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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Thermohaline Circulation
More rain means no drought
Ice-Albedo
Open talik
2. Really measures volume.
Altimetry
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Negative
Types of Albedo
3. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Permafrost
Black Carbon
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
4. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Altimetry
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Thinner atmosphere
How talik forms under lakes
5. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulation
Agricultural Drought
Rainy
6. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Atmospheric Circulation
air can warm dramatically
Depth v Surface
Time Variable Gravity
7. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Today melting ice
Melt
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
8. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Antarctica
Ice-Albedo
Inversion Layer Summer
Greenhouse Gases
9. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Arctic Atmosphere
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Antarctica
Meteorological Drought
10. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Surface Mass Balance
Normal condition for air
Indirect heat wave effect
Wetter; drier
11. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Sea Ice
How a closed talik forms
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Heat wave
12. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Ice Cap
How we measure Mass Balance
The Ozone Hole
summer
13. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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14. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Shelf
Questions to think about
Grounding v Surface Melting
Thermokarst Lake
15. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
The Ozone Hole
Natural Causes of Warming
Layers of Earth
Ice absorbs
16. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Archimedes' Principle
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
17. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
20%
Thermokarst
El Nio is in the coasts of...
18. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Altimetry (height)
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
19. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
IPCC
Active Layer
Altimetry (height)
Permafrost Degradation
20. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer Winter
El Nio is in the coasts of...
21. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Greenland
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Carbon Dioxide
Mass Budget
22. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Through talik
Talik
Wetter; drier
Active Layer
23. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
air can warm dramatically
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Carbon Dioxide
24. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Through talik
In the stratosphere.
Ice/snow
25. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Why the Arctic climate is special
Grounding Lines
Permafrost Degradation
26. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
IPCC
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Severe coastal erosion
Thermokarst
27. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Ice in the Arctic
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
air can warm dramatically
Importance of ice sheets
28. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
% of Greenhouse Gases
Altimetry (height)
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
29. Measures input and output.
How to define a heatwave
Altimetry
Grounding Lines
Mass Budget
30. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Permafrost
Black Carbon
Air pollution
reduction in sea-ice
31. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Active Layer
Energy Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Inversion Layer (feedback)
32. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
doubles
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Positive
Thermokarst
33. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
winter
Warm
Thermohaline Circulation
Normal condition for air
34. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Ocean water
1 m/yr; 10x
How we measure Mass Balance
Hydrological Drought
35. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Meteorological Drought
Through talik
Rainy
36. How much is the planet really warming?
Open talik
Altimetry
US and precipitation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
37. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Thermohaline Circulatoin
winter
Dry
Albedos of Snow and Ice
38. 85%
How a closed talik forms
Ice in the Arctic
Grounding v Surface Melting
Sea-Ice Albedo
39. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
Percentile departures
Very small portion
Grounding Lines
40. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Accumulation
Cloud Feedbacks
Surface Mass Balance
41. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Inversion Layer Summer
Sunspots
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Ice loss
42. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Through talik
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Melt
43. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Atmospheric Composition?
Where rise in OC is greatest
doubles
44. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Heat wave
50%
Warm
Ice Shelf
45. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Questions to think about
Air pollution
46. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Threshold departures
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Ice Discharge
Sublimation
47. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Time Variable Gravity
Ocean water
Sublimation
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
48. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Carbon Dioxide
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
49. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
The cryosphere
Thinner atmosphere
Altimetry Cons
Dry
50. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
In the stratosphere.