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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Monosomic
Down Syndrome
Hemophilia
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
2. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Telomerase
Bacteriophages
Hemophilia
3. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Wild Type
Barr body
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Monosomic
4. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Reciprocal Translocation
Primase
Telomeres
DNA Excision Repair
5. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Cytogenetic Maps
Inversion
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
6. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Hemophilia
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Topoisomerase
Okazaki Fragments
7. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Lagging Strand
Linked Genes
Okazaki Fragments
Mutant Phenotypes
8. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Inversion
Parental Types
Helicase
Monosomic
9. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
DNA Polymerase
Mismatch Repair
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Translocation
10. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Down Syndrome
Cri du Chat
Turner Syndrome
Genetic Map
11. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Law of Segregation
Monosomy X (XO)
Monosomic
Law of Independent Assortment
12. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Transformation
Reciprocal Translocation
Primase
Duplication
13. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Aneuploidy
Deletion
Cytogenetic Maps
14. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Down Syndrome
Barr body
Telomeres
Law of Independent Assortment
15. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
DNA Excision Repair
Origins of Replication
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Linkage Map
16. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Farther apart
DNA Structure
Inversion
17. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Law of Segregation
Barr body
DNA Ligase
Replication Fork
18. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Topoisomerase
Nuclease
Genomic Imprinting
Origins of Replication
19. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Reciprocal Translocation
Monosomy X (XO)
DNA Excision Repair
The X-O System
20. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
'The DNA Replication Machine'
SRY
21. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Males with XYY
Monosomy X (XO)
Bacteriophages
Sex-Linked Gene
22. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Topoisomerase
Males with XYY
The Z-W System
Telomeres
23. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Topoisomerase
Genomic Imprinting
24. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Aneuploidy
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Translocation
Deletion
25. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Extranuclear Genes
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Down Syndrome
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
26. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Primer
Monosomy X (XO)
Polyploidy
Replication Fork
27. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Cytogenetic Maps
The Haplo-diploid System
Aneuploidy
Law of Independent Assortment
28. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Primase
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Nuclease
Farther apart
29. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Monosomy X (XO)
Translocation
Law of Segregation
Signal-strand Binding Protein
30. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Males with XYY
Map Units
Linkage Map
Telomerase
31. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Males with XYY
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
The X-O System
32. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Barr body
Topoisomerase
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Origins of Replication
33. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Translocation
Topoisomerase
Genetic Map
Cytogenetic Maps
34. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Telomeres
DNA Polymerase
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Klinefelter Syndrome
35. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
DNA Polymerase
Nondisjunction
The Haplo-diploid System
Cytogenetic Maps
36. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Reciprocal Translocation
The X-O System
Polyploidy
Telomeres
37. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Primer
Replication Fork
The X-Y System
Crossing Over
38. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
Lagging Strand
Reciprocal Translocation
Trisomic
39. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Primase
Reciprocal Translocation
DNA Structure
40. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Crossing Over
The X-Y System
Cytogenetic Maps
Map Units
41. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Genomic Imprinting
Sex-Linked Gene
Cri du Chat
Primase
42. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Inversion
Nondisjunction
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
43. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
SRY
Trisomic
Leading Strand
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
44. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Okazaki Fragments
Genetic Map
Monosomy X (XO)
45. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Helicase
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Deletion
46. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Farther apart
Primase
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
47. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Parental Types
DNA Excision Repair
DNA Polymerase
Genetic Map
48. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
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49. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Map Units
DNA Ligase
Duplication
Crossing Over
50. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Replication Fork
Translocation
Turner Syndrome
Nuclease