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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Cell Biology: Cell Cycle
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A protein that promotes mitosis. Often called a growth factor though.
Mitogen
G1 Phase
Kinetochore Microtubules
Binary Fission
2. Usually immediately follows mitosis. The division of the cytoplasm of a cell-where one cell becomes two - each genetically equivalent to the parent cell. Involves the formation of a cleavage furrow - which pinches the cell in two.
Cytokinesis
Aster
Centromere
Cell Plate
3. Fourth phase of mitosis. The shortest stage of mitosis. Begins with the two sister chromatids of each pair being pulled apart--each becoming a full fledged chromosome. The two liberated chromosomes begin moving towards opposite ends of the cell - as
Anaphase
G1 Phase
Prometaphase
Kinetochore Microtubules
4. Prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - and telophase.
Mitosis
Five Stages of Mitosis
Cell Division
Kinetochore
5. Forms during telophase in plant cells in preparation for cytokinesis. Formed by vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus moving along microtubules to the middle of the cell and coalescing. Enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plas
Cell Plate
Aster
Metastasis
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
6. Abnormal cancer cells that become invasive enough to impair the functions or one or more organs form this. An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have cancer. Abnormalities in cells of malignant tumors: they may have unusual number of chromo
S Phase
MPF
Somatic Cells
Malignant Tumor
7. A critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. Signals often report whether crucial cellular processes up to that point have been completed correctly and thus whether or not the cell cycle should proceed. Also regis
Mitotic Phase
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Gametes
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
8. First phase of Mitosis. The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled - condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope. Nucleoli disappear. Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined togeth
Prophase
Kinetochore Microtubules
Interphase
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
9. The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
Cell Cycle
Centrosome
Five Stages of Mitosis
Benign Tumor
10. Two main types: kinases and cyclins.
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Five Stages of Mitosis
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
11. Could be an example of cases where ancestral mechanisms have remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. The nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division and the chromosomes attach to the nuclear envelope. Microtubules pass through
Cell Cycle
Somatic Cells
Five Stages of Mitosis
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
12. A type of cell division that prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) undergo to reproduce.
Metaphase
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Cell Division
Binary Fission
13. Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids. Each contain an identical DNA molecule and are initially attached by adhesive proteins all along their lengths. Are most closely attached to one another at the centromere.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Prophase
Mitotic Spindle
Sister Chromatids
14. Second phase of interphase. The phase in which chromosomes are duplicated. Occurs between G1 and G2 phase.
Anaphase
Diatoms
S Phase
Prophase
15. A part of the cell cycle. Often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. In this phase - the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division.
Cell Cycle
Sub phases of Interphase
Somatic Cells
Interphase
16. A radial array of short microtubules that extend from each centrosome. (Do not connect to kinetochore.)
Aster
Telophase
Origin of Replication
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
17. A structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere. Each of the two sister chromatids has one. The chromosome'S two kinetochores face in opposite directions and during prometaphase - some of the spindle mic
Cytokinesis
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
G1 Phase
Kinetochore
18. The narrow 'waist' at a specialized region where two chromatids are most closely attached.
Centromere
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Density-dependent Inhibition
Aster
19. The reproduction of cells
Prophase
Centromere
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Cell Division
20. Third phase of mitosis. The longest stage of mitosis (~20mins). The centrosome are now at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate. For each chromosome - the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinet
Chromatin
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Prometaphase
Metaphase
21. A nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell'S microtubules. A pair of centrioles is located at the center of the centrosome - but the centrioles are not essential for cell division (most centrosomes of plan
Five Stages of Mitosis
Centrosome
Anchorage Dependence
Cell Cycle Control System
22. Where the DNA molecules are packaged into. Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus. Each single chromosome contains one very long - linear DNA molecule that carries several hundred to a few thousand gen
Kinetochore
Prophase
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Chromosomes
23. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases.Enzymes that activate or inactive other proteins by phosphorylating them. Particular ones give the go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints. Present at a constant concentration in the growing cell - but much of the time
Mitosis
Malignant Tumor
Prometaphase
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
24. A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. Indicates the beginning of cleavage during cytokinesis. On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein my
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Cleavage Furrow
Mitotic Phase
25. 'Maturation-promoting Factor' or 'M-Phase-promoting Factor' Example of cell cycle control molecules.The cyclin-Cdk complex that was first discovered. Triggers the cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase by phosphorylating a variety of prot
