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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 85%
Positive feedbacks both found in...
Sea-Ice Albedo
Through talik
Why the Arctic climate is special
2. 1. Altimetry survey 2. Time-variable gravity 3. Ice motion + Regional Climate Modeling
Through talik
What effects the density
Active Layer
How we measure Mass Balance
3. Climate models suggest once the sea ice cover is thinned sufficiently - a strong kick from natural variability could initiate a rapid slide towards ice-free conditions in the summer.
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
Inversion Layer Summer
Depth v Surface
Ice-Ocean Interactions
4. Rain is getting harder and the rain is lasting longer since the past couple of decades and will continue for that amount.
Accumulation
US and precipitation
How a closed talik forms
50%
5. Precipitation extremes appear to generally increase across the planet at especially high latitudes.
US and precipitation
Very small portion
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Precipitation and High Latitudes
6. Hydrological drought is associated with the effect of low rainfall on water levels in rivers -!reservoirs -!lakes and aquifers.
How to define a heatwave
Hydrological Drought
Inversion Layer Winter
Layers of Earth
7. Prolonged period of excessively hot weather - Which may be accompanied by high humidity.
Radiative Flux
Talik
Antarctica
Heat wave
8. Amount of light absorbed by atmosphere
Inversion Layer Summer
20%
Depth v Surface
winter
9. A dome shaped cover of perennial ice and snow.
Ice-Ocean Interactions
Ice Motion
Increases - decreases
Ice Cap
10. Pockets of ice in the topmost permafrost caused by thawing which create an underground lake.
75-OC
Thermokarst
Ocean water
air can warm dramatically
11. In ________- inversion layer is more common in the Arctic
winter
Through talik
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
The Ozone Hole
12. x7 smaller - 7m total sea level equivalent.
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Greenland
Major distinction between Kyoto Protocol and Convention
US and precipitation
13. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Ocean water
Increases - decreases
Greenhouse Gases
US and precipitation
14. The land-surface configuration that results from the melting of ground ice in a region where permafrost degrades is called Thermokarst.
Inversion Layer Summer
Thermokarst
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
25%
15. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Ozone Hole
Ozone
In the troposphere that we live in.
Types of Albedo
16. Fresh snow and snow-covered sea ice may have an albedo higher than 80% - even when melting in the summer. Sea ice has a higher albedo and can absorb as little as 10% of the solar energy. On average - sea ice albedo is around 85%
Thermokarst
Percentile departures
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Albedos of Snow and Ice
17. Over the past century what has happened to the Earth's temperature?
What happens with the Ozone Hole
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
18. Closed talik can develop when lakes fill in with sediment and become deposits of dead plant material (bog).
How a closed talik forms
Inversion Layer Summer
Ice-Albedo
Ice Discharge
19. 342 W/m squared - DWEC - These things reflect sunlight (30%): water vapor - clouds - dust particles - earth's surface
Time Variable Gravity
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Energy Budget
Ice shelf
20. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Sublimation
Positive
Ice in the Arctic
Altimetry Cons
21. Betts et al found that: if CO-2 __________ this has a physiological effect on plant transpiration increased simulated runoff by 6% b. How? i. More CO2 1. Plants pores open less 2. This reduces transpiration 3. More water in the land surface
What effects the density
doubles
Warming; cooling
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
22. Radiation absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases?
Very small portion
Active Layer
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Through talik
23. Wet gets _____ - dry gets ____ - Wet - 50ON (sub polar) Canada - N Europe - Russia - Tropical area- monsoon (rainforest) - Drier - Subtropics - Australia - S. Africa - Mediterranean - Caribbean - Mexico - SW US
Sublimation
Thermokarst
Thermohaline Circulation
Wetter; drier
24. Help darkens the snow and ice surface - increasing the amount of energy that is absorbed.
El Nino
Talik
Questions to think about
Air pollution
25. By contrast reflects only about 7% of solar radiation (Albedo~7%) - absorbing 93%.
Threshold departures
Closed talik
Ocean water
Ozone
26. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
GHG
Greenland
Infrared radiation
Ice loss
27. Concentration of 380 ppmv - Have risen about 40% - Preindustrial~ 270~280 ppmv
Frozen Soil
45%
Carbon Dioxide
Layers of Earth
28. Amount of light absorbed by surface
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
50%
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
Today melting ice
29. Laser radar - H V - Long time series - high accuracy - Density
Arctic Atmosphere
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Closed talik
Altimetry (height)
30. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
How to define a heatwave
Thinner atmosphere
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
31. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Antarctica
Wetter; drier
Surface Mass Balance
32. Volcanic eruptions - Sunspots - Wobbly Earth
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ice/snow
Natural Causes of Warming
Is precipitation around the world increasing?
33. Arctic warms faster than other parts of the globe in response to a given increase in greenhouse gasses - More direct route to warming - In the Arctic a greater fraction of any increase in radiation absorbed by the surface goes directly into warming t
All Greenhouse gases
Altimetry Pros
Why the Arctic climate is special
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
34. Industrial product - 300 ppb (parts per billion)
Types of Albedo
Thermokarst
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Ice Shelf
35. Sea ice - Continental ice sheets - Permafrost (frozen soil) - Mountain glaciers - Snow cover
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Today melting ice
Thermohaline Circulation
The cryosphere
36. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Dynamic thinning
.75OC/km-1
Ice shelf
Permafrost
37. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Ice/snow
Thinner atmosphere
The Ozone Hole
38. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Severe coastal erosion
Thermohaline Circulatoin
How we measure Mass Balance
Ice Shelf
39. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Permafrost Degradation
Sunspots
40. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
Today melting ice
Mass Balance
Ice Motion
7%
41. Temperature needed to melt at depth is much lower than that needed to melt at the surface.
Depth v Surface
Open talik
Methane
Affect Floods and Droughts
42. Massive cooldown has allowed colder conditions to persist leading to cfcs stabilizing leading to ozone depletion. Later - more warming will lead to more moisture in the air which will lead to more snowfall!
1 m/yr; 10x
Black Carbon
Dry
Antarctica
43. CO2 ____ in winter in the NH and ____ decreases during the 'greening season'
Mass Change
Thermokarst
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
Increases - decreases
44. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
Greenhouse Gases
In the troposphere that we live in.
Sea Ice
Sunspots
45. Ice flowing from the middle of Greenland to the edges and melting. 90 feet a day- speed that ice is moving.
Ice Discharge
Ice Sheets
US and precipitation
Normal condition for air
46. Ice melting rapidly? What type causes sea level to rise? What have been the main contributors to sea level rise so far? What are the impacts of melting ice? - On nature - On humans
Rainy
Questions to think about
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
47. Ocean retains ____ CO2
25%
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Ice/snow
Talik
48. Sea ice extent in Antarctica is rapidly reducing. Seasonal variability. People - Animals and Ice
25%
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
Ice Motion
Ice absorbs
49. Extent will increase the warming because less energy will be reflected back to the atmosphere by the ice and more will be absorbed by the ocean.
.7O Celsius over the past century.
Altimetry Cons
reduction in sea-ice
Warming; cooling
50. Under higher pressure the melting point decreases ____ - The pressure comes from the weight of the ice shelf.
75-OC
30%
How to define a heatwave
Infrared radiation