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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Air pollution
winter
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Hydrological Drought
2. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
How a closed talik forms
Ocean water
Shortwave Length
Stronger
3. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Ice shelf
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Dynamic thinning
Normal condition for air
4. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Rainy
Why the Arctic climate is special
Infrared radiation
Absolute thresholds
5. Cooler water and drought conditions.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Ice Sheets
Ice Sheets
La Nia
6. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Surface Mass Balance
Thinner atmosphere
El Nino
summer
7. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
Ice-Albedo
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Inversion Layer Winter
30%
8. Less frequent and weaker
Sea-Ice Albedo
Inversion Layer Summer
Inversion Layer Winter
Meteorological Drought
9. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Infrared radiation
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ice/snow
10. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Grounding Lines
Methane
11. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Mass Change
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice absorbs
12. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Inversion Layer Summer
air can warm dramatically
Grounding Lines
Hydrological Drought
13. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Sublimation
Active Layer
14. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Thermohaline Circulation
Sublimation
Inversion Layer (feedback)
75-OC
15. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Percentile departures
Where rise in OC is greatest
In the troposphere that we live in.
Very small portion
16. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
reduction in sea-ice
Ice in the Arctic
Surface Mass Balance
17. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Permafrost Degradation
reduction in sea-ice
Radiative Forcing
doubles
18. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Stronger
How we measure Mass Balance
Heat wave
19. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Open talik
Permafrost Degradation
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice Shelf
20. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Ice Discharge
Atmospheric Composition
Heat Source and Pressure
.75OC/km-1
21. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
30%
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Layers of Earth
Severe coastal erosion
22. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
How to define a heatwave
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Radiative Flux
1 m/yr; 10x
23. Where does the ozone protect us?
Talik
Ozone
In the stratosphere.
Greenland
24. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
Ice-Ocean Interactions
How a closed talik forms
Monthly maximums and minimums
25. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Permafrost
Increases - decreases
What effects the density
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
26. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
What effects the density
Affect Floods and Droughts
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Atmospheric Circulation
27. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Carbon Dioxide
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Severe coastal erosion
28. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Affect Floods and Droughts
Permafrost
How a closed talik forms
Ocean water
29. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Atmospheric Composition?
Thermokarst
Importance of ice sheets
Methane
30. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Ice Sheets
Altimetry Cons
Ice loss
Ozone Hole
31. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Grounding v Surface Melting
32. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Radiative Flux
Altimetry (height)
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Ice Motion
33. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Permafrost Degradation
Indirect heat wave effect
Frozen Soil
Thermokarst
34. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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35. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ocean water
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ozone
36. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Permafrost Degradation
Very small portion
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Heat Source and Pressure
37. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Inversion Layer Winter
38. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
50%
Increases - decreases
Accumulation
Wetter; drier
39. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Radiative Flux
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice Sheets
Altimetry Cons
40. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Discontinuous
Thinner atmosphere
70%
Greenhouse Gases
41. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Where rise in OC is greatest
Closed talik
The cryosphere
42. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Earth's tilt
Indirect heat wave effect
Natural Causes of Warming
Ice absorbs
43. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Importance of ice sheets
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
44. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Antarctica
How we measure Mass Balance
Surface Mass Balance
45. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
75-OC
30%
Permafrost Degradation
Ice Sheets
46. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
La Nia
Air pollution
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Positive feedbacks both found in...
47. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice absorbs
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Dynamic thinning
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
48. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
The cryosphere
Thermohaline Circulation
Once every 4 years.
49. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Warm
Stronger
Radiative Forcing
50. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Cloud Feedbacks
Methane
Greenhouse Gases