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GRE Molecular Biology

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Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. Describe the lac operon model
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
In the nucleoid region
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

2. What is a homozygous organism?
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
In the nucleoid region
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

3. Define Inducible enzymes
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele

4. Define Repressor Enzymes
The physical features of an organism
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
Defective proteins

5. What are R-Plasmids?
The physical features of an organism
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

6. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
The physical features of an organism
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.

7. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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8. What is the Operon model?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The physical features of an organism
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both

9. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

10. What is Genomic Imprinting?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Defective proteins

11. What is the process of Transformation?

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12. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Epigenesis
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th

13. What is a heterozygous organism?
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

14. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

15. What is an Operon?
Defective proteins
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

16. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The physical features of an organism
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

17. When does Codominance occur?
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom

18. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

19. What is Conjugation?
Is the type of genes an organism has
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

20. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

21. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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22. When does Epistasis occur?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

23. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

24. Define Penetrance
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

25. What are plasmids?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

26. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Epigenesis

27. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
Frequency
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.

28. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
In the nucleoid region
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

29. What is Transduction?
In the nucleoid region
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

30. Dominant trait
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

31. Define Allele
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

32. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
Defective proteins
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi

33. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
Frequency

34. Define genotype
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

35. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene

36. What is a Polygene?
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

37. Define phenotype
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The physical features of an organism
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

38. What is genetic anticipation?
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Is the type of genes an organism has
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

39. What does the Law of Segregation state?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission

40. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.