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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.
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2. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Methane
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Frozen Soil
3. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
How we measure Mass Balance
Warm
Atmospheric Composition?
More rain means no drought
4. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Surface Mass Balance
Ice shelf
30%
How we measure Mass Balance
5. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Methane
GHG
Active Layer
Radiative Flux
6. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
Atmospheric Structure
Global warming and hot nights?
Sublimation
Indirect heat wave effect
7. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
winter
Global warming and hot nights?
50%
8. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
9. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Global warming and hot nights?
Shortwave Length
10. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Greenhouse Gases
El Nino
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Sea Ice
11. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
reduction in sea-ice
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Atmospheric Structure
12. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Grounding v Surface Melting
Warming; cooling
Inversion Layer (feedback)
13. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Atmospheric Composition
Ozone Hole
Sunspots
More rain means no drought
14. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Closed talik
Melt
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
US and precipitation
15. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Today melting ice
Calving
16. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Normal condition for air
Grounding Lines
Ice/snow
Severe coastal erosion
17. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Radiative Flux
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
US and precipitation
18. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Closed talik
Ice-Ocean Interactions
La Nia
Wetter; drier
19. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
75-OC
In the troposphere that we live in.
Rainy
20. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Arctic Atmosphere
GHG
Surface Mass Balance
Sea-Ice Albedo
21. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions - the Protocol commits them to do so.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Mass Budget
Dynamic thinning
22. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ocean water
23. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Air pollution
Grounding Lines
Sunspots
Active Layer
24. A mass of land ice - continental or sub-continental in extent - and thick enough to cover most of the underlying bedrock topography - If you have a warm ocean - it will melt the ice sheet. Its shape is mainly determined by the dynamics of its outward
Ice Sheets
Mass Change
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Dynamic thinning
25. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
IPCC
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Stronger
El Nio is in the coasts of...
26. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
The Ozone Hole
Radiative Flux
Surface Mass Balance
Positive feedbacks both found in...
27. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Thermohaline Circulation
Wetter; drier
30%
28. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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29. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Once every 4 years.
How a closed talik forms
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
30. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Atmospheric Composition?
1 m/yr; 10x
Atmospheric Circulation
Grounding v Surface Melting
31. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Ozone Hole
Radiative Forcing
Importance of ice sheets
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
32. Melting Point decreases
.75OC/km-1
% of Greenhouse Gases
Ocean water
Sublimation
33. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
US and precipitation
50%
Ice Sheets
Greenhouse Gases
34. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Thermokarst
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Open talik
summer
35. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Mass Budget
Hydrological Drought
winter
Open talik
36. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Agricultural Drought
Global warming and hot nights?
Permafrost
37. Top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during autumn. - Between 1 and 3 m thick.
75-OC
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ozone Hole
Active Layer
38. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Depth v Surface
Longwave Radiation
Ocean water
30%
39. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Atmospheric Circulation
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Grounding v Surface Melting
IPCC
40. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Altimetry Cons
Warming; cooling
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
41. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Hydrological Drought
Sea-Ice Albedo
Natural Causes of Warming
Air pollution
42. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Why the Arctic climate is special
Thermokarst
Ozone Hole
summer
43. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
Altimetry (height)
Very small portion
Through talik
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
44. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Affect Floods and Droughts
45. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Atmospheric Circulation
Talik
46. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Grounding Lines
Increases - decreases
Permafrost Degradation
Albedo
47. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Greenland
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
48. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
summer
Sea Ice
Frozen Soil
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
49. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
50%
Frozen Soil
Altimetry Pros
Mass Balance
50. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
.75OC/km-1
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Surface Mass Balance
Rainy