G0 Phase
MPF
Telophase
Prophase
26. A part of the cell cycle - which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis.
Mitotic Phase
Prophase
Cell Cycle Control System
Metaphase
27. Begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. Consists of fibers made of microtubules - centrosomes and associated proteins. While it assembles - other microtubules of the cytoskeleton partially disassemble - probably providing the material used t
Cleavage Furrow
Mitosis
Kinetochore Microtubules
Mitotic Spindle
28. The nondividing state in the cell cycle. If a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal in the G1 phase - it will exit the cycle and switch into this state. In the human body - fully formed - mature nerve and muscle cells are in this state and never di
Mitotic Phase
G0 Phase
Centromere
Telophase
29. Exhibited by most animal cells. In order to divide - the cells must be attached to a substratum like the extracellular matrix of a tissue. Experiments suggest that anchorage is signaled to the cell cycle control system via pathways involving plasma m
Interphase
MPF
Anchorage Dependence
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
30. The process by which cytokinesis occurs in animal cells. The first sign of this beginning is the appearance of a cleavage furrow.
Cleavage
Prophase
Cleavage Furrow
Anchorage Dependence
31. Proteins that get their name from their cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. Activate kinases when the attach to them.
G2 Phase
Metastasis
Diatoms
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
32. All body cells except the reproductive ones. The nuclei of human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes made up of two sets of 23 - one set inherited from each parent.
Somatic Cells
Diatoms
Kinetochore
Genome
33. The last phase of interphase - occurring after the S phase. Cell continues to grow but also completes preparations for cell division. In this phase - chromosomes that duplicated during S phase cannot be seen individually because they have not condens
G2 Phase
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Cell Division in Diatoms
Sub phases of Interphase
34. First phase of interphase. Major period of cell growth. Most variable length in length for all the phases in different types of cells.
G2 Phase
Prophase
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
G1 Phase
35. The spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores during prometaphase. During anaphase - the kinetochore microtubules shorten at their kinetochore end - not their spindle pore ends. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the prima
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Cleavage
Anaphase
Kinetochore Microtubules
36. The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
Anaphase
Metastasis
Somatic Cells
Density-dependent Inhibition
37. What eukaryotic chromosomes are made of. A complex of DNA and associated protein molecules.
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Chromatin
Cell Division in Diatoms
Diatoms
38. Experiments have demonstrated that the sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by this cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
Dinoflagellates
Cell Cycle Control System
Genome
Density-dependent Inhibition
39. Reproductive cells--sperm and egg cells. Have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. Have one set of 23 chromosomes in humans.
Binary Fission
Gametes
Mitotic Spindle
S Phase
40. A type of unicellular protist.
Diatoms
Growth Factor
Density-dependent Inhibition
Aster
41. A specific protein release by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
Dinoflagellates
Growth Factor
Cell Cycle
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
42. No cleavage furrow. During telophase - vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell - where they coalesce - producing the cell plate.
Mitotic Phase
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Anchorage Dependence
Chromatin
43. A variation of cell division in which you produce gametes - which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes - thus half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Only occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
Mitosis
Binary Fission
G2 Phase
Cell Cycle Control System
44. The last phase (5th) of mitosis before cytokinesis. Two daughter nuclei begin to form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent cell'S nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system. The chromosomes become
Binary Fission
Telophase
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Mitotic Spindle
45. Could be an example of cases where ancestral mechanisms have remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. The nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division. The microtubules for a spindle within the nucleus and then separate the chrom
Cell Division
Cell Division in Diatoms
Kinetochore
Cell Plate
46. A cell'S endowment of DNA
Genome
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Origin of Replication
Interphase
47. A type of unicellular protist. Mostly marine plankton.
Chromosomes
Cleavage
Dinoflagellates
Cell Cycle Control System
48. The division of the nucleus
Cleavage
Mitosis
Binary Fission
Somatic Cells
49. An imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle'S two poles where the chromosome'S centromeres lie during metaphase.
Cell Plate
Metaphase Plate
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
50. G1 phase (first gap) - S phase ('Synthesis') - and G2 phase (second gap). During all phases - the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and the ER.
Sub phases of Interphase
Anaphase
Density-dependent Inhibition
Metastasis