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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The Earth emits this.
GHG
Longwave Radiation
Melt
25%
2. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Absolute thresholds
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
3. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Reduction in sea-ice extent
In the stratosphere.
Air pollution
Increases - decreases
4. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
Once every 4 years.
20%
Atmospheric Circulation
5. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
45%
Ozone Hole
Sunspots
Strong
6. Clouds 40~90% - Vegetation 10~15%
Types of Albedo
Indirect heat wave effect
What effects the density
Reduction in sea-ice extent
7. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Inversion Layer (feedback)
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Ice absorbs
Antarctica
8. Long time series started in the '70s and yielding good data in the '90s - Detects elevation with high accuracy: 10 cm precision (laser) to 1 m (radar) - 2/3 Gravity Surveys (GRACE) - Weighing the total mass every 30 days - Direct monthly estimate
Agricultural Drought
Altimetry Pros
Active Layer
Archimedes' Principle
9. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
Talik
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Ice Sheets
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
10. Cooler water and drought conditions.
winter
Positive feedbacks both found in...
La Nia
More rain means no drought
11. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
Radiative Flux
More rain means no drought
Normal condition for air
Antarctica
12. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Mass Balance
Melt
Active Layer
Greenland
13. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Once every 4 years.
Methane
Ice Discharge
Ice-Ocean Interactions
14. If the Earth is warmer - are we going to have the Hadley cell stronger or weaker? Hotter = heat rises which increases the circulation.
Percentile departures
Stronger
Monthly maximums and minimums
Threshold departures
15. Measures input and output.
Mass Budget
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ozone Hole
Frozen Soil
16. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Ocean water
Ice Sheets
Ozone Hole
Percentile departures
17. The transition of a substance from the solid phase directly to the vapor phase - or vice versa - without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Cloud Feedbacks
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sublimation
18. SALTY WATER = MORE DENSE - Maximum density at 4OC - This is why ice melting is a big deal; if the whole circle slows down - Ice bergs are fresh water higher sea level rise.
Antarctica
What effects the density
All Greenhouse gases
Frozen Soil
19. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Sea-Ice Albedo
Hydrological Drought
Atmospheric Composition?
IPCC
20. What can cause a change in the Earth's climate balance?
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Reduction in sea-ice extent
reduction in sea-ice
Natural Causes of Warming
21. he increase of ozone concentration in the atmosphere helps ____ our planet
Permafrost
Warm
Ice Shelf
Meteorological Drought
22. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Methane
23. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Sheets
Mass Balance
Ice Shelf
Ice Cap
24. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Mass Balance
Depth v Surface
1 m/yr; 10x
25. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Ice Cap
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Earth's tilt
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
26. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Melt
Dynamic thinning
27. Atmosphere retains ____ CO2
Importance of ice sheets
Meteorological Drought
45%
Agricultural Drought
28. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Severe coastal erosion
Ice in the Arctic
Calving
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
29. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
air can warm dramatically
Climate Change in the Arctic
Permafrost
30. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Radiative Flux
La Nia
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
31. At the bottom of the ice sheets the temperature doesn't necessarily have to be above 0... it could _____ more easily because of the water
Altimetry Pros
Inversion Layer Summer
Melt
Precipitation and High Latitudes
32. Same as heating an apartment v home - Thinner atmosphere than tropics; warms faster.
Arctic Atmosphere
Inversion Layer Summer
Through talik
Depth v Surface
33. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
Discontinuous
Radiative Flux
Permafrost
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
34. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Ice absorbs
Ice-Albedo
Natural Causes of Warming
Sunspots
35. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Threshold departures
70%
Cause of break of inversion layers or decrease in frequency
36. 240 w/m squared
30%
20%
Atmospheric Composition?
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
37. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
In the troposphere that we live in.
Ice loss
.75OC/km-1
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
38. The large-scale ocean circulation that moves water between the deep and surface ocean which effects salinity and temperature change - Supplies heat to the polar-regions.
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
In the stratosphere.
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Surface Mass Balance
39. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
Permafrost Degradation
summer
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Depth v Surface
40. Industry 40% - Buildings 31% - Transportations 22% - Agriculture 4%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Threshold departures
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
41. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Grounding v Surface Melting
Where rise in OC is greatest
Surface Mass Balance
Types of Albedo
42. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Negative
Talik
Climate Change in the Arctic
30%
43. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Threshold departures
Ice absorbs
El Nio is in the coasts of...
44. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Atmospheric Composition
Permafrost Degradation
Antarctica
45. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Negative
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Warming; cooling
Rainy
46. The difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy - A measure of the net energy.
Radiative Forcing
Rainy
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Thermohaline Circulation
47. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Ice loss
25%
El Nino
Arctic Atmosphere
48. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Stronger
Black Carbon
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
doubles
49. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
doubles
Longwave Radiation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice/snow
50. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Where rise in OC is greatest
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Threshold departures