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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Okazaki Fragments
Wild Type
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Law of Segregation
2. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Genomic Imprinting
Down Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Primase
3. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Genetic Map
Primase
Telomerase
4. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
DNA Structure
Replication Fork
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Females with XXX
5. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Structure
Trisomic
Translocation
Turner Syndrome
6. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Linked Genes
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
DNA Ligase
Deletion
7. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
The Haplo-diploid System
Okazaki Fragments
Hemophilia
Mutant Phenotypes
8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Cri du Chat
Duplication
Turner Syndrome
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
9. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Cri du Chat
Genomic Imprinting
Polyploidy
DNA Excision Repair
10. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Farther apart
Extranuclear Genes
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
The Haplo-diploid System
11. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Inversion
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Bacteriophages
12. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Transformation
Aneuploidy
The Z-W System
DNA Excision Repair
13. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Okazaki Fragments
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Map Units
14. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Okazaki Fragments
The X-O System
Males with XYY
15. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Linkage Map
Aneuploidy
Primer
The X-O System
16. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Origins of Replication
Polyploidy
Females with XXX
Mutant Phenotypes
17. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Primase
DNA Polymerase
Wild Type
Nondisjunction
18. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Replication Fork
Wild Type
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Ligase
19. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Down Syndrome
DNA Polymerase
Extranuclear Genes
Deletion
20. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Down Syndrome
Telomerase
Helicase
Farther apart
21. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
SRY
Duplication
Linked Genes
Turner Syndrome
22. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Bacteriophages
Cytogenetic Maps
Trisomic
Turner Syndrome
23. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Map Units
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Polyploidy
Law of Independent Assortment
24. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Parental Types
Helicase
Farther apart
Genetic Map
25. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
DNA Ligase
Reciprocal Translocation
Klinefelter Syndrome
Inversion
26. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Origins of Replication
DNA Excision Repair
Replication Fork
DNA Polymerase
27. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Mismatch Repair
The Z-W System
Hemophilia
Mutant Phenotypes
28. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Barr body
Down Syndrome
Hemophilia
Parental Types
29. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Monosomy X (XO)
Wild Type
Origins of Replication
DNA Excision Repair
30. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Law of Segregation
Map Units
Primase
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
31. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Genomic Imprinting
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Genetic Map
32. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Turner Syndrome
Nondisjunction
Map Units
DNA Excision Repair
33. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Wild Type
Klinefelter Syndrome
Linked Genes
DNA Excision Repair
34. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
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35. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Aneuploidy
Monosomy X (XO)
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Trisomic
36. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
DNA Structure
Inversion
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Primer
37. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Crossing Over
Males with XYY
The Z-W System
38. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Monosomic
Law of Independent Assortment
Telomeres
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
39. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Crossing Over
Bacteriophages
Barr body
40. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Topoisomerase
Law of Segregation
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Cri du Chat
41. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
DNA Structure
Bacteriophages
Translocation
Replication Fork
42. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
The Z-W System
The X-Y System
43. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Primer
Hemophilia
Reciprocal Translocation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
44. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome
Hemophilia
DNA Polymerase
Inversion
45. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
The X-Y System
SRY
Lagging Strand
Law of Segregation
46. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
The X-Y System
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Females with XXX
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
47. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Hemophilia
Cytogenetic Maps
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
48. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Genomic Imprinting
Barr body
DNA Ligase
Sex-Linked Gene
49. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Nondisjunction
Mismatch Repair
Helicase
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
50. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Linkage Map
Sex-Linked Gene
Farther apart
Law of Segregation