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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
1 m/yr; 10x
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
El Nino
2. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Radiative Flux
Affect Floods and Droughts
Archimedes' Principle
Atmospheric Composition?
3. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Thermohaline Circulation
Rainy
Radiative Flux
Archimedes' Principle
4. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Through talik
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Permafrost
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
5. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost Degradation
Hydrological Drought
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
6. Permafrost- A frozen soil
reduction in sea-ice
How to define a heatwave
30%
Frozen Soil
7. Melting Point decreases
Ice Sheets
Time Variable Gravity
.75OC/km-1
75-OC
8. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Ice Cap
Altimetry Cons
Energy Budget
Altimetry (height)
9. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Depth v Surface
Troposphere
Permafrost
Positive
10. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice shelf
Methane
Once every 4 years.
11. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Absolute thresholds
Types of Albedo
All Greenhouse gases
Radiative Flux
12. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Ocean water
Mass Balance
50%
How talik forms under lakes
13. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
What effects the density
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Heat wave
How we measure Mass Balance
14. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Antarctica
Surface Mass Balance
Precipitation and High Latitudes
15. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
25%
Stronger
Permafrost
The cryosphere
16. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Negative
Altimetry Pros
Indirect heat wave effect
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
17. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Methane
IPCC
Thermokarst
Thermokarst Lake
18. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Mass Change
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
19. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Active Layer
Methane
Hydrological Drought
Depth v Surface
20. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Layers of Earth
reduction in sea-ice
Thermokarst Lake
Ice Discharge
21. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Discharge
Permafrost
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice Cap
22. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Melt
reduction in sea-ice
Sublimation
Sea Ice
23. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Sunspots
Open talik
Strong
Ice Cap
24. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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183
25. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Monthly maximums and minimums
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Thermohaline Circulation
Warming; cooling
26. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Sunspots
Threshold departures
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
27. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Ice-Albedo
Severe coastal erosion
28. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
How talik forms under lakes
50%
Calving
Through talik
29. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
Climate Change in the Arctic
Wetter; drier
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
30. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Antarctica
Monthly maximums and minimums
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
31. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Importance of ice sheets
IPCC
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Albedo
32. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Thermohaline Circulation
Accumulation
Ocean water
Grounding Lines
33. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Inversion Layer Summer
Sunspots
Altimetry Cons
34. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
How talik forms under lakes
How we measure Mass Balance
Air pollution
The Ozone Hole
35. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Active Layer
Importance of ice sheets
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Accumulation
36. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Natural Causes of Warming
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Monthly maximums and minimums
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
37. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Hydrological Drought
25%
38. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Altimetry (height)
Why the Arctic climate is special
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Indirect heat wave effect
39. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Atmospheric Structure
Ozone
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
25%
40. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
% of Greenhouse Gases
How we measure Mass Balance
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
41. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Wetter; drier
Absolute thresholds
Ice shelf
Heat wave
42. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Very small portion
Hydrological Drought
43. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Mass Balance
Atmospheric Structure
Radiative Forcing
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
44. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Percentile departures
50%
Wetter; drier
Altimetry
45. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
Shortwave Length
More rain means no drought
Precipitation and High Latitudes
46. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Normal condition for air
Percentile departures
Permafrost
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
47. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Increases - decreases
48. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Surface Mass Balance
Severe coastal erosion
Arctic Atmosphere
49. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Black Carbon
Melt
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Negative
50. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
In the stratosphere.
75-OC
Arctic Atmosphere