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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Mass Budget
Sunspots
Antarctica
Where rise in OC is greatest
2. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
20%
Closed talik
Affect Floods and Droughts
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
3. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Rainy
Once every 4 years.
Very small portion
4. Total absorbed solar radiation
How we measure Mass Balance
30%
70%
20%
5. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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6. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
Types of Albedo
Sea Ice
Time Variable Gravity
7. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Mass Budget
winter
Permafrost
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
8. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Climate Change in the Arctic
Heat wave
Types of Albedo
9. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Grounding Lines
Positive feedbacks both found in...
7%
Calving
10. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Warm
Ice-Albedo
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Thermohaline Circulation
11. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ice Sheets
Dynamic thinning
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
12. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
In the stratosphere.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
% of Greenhouse Gases
Stronger
13. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Ice loss
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
30%
Natural Causes of Warming
14. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Warming; cooling
Thermokarst Lake
Climate Change in the Arctic
15. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Permafrost
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Calving
Depth v Surface
16. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Ice Sheets
7%
Sea-Ice Albedo
.7O Celsius over the past century.
17. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
Warming; cooling
Sunspots
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Positive
18. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Ice Motion
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Dynamic thinning
19. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Thermokarst
Carbon Dioxide
Mass Change
25%
20. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
How a closed talik forms
In the stratosphere.
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
21. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
IPCC
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
22. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Ice Sheets
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Heat wave
23. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Through talik
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
24. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Today melting ice
45%
Antarctica
Altimetry (height)
25. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Troposphere
Active Layer
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thermohaline Circulatoin
26. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Ice loss
Agricultural Drought
Active Layer
27. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
75-OC
Negative
How talik forms under lakes
Longwave Radiation
28. How much is the planet really warming?
Absolute thresholds
Earth's tilt
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Where rise in OC is greatest
29. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
75-OC
Permafrost
Permafrost Degradation
30. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
% of Greenhouse Gases
IPCC
Antarctica
Today melting ice
31. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Albedo
Ice Sheets
Ice Shelf
air can warm dramatically
32. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
1 m/yr; 10x
Surface Mass Balance
How a closed talik forms
Methane
33. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Ice Sheets
Grounding v Surface Melting
Surface Mass Balance
Natural Causes of Warming
34. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Absolute thresholds
Altimetry Cons
Active Layer
reduction in sea-ice
35. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Heat Source and Pressure
Types of Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
36. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
doubles
Ice in the Arctic
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
El Nino
37. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Thermohaline Circulation
Meteorological Drought
Thermohaline Circulation
Radiative Flux
38. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Mass Change
How talik forms under lakes
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Thermohaline Circulation
39. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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40. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Once every 4 years.
Frozen Soil
41. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
How we measure Mass Balance
Radiative Forcing
Wetter; drier
Reduction in sea-ice extent
42. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Atmospheric Composition?
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
7%
Indirect heat wave effect
43. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Sea-Ice Albedo
Active Layer
Ice in the Arctic
La Nia
44. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Severe coastal erosion
Ice loss
Infrared radiation
45. More common
Inversion Layer Winter
Ice absorbs
Time Variable Gravity
Warm
46. 240 w/m squared
How talik forms under lakes
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Dynamic thinning
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
47. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
Longwave Radiation
Permafrost
25%
48. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
doubles
Arctic Atmosphere
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
GHG
49. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Positive
Percentile departures
50. Trade winds blow from East to West - Pool of warm water in the west - Meanwhile deep colder water rises up in the Eastern Pacific - The sea level is ~ 50-60 cm higher in Western Pacific (Indonesia) than in the Eastern Pacific (South America/Peru) -
Normal condition for air
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Permafrost Degradation
Radiative Forcing