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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Define phenotype
The physical features of an organism
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Epigenesis
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

2. Define Repressor Enzymes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The physical features of an organism
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

3. What is a homozygous organism?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Defective proteins
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

4. What are R-Plasmids?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

5. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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6. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome

7. Dominant trait
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The physical features of an organism

8. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

9. Define Penetrance
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

10. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

11. What is a heterozygous organism?
The physical features of an organism
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Defective proteins
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

12. What does the Law of Segregation state?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Frequency
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

13. What is a Polygene?
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage

14. Define genotype
Epigenesis
Is the type of genes an organism has
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

15. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

16. When does Epistasis occur?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

17. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The physical features of an organism
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

18. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

19. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Frequency
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both

20. What is Transduction?
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

21. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Epigenesis
The physical features of an organism
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

22. What is the process of Transformation?

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23. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Epigenesis

24. What is Genomic Imprinting?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

25. What are plasmids?
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

26. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
Defective proteins
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

27. What is genetic anticipation?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

28. Define Inducible enzymes
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

29. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Frequency
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

30. What is the Operon model?
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Frequency
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Defective proteins

31. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
In the nucleoid region
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The physical features of an organism
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

32. Describe the lac operon model
In the nucleoid region
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

33. What is Conjugation?
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Epigenesis

34. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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35. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
In the nucleoid region
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

36. When does Codominance occur?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

37. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Is the type of genes an organism has
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

38. What is an Operon?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

39. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

40. Define Allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who