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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Defective proteins
Frequency
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

2. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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3. Define Repressor Enzymes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

4. Define Inducible enzymes
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The physical features of an organism
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

5. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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6. What does the Law of Segregation state?
The physical features of an organism
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

7. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
In the nucleoid region
Epigenesis
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

8. When does Codominance occur?
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

9. What is Genomic Imprinting?
Defective proteins
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

10. What is a Polygene?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

11. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Defective proteins

12. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

13. What is the Operon model?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

14. What is genetic anticipation?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Defective proteins
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

15. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

16. What are R-Plasmids?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

17. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Epigenesis

18. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Epigenesis
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

19. What is a homozygous organism?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

20. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

21. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
In the nucleoid region
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

22. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The physical features of an organism
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

23. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Frequency
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

24. What are plasmids?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Defective proteins

25. What is a heterozygous organism?
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

26. What is Conjugation?
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Epigenesis
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

27. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

28. When does Epistasis occur?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

29. Define genotype
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Frequency
Is the type of genes an organism has

30. What is the process of Transformation?

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31. Describe the lac operon model
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Defective proteins
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

32. Define Penetrance
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

33. Dominant trait
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

34. What is Transduction?
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

35. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

36. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The physical features of an organism
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

37. Define Allele
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

38. Define phenotype
Is the type of genes an organism has
The physical features of an organism
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
In the nucleoid region

39. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

40. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous