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GRE Molecular Biology

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. What is Conjugation?
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

2. What is genetic anticipation?
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

3. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

4. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

5. Define genotype
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Is the type of genes an organism has
Epigenesis
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

6. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
Is the type of genes an organism has
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

7. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

8. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
Defective proteins
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

9. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

10. What is a homozygous organism?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

11. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
Is the type of genes an organism has
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
In the nucleoid region
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

12. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

13. Describe the lac operon model
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

14. What is a heterozygous organism?
In the nucleoid region
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

15. Define phenotype
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The physical features of an organism
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

16. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Defective proteins
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

17. What is the Operon model?
Epigenesis
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

18. What are plasmids?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Defective proteins
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

19. Define Penetrance
The physical features of an organism
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

20. Define Allele
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

21. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

22. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

23. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

24. What is Transduction?
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Defective proteins
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

25. When does Codominance occur?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

26. What is the process of Transformation?

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27. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
Is the type of genes an organism has
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

28. Dominant trait
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

29. When does Epistasis occur?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

30. Define Repressor Enzymes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

31. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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32. What is Genomic Imprinting?
Frequency
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

33. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Epigenesis
Frequency
Defective proteins
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

34. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
In the nucleoid region

35. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Epigenesis
The physical features of an organism

36. What does the Law of Segregation state?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

37. What are R-Plasmids?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

38. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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39. What is a Polygene?
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

40. Define Inducible enzymes
Epigenesis
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Is the type of genes an organism has
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance