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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Cell Biology: Cell Cycle
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Subjects
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gre
,
science
,
biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere. Each of the two sister chromatids has one. The chromosome'S two kinetochores face in opposite directions and during prometaphase - some of the spindle mic
Cell Division
Kinetochore
Diatoms
Metaphase Plate
2. Proteins that get their name from their cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. Activate kinases when the attach to them.
Mitogen
G1 Phase
Cleavage
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
3. Usually immediately follows mitosis. The division of the cytoplasm of a cell-where one cell becomes two - each genetically equivalent to the parent cell. Involves the formation of a cleavage furrow - which pinches the cell in two.
Cell Division in Diatoms
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Sister Chromatids
Cytokinesis
4. Abnormal cancer cells that become invasive enough to impair the functions or one or more organs form this. An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have cancer. Abnormalities in cells of malignant tumors: they may have unusual number of chromo
Malignant Tumor
Somatic Cells
Gametes
Cell Plate
5. Could be an example of cases where ancestral mechanisms have remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. The nuclear envelope remains intact during cell division and the chromosomes attach to the nuclear envelope. Microtubules pass through
Malignant Tumor
Aster
MPF
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
6. A type of cell division that prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) undergo to reproduce.
Binary Fission
Diatoms
Chromatin
G0 Phase
7. A cell'S endowment of DNA
Prophase
Genome
Density-dependent Inhibition
Binary Fission
8. Made by platelets (blood cells). Required for the division of fibroblasts (a type of connective tissue cell that synthesizes the ECM and collagen and is important in wound healing): fibroblasts have PDGF receptors that are tyrosine kinases on their p
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Centromere
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Metastasis
9. Where the DNA molecules are packaged into. Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus. Each single chromosome contains one very long - linear DNA molecule that carries several hundred to a few thousand gen
Cell Plate
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Kinetochore
Chromosomes
10. A specific place on the bacterial chromosome where the process of cell division begins by DNA replication - producing two origins. As the chromosome begins to replicate - one origin moves rapidly toward the opposite end of the cell.
Origin of Replication
Cell Division in Diatoms
Metastasis
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
11. The nondividing state in the cell cycle. If a cell does not receive a go-ahead signal in the G1 phase - it will exit the cycle and switch into this state. In the human body - fully formed - mature nerve and muscle cells are in this state and never di
Cleavage Furrow
G0 Phase
Telophase
Origin of Replication
12. Prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - and telophase.
Chromosomes
Diatoms
Cell Cycle Control System
Five Stages of Mitosis
13. Two main types: kinases and cyclins.
Centromere
Cell Division
Centrosome
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
14. A critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. Signals often report whether crucial cellular processes up to that point have been completed correctly and thus whether or not the cell cycle should proceed. Also regis
Cytokinesis
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
Interphase
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
15. Third phase of mitosis. The longest stage of mitosis (~20mins). The centrosome are now at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate. For each chromosome - the kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to kinet
Diatoms
Metaphase
Gametes
Centromere
16. No cleavage furrow. During telophase - vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell - where they coalesce - producing the cell plate.
Benign Tumor
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Dinoflagellates
Cytokinesis
17. First phase of interphase. Major period of cell growth. Most variable length in length for all the phases in different types of cells.
G1 Phase
G2 Phase
Prophase
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
18. A type of unicellular protist. Mostly marine plankton.
Dinoflagellates
Cell Division
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
G0 Phase
19. G1 phase (first gap) - S phase ('Synthesis') - and G2 phase (second gap). During all phases - the cell grows by producing proteins and cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria and the ER.
Sub phases of Interphase
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Mitotic Spindle
Density-dependent Inhibition
20. The reproduction of cells
Chromosomes
Cell Division
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
Mitotic Phase
21. A specific protein release by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide.
Sub phases of Interphase
Growth Factor
Origin of Replication
G0 Phase
22. The spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores during prometaphase. During anaphase - the kinetochore microtubules shorten at their kinetochore end - not their spindle pore ends. Experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the prima
Interphase
Gametes
Kinetochore Microtubules
Centromere
23. Forms during telophase in plant cells in preparation for cytokinesis. Formed by vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus moving along microtubules to the middle of the cell and coalescing. Enlarges until its surrounding membrane fuses with the plas
Cell Plate
Density-dependent Inhibition
Cleavage Furrow
G0 Phase
24. Exhibited by most animal cells. In order to divide - the cells must be attached to a substratum like the extracellular matrix of a tissue. Experiments suggest that anchorage is signaled to the cell cycle control system via pathways involving plasma m
MPF
Anaphase
Anchorage Dependence
Genome
25. All body cells except the reproductive ones. The nuclei of human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes made up of two sets of 23 - one set inherited from each parent.
