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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Extranuclear Genes
Polyploidy
Barr body
2. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Mismatch Repair
Inversion
Crossing Over
3. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Helicase
Barr body
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
4. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Trisomic
Down Syndrome
Nondisjunction
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
5. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Origins of Replication
Transformation
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Extranuclear Genes
6. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Females with XXX
Nondisjunction
Polyploidy
Linkage Map
7. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Helicase
The X-O System
Reciprocal Translocation
Primase
8. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Translocation
Sex-Linked Gene
Transformation
Okazaki Fragments
9. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
DNA Excision Repair
Females with XXX
Klinefelter Syndrome
Map Units
10. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Sex-Linked Gene
Linkage Map
Farther apart
Monosomy X (XO)
11. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
Monosomy X (XO)
DNA Polymerase
Nuclease
Down Syndrome
12. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Primase
Telomeres
Genetic Map
Mutant Phenotypes
13. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Males with XYY
Topoisomerase
Leading Strand
Linkage Map
14. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Nondisjunction
Replication Fork
Reciprocal Translocation
Nuclease
15. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Polyploidy
Law of Segregation
Replication Fork
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
16. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Polyploidy
The X-O System
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
17. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Sex-Linked Gene
Polyploidy
18. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Aneuploidy
Parental Types
Linkage Map
19. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Genetic Map
Primer
Telomerase
DNA Excision Repair
20. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
The Z-W System
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Transformation
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
21. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Inversion
Monosomic
Aneuploidy
Nondisjunction
22. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
DNA Polymerase
Bacteriophages
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Monosomy X (XO)
23. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Telomerase
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Primase
Barr body
24. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Genomic Imprinting
Cri du Chat
Map Units
25. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Structure
SRY
DNA Polymerase
Hemophilia
26. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Barr body
Down Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
Telomeres
27. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Origins of Replication
The X-Y System
The Haplo-diploid System
Linked Genes
28. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Mismatch Repair
Linked Genes
Wild Type
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
29. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Farther apart
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Map Units
Telomeres
30. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Polyploidy
Turner Syndrome
Helicase
Mismatch Repair
31. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Cri du Chat
DNA Ligase
SRY
Crossing Over
32. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Bacteriophages
Replication Fork
33. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Law of Segregation
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Leading Strand
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
34. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Transformation
DNA Structure
Origins of Replication
35. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
The Z-W System
Primase
Barr body
36. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Translocation
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Leading Strand
Inversion
37. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Law of Segregation
Deletion
Primer
Duplication
38. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Cri du Chat
Monosomic
Sex-Linked Gene
The Z-W System
39. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
DNA Excision Repair
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Duplication
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
40. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Mutant Phenotypes
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Replication Fork
The X-O System
41. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Duplication
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
DNA Structure
42. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Telomeres
Nuclease
Bacteriophages
Wild Type
43. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Aneuploidy
DNA Structure
Topoisomerase
Law of Independent Assortment
44. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Topoisomerase
Leading Strand
Linkage Map
Primer
45. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Translocation
Reciprocal Translocation
Mismatch Repair
Transformation
46. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Linked Genes
The Z-W System
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Hemophilia
47. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Cytogenetic Maps
Mismatch Repair
Topoisomerase
Nuclease
48. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
DNA Polymerase
Telomerase
Deletion
Primase
49. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Lagging Strand
Replication Fork
Females with XXX
Inversion
50. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Aneuploidy
Trisomic
Cytogenetic Maps