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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 240 w/m squared
Dry
Absolute thresholds
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Inversion Layer (feedback)
2. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
summer
Climate Change in the Arctic
US and precipitation
Importance of ice sheets
3. High vs low
The Ozone Hole
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Cloud Feedbacks
70%
4. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
What effects the density
All Greenhouse gases
winter
Altimetry Pros
5. How much is the planet really warming?
Methane
IPCC
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
6. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
20%
30%
Thermokarst
Atmospheric Structure
7. 2ppm of the atmosphere - less than 20% of greenhouse gases - 1/3 greenhouse gases effect of CO2
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Earth's tilt
Methane
8. 1. We live in troposphere. Greenhouse gases here warm up the Earth 2. Above stratosphere. The ozone in this layer protects us.
Grounding Lines
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Layers of Earth
9. Where does the ozone protect us?
What effects the density
summer
Grounding v Surface Melting
In the stratosphere.
10. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Discontinuous
Inversion Layer Winter
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
11. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
IPCC
Types of Albedo
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Albedos of Snow and Ice
12. Same amount of H2O - Mass does not change - Density of ice < density of water - Volume of ice > volume of water
30%
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Ozone Hole
Archimedes' Principle
13. Mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation-evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc...
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Surface Mass Balance
Accumulation
Indirect heat wave effect
14. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Cloud Feedbacks
Very small portion
50%
15. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Ozone Hole
Stronger
Infrared radiation
Mass Change
16. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
Cloud Feedbacks
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ice Shelf
Heat wave
17. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Inversion Layer Summer
Types of Albedo
75-OC
18. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
GHG
Questions to think about
Archimedes' Principle
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
19. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Agricultural Drought
Ice in the Arctic
Sea Ice
20. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
50%
How a closed talik forms
Permafrost Degradation
Cloud Feedbacks
21. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Absolute thresholds
Ice/snow
Active Layer
22. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Absolute thresholds
Natural Causes of Warming
50%
23. Unfrozen ground that is found within a mass of permafrost
Closed talik
Atmospheric Structure
Melt
Longwave Radiation
24. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Closed talik
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
.7O Celsius over the past century.
25. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Hydrological Drought
How talik forms under lakes
30%
70%
26. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Questions to think about
Albedo
Ice-Albedo
27. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Carbon Dioxide
What effects the density
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
.7O Celsius over the past century.
28. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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29. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Antarctica
The Ozone Hole
Ocean water
Reduction in sea-ice extent
30. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Thermohaline Circulation
Ice Discharge
Thermokarst Lake
Methane
31. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Thinner atmosphere
Ice-Albedo
Permafrost
Albedos of Snow and Ice
32. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Thermohaline Circulation
Shortwave Length
7%
Closed talik
33. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Altimetry Cons
Absolute thresholds
34. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Altimetry (height)
Surface Mass Balance
Agricultural Drought
Heat Source and Pressure
35. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Stronger
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
.75OC/km-1
36. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Albedo
Severe coastal erosion
1 m/yr; 10x
Strong
37. Land Based Ecosystems retain ____ CO2.
Frozen Soil
Troposphere
Thermokarst Lake
30%
38. Sea ice - Glaciers and Ice sheets - Alaska- ice glaciers - Greenland- ice sheets
Ice in the Arctic
Ice-Ocean Interactions
winter
US and precipitation
39. Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location: most of the deserts are around 30 N and 30 S - where sinking air predominates
Dry
Surface Mass Balance
Inversion Layer Summer
In the troposphere that we live in.
40. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Thinner atmosphere
Sea Ice
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice/snow
41. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Methane
How a closed talik forms
Ocean water
Sublimation
42. Forms from frozen ocean water - Floats on the ocean surface - Grows over the winter - melts in the summer
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Sea Ice
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
What happens with the Ozone Hole
43. Is defined usually on the basis of the degree of dryness (in comparison to some 'normal' or average amount
Permafrost Degradation
Atmospheric Circulation
Archimedes' Principle
Meteorological Drought
44. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Greenland
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
75-OC
45. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Greenland
Black Carbon
Ice-Ocean Interactions
46. The Day After Tomorrow - Circulation will slow by 10% to 50% in the next century
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Indirect heat wave effect
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
47. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Thinner atmosphere
What happens with the Ozone Hole
How talik forms under lakes
7%
48. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Ice-Albedo
How a closed talik forms
Warming; cooling
30%
49. The heat input is either driven by the 1- thermohaline circulation associated with sea ice formation. The direct influx of intermediate warmth water.
Air pollution
Open talik
Heat Source and Pressure
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
50. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Agricultural Drought
45%
Ozone Hole