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Test your basic knowledge |
Global Warming
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
literacy
,
science
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Atmospheric Cooling - Both negative (stabilizing) feedbacks - It is not happening now - but it has happened in the past - Ice-albedo feedback was the dominant feedback during the ice ages.
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Absolute thresholds
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Inversion Layer Winter
2. Number of days that exceed a given temperature
Absolute thresholds
Warm
Permafrost Degradation
Grounding Lines
3. 1. Keeps the ocean and the earth cooler 2. Coastal impacts of ice: prevents waves from eroding coastlines and protects from storms. 3. Ecological importance of ice: a. Most visibly for the many fish - birds - and mammal species that live in - on - or
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
Sea ice melt does not change sea level
% of Greenhouse Gases
US and precipitation
4. Higher temperature increases atmospheric water vapor @ global scale more water vapor in the air that causes nights to stay warmer.
Surface Mass Balance
Global warming and hot nights?
Talik
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
5. 78% nitrogen - 28% oxygen - Greenhouse gases: Have a more complex molecular structure and can absorb and re:radiate heat in all directions.
Today melting ice
Atmospheric Composition?
Severe coastal erosion
How a closed talik forms
6. In troposphere = greenhouse warming gas - However - most of it is in the stratosphere.
Meteorological Drought
How to define a heatwave
Ozone
Frozen Soil
7. Like weighing oneself on the scale.
Negative Ice-Albedo Feedback
Some regions of the Earth have warmed faster than other regions.
Time Variable Gravity
How the cryosphere is affected by climate change
8. Poor resolution (200-400 km) does not allow us to distinguish glaciers and basins.
Altimetry Cons
Radiative Forcing
Talik
Antarctica
9. Precipitation intensity will rise ___ for every 1 OC of warming.
Radiative Flux
Importance of ice sheets
7%
Methane
10. A process whereby slabs of ice at the glacier margin mechanically fracture and detach from the main ice mass -
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
Calving
Reduction in sea-ice extent
Earth's tilt
11. Changes over time in the highest and lowest single temperature observed during a given month of the year.
Monthly maximums and minimums
Change in vegetation generates a further feedback
1 m/yr; 10x
How we measure Mass Balance
12. Changes in the Earth's solar radiation levels can impact the climate. Shortterm warming cycles on Earth.
Sunspots
Black Carbon
Thermohaline Circulation
Greenhouse Gases
13. Longwave radiation - any radiation with a long wave will heat up quickly.
Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere Interaction
IN the last 2 decades what we've seen
Infrared radiation
air can warm dramatically
14. 1. Land usage changes 2. Seasonal timing 3. Rising CO2 levels may be a factor
Affect Floods and Droughts
In the Arctic where the air is cooler
Thermohaline Circulation
Discontinuous Permafrosrt
15. Descending Air dry - Convection cells are wet.
Wetter; drier
Atmospheric Circulation
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
25%
16. On a clear cold day - the thin layer of air hugging the ground is called inversion. This layer is much cooler than the air a few hundred meters above it.
reduction in sea-ice
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Inversion Layer (feedback)
Talik
17. The last portion of a glacier grounded to bedrock - after this line there are ice shelves.
Grounding Lines
Ice Sheets
El Nino
Amount of light actually reaching the Earth
18. Refers to a body of freshwater - usually shallow - formed in a depression by melt water from thawing permafrost.
The cryosphere
Melt
reduction in sea-ice
Thermokarst Lake
19. 1.4 USA - 57 m total sea level equivalent
Antarctica
Grounding Lines
Sea Ice Extent is Changing in Antarctica as well
El Nio is in the coasts of...
20. More common
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
How talik forms under lakes
Inversion Layer Winter
Mass Balance
21. All processes that add snow or ice to a glacier or to flowing ice or snow cover.
Calving
Very small portion
7%
Accumulation
22. Number of days that land among the hottest of all days in that month's long-term record.
Hydrological Drought
Percentile departures
Thickness of the active layer and the permafrost depend on this
Open talik
23. South polar vortex - Temperatures drop below 80O Celsius in the lower stratosphere - At these temperatures the chemicals in the stratosphere freeze and form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCS) - These increase the concentration of CFCs in turn destroyi
All Greenhouse gases
Surface Mass Balance
What happens with the Ozone Hole
IPCC
24. A naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost - It is caused by the deepening fo the active layer and the thawing of the adjacent permafrost.
IPCC
20%
GHG
Permafrost Degradation
25. Absolute thresholds - Monthly maximums and minimums - Threshold departures - Percentile departure - Atmospheric Water Vapor: More water vapor in the air - warmer nights!
