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Gre Psychology: Experimental/natural Science Biology

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. These two brain structures contain entry/exits for most of the cranial nerves and control vital functions (heart rate -digestion - respiration)






2. When a neuron reaches its excitation threshold - the neuron will produce an action potential of FIXED amplitude regardless of the magnitude of the stimulation






3. Symptom of narcolepsy - paralysis occurring just before a person falls alseep






4. Result in either tolerance (and possible withdrawal symptoms) or sensitization (increase effectiveness of the drug)






5. 1. ventral tegmentum to mesolimbic forebrain (cognition - reward systems - emotional behavior) 2. substantia nigra to caudate nucleus putamen (movement and sensory stimulation) 3. hypothalamus to pituitary gland (neuronal/hormonal control)






6. Occurs when a neuron is hyperpolarized and characterized by sufficient strength of stimulation triggering a new action potential






7. Lesions to this brain structure that is crucial to memory will produce anterograde amnesia






8. These two developed the criteria for habituation; basic process is a form of synaptic depression that occurs presyntaptically.






9. Occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep 3.5-7.5 Hz






10. Contains receptors to detect when the body needs food or fluids; the hunger center; lesions lead to aphagia






11. Facial Nerve - moves face and salivates






12. Trochlear Nerve - moves eye






13. Absolute; relative






14. Some brain communications are with the same side of the body






15. Symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs while AWAKE/conscious; will suddenly fall to floor paralyzed for a few minutes






16. An ovary or teste






17. Two different presynaptic neurons/inputs to a post-synaptic cell






18. Is everything anterior to the central sulcus






19. Occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep; regular - synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz






20. Affect multiple receptors; highly preferential to which type of receptor they affect






21. Transparent substance between lens and retina






22. Auditory receptor cells in the cochlea that turn sound vibrations -> neural impulses






23. Is used to treat Parkinson'S Disease






24. Midbrain - medulla and the pons






25. Extensive research in dreams - said BAH to Freud; proposed the activation-synthesis hypothesis (dreams are nothing more than the product of random electrical impulses)






26. Lens changes initiated by the ciliary muscles to change the shape of the lens in order to focus image on the retina






27. Cells that integrate information across the retina; rather than sending signals toward the brain - amacrine cells link bipolar cells to other bipolar cells and ganglion cells to other ganglion cells






28. learning and memory -neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle axons to excite the muscle to contract






29. Physiologically different from the other four stages of sleep (i.e. the similarity between the summed electrical activity of neurons measured on the scalp (EEG) during REM sleep and during wakefulness






30. AKA the striate cortex - located at the back of the brain - and contains the visual cortex






31. Activates one of 5 types of receptors in the CNS - cognition - motor activity - reward - muscle tone - sleep - mood - attention - learning -higher level effects of dopamine = D2






32. Projects to ventral tegmental area






33. 1. Stage I (non-REM sleep) 2. Stage II (non-REM sleep 3. Stage III (non-REM sleep - slow-wave sleep) 4. Stage IV (non-REM sleep - slow-wave sleep) 5. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM sleep) ~takes about 90 minutes for one full sleep cycle






34. Stimulates bone growth and produces the hormones: somatotropin - prolactin - thyroid-stimulating - adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - follicle-stimulating - luteinnizing






35. Includes the tectum and tegmentum






36. Include tolerance (possible withdrawal) and sensitivity






37. Accessory Nerve - moves the head






38. EEG desynchrony (rapid -irregular waves) - lack of muscle tonus - rapid eye movements - penile erection/vaginal secretion - dreams; EEG synchrony (slow waves) - moderate muscle tonus - slow/absent eye movements - lack of genital activity






39. Pass the easiest through the blood-brain barrier






40. Adenine - Guanine - Thymine - Cytosine






41. Is found in PTSD/CPTSD patients and persons exposed to chronic stress






42. The maintenance of water balance in the body






43. Thymoleptics = relieves mania of bipolar disorder (lithium carbonate - valproic acid - carbamazepine)






44. Made from within - natural






45. Has a calcium-related role and produces the hormone parathyroid






46. Most pervasive excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain






47. 'Roof'






48. Termination of pregnancy by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first observed in mice






49. Forebrain -band of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres






50. Causes mesolimbic dopamine hyperactivity; etiology of schizophrenia