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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






2. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






3. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






4. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






5. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






6. UCS and CS presented at the same time






7. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






8. Theory of association






9. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






10. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






13. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






14. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






15. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






16. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






18. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






19. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






20. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






21. Students working on a project in small groups






22. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






23. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






24. Learning curve






25. The failure to generalize a stimulus






26. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






27. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






28. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






29. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






30. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






31. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






32. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






33. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






34. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






35. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






36. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






37. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






38. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






39. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






40. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






41. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






42. How to avoid something undesirable






43. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






44. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






46. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






47. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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48. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






49. Learning by watching






50. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted