the Arctic climate is special
38. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Global warming and hot nights?
Warm
Heat wave
39. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Grounding Lines
Shortwave Length
How a closed talik forms
Dynamic thinning
40. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ice Motion
Methane
Severe coastal erosion
Grounding Lines
41. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Energy Budget
25%
Sublimation
42. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Depth v Surface
Sea Ice
Atmospheric Composition
Heat wave
43. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Once every 4 years.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Carbon Dioxide
44. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Closed talik
Active Layer
Atmospheric Structure
45. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Frozen Soil
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Negative
46. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Frozen Soil
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Antarctica
How we measure Mass Balance
47. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Ice Motion
Shortwave Length
Melt
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
48. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Closed talik
Atmospheric Composition
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ocean water
49. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Black Carbon
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Normal condition for air
50. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Ice/snow
Warming; cooling
Accumulation
Antarctica