How to define a heatwave
Altimetry (height)
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
.75OC/km-1
26. Arctic troposphere is thinner (8-10 km) than the tropics...The depth of the atmospheric layer is much shallower in the Arctic - It takes less energy to warm the Arctic rather than the Tropics - Same as heating an apartment vs. a house
Thinner atmosphere
doubles
Heat wave
50%
27. Thawing permafrost weakens coastal lands. Risk of flooding in coastal wetlands. Pollution and toxins locked in the snow and ice will be released.
Questions to think about
Greenhouse Gases
Severe coastal erosion
Ice Motion
28. Ice sheets have a very ____ Albedo
Strong
Inversion Layer Winter
Antarctica
Cloud Feedbacks
29. This is the total mass change - difference between input and outputs—snow accumulation-ablation.
30%
Increase in the amount of water vapor or cloud vapor - Volcanic eruptions
Atmospheric Structure
Mass Balance
30. The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer in Antarctica in Springtime (august through October)
Accumulation
air can warm dramatically
The Ozone Hole
Ice/snow
31. 23 -45 degrees. The Larger the tilt the larger the variability of the seasons.
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32. Water vapor means more water up in the clouds and less in the ground!
Surface Mass Balance
More rain means no drought
70%
Why the Arctic climate is special
33. Holds unique and key information - Are highly interconnected - Respond and drive climate change - Are the largest freshwater reservoirs of the planet - Ice cores tell us that in climate records - nothing is regular and ice sheet plays major role.
Ice Sheets
Meteorological Drought
air can warm dramatically
Changes in Arctic sea-ice Extent
34. Slow steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of Earth's stratospheric ozone.
Atmospheric Structure
Ozone Hole
Altimetry Pros
Layers of Earth
35. Rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Warming; cooling
Ozone Hole
36. Permafrost- A frozen soil
Today melting ice
Air pollution
Frozen Soil
Sea-Ice Albedo
37. Deep tropics between 15O N and 15 O S are quite rainy on yearly average. In these regions - rising air predominates.
Permafrost
Thermohaline Circulation
El Nino
Rainy
38. Surface Mass Balance is of the order of _____ melting is ____ times more.
Cloud Feedbacks
Increases - decreases
1 m/yr; 10x
Questions to think about
39. Carbon dioxide - Methane - Ozone - Water Vapor - Few others - Most ___________________ are mixed in the troposphere (Except water vapor) - Water vapor is concentrated closer to the ground.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Thermohaline Circulatoin
Inversion Layer Winter
Greenhouse Gases
40. A thick - floating slab of freshwater ice extending from coast to coast.
Ice shelf
Precipitation and High Latitudes
Thermohaline Circulation
Stronger
41. Due to a set of mutually reinforcing processes - climate change appears to be progressing in the arctic more quickly than in any other region on Earth.
Inversion Layer Winter
Surface Mass Balance
Climate Change in the Arctic
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
42. Where do greenhouse gases warm up the Earth?
In the troposphere that we live in.
Sublimation
How talik forms under lakes
1 m/yr; 10x
43. Low clouds are a ____ feedback; they will reflect more sunlight. Clouds reflect shortwave radiation but also absorb longwave radiation
Radiative Flux
Negative
Ozone
Ice Shelf
44. Sea ice and continental ice. This is caused by Atmospheric warming triggers.
Average radiative flux reaching the atmosphere
Warming; cooling
Types of Albedo
Positive feedbacks both found in...
45. Positive Albedo Feedback - increase in temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo increases temperature melts ice and snow reduces albedo... ETC
Ice/snow
Atmospheric Composition
reduction in sea-ice
Energy Budget
46. Soil at or below the freezing point of water for two or more years - Can be: Terrestrial - Subsea - Can be: Continuous: exists across a landscape as an unbroken layer. More than 90% is frozen - Discontinuous
Some parts of the planet are dry because of their location
Agricultural Drought
Air pollution
Permafrost
47. Warming- positive feedback - Cooling- negative feedback.
Positive feedbacks both found in...
In the stratosphere.
Ice-Albedo
25%
48. CO2 GHG forcing - H2O - dominant/major GHG
How a closed talik forms
GHG
Strong
Through talik
49. A climate forcing agent formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels - biofuel - and biomass; emitted both anthropogenic:ally and naturally.
Black Carbon
Infrared radiation
15 percent (70% is not reflected but radiated to space from clouds - atmosphere - and Earth.)
Depth v Surface
50. Number of days when temperatures climb above average by a fixed amount.
Threshold departures
Types of Albedo
Albedos of Snow and Ice
Natural Causes of Warming