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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Grounding Lines
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
The Ozone Hole
2. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Thermohaline Circulation
Air pollution
Carbon Dioxide
Absolute thresholds
3. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
75-OC
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
.75OC/km-1
4. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Methane
Surface Mass Balance
20%
Atmospheric Composition
5. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Sublimation
Altimetry Pros
Sea Ice
Surface Mass Balance
6. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Layers of Earth
Atmospheric Structure
Hydrological Drought
75-OC
7. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Frozen Soil
Closed talik
Layers of Earth
Hydrological Drought
8. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Ice Discharge
Sublimation
Layers of Earth
9. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Active Layer
Ozone Hole
Troposphere
Normal condition for air
10. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Talik
11. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
The Ozone Hole
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Types of Albedo
12. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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183
13. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Heat Source and Pressure
Meteorological Drought
14. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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15. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Through talik
Methane
Agricultural Drought
Active Layer
16. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Carbon Dioxide
Time Variable Gravity
Surface Mass Balance
Melt
17. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Today melting ice
All Greenhouse gases
Why the Arctic climate is special
18. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Heat Source and Pressure
Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
summer
19. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Antarctica
Layers of Earth
Positive
Thermokarst
20. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Types of Albedo
Negative
What effects the density
21. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Ozone
The Ozone Hole
% of Greenhouse Gases
22. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Grounding Lines
Heat wave
Ozone
23. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
How we measure Mass Balance
Greenhouse Gases
50%
24. How often does El Nio occur?
Once every 4 years.
Heat Source and Pressure
Climate Change in the Arctic
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
25. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
summer
1 m/yr; 10x
Energy Budget
26. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Thermokarst Lake
Accumulation
50%
27. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Heat Source and Pressure
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Stronger
28. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
The cryosphere
Climate Change in the Arctic
Ice Sheets
How talik forms under lakes
29. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Positive
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
50%
Grounding Lines
All Greenhouse gases
31. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Open talik
Grounding v Surface Melting
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
summer
32. High vs low
Sunspots
Atmospheric Circulation
70%
Cloud Feedbacks
33. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Rainy
Dry
Melt
34. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Thermohaline Circulation
35. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Mass Balance
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Shortwave Length
7%
36. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Heat Source and Pressure
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Thinner atmosphere
Albedo
37. 240 w/m squared
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Albedo
% of Greenhouse Gases
38. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Absolute thresholds
Grounding Lines
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Affect Floods and Droughts
39. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Frozen Soil
Longwave Radiation
Calving
Antarctica
40. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Surface Mass Balance
Ice Discharge
Meteorological Drought
41. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Methane
Threshold departures
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Natural Causes of Warming
42. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Greenhouse Gases
Troposphere
El Nino
Shortwave Length
43. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Ozone Hole
Ice in the Arctic
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Black Carbon
44. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ozone Hole
Strong
Active Layer
Energy Budget
45. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
20%
1 m/yr; 10x
Infrared radiation
Arctic Atmosphere
46. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Mass Change
Positive
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Composition?
47. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
doubles
Importance of ice sheets
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Surface Mass Balance
48. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Active Layer
The Ozone Hole
49. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Talik
Methane
Altimetry
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
50. Where does the ozone protect us?
Ice shelf
The Ozone Hole
Absolute thresholds
In the stratosphere.