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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Talik
Energy Budget
Altimetry
Grounding v Surface Melting
2. Total absorbed solar radiation
70%
How to define a heatwave
Sunspots
Arctic Atmosphere
3. Amount of light absorbed by surface
1 m/yr; 10x
50%
25%
Severe coastal erosion
4. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Through talik
Methane
Today melting ice
Heat Source and Pressure
5. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Longwave Radiation
The cryosphere
Questions to think about
Earth's tilt
6. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Altimetry Cons
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
7. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
More rain means no drought
Rainy
Natural Causes of Warming
Ice Sheets
8. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Air pollution
Inversion Layer Winter
Accumulation
Methane
9. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Hydrological Drought
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Sea Ice
Heat wave
10. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Global warming and hot nights?
Sea Ice
Atmospheric Circulation
11. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Sea Ice
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice absorbs
Greenhouse Gases
12. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Ice absorbs
Active Layer
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
13. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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14. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Thermokarst
Permafrost Degradation
Ice-Albedo
Grounding v Surface Melting
15. Melting Point decreases
Closed talik
Ice Cap
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
.75OC/km-1
16. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ice Motion
Increases - decreases
Talik
17. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Grounding Lines
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice Sheets
Thermohaline Circulation
18. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Altimetry Pros
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Natural Causes of Warming
19. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Ice-Albedo
Stronger
Thermokarst
Ice Discharge
20. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
The Ozone Hole
winter
Thermokarst Lake
Positive
21. How much is the planet really warming?
Ocean water
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
.75OC/km-1
22. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Sea-Ice Albedo
Indirect heat wave effect
Sea Ice
23. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Stronger
Atmospheric Structure
Albedo
Talik
24. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Atmospheric Circulation
winter
Antarctica
Accumulation
25. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
Black Carbon
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Melt
75-OC
26. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
air can warm dramatically
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Ice shelf
27. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
45%
Grounding Lines
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
28. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Affect Floods and Droughts
75-OC
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
29. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Threshold departures
Methane
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
30. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
Permafrost
In the troposphere that we live in.
Positive
31. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
45%
Altimetry (height)
How a closed talik forms
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
32. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Permafrost
Ice Sheets
Today melting ice
.7O Celsius over the past century.
33. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
70%
Frozen Soil
Talik
Ozone Hole
34. Where does the ozone protect us?
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermokarst
Ice absorbs
In the stratosphere.
35. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Negative
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
36. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Ice Shelf
Ice Cap
37. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Layers of Earth
Normal condition for air
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
38. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Very small portion
Climate Change in the Arctic
Altimetry Pros
Indirect heat wave effect
39. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Where rise in OC is greatest
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
In the troposphere that we live in.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
40. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Why the Arctic climate is special
30%
20%
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
41. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice-Albedo
75-OC
42. High vs low
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Ice Sheets
Heat wave
Cloud Feedbacks
43. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Antarctica
summer
Ocean water
Mass Balance
44. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Mass Change
El Nio is in the coasts of...
45. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Absolute thresholds
Grounding v Surface Melting
Types of Albedo
El Nino
46. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Radiative Forcing
Importance of ice sheets
Monthly maximums and minimums
Inversion Layer (feedback)
47. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermokarst Lake
Calving
Heat Source and Pressure
How to define a heatwave
48. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Antarctica
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Thermokarst
.7O Celsius over the past century.
49. Less frequent and weaker
Meteorological Drought
US and precipitation
Antarctica
Inversion Layer Summer
50. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Longwave Radiation
Climate Change in the Arctic
Shortwave Length
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