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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Monosomy X (XO)
SRY
Extranuclear Genes
2. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Monosomy X (XO)
The Z-W System
DNA Ligase
Monosomic
3. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Telomerase
Hemophilia
Primase
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
4. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Cytogenetic Maps
Klinefelter Syndrome
The X-O System
Deletion
5. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Leading Strand
Telomerase
Bacteriophages
Reciprocal Translocation
6. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Bacteriophages
Turner Syndrome
Females with XXX
Genomic Imprinting
7. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Farther apart
Cytogenetic Maps
DNA Polymerase
The Haplo-diploid System
8. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Down Syndrome
Bacteriophages
Hemophilia
The X-Y System
9. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Down Syndrome
Crossing Over
The Z-W System
Origins of Replication
10. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Turner Syndrome
Genomic Imprinting
Sex-Linked Gene
Linked Genes
11. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Telomeres
Bacteriophages
Law of Independent Assortment
12. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Mismatch Repair
Helicase
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
'The DNA Replication Machine'
13. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
The X-O System
Crossing Over
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Nuclease
14. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
Sex-Linked Gene
Telomerase
Trisomic
15. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Mismatch Repair
The X-Y System
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Reciprocal Translocation
16. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Bacteriophages
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Lagging Strand
Klinefelter Syndrome
17. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Ligase
Telomeres
DNA Structure
Crossing Over
18. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Deletion
Polyploidy
Duplication
Aneuploidy
19. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Telomeres
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Origins of Replication
20. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Cytogenetic Maps
The X-Y System
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Genetic Map
21. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Leading Strand
Law of Segregation
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
22. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Duplication
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Telomerase
Males with XYY
23. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Map Units
Linked Genes
Mutant Phenotypes
Parental Types
24. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Down Syndrome
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Deletion
25. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Extranuclear Genes
Duplication
The X-Y System
Polyploidy
26. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Leading Strand
Parental Types
Linked Genes
27. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Monosomy X (XO)
Topoisomerase
Map Units
Reciprocal Translocation
28. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
SRY
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Wild Type
Duplication
29. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Wild Type
Monosomic
Sex-Linked Gene
Bacteriophages
30. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase
DNA Ligase
Cri du Chat
31. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Leading Strand
The X-Y System
Nondisjunction
32. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Linked Genes
Parental Types
Law of Segregation
33. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Replication Fork
Duplication
Primer
Crossing Over
34. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Inversion
Females with XXX
Monosomic
Barr body
35. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Nondisjunction
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Cri du Chat
Primase
36. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Reciprocal Translocation
Cri du Chat
Hemophilia
37. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Monosomic
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Leading Strand
Signal-strand Binding Protein
38. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Inversion
Genomic Imprinting
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
39. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Law of Independent Assortment
Bacteriophages
Genetic Map
Helicase
40. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Barr body
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Polyploidy
Linkage Map
41. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Wild Type
Linkage Map
Monosomic
Crossing Over
42. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Hemophilia
'The DNA Replication Machine'
DNA Excision Repair
Crossing Over
43. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Okazaki Fragments
Telomeres
Telomerase
Signal-strand Binding Protein
44. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Okazaki Fragments
Nuclease
Replication Fork
45. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Telomeres
Klinefelter Syndrome
DNA Ligase
46. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Primer
Aneuploidy
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Reciprocal Translocation
47. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Trisomic
Helicase
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Barr body
48. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Translocation
DNA Ligase
Mismatch Repair
Parental Types
49. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
Reciprocal Translocation
Linked Genes
DNA Polymerase
Translocation
50. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Genetic Map
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
The X-Y System
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide