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GRE Molecular Biology

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

2. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Epigenesis
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

3. Define Inducible enzymes
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

4. What is the Operon model?
In the nucleoid region
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

5. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
The physical features of an organism
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

6. What is Transduction?
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

7. What is the process of Transformation?

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8. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

9. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

10. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

11. Define Allele
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

12. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

13. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

14. What is genetic anticipation?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

15. What is a heterozygous organism?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Defective proteins

16. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Defective proteins
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

17. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

18. What is Genomic Imprinting?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

19. What is Conjugation?
Frequency
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

20. What are plasmids?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

21. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Frequency
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

22. Describe the lac operon model
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Defective proteins
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

23. Define genotype
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

24. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
In the nucleoid region

25. When does Codominance occur?
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
In the nucleoid region
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

26. Define phenotype
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The physical features of an organism
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

27. What is a homozygous organism?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

28. What are R-Plasmids?
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
In the nucleoid region

29. Dominant trait
Epigenesis
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome

30. Define Repressor Enzymes
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

31. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
In the nucleoid region
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

32. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

33. When does Epistasis occur?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

34. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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35. Define Penetrance
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance

36. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Defective proteins
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

37. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
Frequency
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome

38. What does the Law of Segregation state?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

39. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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40. What is a Polygene?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
In the nucleoid region