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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Defective proteins
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

2. What are plasmids?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both

3. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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4. Dominant trait
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

5. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Defective proteins

6. What is the process of Transformation?

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7. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

8. Define phenotype
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The physical features of an organism

9. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
In the nucleoid region

10. What are R-Plasmids?
The physical features of an organism
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

11. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Defective proteins
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

12. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Is the type of genes an organism has
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
In the nucleoid region

13. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

14. What is the Operon model?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Frequency

15. What is a homozygous organism?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

16. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Frequency
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

17. Define Inducible enzymes
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

18. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

19. What is a heterozygous organism?
Epigenesis
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

20. Define Allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

21. What is Genomic Imprinting?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

22. Define Repressor Enzymes
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

23. What is Conjugation?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

24. When does Epistasis occur?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
In the nucleoid region

25. Describe the lac operon model
Is the type of genes an organism has
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance

26. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

27. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
The physical features of an organism
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

28. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

29. What is genetic anticipation?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

30. What does the Law of Segregation state?
Defective proteins
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both

31. Define genotype
The physical features of an organism
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Is the type of genes an organism has
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

32. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Defective proteins
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Frequency

33. What is Transduction?
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Epigenesis
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

34. Define Penetrance
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

35. What is a Polygene?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

36. When does Codominance occur?
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

37. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Epigenesis
Frequency
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

38. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
Defective proteins
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

39. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Epigenesis
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

40. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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