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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Cell Biology: Cell Cycle
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Subjects
:
gre
,
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A cell'S endowment of DNA
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
MPF
Genome
2. Where the DNA molecules are packaged into. Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus. Each single chromosome contains one very long - linear DNA molecule that carries several hundred to a few thousand gen
Chromosomes
Aster
Prophase
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
3. A specific protein release by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Growth Factor
Gametes
4. Abnormal cells remain at the original sight after transformation (the process that converts normal cells to cancer cells). Usually do not cause serious problems and can be removed by surgery.
Mitosis
Benign Tumor
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
G2 Phase
5. No cleavage furrow. During telophase - vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell - where they coalesce - producing the cell plate.
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Cell Division
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Growth Factor
6. All body cells except the reproductive ones. The nuclei of human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes made up of two sets of 23 - one set inherited from each parent.
G2 Phase
MPF
Centrosome
Somatic Cells
7. Proteins that get their name from their cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. Activate kinases when the attach to them.
Cell Division
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Metastasis
G1 Phase
8. A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing. When a cell population reaches a certain density - the availability of nutrients becomes insufficient to allow continued cell growth and division. Not exhibited in cancer cells.
Anchorage Dependence
Density-dependent Inhibition
Prometaphase
Centrosome
9. G1 phase (first gap) - S phase ('Synthesis') - and G2 phase (second gap). During all phases - the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and the ER.
Anaphase
Metastasis
G0 Phase
Sub phases of Interphase
10. An imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle'S two poles where the chromosome'S centromeres lie during metaphase.
Cell Division
Metaphase Plate
Cell Cycle Control System
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
11. A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. Indicates the beginning of cleavage during cytokinesis. On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein my
Metaphase Plate
Metaphase
Cleavage Furrow
Cleavage
12. First phase of interphase. Major period of cell growth. Most variable length in length for all the phases in different types of cells.
G0 Phase
Gametes
G1 Phase
Interphase
13. A specific place on the bacterial chromosome where the process of cell division begins by DNA replication - producing two origins. As the chromosome begins to replicate - one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell.
Origin of Replication
Sister Chromatids
Anaphase
Prophase
14. Most genes are carried on a single bacterial chromosome that consists of a circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. The process begins when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at the origin of replication - producing two or
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Interphase
Gametes
15. Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids. Each contain an identical DNA molecule and are initially attached by adhesive proteins all along their lengths. Are most closely attached to one another at the centromere.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Cleavage Furrow
Sister Chromatids
Metastasis
16. The process by which cytokinesis occurs in animal cells. The first sign of this beginning is the appearance of a cleavage furrow.
Cleavage
Metaphase Plate
Centrosome
Cell Cycle Control System
17. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases.Enzymes that activate or inactive other proteins by phosphorylating them. Particular ones give the go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints. Present at a constant concentration in the growing cell - but much of the time
Gametes
Cleavage Furrow
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
18. A protein that promotes mitosis. Often called a growth factor though.
G1 Phase
Mitogen
Metaphase Plate
Mitosis
19. What eukaryotic chromosomes are made of. A complex of DNA and associated protein molecules.
Benign Tumor
Cell Division
Centrosome
Chromatin
20. A variation of cell division in which you produce gametes - which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes - thus half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Only occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
Gametes
Mitosis
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
MPF
21. The division of the nucleus
G2 Phase
Cleavage Furrow
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Mitosis
22. A type of cell division that prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) undergo to reproduce.
Binary Fission
Somatic Cells
Cleavage
Growth Factor
23. Fourth phase of mitosis. The shortest stage of mitosis. Begins with the two sister chromatids of each pair being pulled apart--each becoming a full fledged chromosome. The two liberated chromosomes begin moving towards opposite ends of the cell - as
Five Stages of Mitosis
Kinetochore Microtubules
Anaphase
Cell Plate
24. The narrow 'waist' at a specialized region where two chromatids are most closely attached.
Aster
Cell Division
Gametes
Centromere
25. The last phase of interphase - occurring after the S phase. Cell continues to grow but also completes preparations for cell division. In this phase - chromosomes that duplicated during S phase cannot be seen individually because they have not condens
Benign Tumor
G2 Phase
Anchorage Dependence
Metaphase
26. The last phase (5th) of mitosis before cytokinesis. Two daughter nuclei begin to form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent cell'S nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system. The chromosomes become
Telophase
Anaphase
Cell Division
Mitosis
27. A critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. Signals often report whether crucial cellular processes up to that point have been completed correctly and thus whether or not the cell cycle should proceed. Also regis
Chromatin
Anaphase
Kinetochore Microtubules
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
28. A type of unicellular protist. Mostly marine plankton.
Cell Cycle Control System
Dinoflagellates
Mitosis
Prometaphase
29. Reproductive cells--sperm and egg cells. Have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. Have one set of 23 chromosomes in humans.
