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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

2. What is Conjugation?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

3. What is genetic anticipation?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

4. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

5. What is a heterozygous organism?
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

6. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
In the nucleoid region
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Epigenesis
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

7. Define Penetrance
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

8. What is the process of Transformation?

9. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

10. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

11. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

12. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Frequency

13. When does Epistasis occur?
Frequency
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

14. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

15. What is a homozygous organism?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

16. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

17. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Defective proteins
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

18. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Epigenesis
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

19. What is an Operon?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

20. What is Transduction?
The physical features of an organism
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

21. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

22. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
Frequency
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

23. Dominant trait
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Defective proteins
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

24. What does the Law of Segregation state?
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The physical features of an organism

25. What is the Operon model?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Defective proteins
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

26. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

27. Describe the lac operon model
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Frequency

28. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

29. What is a Polygene?
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

30. Define phenotype
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The physical features of an organism

31. Define Inducible enzymes
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Is the type of genes an organism has
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance

32. When does Codominance occur?
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

33. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

34. What are plasmids?
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

35. What is Genomic Imprinting?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

36. Define Allele
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

37. Define genotype
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage

38. What are R-Plasmids?
Defective proteins
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The physical features of an organism

39. Define Repressor Enzymes
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Epigenesis
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

40. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
Frequency
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
In the nucleoid region