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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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2. What is a Polygene?
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

3. Define Repressor Enzymes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

4. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Epigenesis
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

5. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Epigenesis
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

6. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

7. Describe the lac operon model
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Defective proteins

8. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

9. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Defective proteins
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

10. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

11. What is Conjugation?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
The physical features of an organism
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

12. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Epigenesis
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

13. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Frequency
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

14. What is a heterozygous organism?
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Is the type of genes an organism has
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

15. What is the Operon model?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

16. Define genotype
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Is the type of genes an organism has
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

17. What is a homozygous organism?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

18. What are plasmids?
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

19. Define Allele
Frequency
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
In the nucleoid region

20. When does Epistasis occur?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

21. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
The physical features of an organism
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

22. What is Genomic Imprinting?
Epigenesis
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

23. Define phenotype
Frequency
The physical features of an organism
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
In the nucleoid region

24. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

25. Define Penetrance
Is the type of genes an organism has
Epigenesis
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

26. What does the Law of Segregation state?
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Is the type of genes an organism has

27. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage

28. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Frequency

29. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

30. Define Inducible enzymes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome

31. What are R-Plasmids?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Frequency
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

32. Dominant trait
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

33. What is genetic anticipation?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

34. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

35. What is the process of Transformation?

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36. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Epigenesis
In the nucleoid region
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
The physical features of an organism

37. When does Codominance occur?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

38. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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39. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
In the nucleoid region
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

40. What is Transduction?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation