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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Very small portion
Inversion Layer Summer
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Permafrost
2. Most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
summer
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
winter
3. 20% human produced CO2 emissions. Tropical forests hold around 50% of the carbon present in vegetation on Earth.
Ozone Hole
50%
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
4. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Today melting ice
air can warm dramatically
1 m/yr; 10x
5. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Stronger
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Global warming and hot nights?
50%
6. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Severe coastal erosion
All Greenhouse gases
1 m/yr; 10x
7. Is not an externally imposed perturbation to the climate system.
All Greenhouse gases
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Greenhouse Gases
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
8. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Sea Ice
Heat Source and Pressure
Affect Floods and Droughts
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
9. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Thermokarst
Natural Causes of Warming
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Hydrological Drought
10. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Shortwave Length
Grounding Lines
Percentile departures
Depth v Surface
11. Measures input and output.
Carbon Dioxide
Altimetry (height)
Mass Budget
Percentile departures
12. High clouds are a ____ feedback; larger greenhouse warming - Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Positive
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Altimetry (height)
El Nino
13. LW - SW - 55% absorbed by surface
Calving
Where rise in OC is greatest
Active Layer
Energy Budget
14. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
30%
Thermokarst
Permafrost
Natural Causes of Warming
15. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
reduction in sea-ice
Grounding Lines
How to define a heatwave
Time Variable Gravity
16. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
75-OC
Ozone Hole
Where rise in OC is greatest
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
17. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Radiative Forcing
Very small portion
Why the Arctic climate is special
Layers of Earth
18. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Closed talik
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Greenland
Grounding Lines
19. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Stronger
Monthly maximums and minimums
Why the Arctic climate is special
Surface Mass Balance
20. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Arctic Atmosphere
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Albedo
Surface Mass Balance
21. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Once every 4 years.
Natural Causes of Warming
The cryosphere
El Nio is in the coasts of...
22. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Dynamic thinning
reduction in sea-ice
Normal condition for air
Thermohaline Circulation
23. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Surface Mass Balance
1 m/yr; 10x
Arctic Atmosphere
Rainy
24. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Hydrological Drought
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice/snow
25. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Stronger
Atmospheric Structure
26. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Grounding Lines
Sea Ice
Global warming and hot nights?
Hydrological Drought
27. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Ice shelf
El Nino
Thermokarst
Ozone Hole
28. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Troposphere
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ice in the Arctic
29. Nitrogen (N2 78%) and Oxygen (O2 21%) - Their linear 2 atom molecular structure
Black Carbon
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Atmospheric Composition
30. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Air pollution
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Types of Albedo
How talik forms under lakes
31. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Calving
Ice Cap
30%
Methane
32. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Mass Budget
air can warm dramatically
El Nino
33. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
1 m/yr; 10x
Ice Discharge
Absolute thresholds
Today melting ice
34. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
1 m/yr; 10x
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Altimetry Pros
35. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Talik
Heat wave
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
% of Greenhouse Gases
36. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Calving
Today melting ice
Discontinuous
Reduction in sea-ice extent
37. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Surface Mass Balance
Frozen Soil
Ice in the Arctic
38. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Through talik
Severe coastal erosion
1 m/yr; 10x
30%
39. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
Rainy
Longwave Radiation
Sunspots
reduction in sea-ice
40. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Permafrost
Ice Cap
Thermohaline Circulation
.7O Celsius over the past century.
41. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
Absolute thresholds
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
doubles
Thinner atmosphere
42. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
IPCC
Surface Mass Balance
Questions to think about
In the troposphere that we live in.
43. ~10% of incident solar energy (albedo 90)
Ice absorbs
Strong
Inversion Layer Summer
Stronger
44. Greenhouse gases are mixed in the ____
Meteorological Drought
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Troposphere
Frozen Soil
45. The past climate...for this reason - both keep good records of climate change.
How to define a heatwave
Accumulation
Active Layer
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
46. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
Thermohaline Circulation
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Air pollution
Through talik
47. How much is the planet really warming?
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Ice in the Arctic
La Nia
.7O Celsius over the past century.
48. Less frequent and weaker
Once every 4 years.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Inversion Layer Summer
Affect Floods and Droughts
49. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Today melting ice
La Nia
50. O Unfrozen soil that stays within the permafrost.
Talik
Energy Budget
Negative
Surface Mass Balance