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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Wild Type
Monosomic
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
DNA Polymerase
2. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Primer
Linked Genes
Duplication
Klinefelter Syndrome
3. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
DNA Structure
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Turner Syndrome
4. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Replication Fork
Down Syndrome
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
5. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Females with XXX
Law of Independent Assortment
Mismatch Repair
DNA Polymerase
6. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Sex-Linked Gene
The X-Y System
Females with XXX
Mismatch Repair
7. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Monosomy X (XO)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
The X-O System
8. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Replication Fork
Okazaki Fragments
9. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Monosomic
Crossing Over
Sex-Linked Gene
Okazaki Fragments
10. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Trisomic
Sex-Linked Gene
Down Syndrome
Cytogenetic Maps
11. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
The Z-W System
DNA Ligase
The X-O System
Cytogenetic Maps
12. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Hemophilia
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Leading Strand
Primase
13. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Aneuploidy
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
The Haplo-diploid System
Translocation
14. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Linkage Map
Origins of Replication
DNA Excision Repair
Helicase
15. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Monosomy X (XO)
Nuclease
Wild Type
Primer
16. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Origins of Replication
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Barr body
SRY
17. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Parental Types
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Sex-Linked Gene
Origins of Replication
18. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
The X-O System
Klinefelter Syndrome
Primase
19. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Mismatch Repair
Aneuploidy
Law of Independent Assortment
SRY
20. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Genetic Map
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Okazaki Fragments
21. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Inversion
Cytogenetic Maps
Monosomic
Klinefelter Syndrome
22. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Nondisjunction
Monosomic
Genomic Imprinting
The X-O System
23. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Deletion
Primase
Lagging Strand
DNA Structure
24. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
SRY
Polyploidy
Crossing Over
Signal-strand Binding Protein
25. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Polyploidy
Reciprocal Translocation
Extranuclear Genes
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
26. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Telomerase
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Topoisomerase
27. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Origins of Replication
Reciprocal Translocation
The Haplo-diploid System
28. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Law of Independent Assortment
Topoisomerase
Telomeres
Parental Types
29. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Lagging Strand
Monosomy X (XO)
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Inversion
30. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Okazaki Fragments
Wild Type
DNA Excision Repair
Deletion
31. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Telomerase
Turner Syndrome
Crossing Over
Primase
32. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Parental Types
Turner Syndrome
Map Units
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
33. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Reciprocal Translocation
Trisomic
Okazaki Fragments
34. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Law of Segregation
DNA Excision Repair
Crossing Over
Females with XXX
35. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Extranuclear Genes
The X-O System
Hemophilia
Law of Segregation
36. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f
Monosomy X (XO)
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
The Haplo-diploid System
Genomic Imprinting
37. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Nondisjunction
Polyploidy
Reciprocal Translocation
'The DNA Replication Machine'
38. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Nuclease
Linked Genes
Hemophilia
The X-O System
39. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Farther apart
Linked Genes
Bacteriophages
40. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Law of Independent Assortment
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Nuclease
41. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Cytogenetic Maps
Trisomic
Linked Genes
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
42. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
DNA Ligase
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Klinefelter Syndrome
Primase
43. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
The X-O System
Transformation
Map Units
44. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Transformation
Farther apart
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Helicase
45. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
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46. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Cri du Chat
Law of Segregation
DNA Structure
47. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Telomerase
Deletion
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
48. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Farther apart
The X-Y System
Klinefelter Syndrome
Extranuclear Genes
49. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Telomerase
Nuclease
Mutant Phenotypes
Aneuploidy
50. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Hemophilia
Genomic Imprinting
Replication Fork
Okazaki Fragments