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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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Subjects
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Males with XYY
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Nondisjunction
Lagging Strand
2. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Polyploidy
Origins of Replication
Deletion
3. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
The Haplo-diploid System
Transformation
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
4. Or phages. Viruses that infect bacteria.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Extranuclear Genes
Telomerase
Bacteriophages
5. The process that accounts for the recombination of linked genes. Occurs while replicated homologous chromosomes are pair during prophase of meiosis I - one maternal chromatid and one paternal chromatid break at corresponding points and then are rejoi
Deletion
Crossing Over
Down Syndrome
Replication Fork
6. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
Lagging Strand
Farther apart
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
7. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
The Z-W System
Linkage Map
DNA Structure
8. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Primer
Telomerase
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
9. DNA repair that involves cleaving by nuclease and gap refilling by DNA polymerase and ligase.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Klinefelter Syndrome
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
DNA Excision Repair
10. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Females are healthy and cannot be distinguished phenotypically from other females.
Females with XXX
Genetic Map
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Polyploidy
11. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Bacteriophages
The X-Y System
DNA Structure
12. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. In this case - it is the result of an extra X chromosome in a male - producting XXY. People have male sex organs - but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterile. Some breast enlargement and o
Klinefelter Syndrome
Parental Types
Replication Fork
Polyploidy
13. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Males with XYY
'The DNA Replication Machine'
DNA Structure
Cri du Chat
14. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Nondisjunction
Genetic Map
Nuclease
Farther apart
15. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
Barr body
Okazaki Fragments
Genomic Imprinting
DNA Structure
16. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Origins of Replication
DNA Polymerase
Reciprocal Translocation
17. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
The Z-W System
DNA Polymerase
Primer
Farther apart
18. A occasional mishap that may occur during meiosis in which the members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II.
Duplication
Sex-Linked Gene
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Nondisjunction
19. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes. Do not exhibit any well-defined syndrome but tend to be somewhat taller than average.
Males with XYY
Parental Types
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
DNA Polymerase
20. A genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
Cytogenetic Maps
Inversion
Linkage Map
Bacteriophages
21. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Hemophilia
Translocation
Turner Syndrome
Females with XXX
22. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Genomic Imprinting
Cri du Chat
DNA Polymerase
Monosomy X (XO)
23. An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells - thus restoring their original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication. Made possible by the presence in the telomerase of a short
DNA Ligase
Telomerase
Linked Genes
Law of Independent Assortment
24. Offspring that inherit a phenotype that matches one of the parental phenotypes.
Okazaki Fragments
Parental Types
Nuclease
DNA Polymerase
25. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Wild Type
Okazaki Fragments
Turner Syndrome
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
26. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Law of Segregation
Okazaki Fragments
Nondisjunction
Linked Genes
27. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Lagging Strand
Monosomic
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
28. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
DNA Ligase
Law of Segregation
The Z-W System
29. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Genomic Imprinting
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Genetic Map
Okazaki Fragments
30. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
31. A result of nondisjuction of sex chromosomes.
Mismatch Repair
DNA Structure
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Turner Syndrome
32. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
DNA Ligase
The Z-W System
Down Syndrome
Trisomic
33. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
DNA Ligase
Telomeres
SRY
Klinefelter Syndrome
34. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
Polyploidy
The X-O System
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Reciprocal Translocation
35. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
Duplication
Linked Genes
Farther apart
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
36. Predicted by Watson and Crick. Suggests that when a double helix replicates - each of the two daughter molecules will have one old strand - derived from the parent molecule - and one newly made strand.
Monosomic
Parental Types
Topoisomerase
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
37. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Polyploidy
Map Units
Translocation
Reciprocal Translocation
38. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Barr body
Primase
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
39. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Crossing Over
Nondisjunction
SRY
40. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
The Z-W System
Barr body
The Haplo-diploid System
Transformation
41. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
The X-Y System
Monosomic
Helicase
Parental Types
42. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Cytogenetic Maps
Telomerase
Monosomy X (XO)
Topoisomerase
43. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
The X-Y System
Replication Fork
Duplication
Mismatch Repair
44. Each nucleotide added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleoside triphosphate - which is a sugar and a base with three phosphate groups. The triphosphate monomers used are chemically reactive - partly because their triphosphate tails have an unstable cl
Transformation
Process of DNA Polymerase Adding a Nucleotide
Replication Fork
Sex-Linked Gene
45. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
The X-O System
Okazaki Fragments
Law of Segregation
Monosomic
46. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Law of Independent Assortment
Klinefelter Syndrome
Extranuclear Genes
Hemophilia
47. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Aneuploidy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
Farther apart
48. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
Monosomy X (XO)
Genomic Imprinting
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Mutant Phenotypes
49. Can be distinguished from Watson and Crick'S semiconservative model in which the parent molecule somehow re-forms after the process of replication. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Replication Fork
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Conservative Model of DNA Replication
The Z-W System
50. An enzyme that can start an RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time - making a primer complimentary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Origins of Replication
DNA Polymerase
Primase