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GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Subjects : gre, science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister






2. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th






3. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje






4. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.






5. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.






6. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.






7. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.






8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.






9. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.






10. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.






11. The most common phenotype in a natural population.






12. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.






13. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.






14. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.






15. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.






16. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.






17. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe






18. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.






19. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.






20. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.






21. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont






22. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory






23. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.






24. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.






25. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.






26. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.






27. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.






28. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.






29. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.






30. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.






31. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.






32. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a






33. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl






34. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi






35. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.






36. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.






37. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.






38. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.






39. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa






40. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved






41. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and






42. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes






43. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.






44. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o






45. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.






46. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.






47. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation






48. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.






49. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.






50. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.

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