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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Aneuploidy
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Parental Types
2. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Translocation
Map Units
DNA Ligase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
3. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
The Z-W System
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Transformation
Hemophilia
4. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Lagging Strand
Sex-Linked Gene
Law of Segregation
Cri du Chat
5. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Cri du Chat
Nondisjunction
Trisomic
Hemophilia
6. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Law of Segregation
Topoisomerase
The Haplo-diploid System
7. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Law of Independent Assortment
DNA Polymerase
Origins of Replication
Topoisomerase
8. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Linkage Map
Helicase
Law of Independent Assortment
Genomic Imprinting
9. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Females with XXX
Primase
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Duplication
10. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Telomeres
Parental Types
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Leading Strand
11. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Monosomic
Duplication
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
12. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Origins of Replication
The X-Y System
SRY
'The DNA Replication Machine'
13. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Replication Fork
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Reciprocal Translocation
14. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Klinefelter Syndrome
Duplication
Down Syndrome
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
15. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Monosomy X (XO)
Telomeres
Monosomic
16. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Inversion
Farther apart
Translocation
17. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Bacteriophages
Lagging Strand
Trisomic
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
18. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Origins of Replication
The X-O System
Primer
The Z-W System
19. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Primase
Telomeres
Helicase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
20. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Hemophilia
DNA Structure
Aneuploidy
Bacteriophages
21. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Mutant Phenotypes
Hemophilia
Down Syndrome
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
22. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
DNA Ligase
Down Syndrome
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Deletion
23. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
The Haplo-diploid System
DNA Structure
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Deletion
24. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome
DNA Ligase
Topoisomerase
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
25. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Mutant Phenotypes
Leading Strand
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
DNA Ligase
26. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Cri du Chat
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Law of Independent Assortment
27. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Replication Fork
Map Units
Primer
Mutant Phenotypes
28. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Males with XYY
Inversion
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Primer
29. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Extranuclear Genes
Genomic Imprinting
Mismatch Repair
Monosomic
30. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Okazaki Fragments
DNA Excision Repair
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Cri du Chat
31. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
The Z-W System
Parental Types
Helicase
Genomic Imprinting
32. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Mutant Phenotypes
Trisomic
Replication Fork
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
33. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Linked Genes
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Klinefelter Syndrome
Telomerase
34. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Nondisjunction
Hemophilia
Nuclease
SRY
35. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Reciprocal Translocation
Polyploidy
Wild Type
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
36. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Monosomic
DNA Ligase
Wild Type
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
37. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Genomic Imprinting
Monosomic
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Law of Independent Assortment
38. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
SRY
Barr body
Reciprocal Translocation
39. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Down Syndrome
Primer
Genetic Map
Law of Segregation
40. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Okazaki Fragments
The X-O System
Inversion
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
41. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f
Trisomic
The Haplo-diploid System
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
DNA Excision Repair
42. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Females with XXX
Turner Syndrome
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
The X-O System
43. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Primase
Farther apart
Origins of Replication
Barr body
44. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Law of Segregation
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Linkage Map
Reciprocal Translocation
45. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Duplication
Cytogenetic Maps
Deletion
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
46. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
The Z-W System
Cytogenetic Maps
Cri du Chat
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
47. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
SRY
Klinefelter Syndrome
Okazaki Fragments
Wild Type
48. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
Cri du Chat
Topoisomerase
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
DNA Polymerase
49. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Genomic Imprinting
Nuclease
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Law of Segregation
50. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
The X-Y System
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA