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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Replication Fork
Farther apart
Linked Genes
Trisomic
2. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
DNA Structure
Primase
Polyploidy
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
3. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Map Units
Lagging Strand
Nuclease
Reciprocal Translocation
4. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Law of Segregation
Primase
Telomeres
Telomerase
5. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Linked Genes
Cri du Chat
Sex-Linked Gene
6. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Primase
Transformation
Map Units
7. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
The X-O System
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Monosomic
Barr body
8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Monosomy X (XO)
Okazaki Fragments
Deletion
The X-Y System
9. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Helicase
Aneuploidy
Telomerase
Telomeres
10. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f
The Haplo-diploid System
Okazaki Fragments
Extranuclear Genes
Hemophilia
11. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Structure
DNA Polymerase
Cytogenetic Maps
Reciprocal Translocation
12. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Nondisjunction
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Monosomic
Telomerase
13. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
DNA Ligase
DNA Structure
Monosomy X (XO)
Bacteriophages
14. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
The Z-W System
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Wild Type
15. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Inversion
Mismatch Repair
Parental Types
Farther apart
16. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Down Syndrome
Genomic Imprinting
Males with XYY
Sex-Linked Gene
17. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Inversion
The X-O System
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Polyploidy
18. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Topoisomerase
Monosomy X (XO)
DNA Polymerase
Translocation
19. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Primer
Helicase
Lagging Strand
DNA Polymerase
20. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
DNA Ligase
Transformation
Replication Fork
21. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
22. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Down Syndrome
Nondisjunction
Deletion
Primase
23. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
Okazaki Fragments
Map Units
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Ligase
24. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Transformation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
DNA Polymerase
The Z-W System
25. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Telomeres
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Polyploidy
26. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Klinefelter Syndrome
DNA Ligase
Linkage Map
27. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Extranuclear Genes
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
28. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
The Z-W System
Map Units
Crossing Over
Telomerase
29. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Primer
Origins of Replication
The X-O System
Hemophilia
30. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
SRY
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Mutant Phenotypes
Origins of Replication
31. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
DNA Ligase
Cytogenetic Maps
Down Syndrome
32. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Down Syndrome
Helicase
Cri du Chat
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
33. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Extranuclear Genes
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Inversion
Map Units
34. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Map Units
Nuclease
Duplication
Primer
35. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Hemophilia
The Haplo-diploid System
Mismatch Repair
Leading Strand
36. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Crossing Over
Extranuclear Genes
Leading Strand
Hemophilia
37. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Wild Type
Nuclease
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
38. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Law of Segregation
Cri du Chat
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Genetic Map
39. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Telomerase
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
The X-Y System
40. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Mutant Phenotypes
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Cytogenetic Maps
Reciprocal Translocation
41. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Farther apart
Leading Strand
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Down Syndrome
42. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
The X-Y System
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
DNA Polymerase
'The DNA Replication Machine'
43. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Inversion
Okazaki Fragments
Females with XXX
Aneuploidy
44. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Linkage Map
Aneuploidy
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Lagging Strand
45. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Law of Segregation
Primer
46. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Cri du Chat
Linked Genes
Monosomy X (XO)
Translocation
47. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Barr body
Polyploidy
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
48. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Inversion
Genetic Map
49. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Sex-Linked Gene
Law of Independent Assortment
The Z-W System
The X-Y System
50. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Barr body
Okazaki Fragments
Females with XXX
Translocation