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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Percentile departures
Permafrost Degradation
Altimetry (height)
winter
2. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Questions to think about
More rain means no drought
3. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Arctic Atmosphere
Radiative Flux
Atmospheric Composition
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
4. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Layers of Earth
Shortwave Length
Grounding v Surface Melting
5. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
summer
Agricultural Drought
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Altimetry Cons
6. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Ice/snow
Heat wave
Calving
Ice-Ocean Interactions
7. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Meteorological Drought
Positive
Positive feedbacks both found in...
The cryosphere
8. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Radiative Flux
Altimetry Pros
Mass Balance
Ice shelf
9. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Methane
Ice in the Arctic
How we measure Mass Balance
Through talik
10. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Mass Budget
75-OC
Open talik
Atmospheric Composition
11. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Ice Sheets
How talik forms under lakes
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Why the Arctic climate is special
12. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Thermokarst
The Ozone Hole
In the troposphere that we live in.
Methane
13. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
What effects the density
Active Layer
Accumulation
Archimedes' Principle
14. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Importance of ice sheets
Ice Cap
What effects the density
15. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Earth's tilt
Closed talik
Monthly maximums and minimums
1 m/yr; 10x
16. Really measures volume.
Dry
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Altimetry
reduction in sea-ice
17. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Reduction in sea-ice extent
How a closed talik forms
Atmospheric Composition?
18. Total absorbed solar radiation
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Antarctica
70%
Ice Shelf
19. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Ice in the Arctic
Warm
Heat wave
Shortwave Length
20. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Shortwave Length
All Greenhouse gases
Reduction in sea-ice extent
21. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
30%
All Greenhouse gases
22. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Atmospheric Composition
reduction in sea-ice
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
23. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Thermokarst
Surface Mass Balance
Grounding Lines
Ice-Ocean Interactions
24. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Negative
Ice Motion
Frozen Soil
25. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
winter
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
26. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Methane
Atmospheric Circulation
El Nino
30%
27. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
How a closed talik forms
Normal condition for air
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Heat Source and Pressure
28. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Open talik
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
US and precipitation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
29. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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30. High vs low
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Cloud Feedbacks
Hydrological Drought
Heat Source and Pressure
31. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
70%
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Atmospheric Composition
Warm
32. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Stronger
Heat wave
Frozen Soil
Severe coastal erosion
33. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Infrared radiation
Types of Albedo
In the stratosphere.
Radiative Flux
34. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Carbon Dioxide
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice/snow
35. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Altimetry (height)
Atmospheric Composition
Atmospheric Circulation
36. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Infrared radiation
Sublimation
Depth v Surface
37. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
All Greenhouse gases
Stronger
Questions to think about
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
38. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Active Layer
Through talik
Natural Causes of Warming
1 m/yr; 10x
39. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
All Greenhouse gases
.7O Celsius over the past century.
La Nia
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
40. Cooler water and drought conditions.
La Nia
Albedo
Mass Balance
Talik
41. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
Altimetry Pros
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
42. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Threshold departures
Ice Motion
How talik forms under lakes
Discontinuous
43. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Ice Discharge
Ice Cap
Time Variable Gravity
Dry
44. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Stronger
Warming; cooling
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
45. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Precipitation and High Latitudes
In the troposphere that we live in.
Global warming and hot nights?
Dry
46. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Warming; cooling
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ozone
Air pollution
47. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
All Greenhouse gases
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Mass Balance
Ice Motion
48. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Energy Budget
Grounding Lines
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Types of Albedo
49. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Carbon Dioxide
Ice Shelf
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Hydrological Drought
50. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Methane
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Climate Change in the Arctic
Infrared radiation