Gametes
G1 Phase
Anchorage Dependence
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
30. Two main types: kinases and cyclins.
Cytokinesis
Cleavage Furrow
Origin of Replication
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
31. A nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell'S microtubules. A pair of centrioles is located at the center of the centrosome - but the centrioles are not essential for cell division (most centrosomes of plan
G0 Phase
Centrosome
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
32. Experiments have demonstrated that the sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by this cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Chromosomes
Cell Cycle Control System
Anaphase
33. Prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - and telophase.
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Mitogen
Five Stages of Mitosis
34. Second phase of interphase. The phase in which chromosomes are duplicated. Occurs between G1 and G2 phase.
Somatic Cells
S Phase
Cleavage
Mitosis
35. Made by platelets (blood cells). Required for the division of fibroblasts (a type of connective tissue cell that synthesizes the ECM and collagen and is important in wound healing): fibroblasts have PDGF receptors that are tyrosine kinases on their p
Mitosis
Cleavage
S Phase
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
36. First phase of Mitosis. The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled - condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope. Nucleoli disappear. Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined togeth
Centromere
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Centrosome
37. Begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. Consists of fibers made of microtubules - centrosomes and associated proteins. While it assembles - other microtubules of the cytoskeleton partially disassemble - probably providing the material used t
Cell Cycle
Mitotic Spindle
Dinoflagellates
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
38. 'Maturation-promoting Factor' or 'M-Phase-promoting Factor' Example of cell cycle control molecules.The cyclin-Cdk complex that was first discovered. Triggers the cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase by phosphorylating a variety of prot
Interphase
Centromere
Sister Chromatids
MPF
39. Usually immediately follows mitosis. The division of the cytoplasm of a cell-where one cell becomes two - each genetically equivalent to the parent cell. Involves the formation of a cleavage furrow - which pinches the cell in two.
Cytokinesis
Cleavage
Mitotic Spindle
G0 Phase
40. The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
Chromatin
Cell Plate
Anchorage Dependence
Cell Cycle
41. Second phase of mitosis. The nuclear envelope fragments. The microtubules of the spindle can now invade the nuclear area and interact with the chromosome - which have become even more condensed. Microtubules extend from each centrosome towards the m
Density-dependent Inhibition
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Genome
42. A part of the cell cycle - which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cell Division in Diatoms
Mitotic Spindle
Prophase
Mitotic Phase
43. The nondividing state in the cell cycle. If a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal in the G1 phase - it will exit the cycle and switch into this state. In the human body - fully formed - mature nerve and muscle cells are in this state and never di
Mitosis
Cell Division
Sub phases of Interphase
G0 Phase
44. Abnormal cancer cells that become invasive enough to impair the functions or one or more organs form this. An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have cancer. Abnormalities in cells of malignant tumors: they may have unusual number of chromo
Diatoms
Malignant Tumor
G2 Phase
Prometaphase
45. Could be an example of cases where ancestral mechanisms have remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. The nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division. The microtubules for a spindle within the nucleus and then separate the chrom
Chromatin
Sub phases of Interphase
Growth Factor
Cell Division in Diatoms
46. The reproduction of cells
Somatic Cells
Anaphase
Cell Division
Mitotic Phase
47. The spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores during prometaphase. During anaphase - the kinetochore microtubules shorten at their kinetochore end - not their spindle pore ends. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the prima
Kinetochore Microtubules
Diatoms
G2 Phase
Chromosomes
48. Could be an example of cases where ancestral mechanisms have remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. The nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division and the chromosomes attach to the nuclear envelope. Microtubules pass through
MPF
Centromere
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Anaphase
49. A type of unicellular protist.
Sub phases of Interphase
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Kinetochore Microtubules
Diatoms
50. Third phase of mitosis. The longest stage of mitosis (~20mins). The centrosome are now at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate. For each chromosome - the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinet
Metastasis
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Mitogen
Metaphase