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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Reciprocal Translocation
Law of Segregation
The X-O System
'The DNA Replication Machine'
2. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Telomerase
Topoisomerase
Telomeres
Mutant Phenotypes
3. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Inversion
SRY
Helicase
Duplication
4. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Polyploidy
Crossing Over
5. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
DNA Structure
Law of Independent Assortment
Primer
6. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Duplication
Genomic Imprinting
Origins of Replication
The X-O System
7. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Genetic Map
Law of Independent Assortment
Farther apart
Females with XXX
8. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Leading Strand
Primase
SRY
Crossing Over
9. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Excision Repair
Mismatch Repair
Primer
DNA Structure
10. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
The X-Y System
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Okazaki Fragments
11. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Replication Fork
Helicase
Cri du Chat
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
12. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Down Syndrome
Mismatch Repair
Wild Type
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
13. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Mismatch Repair
Nuclease
Linked Genes
Topoisomerase
14. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Nuclease
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
DNA Ligase
15. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
The Z-W System
Translocation
Mutant Phenotypes
Primer
16. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Replication Fork
Okazaki Fragments
Crossing Over
17. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Nuclease
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Males with XYY
18. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
The X-O System
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Transformation
Males with XYY
19. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Linkage Map
Polyploidy
Primer
Trisomic
20. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Turner Syndrome
Topoisomerase
Lagging Strand
21. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Polyploidy
Farther apart
Sex-Linked Gene
Linkage Map
22. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
SRY
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Turner Syndrome
Parental Types
23. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Females with XXX
Reciprocal Translocation
DNA Structure
Bacteriophages
24. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Reciprocal Translocation
Primase
Down Syndrome
25. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Males with XYY
Extranuclear Genes
Nondisjunction
Bacteriophages
26. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Topoisomerase
Males with XYY
Leading Strand
The Z-W System
27. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Wild Type
Telomeres
28. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Linked Genes
Primase
Okazaki Fragments
29. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Law of Independent Assortment
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Telomeres
30. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Linked Genes
DNA Ligase
DNA Polymerase
31. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Structure
Leading Strand
Okazaki Fragments
32. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Down Syndrome
DNA Excision Repair
Transformation
33. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
The Z-W System
Genetic Map
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Replication Fork
34. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Genomic Imprinting
Farther apart
Sex-Linked Gene
35. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Inversion
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Lagging Strand
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
36. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Polyploidy
Inversion
Law of Segregation
Hemophilia
37. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Genetic Map
Reciprocal Translocation
Sex-Linked Gene
Transformation
38. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Map Units
DNA Ligase
Duplication
39. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Origins of Replication
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Farther apart
Telomerase
40. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Mutant Phenotypes
Monosomic
DNA Ligase
Trisomic
41. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Monosomic
Klinefelter Syndrome
Parental Types
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
42. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Topoisomerase
Monosomic
Turner Syndrome
43. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Nondisjunction
Lagging Strand
Okazaki Fragments
Replication Fork
44. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Telomerase
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
The X-Y System
Trisomic
45. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Replication Fork
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Genetic Map
Aneuploidy
46. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
The X-O System
Topoisomerase
Aneuploidy
47. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Telomerase
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Cytogenetic Maps
Bacteriophages
48. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Topoisomerase
Replication Fork
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Linkage Map
49. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
The X-Y System
The Z-W System
DNA Excision Repair
Turner Syndrome
50. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Duplication
Law of Independent Assortment
DNA Excision Repair
Extranuclear Genes