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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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2. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Thermokarst
How we measure Mass Balance
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
75-OC
3. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Questions to think about
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ozone
4. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice-Albedo
Antarctica
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
5. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Dry
Greenland
air can warm dramatically
Surface Mass Balance
6. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
Archimedes' Principle
7%
Earth's tilt
7. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Thermokarst
Global warming and hot nights?
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
8. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Ice Sheets
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
9. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Active Layer
Questions to think about
50%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
10. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Percentile departures
Positive feedbacks both found in...
11. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sunspots
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
La Nia
12. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
25%
Radiative Forcing
Wetter; drier
Closed talik
13. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Discontinuous
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
In the troposphere that we live in.
14. Ocean retains ____ CO2
45%
Agricultural Drought
Ice Sheets
25%
15. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Ice Motion
US and precipitation
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Warming; cooling
16. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
doubles
Atmospheric Circulation
17. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Reduction in sea-ice extent
reduction in sea-ice
Thermohaline Circulation
Air pollution
18. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
What effects the density
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
summer
Thermokarst
19. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice in the Arctic
20. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Once every 4 years.
Dynamic thinning
75-OC
Ice Sheets
21. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
In the troposphere that we live in.
Mass Change
Arctic Atmosphere
22. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
US and precipitation
Thermokarst Lake
El Nio is in the coasts of...
23. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Very small portion
Altimetry (height)
How talik forms under lakes
24. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Closed talik
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Percentile departures
Thermohaline Circulation
25. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
GHG
Active Layer
45%
26. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Frozen Soil
Mass Change
Inversion Layer Summer
How a closed talik forms
27. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Melt
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Warm
Grounding v Surface Melting
28. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
% of Greenhouse Gases
Importance of ice sheets
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
29. How often does El Nio occur?
1 m/yr; 10x
Once every 4 years.
Meteorological Drought
Melt
30. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
% of Greenhouse Gases
Percentile departures
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Precipitation and High Latitudes
31. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Depth v Surface
Rainy
32. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Shortwave Length
Ice/snow
.7O Celsius over the past century.
33. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
70%
Ice-Ocean Interactions
34. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Ocean water
Climate Change in the Arctic
Where rise in OC is greatest
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
35. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Atmospheric Circulation
Ice Sheets
Heat wave
7%
36. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ice in the Arctic
Grounding Lines
Active Layer
37. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Layers of Earth
Positive
Threshold departures
Infrared radiation
38. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Affect Floods and Droughts
Normal condition for air
In the stratosphere.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
39. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Atmospheric Circulation
Air pollution
Altimetry
Ice-Albedo
40. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Inversion Layer (feedback)
All Greenhouse gases
1 m/yr; 10x
Mass Budget
41. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
La Nia
45%
Ocean water
42. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Thinner atmosphere
Heat wave
Cloud Feedbacks
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
43. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Negative
Thermokarst
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Rainy
44. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
summer
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Altimetry (height)
45. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
More rain means no drought
Global warming and hot nights?
Threshold departures
Accumulation
46. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Time Variable Gravity
Ice in the Arctic
Questions to think about
47. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Once every 4 years.
Permafrost
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thermokarst
48. 240 w/m squared
Very small portion
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry
49. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
All Greenhouse gases
Severe coastal erosion
summer
50. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Thermokarst
Where rise in OC is greatest
.75OC/km-1