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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Chromosomal And Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
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gre
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science
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biology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. According to this theory - Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes - and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Primer
Linked Genes
2. The strand of DNA that is added on to the template strand one at a time as the fork progresses--with the DNA polymerase nestled in the replication fork. Moves in the 5' to 3' direction.
Leading Strand
Wild Type
Primase
Monosomy X (XO)
3. An abnormal number of a particular chromosome. A condition that arises when an aberrant gamete (a result of nondisjunction) unites with a normal one at fertilization.
Aneuploidy
Down Syndrome
Males with XYY
Map Units
4. Disorder caused by structurally altered chromosomes - specifically a deletion in chromosome 5. A child born with this deletion is mentally retarded - has a small head with unusual facial features - and has a cry that sounds like the mewing of a cat.
Reciprocal Translocation
Cri du Chat
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
SRY
5. An enzyme that catalyzes elongation of new DNA at a replication fork. As individual nucleotides align with complementary nucleotides along a template strand of DNA - DNA polymerase adds them to the growing end of the new DNA strand one by one.
Mutant Phenotypes
Helicase
Primer
DNA Polymerase
6. The short initial nucleotide chain put in place before DNA polymerase begins synthesizing in the 5' to 3' direction. May consist of either DNA or RNA. In initiating the replication of cellular DNA - the primer is a short stretch of RNA with an availa
Primer
Deletion
Translocation
Monosomy X (XO)
7. The segments of the lagging strand that get added to the template strand. The segments get joined together by DNA ligase.
Okazaki Fragments
Nuclease
DNA Structure
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
8. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment lacking a centromere is lost. The affected chromosome is then missing certain genes.
Nuclease
Barr body
Deletion
Telomeres
9. Offspring that have new combinations of their parent'S phenotypes. When 50% of offspring are recombinants - geneticists say that there is a 50% frequency of recombination and is observed for any two genes that are located on different chromosomes.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
Mismatch Repair
Males with XYY
Monosomic
10. A way of expressing distances between genes - defining one map unit as equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency.
Nuclease
DNA Polymerase
Map Units
Helicase
11. Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses. These results deviate from those expected from Mendel'S law of independent assortment.
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Genetic Map
Linked Genes
Aneuploidy
12. Y-shaped region at the end of a replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating.
Bacteriophages
Replication Fork
Telomeres
DNA Ligase
13. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a segment within a chromosome reverses.
Males with XYY
Cytogenetic Maps
Turner Syndrome
Inversion
14. The sex-determining region of Y. The gene on the Y chromosome required for the development of testes. In the absence of SRY - the gonads develop into ovaries. SRY is simply the trigger and other genes on the Y chromosome are required for normal testi
Monosomic
Linked Genes
Klinefelter Syndrome
SRY
15. Occurs when a mismatched nucleotide evades proofreading by DNA polymerase or arise after DNA synthesis is completed.
Deletion
Mismatch Repair
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Law of Segregation
16. In this - all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA. Proved incorrect and support came out for the semiconservative model.
Deletion
Reciprocal Translocation
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Replication Fork
17. The various proteins that participate in DNA replication actually form a single large complex since many of the protein-protein interactions actually facilitate the efficiency of the machine as a whole.
18. The two alleles for each gene separate during gamete formation.
Deletion
Replication Fork
Law of Segregation
'The DNA Replication Machine'
19. The most common phenotype in a natural population.
Down Syndrome
Wild Type
Lagging Strand
Law of Independent Assortment
20. The system for determining sex in grasshoppers - cockroaches - and some other insects. In these insects - there is only one type of chromosome - the X. Females are XX and males are XO. Sex of the offspring is determined by whether the sperm cell cont
The X-O System
Aneuploidy
DNA Structure
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
21. Helps in repairing and proofreading DNA. An enzyme that cuts out a segment of the strand of DNA containing damage - creating a gap which is filled in with nucleotides properly paired with the nucleotides in the undamaged strand by DNA polymerase and
Genetic Map
Monosomic
Nuclease
Cri du Chat
22. Phenotypically female but are sterile because their sex organs do not mature. When provided with estrogen replacement therapy - girls with Turners develop secondary sex characteristics.
Law of Segregation
Monosomy X (XO)
Aneuploidy
Replication Fork
23. A molecule that binds unpaired DNA strands - after its been separated by helicase - and stabilizes them until they serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
Monosomic
Females with XXX
Signal-strand Binding Protein
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
24. A cancer implicated by chromosomal translocations. The exchange of a larger portion of chromosome 22 with a small fragment from a tip of chromosome 9 produces a much shorted - easily recognized chromosome 22 - called the Philadelphia chromosome. Affe
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Origins of Replication
Replication Fork
SRY
25. 1. deletion 2. duplication 3. inversion 4. translocation
Topoisomerase
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Nondisjunction
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
26. The most common type of translocation. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. In this - nonhomologous chromosome exchange fragments.
