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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Increases - decreases
air can warm dramatically
Carbon Dioxide
2. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
20%
Severe coastal erosion
Indirect heat wave effect
3. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice Sheets
Today melting ice
Ocean water
4. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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5. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Ocean water
Questions to think about
Layers of Earth
Affect Floods and Droughts
6. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Grounding Lines
Discontinuous
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
7. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Through talik
Strong
Ice-Ocean Interactions
8. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Active Layer
How talik forms under lakes
Thinner atmosphere
Depth v Surface
9. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Cloud Feedbacks
Thermokarst
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Troposphere
10. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
45%
Ocean water
air can warm dramatically
11. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Methane
Open talik
Increases - decreases
Ice shelf
12. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
7%
Ice shelf
Altimetry (height)
13. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Altimetry Cons
Ozone
Accumulation
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
14. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Altimetry Pros
Time Variable Gravity
Surface Mass Balance
Warming; cooling
15. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
30%
Ice Sheets
Agricultural Drought
Radiative Forcing
16. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
1 m/yr; 10x
Warm
Ice/snow
Ocean water
17. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Thinner atmosphere
Hydrological Drought
.75OC/km-1
Ice/snow
18. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Radiative Forcing
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Permafrost Degradation
19. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Threshold departures
Open talik
What effects the density
Ice absorbs
20. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Layers of Earth
1 m/yr; 10x
Time Variable Gravity
21. How often does El Nio occur?
30%
Once every 4 years.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Ocean water
22. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
45%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Wetter; drier
Thermokarst
23. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Energy Budget
Carbon Dioxide
50%
Time Variable Gravity
24. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Air pollution
Climate Change in the Arctic
Albedo
Warming; cooling
25. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Severe coastal erosion
Hydrological Drought
Methane
Permafrost Degradation
26. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Percentile departures
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Radiative Forcing
27. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Inversion Layer Winter
Global warming and hot nights?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
45%
28. Where does the ozone protect us?
Ozone Hole
More rain means no drought
air can warm dramatically
In the stratosphere.
29. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Cloud Feedbacks
Depth v Surface
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
30. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
Permafrost
Atmospheric Composition
Negative
31. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Mass Change
50%
Open talik
32. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
How talik forms under lakes
The Ozone Hole
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Arctic Atmosphere
33. The Earth emits this.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Where rise in OC is greatest
Mass Budget
Longwave Radiation
34. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Atmospheric Composition
Longwave Radiation
Thinner atmosphere
35. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Ocean water
doubles
Troposphere
Through talik
36. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Permafrost
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Radiative Flux
Heat Source and Pressure
37. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Antarctica
Radiative Forcing
Warm
38. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Earth's tilt
Why the Arctic climate is special
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Mass Balance
39. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Altimetry Cons
How to define a heatwave
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
How talik forms under lakes
40. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Ozone Hole
Active Layer
Ocean water
Thinner atmosphere
41. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Closed talik
30%
Heat Source and Pressure
Altimetry Cons
42. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ice Motion
43. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
75-OC
Ocean water
More rain means no drought
44. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Dry
Threshold departures
30%
Altimetry Pros
45. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Altimetry Pros
Through talik
Carbon Dioxide
7%
46. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Sunspots
Ice/snow
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Discontinuous
47. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
% of Greenhouse Gases
How talik forms under lakes
Once every 4 years.
All Greenhouse gases
48. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Ice-Albedo
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
49. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Black Carbon
Ice Motion
Infrared radiation
Open talik
50. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Positive
Melt
Atmospheric Composition?
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen