Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Molecular Biology

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.

1. Define Repressor Enzymes
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
In the nucleoid region
The physical features of an organism
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

2. Define Inducible enzymes
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

3. Describe the lac operon model
Frequency
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

4. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Epigenesis
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

5. Dominant trait
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

6. What is a Polygene?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

7. What is Genomic Imprinting?
The physical features of an organism
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

8. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
In the nucleoid region
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Is the type of genes an organism has

9. What does the Law of Segregation state?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

10. What are plasmids?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

11. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

12. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

13. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
Defective proteins
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

14. When does Epistasis occur?
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Is the type of genes an organism has
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population

15. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

16. What is the Operon model?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
The physical features of an organism

17. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

18. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

19. What is Transduction?
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

20. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

21. Define Allele
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

22. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

23. What is a homozygous organism?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

24. Define phenotype
The physical features of an organism
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Epigenesis
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

25. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Frequency
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto

26. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Defective proteins
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

27. Define Penetrance
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both

28. What is Conjugation?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
Defective proteins
The physical features of an organism

29. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who

30. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

31. Define genotype
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Is the type of genes an organism has

32. When does Codominance occur?
Defective proteins
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

33. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

34. What is genetic anticipation?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Frequency
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

35. What is the process of Transformation?

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183

36. What are R-Plasmids?
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Epigenesis
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

37. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

38. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

39. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

40. What is a heterozygous organism?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance