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GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Subjects : gre, science, biology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.






2. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s






3. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje






4. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi






5. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.






6. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe






7. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved






8. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a






9. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.






10. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.






11. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.






12. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.






13. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.






14. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.






15. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th






16. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.






17. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.






18. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.






19. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.






20. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl






21. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi






22. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.






23. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.






24. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.






25. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.






26. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome






27. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes






28. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation






29. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.






30. The most common phenotype in a natural population.






31. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.






32. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph






33. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.






34. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.






35. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f






36. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.






37. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.






38. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.






39. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.






40. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.






41. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.






42. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont






43. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister






44. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.






45. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.






46. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o






47. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.


48. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa






49. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.






50. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.