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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Inversion
Map Units
Mismatch Repair
DNA Excision Repair
2. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Cytogenetic Maps
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Wild Type
Lagging Strand
3. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Parental Types
Turner Syndrome
Helicase
Mismatch Repair
4. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Mismatch Repair
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Law of Independent Assortment
Monosomic
5. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
The X-O System
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Deletion
Trisomic
6. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Down Syndrome
Primase
Parental Types
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
7. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Duplication
Linkage Map
DNA Ligase
Helicase
8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Trisomic
Sex-Linked Gene
Inversion
9. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Sex-Linked Gene
Primase
Males with XYY
10. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Monosomy X (XO)
Translocation
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
DNA Ligase
11. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Aneuploidy
Translocation
Topoisomerase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
12. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Wild Type
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Leading Strand
Extranuclear Genes
13. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
The X-Y System
Sex-Linked Gene
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Excision Repair
14. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Barr body
Down Syndrome
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Genetic Map
15. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Transformation
Inversion
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Law of Independent Assortment
16. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
Hemophilia
DNA Structure
Crossing Over
Duplication
17. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Map Units
The Haplo-diploid System
Leading Strand
Polyploidy
18. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Duplication
Helicase
19. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Linked Genes
Telomerase
Trisomic
20. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Primase
Helicase
Extranuclear Genes
Genetic Map
21. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Linkage Map
SRY
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
22. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
The Z-W System
Deletion
DNA Polymerase
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
23. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Trisomic
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Reciprocal Translocation
Leading Strand
24. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
The X-Y System
Monosomic
Topoisomerase
Origins of Replication
25. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
DNA Excision Repair
Males with XYY
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
26. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Nuclease
Law of Segregation
Transformation
Deletion
27. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Primase
Nuclease
Crossing Over
28. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Nuclease
Map Units
Mismatch Repair
Down Syndrome
29. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Nuclease
Topoisomerase
SRY
Law of Independent Assortment
30. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Cytogenetic Maps
Inversion
Wild Type
Females with XXX
31. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Inversion
Nuclease
Cytogenetic Maps
Telomeres
32. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Reciprocal Translocation
DNA Excision Repair
Transformation
Barr body
33. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Extranuclear Genes
Barr body
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Females with XXX
34. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Map Units
Telomeres
Crossing Over
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
35. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Aneuploidy
Leading Strand
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Linked Genes
36. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Aneuploidy
Sex-Linked Gene
The X-O System
The Z-W System
37. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Primer
Origins of Replication
Translocation
Law of Independent Assortment
38. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Polyploidy
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Females with XXX
Duplication
39. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Barr body
Inversion
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
40. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Map Units
Males with XYY
Origins of Replication
Cytogenetic Maps
41. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Males with XYY
Inversion
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Primer
42. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Inversion
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Barr body
Translocation
43. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Monosomic
Bacteriophages
Reciprocal Translocation
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
44. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Map Units
Klinefelter Syndrome
Helicase
Okazaki Fragments
45. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Lagging Strand
Males with XYY
Hemophilia
Map Units
46. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
The Haplo-diploid System
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
47. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Duplication
Barr body
Replication Fork
DNA Excision Repair
48. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Monosomy X (XO)
Cri du Chat
Inversion
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
49. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Barr body
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Mutant Phenotypes
50. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Wild Type
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Genomic Imprinting
The X-O System