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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Negative
Inversion Layer Summer
Arctic Atmosphere
2. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Natural Causes of Warming
Today melting ice
1 m/yr; 10x
Ozone Hole
3. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Normal condition for air
Absolute thresholds
4. How much is the planet really warming?
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Closed talik
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Warm
5. Less frequent and weaker
winter
Ocean water
Inversion Layer Summer
Cloud Feedbacks
6. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
Atmospheric Structure
doubles
Infrared radiation
7. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Archimedes' Principle
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Melt
Thermokarst
8. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Methane
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
In the stratosphere.
Earth's tilt
9. Really measures volume.
Active Layer
Grounding Lines
Shortwave Length
Altimetry
10. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Ice Cap
20%
Inversion Layer Summer
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
11. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
All Greenhouse gases
Ice Sheets
20%
12. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Antarctica
Ice loss
Ice/snow
What happens with the Ozone Hole
13. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Threshold departures
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice absorbs
14. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Arctic Atmosphere
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
45%
Grounding Lines
15. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Earth's tilt
Discontinuous
Stronger
Normal condition for air
16. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Hydrological Drought
Altimetry Cons
Heat Source and Pressure
Importance of ice sheets
17. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
reduction in sea-ice
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Atmospheric Circulation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
18. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Inversion Layer Summer
Thinner atmosphere
19. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Natural Causes of Warming
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Composition?
Stronger
20. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ice-Albedo
Grounding Lines
Sea-Ice Albedo
21. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
summer
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Increases - decreases
22. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Severe coastal erosion
50%
US and precipitation
23. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Atmospheric Circulation
Sea Ice
Grounding Lines
More rain means no drought
24. How often does El Nio occur?
Once every 4 years.
Sea Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Inversion Layer Winter
25. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Antarctica
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
26. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Warm
How to define a heatwave
27. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Very small portion
IPCC
Talik
Permafrost
28. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Negative
Melt
Accumulation
Thermohaline Circulation
29. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice Sheets
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
30. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Permafrost
Permafrost Degradation
30%
31. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
20%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
32. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Ice/snow
33. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Altimetry Cons
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Stronger
Warm
34. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
How to define a heatwave
Atmospheric Composition?
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Once every 4 years.
35. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Surface Mass Balance
Antarctica
Permafrost
Monthly maximums and minimums
36. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Ocean water
GHG
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
37. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Mass Change
Arctic Atmosphere
Radiative Forcing
What happens with the Ozone Hole
38. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice/snow
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Inversion Layer Winter
39. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Permafrost
reduction in sea-ice
Ocean water
In the troposphere that we live in.
40. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
US and precipitation
Earth's tilt
Thinner atmosphere
Natural Causes of Warming
41. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Absolute thresholds
Methane
Albedo
Infrared radiation
42. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
45%
20%
Accumulation
Frozen Soil
43. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Atmospheric Structure
What effects the density
.75OC/km-1
44. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Permafrost
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Open talik
Climate Change in the Arctic
45. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Troposphere
Ice in the Arctic
Ice absorbs
25%
46. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Ozone
Absolute thresholds
Ice Discharge
47. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Greenhouse Gases
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ice Discharge
Dry
48. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Energy Budget
Time Variable Gravity
Longwave Radiation
49. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Thermokarst
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
50. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Frozen Soil
Wetter; drier