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GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Subjects : gre, science, biology
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  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.






2. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.






3. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.






4. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.






5. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.






6. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph






7. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.






8. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi






9. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a






10. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.






11. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f






12. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.






13. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.






14. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.






15. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.






16. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.






17. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s






18. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.






19. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.






20. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.






21. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and






22. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.






23. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.






24. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.






25. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th






26. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.






27. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.






28. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.






29. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.






30. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje






31. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation






32. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.






33. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.






34. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.






35. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.






36. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.






37. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome






38. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.






39. The most common phenotype in a natural population.






40. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont






41. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.






42. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.






43. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short






44. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.






45. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.






46. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.






47. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.






48. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.






49. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.






50. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe







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