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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Example theories and problem?
Second-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Fixed ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
Trace conditioning
Premack principle
3. Law of effect
Variable interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Henry Murray - David McClelland
4. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Preparedness
Negative transfer
Escape conditioning
5. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Secondary Reinforcement
Learning curve
Yerkes-Dodson effect
6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Age affects learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Edward Tolman
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Undergeneralization
8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Sensitization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Token economy
9. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Donald Hebb
Fixed interval schedule
10. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Autoshaping
Secondary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Operant conditioning
11. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Age affects learning
Educational psychology
12. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Habituation
Sensitization
Fixed ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Avoidance conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
Hedonism
14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
John B. Watson
John Atkinson
Stimulus discrimination
Types of classical conditioning
15. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learning curve
Habituation
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
16. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Thorndike (book)
Basic types of drives
Shaping
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John Atkinson
18. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Latent learning
Fixed interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
19. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Token economy
John Garcia
Extinction
20. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
John Garcia
Escape conditioning
Law of effect
John B. Watson
21. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Donald Hebb
Classical conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
22. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Sensitization
Garcia effect
State dependent learning
23. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Thorndike (book)
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Undergeneralization
Autoshaping
Variable ratio schedule
Negative Reinforcement
25. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Social learning theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Victor Vroom
Ivan Pavlov
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
27. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Higher-Order conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Premack principle
Neil Miller
28. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
29. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Second-Order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
30. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Negative transfer
Chaining
Sensitization
Escape conditioning
31. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Latent learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Overshadowing
32. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Premack principle
33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Clark Hull
Punishment
John Garcia
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus discrimination
Scaffolding learning
Avoidance conditioning
35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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37. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Punishment
Classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Superstitious behaviour
38. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Higher-Order conditioning
39. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
John Garcia
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Educational psychology
Skinner box
Secondary Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
41. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Secondary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Variable interval schedule
Spontaneous recovery
42. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Types of classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Habituation
Kurt Lewin
43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Arousal
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Aptitude
44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Extinction
Edward Tolman
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Backward Conditioning
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Latent learning
B. F. Skinner
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
46. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Latent learning
47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Hedonism
Garcia effect
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Aversive conditioning
48. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus generalization
Sensitization
Delayed conditioning
49. Students working on a project in small groups
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive transfer
Cooperative learning
Punishment
50. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Cooperative learning
Shaping
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)