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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
doubles
Ocean water
Where rise in OC is greatest
reduction in sea-ice
2. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
US and precipitation
Ocean water
Radiative Flux
Thermohaline Circulatoin
3. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
How a closed talik forms
Black Carbon
The cryosphere
Rainy
4. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Ice Cap
winter
Permafrost
Ocean water
5. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Negative
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Ice in the Arctic
6. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Antarctica
Altimetry Pros
Grounding Lines
7. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Warming; cooling
Positive
Natural Causes of Warming
Active Layer
8. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
More rain means no drought
Permafrost
What effects the density
9. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Greenland
Ozone Hole
Global warming and hot nights?
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
10. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
In the troposphere that we live in.
Absolute thresholds
11. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
How a closed talik forms
Dynamic thinning
Albedo
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
12. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Mass Balance
.75OC/km-1
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Meteorological Drought
13. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Discontinuous
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Today melting ice
7%
14. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Albedos of Snow and Ice
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Mass Change
30%
15. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ozone
Ice Discharge
Thinner atmosphere
How we measure Mass Balance
16. High vs low
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Cloud Feedbacks
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Arctic Atmosphere
17. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Ice Motion
Frozen Soil
Longwave Radiation
Hydrological Drought
18. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
summer
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Mass Change
Stronger
19. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Very small portion
summer
Normal condition for air
20. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Hydrological Drought
Thermokarst
Accumulation
21. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Wetter; drier
Thermohaline Circulation
IPCC
22. Permafrost- A frozen soil
How to define a heatwave
Natural Causes of Warming
Frozen Soil
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
23. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Surface Mass Balance
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Ice in the Arctic
24. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Altimetry (height)
25. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Very small portion
Importance of ice sheets
Energy Budget
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
26. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
In the stratosphere.
Ozone
doubles
Ice shelf
27. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Absolute thresholds
Strong
How to define a heatwave
28. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Mass Budget
Cloud Feedbacks
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
29. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Calving
GHG
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Longwave Radiation
Ice/snow
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Affect Floods and Droughts
31. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
US and precipitation
32. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Sea-Ice Albedo
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Wetter; drier
Increases - decreases
33. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Permafrost
Ice in the Arctic
All Greenhouse gases
Altimetry (height)
34. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Global warming and hot nights?
20%
Wetter; drier
Indirect heat wave effect
35. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Atmospheric Structure
Infrared radiation
Affect Floods and Droughts
Thermokarst Lake
36. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Global warming and hot nights?
Black Carbon
Altimetry Pros
37. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
More rain means no drought
Thermokarst
38. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Absolute thresholds
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
.75OC/km-1
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
39. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Altimetry (height)
Altimetry Cons
Grounding Lines
How we measure Mass Balance
40. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice Motion
Altimetry Cons
41. Measures input and output.
Thermokarst Lake
Atmospheric Composition
Ice Sheets
Mass Budget
42. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Affect Floods and Droughts
Air pollution
43. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Affect Floods and Droughts
Albedo
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
44. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Altimetry (height)
Ice/snow
45. The Earth emits this.
More rain means no drought
Layers of Earth
Longwave Radiation
75-OC
46. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
How to define a heatwave
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
47. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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48. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Arctic Atmosphere
Wetter; drier
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
49. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ice shelf
Wetter; drier
Depth v Surface
50. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
summer
The Ozone Hole
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
75-OC