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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Nondisjunction
Primer
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
2. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Translocation
DNA Excision Repair
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Aneuploidy
3. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Mutant Phenotypes
Bacteriophages
Primase
The X-Y System
4. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Okazaki Fragments
Primase
Genomic Imprinting
Law of Independent Assortment
5. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Topoisomerase
Genetic Map
Monosomic
Leading Strand
6. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Transformation
Duplication
Cri du Chat
'The DNA Replication Machine'
7. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
SRY
DNA Polymerase
Deletion
Trisomic
8. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
Wild Type
Duplication
DNA Structure
Linked Genes
9. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
The Haplo-diploid System
Females with XXX
Translocation
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
10. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Trisomic
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Wild Type
Hemophilia
11. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Nuclease
Sex-Linked Gene
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Transformation
12. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f
The Haplo-diploid System
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Linkage Map
Transformation
13. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Hemophilia
Nondisjunction
Inversion
Primer
14. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Mutant Phenotypes
Turner Syndrome
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Transformation
15. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Parental Types
The X-O System
Females with XXX
16. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
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17. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Duplication
Down Syndrome
The Z-W System
Bacteriophages
18. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Genetic Map
Sex-Linked Gene
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Reciprocal Translocation
19. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
The X-O System
Wild Type
Okazaki Fragments
20. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
The Z-W System
Monosomic
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
21. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
DNA Ligase
Telomerase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Primer
22. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Deletion
DNA Structure
Duplication
Law of Independent Assortment
23. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Mismatch Repair
The X-Y System
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Okazaki Fragments
24. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Extranuclear Genes
Monosomic
Wild Type
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
25. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
The Z-W System
Females with XXX
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Duplication
26. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Law of Segregation
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Lagging Strand
Males with XYY
27. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Cytogenetic Maps
Law of Segregation
Monosomic
28. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
SRY
Extranuclear Genes
Genomic Imprinting
Crossing Over
29. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Males with XYY
Turner Syndrome
DNA Polymerase
Bacteriophages
30. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Telomerase
Lagging Strand
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Origins of Replication
31. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
DNA Structure
Replication Fork
Mutant Phenotypes
Leading Strand
32. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Crossing Over
Sex-Linked Gene
Okazaki Fragments
Genetic Map
33. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Replication Fork
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Cytogenetic Maps
Origins of Replication
34. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
DNA Ligase
Primer
Mismatch Repair
Map Units
35. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Deletion
Monosomic
The Haplo-diploid System
DNA Excision Repair
36. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Males with XYY
37. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
DNA Ligase
Transformation
DNA Excision Repair
38. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Topoisomerase
Hemophilia
Leading Strand
The X-Y System
39. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Females with XXX
Telomerase
Linkage Map
Barr body
40. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Trisomic
Law of Segregation
Lagging Strand
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
41. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Down Syndrome
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Males with XYY
Turner Syndrome
42. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Map Units
Genetic Map
Leading Strand
Replication Fork
43. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Nuclease
Cri du Chat
DNA Ligase
The Haplo-diploid System
44. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Law of Independent Assortment
Aneuploidy
Topoisomerase
45. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Leading Strand
'The DNA Replication Machine'
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Down Syndrome
46. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Hemophilia
Lagging Strand
Genetic Map
Wild Type
47. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Males with XYY
Linked Genes
Primase
Bacteriophages
48. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Topoisomerase
Linked Genes
Telomeres
DNA Excision Repair
49. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Helicase
The Z-W System
Monosomy X (XO)
Farther apart
50. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
The X-O System
Deletion
Barr body
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication