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GRE Molecular Biology

Instructions:

Answer 40 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
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1. What is an Operon?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation

2. What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

3. Define Allele
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.

4. In Bacteria - in what region of the cell is the DNA found?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
In the nucleoid region
Is the type of genes an organism has

5. What is a Polygene?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Defective proteins

6. What does it mean to be a diploid organism?
1. You have two copies of each chromosome - one from mom and one from dad. Also - 2 copies of each gene
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Epigenesis

7. Males cannot be carriers of sex linked traits
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
Males only have one X chromosomes in addition to their Y chromosome. If this X has the mutant gene on it - there is no normal gene to override. Female have a chance of having a normal gene on the other X that can produce enough normal protein that th
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

8. Define genotype
Epigenesis
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Is the type of genes an organism has

9. What is the process of Transformation?

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10. What is a heterozygous organism?
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

11. What are plasmids?
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

12. What are characteristics of X-Linked dominant traits?

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13. Genomic Imprinting is also known by what other name?
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
Epigenesis
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.

14. Describe how incomplete dominance occurs and what is it.
1. Incomplete dominance occurs when the dominant allele does not code for enough of a given protein. You see the full effect of the gene when two copies of the dominant allele are present in the cell. Like with flowers - 2 red alleles are red - 2 whi
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

15. Who is Thomas Hunt Morgan
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
The different forms of a gene. Two copies may not be identical

16. When does Codominance occur?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization

17. What is the Triplet Repeat Extension? What diseases are caused by this?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
The physical features of an organism
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

18. Dominant trait
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).
Epigenesis

19. Describe the lac operon model
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Frequency
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
RNA polymerase attaches to promoter sequence immediately prior to the gene that is to be transcribed - follows along the DNA strand - reading DNA into mRNA ? repressor protein (controlled by a regulatory gene) binds to operator not allowing RNA to mo

20. Recessive alleles when transcribed produce ___________ that cannot preform their given function
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.
Defective proteins

21. What are R-Plasmids?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
In the nucleoid region

22. What are characteristics of autosomal dominant traits?
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
When the different alleles for a trait each code for enough protein so that - when they occur together - two different - normal proteins are made and show up in the organisms phenotype. For examples - blood types Ia - Ib - and Ia and Ib will be codom
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome

23. When does Epistasis occur?
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits do not skip generations 3. The trait is present if the corresponding gene is present 4. there is male to male and female - to - female transmission
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
In the nucleoid region
When bacteria pick up 'naked' DNA that has spilled out of lysed bacterial cells nearby or has been placed in a surrounding environment.

24. What are the parts of a lac operon? What is its function?
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
The physical features of an organism
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

25. What is a homozygous organism?
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

26. What is the Operon model?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
Is the type of genes an organism has
Organisms that have one copy of a dominant allele and one recessive allele

27. What are characteristics of X-linked recessive traits?
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Means that a trait is expressed even if there is only one copy of the allele. Both sex linked and autosomal traits will be expressed if coded for by a dominant gene - regardless of the other copy of the gene on the homologous chromosome
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
1. Trait is far more common in males than in females 2. All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers 3. There is no male-to-male transmission 4. Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous

28. What is Conjugation?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.
1. All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait 2. There is no male-to-male transmission 3. A female who has the trait may or may not pass on the affected X to her son or daughter (unless she has two affected X'S).

29. What is Genomic Imprinting?
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Defective proteins
A functional unit of gene expression made up of several related genes - an operator and promoter

30. What is Mitochondrial (maternal) Inheritance?

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31. Define phenotype
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
The physical features of an organism
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome
Process that occurs between bacterial cells though cytoplasmic extensions that allow plasmids to move between cells.

32. Define Penetrance
The extent to which a given gene expresses itself in an individual or population
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment

33. What does the Law of Segregation state?
Is the type of genes an organism has
Small loops of dsDNA that exist within bacterial cells - but not as a part of the single - large chromosome.They replicate independently of the larger chromosome and can be freely exchanged from bacterial cell to bacterial cell via extensions of cyto
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes

34. Dominance has nothing to do with __________. Dominant alleles are not more common in populations than recessive alleles. Dominance is not an allele that overpowers a recessive allele.
Rediscovered mendels work to help figure out why traits were passed on in the patterns that he saw. Helped to discover the concept of gene linkage
Frequency
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
This is a genetic inheritance pattern that results from the fact that certain alleles seem to be encoded differently depending upon which parent the allele comes from.

35. What are characteristics of autosomal recessive traits?
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
1. When some genes normally contain terminal regions of C-A-G nucleotide repeats or other repeats that can extend up to 50 repeats long in normal - healthy individuals. 2. Huntingtons disease and the Fragile X Syndrome

36. What 3 ways do bacteria recombine genes and shuffle their gene pools from generation to generation in the absence of sexual reproduction?
Transduction - Transformation and Conjugation
That two alleles for a given trait separate from each other during meiosis - and thus - end up in different sperm or egg cells. So an organism can pass on a W or a w from a set of Ww - but never both
1. Males and females are equally likely to have the trait 2. Traits often skip generations 3. only homozygous individuals have the trait 4. Traits can appear in siblings without appearing in parents 5. If a parent has the trait - those offspring who
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.

37. Define Repressor Enzymes
3 genes (lac Z - lac Y and lacA) - promoter region and an operator region. Function: responsible for the breakdown of lactose.
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
When one'S cellular organelles derive entirely from the mother - all genes present in one'S organelles have a maternal - rather than paternal origin. Sperm contains no organelles that are transferred to the egg upon fertilization
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

38. Define Inducible enzymes
The model of how bacteria turn on and off genes
Plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes - which code for enzymes that may break down or interfere with antibiotics.
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance
That genes for one trait separate independent of genes for other traits. So - the variation of the different combinations you could get between Ww and Yy. Can find this out by doing a hybrid cross

39. What is genetic anticipation?
The degree to which one expresses a trait depends upon the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in that group of gene. Is responsible - for example - the variations in skin color.
When a second gene determines whether a first gene is expressed or not.
Proteins that attaches to the operator sequence only when a certain compound is present in the environment
The building up of a trait over the course of several generations.

40. What is Transduction?
Organisms that have two copies of the same allele
The process by which viruses infect certain bacterial cells - allowing new baby viruses to trap bacterial genes. Can transfer DNA to new cells - which can integrate into the host cells chromosomes.
Epigenesis
Enzymes that can be induced/turned on when in the presence of a particular substance