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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
Indirect heat wave effect
Global warming and hot nights?
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
2. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Very small portion
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ozone
3. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Radiative Forcing
Grounding v Surface Melting
Ice-Albedo
4. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Layers of Earth
Ice absorbs
Closed talik
5. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
What effects the density
Ocean water
Atmospheric Composition?
Black Carbon
6. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Greenland
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice Cap
7. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
El Nino
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Composition?
8. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Layers of Earth
How to define a heatwave
All Greenhouse gases
50%
9. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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10. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Questions to think about
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Inversion Layer Summer
Radiative Forcing
11. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Sea Ice
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Dynamic thinning
Ice in the Arctic
12. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
How a closed talik forms
Calving
Through talik
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
13. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Discontinuous
Permafrost Degradation
14. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
How to define a heatwave
Inversion Layer (feedback)
15. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
US and precipitation
The cryosphere
Increases - decreases
16. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Sea Ice
All Greenhouse gases
Ice-Albedo
17. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
1 m/yr; 10x
Atmospheric Composition?
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Very small portion
18. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Wetter; drier
Ozone
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Mass Change
19. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
30%
Altimetry Cons
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
20. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Ice Motion
Once every 4 years.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Meteorological Drought
21. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Sea Ice
Percentile departures
air can warm dramatically
Positive
22. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice Cap
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Threshold departures
23. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Global warming and hot nights?
Why the Arctic climate is special
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ice Discharge
24. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
20%
Very small portion
IPCC
25. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Archimedes' Principle
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Surface Mass Balance
Shortwave Length
26. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Thermohaline Circulation
Positive
Permafrost Degradation
The Ozone Hole
27. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Stronger
El Nino
Severe coastal erosion
Dynamic thinning
28. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
45%
How a closed talik forms
Antarctica
Ozone Hole
29. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
75-OC
Ocean water
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Melt
30. 240 w/m squared
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Antarctica
Grounding v Surface Melting
31. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Accumulation
Warming; cooling
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Sea-Ice Albedo
32. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Global warming and hot nights?
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
How talik forms under lakes
Ice Sheets
33. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Greenland
Meteorological Drought
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Where rise in OC is greatest
34. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Black Carbon
In the troposphere that we live in.
35. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Ice/snow
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ocean water
Surface Mass Balance
36. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Global warming and hot nights?
Thermokarst Lake
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
37. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Dynamic thinning
Thinner atmosphere
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
38. The Earth emits this.
Longwave Radiation
Layers of Earth
Ice/snow
Albedos of Snow and Ice
39. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Arctic Atmosphere
Greenhouse Gases
How talik forms under lakes
40. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Greenhouse Gases
50%
Hydrological Drought
Ozone
41. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Strong
Calving
Indirect heat wave effect
Dynamic thinning
42. Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central pacific - Causes irregular warming in sea surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Radiative Flux
25%
Ocean water
43. More common
Infrared radiation
Depth v Surface
Inversion Layer Winter
Open talik
44. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Frozen Soil
Black Carbon
Cloud Feedbacks
Depth v Surface
45. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
Importance of ice sheets
Air pollution
Mass Budget
Through talik
46. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Archimedes' Principle
Ice Shelf
winter
Increases - decreases
47. Measures input and output.
Open talik
Mass Budget
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Altimetry (height)
48. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
reduction in sea-ice
Negative
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
49. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Natural Causes of Warming
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
summer
Longwave Radiation
50. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Sunspots
Grounding Lines
Monthly maximums and minimums