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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Natural Causes of Warming
Thermokarst
Black Carbon
Energy Budget
2. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
What effects the density
Altimetry
Open talik
Troposphere
3. The order of 1 m/year. Melting is ten times more.
How talik forms under lakes
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Meteorological Drought
Surface Mass Balance
4. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Monthly maximums and minimums
El Nino
Negative
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
5. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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6. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Threshold departures
Wetter; drier
7. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Grounding Lines
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Cloud Feedbacks
Once every 4 years.
8. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Thermohaline Circulation
Air pollution
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
9. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Longwave Radiation
Discontinuous
Troposphere
10. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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11. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
How talik forms under lakes
Increases - decreases
In the troposphere that we live in.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
12. Less frequent and weaker
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
1 m/yr; 10x
Inversion Layer Summer
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
13. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
Archimedes' Principle
Methane
Active Layer
Ice Shelf
14. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
45%
Thinner atmosphere
Surface Mass Balance
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
15. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
Albedo
Open talik
Energy Budget
% of Greenhouse Gases
16. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Ozone
30%
Percentile departures
Atmospheric Circulation
17. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
45%
30%
Monthly maximums and minimums
18. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Thinner atmosphere
Altimetry Pros
Thermokarst
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
19. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Permafrost
Dynamic thinning
How we measure Mass Balance
How a closed talik forms
20. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
IPCC
How to define a heatwave
Infrared radiation
Negative
21. The high pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting - Melt water being less dense rises along the water column along the ice shelf bottom and may either escape the cavity or refreeze at some intermediate depth. Melting point decreases:
Altimetry (height)
Infrared radiation
Greenland
Thermohaline Circulation
22. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Antarctica
Longwave Radiation
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
.75OC/km-1
23. More common
Ocean water
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
1 m/yr; 10x
Inversion Layer Winter
24. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
45%
Once every 4 years.
El Nino
Inversion Layer Winter
25. The air can hold less water vapor - Consequently - less water can be evaporated in the air - and only a small portion of energy is used in this process - Most of the energy that reaches the Arctic goes directly into warming the air
Ice shelf
Natural Causes of Warming
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ice Sheets
26. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
Earth's tilt
Natural Causes of Warming
Mass Change
27. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Increases - decreases
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Ice/snow
Greenhouse Gases
28. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Ice-Albedo
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Strong
20%
29. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Heat Source and Pressure
Natural Causes of Warming
Surface Mass Balance
Time Variable Gravity
30. High vs low
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Cloud Feedbacks
Longwave Radiation
Carbon Dioxide
31. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Active Layer
GHG
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Normal condition for air
32. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
.75OC/km-1
Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Composition?
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
33. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Very small portion
winter
Positive feedbacks both found in...
34. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Increases - decreases
Threshold departures
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
35. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ozone Hole
The Ozone Hole
70%
36. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ice Discharge
Ocean water
Carbon Dioxide
Time Variable Gravity
37. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Earth's tilt
70%
What effects the density
Today melting ice
38. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Surface Mass Balance
39. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Talik
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Grounding v Surface Melting
Wetter; drier
40. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Threshold departures
Permafrost
Types of Albedo
Wetter; drier
41. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
1 m/yr; 10x
Warming; cooling
Grounding Lines
42. Really measures volume.
Time Variable Gravity
Altimetry
Ice-Albedo
Ice in the Arctic
43. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Earth's tilt
Methane
Active Layer
Percentile departures
44. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Sublimation
45. Reduction of snow and ice cover - Changes in atmospheric circulation.
Methane
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ice/snow
Permafrost Degradation
46. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Carbon Dioxide
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Monthly maximums and minimums
How to define a heatwave
47. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
How to define a heatwave
Ice/snow
Albedo
Thermohaline Circulation
48. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Carbon Dioxide
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
GHG
Ice loss
49. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Time Variable Gravity
Ocean water
doubles
Normal condition for air
50. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Ice Motion
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Strong
.75OC/km-1