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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Radiative Flux
Indirect heat wave effect
Ozone Hole
winter
2. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Depth v Surface
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Rainy
IPCC
3. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Greenland
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Shortwave Length
Thermokarst
4. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Why the Arctic climate is special
Through talik
El Nio is in the coasts of...
How a closed talik forms
5. The Earth emits this.
7%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Longwave Radiation
Severe coastal erosion
6. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
Why the Arctic climate is special
More rain means no drought
Ocean water
In the stratosphere.
7. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
25%
Warm
% of Greenhouse Gases
8. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Infrared radiation
Mass Change
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Increases - decreases
9. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice Cap
Ice/snow
How to define a heatwave
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
10. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
What effects the density
Increases - decreases
Absolute thresholds
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
11. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
7%
Atmospheric Composition?
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
How talik forms under lakes
12. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Ice absorbs
More rain means no drought
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Arctic Atmosphere
13. 240 w/m squared
Permafrost
Strong
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
14. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ozone Hole
Absolute thresholds
Today melting ice
15. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
Antarctica
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
16. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
The Ozone Hole
US and precipitation
Surface Mass Balance
17. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Radiative Flux
doubles
Atmospheric Composition
Altimetry Cons
18. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Ocean water
Depth v Surface
Altimetry Pros
30%
19. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Altimetry
Infrared radiation
Greenland
Ice-Albedo
20. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Archimedes' Principle
How we measure Mass Balance
Today melting ice
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
21. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Negative
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Dry
22. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
The Ozone Hole
Thermokarst Lake
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Permafrost
23. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Melt
Ice shelf
Questions to think about
Active Layer
24. High vs low
The Ozone Hole
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Cloud Feedbacks
Ice absorbs
25. Really measures volume.
Altimetry
Thermohaline Circulation
Greenland
Dynamic thinning
26. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
All Greenhouse gases
Ozone
Greenhouse Gases
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
27. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Methane
Very small portion
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
28. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Importance of ice sheets
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ocean water
Warming; cooling
29. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
air can warm dramatically
Calving
Ice absorbs
Permafrost
30. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Ice Cap
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
El Nino
31. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Energy Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Melt
Absolute thresholds
32. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Energy Budget
Thermokarst Lake
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
33. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
winter
% of Greenhouse Gases
Closed talik
Ozone Hole
34. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Ice Sheets
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Normal condition for air
35. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Archimedes' Principle
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Threshold departures
Heat Source and Pressure
36. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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37. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Active Layer
Hydrological Drought
Dynamic thinning
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
38. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
La Nia
Affect Floods and Droughts
reduction in sea-ice
Discontinuous
39. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Methane
Inversion Layer Winter
Ice-Albedo
Today melting ice
40. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Ocean water
Sublimation
Thermohaline Circulation
Inversion Layer Winter
41. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Time Variable Gravity
Dynamic thinning
Ozone
42. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
How to define a heatwave
Active Layer
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Strong
43. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Permafrost
Active Layer
Methane
Precipitation and High Latitudes
44. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Ice loss
45. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Stronger
Archimedes' Principle
Where rise in OC is greatest
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
46. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice Sheets
Altimetry
Monthly maximums and minimums
47. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Methane
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Hydrological Drought
48. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Wetter; drier
Global warming and hot nights?
Atmospheric Circulation
In the stratosphere.
49. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Altimetry (height)
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Permafrost
50. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Calving
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Thermohaline Circulation
Importance of ice sheets