Somatic Cells
Five Stages of Mitosis
Telophase
Density-dependent Inhibition
26. A part of the cell cycle. Often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. In this phase - the cell grows and copies its chromosomes in preparation for cell division.
Interphase
Mitogen
G2 Phase
Cleavage Furrow
27. A type of unicellular protist.
Somatic Cells
Diatoms
Mitosis
G1 Phase
28. The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site.
Origin of Replication
Metaphase
Genome
Metastasis
29. Second phase of mitosis. The nuclear envelope fragments. The microtubules of the spindle can now invade the nuclear area and interact with the chromosome - which have become even more condensed. Microtubules extend from each centrosome towards the m
Growth Factor
Diatoms
Prometaphase
Malignant Tumor
30. The last phase (5th) of mitosis before cytokinesis. Two daughter nuclei begin to form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from the fragments of the parent cell'S nuclear envelope and other portions of the endomembrane system. The chromosomes become
Prometaphase
Cyclins that drive the Cell Cycle
Telophase
Chromatin
31. Most genes are carried on a single bacterial chromosome that consists of a circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. The process begins when the DNA of the bacterial chromosome begins to replicate at the origin of replication - producing two or
Cytokinesis
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
G2 Phase
Cell Cycle Control System
32. Second phase of interphase. The phase in which chromosomes are duplicated. Occurs between G1 and G2 phase.
Metastasis
S Phase
Density-dependent Inhibition
Genome
33. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases.Enzymes that activate or inactive other proteins by phosphorylating them. Particular ones give the go-ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints. Present at a constant concentration in the growing cell - but much of the time
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Aster
MPF
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
34. A nonmembranous organelle that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell'S microtubules. A pair of centrioles is located at the center of the centrosome - but the centrioles are not essential for cell division (most centrosomes of plan
Kinetochore
Genome
Cell Cycle Control System
Centrosome
35. A variation of cell division in which you produce gametes - which yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes - thus half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. Only occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes).
Binary Fission
Protein Kinases that drive the Cell Cycle (Cdks)
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
36. The division of the nucleus
MPF
Kinetochore
Mitosis
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
37. The process by which cytokinesis occurs in animal cells. The first sign of this beginning is the appearance of a cleavage furrow.
Cleavage
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Genome
S Phase
38. A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. Indicates the beginning of cleavage during cytokinesis. On the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein my
G2 Phase
Anaphase
Cell Division in Dinoflagellates
Cleavage Furrow
39. Begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. Consists of fibers made of microtubules - centrosomes and associated proteins. While it assembles - other microtubules of the cytoskeleton partially disassemble - probably providing the material used t
Mitotic Spindle
Centromere
Chromatin
Mitosis
40. A part of the cell cycle - which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis.
Somatic Cells
Mitotic Phase
Anaphase
G2 Phase
41. A protein that promotes mitosis. Often called a growth factor though.
Mitogen
S Phase
Cell Division in Bacteria (e.g. E. Coli)
Mitosis
42. Experiments have demonstrated that the sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by this cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
Cell Cycle Control System
Chromosomes
Metaphase
Metaphase Plate
43. Reproductive cells--sperm and egg cells. Have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. Have one set of 23 chromosomes in humans.
Sister Chromatids
Kinetochore
G2 Phase
Gametes
44. Abnormal cells remain at the original sight after transformation (the process that converts normal cells to cancer cells). Usually do not cause serious problems and can be removed by surgery.
Dinoflagellates
Cell Cycle Control System
Benign Tumor
Centrosome
45. 'Maturation-promoting Factor' or 'M-Phase-promoting Factor' Example of cell cycle control molecules.The cyclin-Cdk complex that was first discovered. Triggers the cells passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase by phosphorylating a variety of prot
Interphase
MPF
Growth Factor
Five Stages of Mitosis
46. First phase of Mitosis. The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled - condensing into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope. Nucleoli disappear. Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined togeth
Benign Tumor
Anaphase
Prophase
Sub phases of Interphase
47. An imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle'S two poles where the chromosome'S centromeres lie during metaphase.
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
S Phase
Kinetochore Microtubules
Metaphase Plate
48. The last phase of interphase - occurring after the S phase. Cell continues to grow but also completes preparations for cell division. In this phase - chromosomes that duplicated during S phase cannot be seen individually because they have not condens
G2 Phase
Mitotic Spindle
Cell Division in Diatoms
Prophase
49. Each duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids. Each contain an identical DNA molecule and are initially attached by adhesive proteins all along their lengths. Are most closely attached to one another at the centromere.
Sister Chromatids
Checkpoint (in the cell cycle control system)
Cell Division in Diatoms
Cleavage
50. A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing. When a cell population reaches a certain density - the availability of nutrients becomes insufficient to allow continued cell growth and division. Not exhibited in cancer cells.
Dinoflagellates
Mitotic Spindle
Cell Cycle Control Molecules
Density-dependent Inhibition