Extranuclear Genes
Reciprocal Translocation
Linkage Map
Origins of Replication
27. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment breaks and joins a nonhomologous chromosome.
Farther apart
Translocation
Barr body
Wild Type
28. One of the first imprinted genes to be identified. Although this growth factor is required for normal prenatal growth - only the paternal allele is expressed.
Lagging Strand
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Genetic Map
Nuclease
29. An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.
Hemophilia
Cri du Chat
Turner Syndrome
Genetic Map
30. A chromosome is missing in a aneuploid cell.
SRY
Monosomic
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
31. An enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments - forming a single new DNA strand.
Deletion
Duplication
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Ligase
32. Traits that depend on which parent passed along the alleles for those traits. An exception to the display of Mendelian inheritance.
Duplication
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Linked Genes
Genomic Imprinting
33. Adenine doubles bonds thymine and guanine triple bonds cytosine.
SRY
Cri du Chat
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
DNA Structure
34. A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Semiconservative Model of DNA Replication
Monosomic
Bacteriophages
Transformation
35. A compact object that is the inactive X in each cell of a female. Although female mammals inherit two X chromosomes - one becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development and lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope. Most genes
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Genomic Imprinting
SRY
Barr body
36. A type of change in chromosome structure as a result of some sort of chromosomal breakage. Occurs when a chromosomal fragment repeats a segment. In some cases - if meiosis is in progress - a deleted fragment may become as an extra segment to a sister
Barr body
Sex-Linked Gene
Leading Strand
Duplication
37. A chromosome is present in triplicate in an aneuploid cell.
Bacteriophages
Cri du Chat
Monosomy X (XO)
Trisomic
38. The system for determining sex in birds - some fishes - and some insects. The sex chromosome present in the ovum determines the sex of offspring. The sex chromosomes are designated Z and W. Females are ZW and males are ZZ.
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
The Z-W System
Turner Syndrome
Cytogenetic Maps
39. The general term for a chromosomal alteration in which an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets. There are more specific terms like triploidy (3n) and tetraploidy (4n) indicating 3 or 4 chromosomal sets - respectively.
Polyploidy
Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (Igf2)
Law of Segregation
Klinefelter Syndrome
40. A sex-linked recessive disorder. Defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting. When injured - people with this disease have prolonged bleeding because a firm clot is slow to form. Patients receive intravenous inje
Signal-strand Binding Protein
4 Type of Changes in Chromosome Structure as a Result of Chromosome Breakage
Mutant Phenotypes
Hemophilia
41. An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks - separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands. This untwisting causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of the replication forks which is relieved
Parental Types
Transformation
Linked Genes
Helicase
42. Nucleotide sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA that make up for the fact that DNA polymerases cannot replicate the ends of DNA strands since there is no 3' end there. Do not contain genes but rather the DNA has multiple repetitions of one s
Monosomy X (XO)
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Leading Strand
Telomeres
43. Genes located in organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and plastids contain small circular DNA molecules that carry genes coding for proteins and RNA and do not display Mendelian inheritance. For example - almost all the mitochondria come from th
Dispersive Model of DNA Replication
Extranuclear Genes
Crossing Over
Transformation
44. Special site on a DNA molecule which replication begins. Indicated by a specific sequence of nucleotides.
Origins of Replication
Turner Syndrome
Leading Strand
Cytogenetic Maps
45. Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of a hydrophobic nitrogenous base (T - A - C - or G) - the sugar dioxyribose - and a phosphate group. The phosphate of one nucleotide is attached to the sugar of the next - making up the 'backbone' of alternating ph
DNA Structure
DNA Excision Repair
'The DNA Replication Machine'
Recombinant Types (or Recombinants)
46. Traits that are alternatives to the wild type because they are due to alleles assumed to have arisen as changes - or mutations - in the wild-type allele.
The Haplo-diploid System
Reciprocal Translocation
Mutant Phenotypes
Translocation
47. A method that maps chromosomes and locates genes with respect to chromosomal features - such as stained bands - that can be seen in the microscope. Ultimately show the physical distances between gene loci in DNA nucleotides.
Cytogenetic Maps
The X-O System
Mutant Phenotypes
The Haplo-diploid System
48. An aneuploid condition. Usually the result of an extra chromosome 21 so that each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes. Also termed trisomy 21. Includes characteristic facial feature - short stature - heart defects - susceptibility to respiratory
Sex-Linked Gene
Nuclease
Transformation
Down Syndrome
49. The mammalian system for determining sex. The sex of the offspring depends on whether the sperm cell contains an X chromosome or a Y.
The X-Y System
Lagging Strand
Genomic Imprinting
Linked Genes
50. The new strand of DNA moving in the direction away from the replication fork. Synthesized as a series of segments in contrast to the leading strand that elongates continuously.
Bacteriophages
Lagging Strand
The X-O System
Aneuploidy