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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Radiative Forcing
Thermokarst
Ice Motion
2. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Permafrost
Sea-Ice Albedo
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
7%
3. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Greenhouse Gases
Ice absorbs
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Shortwave Length
4. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice Discharge
Thinner atmosphere
Inversion Layer (feedback)
5. Amount of light absorbed by surface
50%
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
La Nia
6. High vs low
Cloud Feedbacks
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ice Discharge
Positive feedbacks both found in...
7. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
7%
How a closed talik forms
Indirect heat wave effect
8. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Warm
Grounding v Surface Melting
20%
Open talik
9. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Surface Mass Balance
Time Variable Gravity
How talik forms under lakes
Ice/snow
10. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Stronger
Permafrost
Affect Floods and Droughts
Longwave Radiation
11. Total absorbed solar radiation
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
70%
Ice Motion
12. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Atmospheric Composition
Mass Balance
Frozen Soil
Percentile departures
13. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
45%
Open talik
Questions to think about
Time Variable Gravity
14. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
.75OC/km-1
Antarctica
Open talik
15. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Antarctica
Methane
Active Layer
Atmospheric Circulation
16. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ocean water
Types of Albedo
Ice shelf
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
17. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Talik
45%
18. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Atmospheric Composition
Surface Mass Balance
Earth's tilt
19. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice shelf
Atmospheric Composition
Reduction in sea-ice extent
20. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Ice Motion
Black Carbon
Agricultural Drought
Altimetry Cons
21. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Ice/snow
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Global warming and hot nights?
22. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Active Layer
Ice loss
Greenhouse Gases
75-OC
23. 240 w/m squared
% of Greenhouse Gases
Grounding Lines
IPCC
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
24. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Air pollution
Positive
Rainy
Permafrost
25. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
7%
Thermohaline Circulation
Percentile departures
Radiative Forcing
26. More common
Altimetry Pros
Inversion Layer Winter
Methane
Thermohaline Circulation
27. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Heat Source and Pressure
Ozone Hole
Natural Causes of Warming
30%
28. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Warming; cooling
Ice loss
In the stratosphere.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
29. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Surface Mass Balance
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Natural Causes of Warming
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
30. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Absolute thresholds
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Inversion Layer Summer
US and precipitation
31. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Greenland
.75OC/km-1
Ozone
32. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Reduction in sea-ice extent
.7O Celsius over the past century.
All Greenhouse gases
Positive feedbacks both found in...
33. How often does El Nio occur?
Frozen Soil
Thermokarst
Warming; cooling
Once every 4 years.
34. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Ozone Hole
Mass Balance
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
35. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
How to define a heatwave
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Air pollution
summer
36. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Agricultural Drought
How we measure Mass Balance
75-OC
Surface Mass Balance
37. How much is the planet really warming?
Mass Balance
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
38. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Permafrost Degradation
Thinner atmosphere
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Arctic Atmosphere
39. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
Dynamic thinning
Warm
30%
40. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Surface Mass Balance
Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulatoin
41. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
.75OC/km-1
Open talik
Types of Albedo
Cloud Feedbacks
42. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
What effects the density
Surface Mass Balance
Precipitation and High Latitudes
.75OC/km-1
43. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Melt
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ocean water
Absolute thresholds
44. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Accumulation
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Altimetry Pros
45. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Ocean water
Surface Mass Balance
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Grounding Lines
46. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
75-OC
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice Sheets
47. Really measures volume.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Very small portion
Permafrost Degradation
Altimetry
48. Less frequent and weaker
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice-Albedo
La Nia
Inversion Layer Summer
49. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Stronger
Atmospheric Structure
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Altimetry Pros
50. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Calving
Altimetry Pros
Mass Balance
Archimedes' Principle