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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






2. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






3. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






4. The failure to generalize a stimulus






5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






6. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






8. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






9. UCS and CS presented at the same time






10. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






11. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






13. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






14. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






15. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






16. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






17. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






18. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






19. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






20. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






21. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






22. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






23. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






24. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






25. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






28. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






29. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






30. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






31. Students working on a project in small groups






32. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






33. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






34. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






35. Law of effect






36. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






39. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






40. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






41. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






42. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






43. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






44. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






45. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






46. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






47. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






48. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






49. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






50. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response