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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Over the Northern Hemisphere than the tropics.
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Where rise in OC is greatest
Stronger
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2. Summer increase in cloud cover - Winter decrease in cloud cover.
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3. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Black Carbon
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Mass Balance
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
4. An area of unfrozen ground that is open to the ground surface but otherwise enclosed in permafrost.
Sea Ice
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Open talik
Once every 4 years.
5. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
20%
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Negative
Meteorological Drought
6. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Where rise in OC is greatest
Thermokarst
Ice Discharge
Albedo
7. SMB- mass balance due to processes that affect the surface of the ice sheet. Precipitation- evapotranspiration-runoff-blowing snow etc.
Surface Mass Balance
Positive
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ozone
8. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
Ice Shelf
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
30%
How a closed talik forms
9. CO2 - CH4 - O3 - H2O - N2O - CFCs
What happens with the Ozone Hole
All Greenhouse gases
Positive
What effects the density
10. Just remember the general direction of the circulation - Rising northern pacific. You start in between Greenland and Europe (youngest water) - Oldest water is in the Pacific Ocean - Salty water> fresh water - Cold Water > Warm Water
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
75-OC
11. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
Frozen Soil
Antarctica
air can warm dramatically
How we measure Mass Balance
12. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Agricultural Drought
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Absolute thresholds
13. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
How talik forms under lakes
Altimetry Cons
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
14. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Permafrost
Ice Cap
Ocean water
15. If the mean annual air temperature is only slightly below 0 degrees C - permafrost will form only in spots that are sheltered.
air can warm dramatically
Energy Budget
Discontinuous
Stronger
16. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
How a closed talik forms
Infrared radiation
.75OC/km-1
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
17. ~15% of incident solar energy (albedo 85)
Altimetry Cons
Ozone Hole
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
18. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Altimetry (height)
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Grounding v Surface Melting
Global warming and hot nights?
19. The amount of light reflected by an object.
doubles
reduction in sea-ice
US and precipitation
Albedo
20. Average molecular life span is less than 10 years - Major sources: Wetlands and oceans - Raising cattle and landfills.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Ozone Hole
Melt
Methane
21. Is unfrozen ground that is exposed to the ground surface and to a larger mass of unfrozen ground beneath it.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Why Water Vapor is not a climate forcing
Mass Budget
Through talik
22. 240 w/m squared
What effects the density
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Ice Motion
Active Layer
23. Occurs when there is not enough water available for a particular crop to grow at a particular time.Typically seen after!meteorological drought (when rainfall decreases) but before a hydrological drought
Ice loss
Effect of Deforestation on CO-2
Ice in the Arctic
Agricultural Drought
24. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Black Carbon
30%
Atmospheric Composition?
Precipitation and High Latitudes
25. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Reduction in sea-ice extent
US and precipitation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Infrared radiation
26. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Atmospheric Structure
Percentile departures
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Heat Source and Pressure
27. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
7%
Ice Discharge
Affect Floods and Droughts
Arctic Atmosphere
28. Ocean retains ____ CO2
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Increases - decreases
25%
Importance of ice sheets
29. Troposphere - Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) - Mesosphere - Ionosphere
Atmospheric Structure
Altimetry
Ice/snow
Agricultural Drought
30. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Negative
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Through talik
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
31. Radiation that comes from the Sun - Visible light - 'near infrared' - ultraviolet radiation.
Greenland
Shortwave Length
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Importance of ice sheets
32. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
Why the Arctic climate is special
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Hydrological Drought
33. O The amount of energy moving in the form of photons or other elementary particles at a certain distance from the source per unit of area per second. Area/second
In the stratosphere.
Sublimation
Ocean water
Radiative Flux
34. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Wetter; drier
reduction in sea-ice
Grounding Lines
35. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
Affect Floods and Droughts
Hydrological Drought
Percentile departures
36. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Discontinuous
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ozone
70%
37. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
1 m/yr; 10x
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Dynamic thinning
38. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
Accumulation
Permafrost Degradation
Indirect heat wave effect
Ice Sheets
39. When meltwater seeps through a flowing glacier - it can lubricate the base and hasten the glacier's seaward flow.
Layers of Earth
Inversion Layer Summer
Percentile departures
Dynamic thinning
40. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Ice-Ocean Interactions
The Ozone Hole
Surface Mass Balance
In the stratosphere.
41. Frozen +2 years - Few centimeters to 1500 m
Snow and snow covered ice absorb
Depth v Surface
Hydrological Drought
Permafrost
42. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
Ice/snow
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Thermokarst Lake
Longwave Radiation
43. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Atmospheric Circulation
Ozone Hole
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
44. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
Very small portion
Earth's tilt
GHG
Permafrost
45. Reduction of Summer Sea- will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean - Snow and snow covered ice absorb 15% of incident solar energy - Ice absorbs 10% of inc
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Altimetry Pros
Ice in the Arctic
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
46. Ozone layer in high stratosphere (25-40 km altitude) absorbs about 95-99% of ultraviolet radiation.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Contributions to CO2 from different activities
Energy Budget
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
47. Grace - Tells us how much mass change we have - M - This is the measure of gravity (gives us the mass) - Directly measure mass change - Poor resolution
Mass Change
Atmospheric Structure
More rain means no drought
Very small portion
48. Is best viewed as a combination of...- Natural Variability - Associated with atmospheric circulation patterns - Growing Radiative Forcing - Associated with rising concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases - Strongly suggests a human influence.
Ice loss
Mass Change
Thermohaline Circulation Effect
US and precipitation
49. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
1 m/yr; 10x
Dynamic thinning
Antarctica
50. 10 : 1 - grounding ; surface
Atmospheric Structure
Grounding v Surface Melting
air can warm dramatically
Thermohaline Circulation Effect