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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Stimulus generalization
2. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Second-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
M.E. Olds
3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Variable interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
4. Learning by watching
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Observational learning
Extinction
5. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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6. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Arousal
Positive transfer
Types of classical conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
7. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Law of effect
Habituation
Scaffolding learning
Basic types of drives
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Sensitization
9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
10. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Secondary Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Chaining
Latent learning
11. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
E. L. Thorndike
Thorndike (book)
Second-Order conditioning
12. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Kurt Lewin
Garcia effect
Chaining
13. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
B. F. Skinner
Autoshaping
Extinction
Victor Vroom
14. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
M.E. Olds
Donald Hebb
15. Learning curve
Stimulus discrimination
Punishment
John Garcia
Hermann Ebbinghaus
16. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Extinction
Second-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
17. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Skinner box
Neil Miller
Superstitious behaviour
18. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
Habituation
19. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Sensitization
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
John Atkinson
20. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Example theories and problem?
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
Token economy
21. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Arousal
Learning curve
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Garcia
22. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Learning
Neil Miller
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
23. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Escape conditioning
Learning curve
Delayed conditioning
B. F. Skinner
24. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Theory of association
Negative transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
25. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Kurt Lewin
Arousal
Theory of association
Neil Miller
26. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Theory of association
Autoshaping
Hedonism
Negative transfer
27. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Aversive conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
28. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Avoidance conditioning
29. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Observational learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Incidental learning
Edward Tolman
30. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Example theories and problem?
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Variable ratio schedule
31. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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32. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Educational psychology
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Superstitious behaviour
Learning
33. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Preparedness
Negative transfer
Thorndike (book)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
34. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Habituation
Law of effect
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
35. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Delayed conditioning
Aptitude
Law of effect
Primary Reinforcement
36. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Garcia effect
Scaffolding learning
Response learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
37. School of behaviourism
Extinction
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John B. Watson
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
38. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction
Yerkes-Dodson effect
39. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Basic types of drives
Negative transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
40. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Extinction
Forward Conditioning (types)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Types of classical conditioning
41. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
42. Theory of association
Sensitization
Kurt Lewin
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus discrimination
43. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Delayed conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
44. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
John B. Watson
Conditioned Response (CR)
Second-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
45. Law of effect
Kurt Lewin
Response learning
State dependent learning
E. L. Thorndike
46. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Response learning
M.E. Olds
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Token economy
Preparedness
Basic types of drives
Yerkes-Dodson effect
48. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Chaining
Classical conditioning
Latent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Observational learning
Positive Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
50. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John Garcia
Hedonism
Edward Tolman