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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Dry
Surface Mass Balance
Dynamic thinning
2. Measures input and output.
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Mass Budget
Importance of ice sheets
Questions to think about
3. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Longwave Radiation
Albedo
4. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
7%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Carbon Dioxide
25%
5. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Rainy
Negative
IPCC
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
6. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Layers of Earth
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
7. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
Antarctica
Arctic Atmosphere
How to define a heatwave
45%
8. US is responsible for ___ of the total CO2
Once every 4 years.
Melt
Dynamic thinning
30%
9. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Ozone Hole
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
30%
Permafrost Degradation
10. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
How a closed talik forms
Thinner atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
11. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Mass Balance
Normal condition for air
Accumulation
Sea Ice
12. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
How we measure Mass Balance
How talik forms under lakes
Frozen Soil
Negative
13. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Thermokarst
Grounding v Surface Melting
Dry
25%
14. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
Grounding v Surface Melting
Archimedes' Principle
Ocean water
15. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Ice in the Arctic
Albedo
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
16. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Cloud Feedbacks
Altimetry Pros
Ice Cap
17. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Permafrost Degradation
Today melting ice
Mass Budget
Altimetry Cons
18. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
Methane
Global warming and hot nights?
Thinner atmosphere
19. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
70%
summer
How to define a heatwave
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
20. How often does El Nio occur?
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Greenland
Once every 4 years.
Ozone Hole
21. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Ice-Albedo
30%
.75OC/km-1
Layers of Earth
22. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Atmospheric Composition
Surface Mass Balance
Warm
Active Layer
23. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Sea-Ice Albedo
What happens with the Ozone Hole
24. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Agricultural Drought
Open talik
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
25. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Earth's tilt
Types of Albedo
Shortwave Length
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
26. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Antarctica
Ice in the Arctic
Black Carbon
What happens with the Ozone Hole
27. How much is the planet really warming?
Heat Source and Pressure
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Heat wave
.7O Celsius over the past century.
28. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
Increases - decreases
Mass Balance
Active Layer
29. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Atmospheric Circulation
In the troposphere that we live in.
Altimetry
30. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
In the stratosphere.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
31. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Active Layer
Inversion Layer Winter
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Heat Source and Pressure
32. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Stronger
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
In the stratosphere.
Radiative Forcing
33. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Accumulation
Agricultural Drought
Inversion Layer Summer
Altimetry (height)
34. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Negative
Ice Sheets
El Nino
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
35. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
doubles
Sublimation
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer (feedback)
36. High vs low
How to define a heatwave
Cloud Feedbacks
Thermokarst
Once every 4 years.
37. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Altimetry Cons
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Percentile departures
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
38. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
How to define a heatwave
Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Summer
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
39. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Carbon Dioxide
The Ozone Hole
Agricultural Drought
40. More common
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Inversion Layer Winter
Ice absorbs
Sublimation
41. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Increases - decreases
US and precipitation
Thermokarst
How we measure Mass Balance
42. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Layers of Earth
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Accumulation
Altimetry Pros
43. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
All Greenhouse gases
Affect Floods and Droughts
Infrared radiation
44. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Sublimation
Mass Change
All Greenhouse gases
45. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Reduction in sea-ice extent
In the troposphere that we live in.
Carbon Dioxide
46. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Time Variable Gravity
Accumulation
Questions to think about
30%
47. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Positive
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Mass Balance
48. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Meteorological Drought
Normal condition for air
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Grounding Lines
49. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
30%
Methane
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
75-OC
50. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Hydrological Drought
Troposphere
Atmospheric Composition
Types of Albedo