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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Through talik
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Surface Mass Balance
2. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Permafrost Degradation
Ice in the Arctic
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ice Motion
3. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
30%
Altimetry Pros
Methane
Ice Motion
4. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Active Layer
More rain means no drought
5. High vs low
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Grounding v Surface Melting
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice Cap
6. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Permafrost Degradation
Sea Ice
Surface Mass Balance
Reduction in sea-ice extent
7. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Importance of ice sheets
Melt
50%
8. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
air can warm dramatically
Severe coastal erosion
Threshold departures
9. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Thermohaline Circulation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Rainy
Where rise in OC is greatest
10. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Warm
Where rise in OC is greatest
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Threshold departures
11. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Calving
Normal condition for air
IPCC
12. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Mass Change
How a closed talik forms
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
13. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Archimedes' Principle
Ice shelf
14. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Altimetry
Carbon Dioxide
Melt
Inversion Layer Summer
15. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Thermokarst
reduction in sea-ice
GHG
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
16. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Strong
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
air can warm dramatically
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
17. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
How to define a heatwave
How we measure Mass Balance
Black Carbon
18. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Climate Change in the Arctic
Very small portion
Wetter; drier
Thinner atmosphere
19. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Altimetry (height)
More rain means no drought
El Nino
20. Less frequent and weaker
Depth v Surface
.75OC/km-1
Global warming and hot nights?
Inversion Layer Summer
21. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Ice in the Arctic
Thermokarst Lake
Sublimation
Carbon Dioxide
22. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Climate Change in the Arctic
Indirect heat wave effect
Altimetry Pros
23. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Ozone Hole
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice Discharge
75-OC
24. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Open talik
Closed talik
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Where rise in OC is greatest
25. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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26. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Black Carbon
% of Greenhouse Gases
Absolute thresholds
Warming; cooling
27. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
7%
Sunspots
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
25%
28. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Agricultural Drought
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thermohaline Circulatoin
29. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Surface Mass Balance
Thinner atmosphere
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
30. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Albedo
Global warming and hot nights?
Ocean water
31. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice Sheets
El Nino
Surface Mass Balance
32. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Antarctica
Thermokarst
Ice Shelf
Hydrological Drought
33. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ozone
Meteorological Drought
Where rise in OC is greatest
34. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Carbon Dioxide
Absolute thresholds
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
35. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Accumulation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Surface Mass Balance
How we measure Mass Balance
36. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Albedo
reduction in sea-ice
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Earth's tilt
37. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Longwave Radiation
Dry
Hydrological Drought
Sea Ice
38. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Surface Mass Balance
Where rise in OC is greatest
The Ozone Hole
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
39. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Stronger
El Nino
40. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Permafrost
The cryosphere
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
GHG
41. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
Warming; cooling
1 m/yr; 10x
.7O Celsius over the past century.
42. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Positive
In the stratosphere.
Troposphere
Questions to think about
43. Melting Point decreases
Natural Causes of Warming
Importance of ice sheets
.75OC/km-1
Discontinuous
44. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
All Greenhouse gases
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
45. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Reduction in sea-ice extent
The cryosphere
% of Greenhouse Gases
Why the Arctic climate is special
46. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
The cryosphere
Ozone
Altimetry Cons
Monthly maximums and minimums
47. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Cloud Feedbacks
Shortwave Length
How a closed talik forms
Increases - decreases
48. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
In the troposphere that we live in.
Atmospheric Circulation
49. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thermokarst
Sea Ice
50. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Very small portion
Heat wave
Mass Budget
Stronger