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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
DNA Structure
DNA Ligase
Mutant Phenotypes
2. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Primer
Genomic Imprinting
Parental Types
Polyploidy
3. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Origins of Replication
Crossing Over
Okazaki Fragments
DNA Polymerase
4. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
Mutant Phenotypes
Reciprocal Translocation
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Topoisomerase
5. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Linked Genes
Aneuploidy
Cri du Chat
Polyploidy
6. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Linkage Map
Monosomy X (XO)
Telomerase
Monosomic
7. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Linkage Map
Extranuclear Genes
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Barr body
8. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Transformation
The X-O System
Reciprocal Translocation
Down Syndrome
9. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Topoisomerase
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Farther apart
Parental Types
10. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Aneuploidy
Replication Fork
Cri du Chat
11. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Okazaki Fragments
Helicase
12. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Trisomic
Primase
Law of Independent Assortment
Monosomy X (XO)
13. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Males with XYY
Trisomic
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Transformation
14. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Cri du Chat
The Haplo-diploid System
Reciprocal Translocation
Klinefelter Syndrome
15. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
DNA Excision Repair
Reciprocal Translocation
Map Units
Crossing Over
16. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
SRY
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Cri du Chat
Nondisjunction
17. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Mismatch Repair
Genomic Imprinting
The Z-W System
Genetic Map
18. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Origins of Replication
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Linked Genes
Law of Segregation
19. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Inversion
DNA Structure
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
The X-O System
20. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Cri du Chat
DNA Polymerase
Turner Syndrome
DNA Ligase
21. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
The X-Y System
Monosomic
22. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Origins of Replication
Sex-Linked Gene
DNA Polymerase
Primase
23. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Cytogenetic Maps
Cri du Chat
Monosomic
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
24. A gene located on either sex chromosome. In humans - the term has historically referred specifically to a gene on the X chromosome so fathers pass sex-linked alleles to all of their daughters and none of their sons while mothers can pass sex-linked a
Monosomy X (XO)
Sex-Linked Gene
Aneuploidy
Linkage Map
25. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
Law of Segregation
Genetic Map
The X-Y System
Helicase
26. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Linked Genes
Deletion
Down Syndrome
Cytogenetic Maps
27. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Structure
Translocation
Aneuploidy
Barr body
28. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
The X-Y System
Inversion
Wild Type
Monosomy X (XO)
29. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome
Leading Strand
Helicase
Genetic Map
30. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Down Syndrome
Inversion
Law of Independent Assortment
Hemophilia
31. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Extranuclear Genes
Helicase
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
32. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Females with XXX
Mutant Phenotypes
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Bacteriophages
33. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Inversion
DNA Structure
Genomic Imprinting
Origins of Replication
34. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Helicase
Females with XXX
Polyploidy
Lagging Strand
35. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
The X-O System
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Leading Strand
36. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Telomerase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Primase
Lagging Strand
37. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Deletion
The Z-W System
Lagging Strand
Linked Genes
38. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Sex-Linked Gene
Mismatch Repair
Males with XYY
Telomeres
39. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Transformation
Down Syndrome
Inversion
Law of Independent Assortment
40. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Genetic Map
Farther apart
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Telomerase
41. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Mutant Phenotypes
Crossing Over
Reciprocal Translocation
42. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Deletion
Cytogenetic Maps
Law of Independent Assortment
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
43. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Klinefelter Syndrome
DNA Excision Repair
Genomic Imprinting
Cri du Chat
44. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Replication Fork
Monosomy X (XO)
Nondisjunction
Okazaki Fragments
45. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
The X-O System
Barr body
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
46. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Mismatch Repair
Primase
Females with XXX
DNA Polymerase
47. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Parental Types
Deletion
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Genomic Imprinting
48. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Wild Type
Mutant Phenotypes
Genetic Map
Law of Independent Assortment
49. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
Monosomy X (XO)
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Translocation
50. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Lagging Strand
Linkage Map
Farther apart
Inversion