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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Grounding v Surface Melting
Threshold departures
In the troposphere that we live in.
GHG
2. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Ozone Hole
Thermokarst
How a closed talik forms
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
3. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Discontinuous
.75OC/km-1
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
4. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Rainy
Mass Balance
5. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
All Greenhouse gases
Thermokarst
reduction in sea-ice
6. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Mass Budget
Permafrost
Talik
Increases - decreases
7. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Permafrost Degradation
Permafrost
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice absorbs
8. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Layers of Earth
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Heat Source and Pressure
Dynamic thinning
9. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
El Nino
Mass Balance
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
10. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Strong
Thermokarst
Shortwave Length
11. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Once every 4 years.
Surface Mass Balance
Through talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
12. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Stronger
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ozone
50%
13. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Very small portion
Permafrost
Ice Sheets
Today melting ice
14. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Thermokarst
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
summer
15. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
The cryosphere
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Rainy
16. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Permafrost
Air pollution
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
What happens with the Ozone Hole
17. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Ice-Albedo
Importance of ice sheets
Sea Ice
18. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Altimetry Cons
Depth v Surface
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
19. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Affect Floods and Droughts
Climate Change in the Arctic
30%
Melt
20. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
21. The Earth emits this.
Ocean water
Ice absorbs
summer
Longwave Radiation
22. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
GHG
Warm
23. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Ocean water
Ice Motion
Calving
More rain means no drought
24. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
summer
Ice Shelf
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ocean water
25. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Heat Source and Pressure
Ozone
75-OC
Closed talik
26. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
Melt
Sea-Ice Albedo
Archimedes' Principle
27. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Mass Balance
Importance of ice sheets
Climate Change in the Arctic
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
28. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Ice Motion
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Thinner atmosphere
Mass Change
29. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Talik
Mass Budget
winter
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
30. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
50%
Carbon Dioxide
31. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Natural Causes of Warming
Sublimation
Atmospheric Structure
32. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
doubles
Ice-Albedo
Ozone Hole
Dynamic thinning
33. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Negative
Sea-Ice Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation
34. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Permafrost
Open talik
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
35. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Atmospheric Composition
Ice/snow
Ozone Hole
36. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Greenhouse Gases
Sublimation
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Closed talik
37. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Thinner atmosphere
Inversion Layer Winter
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Increases - decreases
38. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Open talik
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Threshold departures
39. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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40. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Severe coastal erosion
Surface Mass Balance
1 m/yr; 10x
Precipitation and High Latitudes
41. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
How talik forms under lakes
Ice-Albedo
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
42. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Earth's tilt
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
70%
43. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Hydrological Drought
Ice Cap
Ice Sheets
44. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice shelf
Active Layer
45. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Atmospheric Composition
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Mass Balance
Altimetry
46. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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47. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Thinner atmosphere
Ice Motion
Thermohaline Circulation
75-OC
48. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Percentile departures
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Altimetry Pros
49. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice Sheets
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Types of Albedo
50. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulation
La Nia
Mass Balance