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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. InSAR - +snow/-ice loss - ice dynamics - requires a lot of data.
Earth's tilt
75-OC
Types of Albedo
Ice Motion
2. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Altimetry
Black Carbon
Ice Motion
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
3. Much of the Arctic is overlain by snow and sea ice (land ice and sea ice) - It makes warming a much bigger deal in the Arctic
Importance of ice sheets
How we measure Mass Balance
Why ice-albedo feedback is a big deal in the Arctic
% of Greenhouse Gases
4. In average: +1% in respect to 100 years ago.
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Absolute thresholds
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Heat wave
5. Antarctica - stratosphere - Sep-Oct
Thermokarst
Atmospheric Structure
Ozone Hole
Ice absorbs
6. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
winter
Once every 4 years.
Grounding v Surface Melting
Heat wave
7. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Climate Change in the Arctic
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Depth v Surface
Melt
8. O Climate change in the Arctic is occurring now - Changes have been huge already
Ice Discharge
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Today melting ice
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
9. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Melt
Rainy
Sea-Ice Albedo
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
10. They saw a massive thinning of the ice where it enters into the ocean - This is due to the pronounced melting of the ice once it is in contact with the ocean. Melt rates of 25 m/year near the grounding lines and more than 10 m/year on average.
Warming; cooling
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Ice-Albedo
Ice-Ocean Interactions
11. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Monthly maximums and minimums
How we measure Mass Balance
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Ocean water
12. The warmer the temperature - the deeper the active layer - thaws and refreezes every year - Permafrost below freezing for two or more years.
Active Layer
More rain means no drought
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Antarctica
13. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Active Layer
Through talik
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Permafrost
14. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
Ice in the Arctic
Depth v Surface
How we measure Mass Balance
All Greenhouse gases
15. Floating extensions are ice shelves - rivers of ice are ice streams or outlet glaciers - the junctions with the ocean are called the grounding line.
Infrared radiation
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
Layers of Earth
Indirect heat wave effect
16. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
More rain means no drought
Hydrological Drought
Importance of ice sheets
17. Refers to the irregular warming in the Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) from the coasts of Peru and Ecuador to the equatorial central Pacific - the Southern Oscillation
Dynamic thinning
Open talik
El Nino
Antarctica
18. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Ice Sheets
Melt
Surface Mass Balance
19. In _______ - the inversions are less frequent and weaker in the Arctic.
summer
Negative
Permafrost
Ice-Ocean Interactions
20. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Rainy
Surface Mass Balance
Ozone
Ice Cap
21. Taliks are found under lakes because of the ability of water to store and vertically transfer heat energy - Vertical extent of the taliks found under lakes is related to the depth and volume of the overlying water body.
Thermokarst
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
How talik forms under lakes
Where rise in OC is greatest
22. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Surface Mass Balance
Ozone Hole
In the troposphere that we live in.
Antarctica
23. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Today melting ice
Shortwave Length
Increases - decreases
Active Layer
24. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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25. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
Ice Discharge
winter
Energy Budget
Ozone Hole
26. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
Sea-Ice Albedo
Sunspots
Atmospheric Structure
27. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
air can warm dramatically
Antarctica
Affect Floods and Droughts
Importance of ice sheets
28. Set up in 1988 by WMO and UNEP.
Infrared radiation
Altimetry Cons
IPCC
Types of Albedo
29. When inversion breaks up _______________. - Consequently - anything that breaks inversions or makes them form less often could produce major ground level warming.
air can warm dramatically
Thermohaline Circulation
How to define a heatwave
Thinner atmosphere
30. 1. They are the largest contributor to sea level rise 2. Can affect the thermohaline circulation (mainly in Greenland) 3. Are directly connected to climate change
Importance of ice sheets
Dynamic thinning
Atmospheric Composition?
70%
31. Greenhouse gases are a ___ portion of the atmosphere
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Very small portion
Melt
Mass Balance
32. More common
Affect Floods and Droughts
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
Inversion Layer Winter
33. Amount of light absorbed by surface
How talik forms under lakes
Altimetry
50%
Inversion Layer (feedback)
34. Forms in a mosaic of favoured locations.
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
Grounding Lines
.75OC/km-1
doubles
35. Water vapor - 36-70% - carbon dioxide - 9-26% - methane - 4-9% - ozone - 3-7%
% of Greenhouse Gases
Active Layer
Dynamic thinning
Wetter; drier
36. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Hydrological Drought
Open talik
Increases - decreases
Thermokarst Lake
37. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Percentile departures
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Altimetry (height)
What effects the density
38. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Open talik
Threshold departures
% of Greenhouse Gases
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
39. Pollution: heat and sunlight cook the air and the chemical compounds which are in it. This combines with the nitrogen oxide and creates 'smog'. This makes breathing difficult for those with respiratory ailments.
Ozone
Strong
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice-Albedo
40. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Altimetry Cons
Dry
Time Variable Gravity
La Nia
41. Where does the ozone protect us?
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Ice in the Arctic
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
In the stratosphere.
42. Tundra absorbs more energy than ice and snow but less than scrubs and forest - and with those plants migrating towards the north - they will further contribute ot absorb more energy.
Shortwave Length
Permafrost Degradation
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Negative
43. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
Affect Floods and Droughts
El Nio is in the coasts of...
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Atmospheric Circulation
44. High cloud has a _____ effect and cool cloud has a ____ effect
Infrared radiation
Surface Mass Balance
Warming; cooling
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
45. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Methane
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Mass Budget
46. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
Surface Mass Balance
Discontinuous
Thermokarst
Inversion Layer (feedback)
47. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone
Atmospheric Circulation
Thinner atmosphere
Altimetry (height)
48. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Archimedes' Principle
El Nio is in the coasts of...
Grounding v Surface Melting
Mass Change
49. Heat is provided by outside sources that flow down the continental slope to reach the deepest part of the glacier. High pressure decreases the melting point and favors melting.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation
Thermohaline Circulatoin
The Ozone Hole
.7O Celsius over the past century.
50. Grounding line is the last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves - Glaciers contribute to sea level rise after passing the grounding line - Maximum thinning at grounding line.
Ice Shelf
Methane
La Nia
Positive