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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
GHG
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
2. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Positive
Open talik
3. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Heat wave
What happens with the Ozone Hole
winter
Ice Cap
4. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Melt
Mass Change
5. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ice Discharge
Time Variable Gravity
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Surface Mass Balance
6. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Surface Mass Balance
doubles
Climate Change in the Arctic
Layers of Earth
7. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Permafrost
US and precipitation
In the troposphere that we live in.
Today melting ice
8. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Greenland
The cryosphere
Sea-Ice Albedo
9. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Absolute thresholds
IPCC
The Ozone Hole
10. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Ocean water
Mass Balance
Negative
11. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Absolute thresholds
Frozen Soil
12. The amount of light reflected by an object.
Albedo
Affect Floods and Droughts
Atmospheric Composition?
Heat Source and Pressure
13. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Radiative Forcing
Ozone Hole
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Sea-Ice Albedo
14. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Permafrost
Ice Cap
Strong
Ice Shelf
15. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Altimetry Pros
Longwave Radiation
Heat Source and Pressure
16. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Air pollution
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ice in the Arctic
Thinner atmosphere
17. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Sunspots
Surface Mass Balance
Albedos of Snow and Ice
winter
18. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Mass Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ice shelf
Negative
19. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Agricultural Drought
70%
7%
Positive
20. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
.7O Celsius over the past century.
IPCC
Strong
21. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Surface Mass Balance
1 m/yr; 10x
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
22. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Once every 4 years.
Ice Motion
Thermohaline Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
23. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice loss
What effects the density
Ocean water
24. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Atmospheric Structure
Shortwave Length
Inversion Layer (feedback)
How talik forms under lakes
25. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Surface Mass Balance
Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Sublimation
26. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Thermohaline Circulation
Dynamic thinning
Mass Balance
Ozone Hole
27. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
25%
Warming; cooling
Increases - decreases
summer
28. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Radiative Flux
.75OC/km-1
Shortwave Length
29. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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30. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Ice/snow
Infrared radiation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Atmospheric Composition
31. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Ice Sheets
Once every 4 years.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Where rise in OC is greatest
32. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Earth's tilt
Active Layer
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Stronger
33. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Inversion Layer Winter
Air pollution
Stronger
Ice Cap
34. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Ice shelf
.75OC/km-1
Surface Mass Balance
35. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
El Nino
Time Variable Gravity
Why the Arctic climate is special
Altimetry
36. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
30%
Ice Motion
Black Carbon
air can warm dramatically
37. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
What happens with the Ozone Hole
.75OC/km-1
Wetter; drier
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
38. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Ice Shelf
Accumulation
Atmospheric Composition
Cloud Feedbacks
39. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ice Motion
Ice Cap
30%
40. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Radiative Forcing
Shortwave Length
air can warm dramatically
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
41. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Arctic Atmosphere
Dry
Meteorological Drought
42. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Thermohaline Circulation
Arctic Atmosphere
How to define a heatwave
Altimetry Cons
43. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Greenland
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Sea-Ice Albedo
Ice in the Arctic
44. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Permafrost Degradation
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Layers of Earth
45. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Sea-Ice Albedo
Heat wave
Thermohaline Circulation
Natural Causes of Warming
46. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Threshold departures
Inversion Layer (feedback)
47. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Atmospheric Structure
Types of Albedo
48. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Wetter; drier
Radiative Forcing
Warming; cooling
Precipitation and High Latitudes
49. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
7%
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Monthly maximums and minimums
doubles
50. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Open talik
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
How we measure Mass Balance