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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Linked Genes
DNA Excision Repair
Cri du Chat
2. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
The Haplo-diploid System
Replication Fork
Genomic Imprinting
The Z-W System
3. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Genetic Map
SRY
Okazaki Fragments
Helicase
4. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Cri du Chat
Hemophilia
5. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Lagging Strand
Topoisomerase
SRY
Transformation
6. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
DNA Structure
Bacteriophages
Parental Types
Law of Segregation
7. Alleles of genes on nonhomologous chromosome assort independently during gamete formation.
Law of Independent Assortment
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Polyploidy
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Males with XYY
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Primase
Deletion
9. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
The Z-W System
Reciprocal Translocation
Wild Type
10. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Bacteriophages
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Polyploidy
Duplication
11. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Monosomic
Law of Segregation
The Z-W System
Monosomy X (XO)
12. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Genomic Imprinting
Males with XYY
Duplication
Translocation
13. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Wild Type
Leading Strand
Map Units
DNA Ligase
14. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
DNA Excision Repair
Aneuploidy
Replication Fork
Map Units
15. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Turner Syndrome
Origins of Replication
Primase
Farther apart
16. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Cytogenetic Maps
DNA Ligase
17. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Crossing Over
Mutant Phenotypes
18. The ___________ two genes are - the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency. This process can occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
Lagging Strand
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Farther apart
19. The system for determining sex in most species of bees and ants. There are no sex chromosomes in these species - Females develop from fertilized ova and are thus diploid. Males - however - develop from unfertilized ova and are haploid; they have no f
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
DNA Excision Repair
Males with XYY
The Haplo-diploid System
20. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
Map Units
Mutant Phenotypes
Extranuclear Genes
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
21. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Origins of Replication
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Females with XXX
Telomeres
22. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Telomerase
Parental Types
DNA Excision Repair
Deletion
23. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Crossing Over
Cytogenetic Maps
Primer
24. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Genetic Map
Primase
Down Syndrome
Nuclease
25. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Bacteriophages
The Z-W System
The X-O System
Law of Independent Assortment
26. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Hemophilia
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Reciprocal Translocation
DNA Excision Repair
27. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
SRY
Law of Independent Assortment
Polyploidy
Parental Types
28. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
SRY
Hemophilia
Transformation
DNA Structure
29. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Males with XYY
Polyploidy
Cri du Chat
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
30. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
The Z-W System
DNA Structure
Origins of Replication
31. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Turner Syndrome
Primer
Reciprocal Translocation
Cri du Chat
32. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Leading Strand
Aneuploidy
Deletion
Parental Types
33. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Map Units
Polyploidy
Deletion
Inversion
34. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Down Syndrome
Cytogenetic Maps
Hemophilia
Mismatch Repair
35. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
Parental Types
Trisomic
Females with XXX
DNA Polymerase
36. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
DNA Ligase
Telomerase
Mutant Phenotypes
Primase
37. Helps relieve strain from the DNA double helix when helicase untwists it at the replication forks - causing tighter twisting ahead of the forks.
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Topoisomerase
DNA Polymerase
Farther apart
38. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Sex-Linked Gene
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Leading Strand
Nondisjunction
39. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
Telomerase
Linked Genes
Transformation
Barr body
40. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Trisomic
The Z-W System
Sex-Linked Gene
Bacteriophages
41. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Monosomy X (XO)
Cri du Chat
The Z-W System
Nondisjunction
42. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
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43. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Helicase
Okazaki Fragments
Barr body
Nuclease
44. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Telomeres
Sex-Linked Gene
Duplication
Hemophilia
45. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
The Z-W System
Parental Types
46. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Extranuclear Genes
Turner Syndrome
Leading Strand
Females with XXX
47. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Hemophilia
Mismatch Repair
Leading Strand
48. A human sex-linked disorder. A disease characterized by progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordination. Affected individuals rarely live past their early 20s. A result of the absence of a key muscle protein called dystrophin.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Crossing Over
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Linkage Map
49. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Topoisomerase
Polyploidy
Nondisjunction
Males with XYY
50. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
The Z-W System
Nuclease
The Haplo-diploid System