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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Antarctica
Ocean water
Agricultural Drought
Ozone Hole
2. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Today melting ice
Energy Budget
How to define a heatwave
Methane
3. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Discharge
reduction in sea-ice
Ice Sheets
The Ozone Hole
4. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Heat wave
Normal condition for air
Grounding v Surface Melting
5. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Permafrost
Heat Source and Pressure
air can warm dramatically
6. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Cap
Dynamic thinning
Ice-Albedo
Ice Shelf
7. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
What effects the density
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Altimetry Pros
8. Less frequent and weaker
Inversion Layer Summer
Increases - decreases
In the troposphere that we live in.
7%
9. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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10. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Mass Budget
Calving
Inversion Layer Summer
Methane
11. 85%
Sea-Ice Albedo
Atmospheric Composition?
Active Layer
Climate Change in the Arctic
12. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Hydrological Drought
Inversion Layer (feedback)
How a closed talik forms
13. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Ozone Hole
Radiative Flux
doubles
14. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Mass Balance
Greenhouse Gases
How talik forms under lakes
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
15. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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16. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
How talik forms under lakes
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Altimetry Pros
doubles
17. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
7%
Arctic Atmosphere
How we measure Mass Balance
18. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Importance of ice sheets
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Discontinuous
25%
19. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
In the stratosphere.
Thinner atmosphere
Methane
Questions to think about
20. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
70%
Inversion Layer Summer
Warming; cooling
Sea-Ice Albedo
21. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thermokarst
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
IPCC
22. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermokarst
Thermokarst Lake
Hydrological Drought
Global warming and hot nights?
23. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Arctic Atmosphere
Active Layer
Stronger
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
24. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Grounding Lines
Arctic Atmosphere
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Surface Mass Balance
25. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Inversion Layer Winter
45%
Ice absorbs
doubles
26. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Indirect heat wave effect
Ozone Hole
Infrared radiation
27. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Longwave Radiation
Ice-Ocean Interactions
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
28. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Thinner atmosphere
Cloud Feedbacks
Albedos of Snow and Ice
What happens with the Ozone Hole
29. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
20%
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Negative
Permafrost Degradation
30. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
30%
Energy Budget
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Albedo
31. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
45%
7%
Methane
El Nio is in the coasts of...
32. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Calving
Ice Sheets
Threshold departures
33. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Arctic Atmosphere
summer
34. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Radiative Flux
Inversion Layer Summer
Permafrost
Atmospheric Circulation
35. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
Importance of ice sheets
Where rise in OC is greatest
Layers of Earth
36. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Discontinuous
Questions to think about
Strong
Stronger
37. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Sublimation
Frozen Soil
70%
Albedo
38. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Mass Budget
Thermohaline Circulation
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Grounding Lines
39. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Thermokarst
Stronger
IPCC
Affect Floods and Droughts
40. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Surface Mass Balance
Altimetry Cons
Sunspots
41. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Greenhouse Gases
Dynamic thinning
Ice Sheets
Archimedes' Principle
42. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Percentile departures
7%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
reduction in sea-ice
43. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Permafrost
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
winter
44. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Global warming and hot nights?
Arctic Atmosphere
Radiative Flux
El Nino
45. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Meteorological Drought
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Ice loss
.75OC/km-1
46. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Sublimation
Permafrost
Ice/snow
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
47. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Permafrost
Infrared radiation
Warming; cooling
48. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Meteorological Drought
Permafrost
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Altimetry Pros
49. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Greenland
doubles
Inversion Layer Summer
50. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
US and precipitation
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Types of Albedo
Thermohaline Circulatoin