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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Fixed ratio schedule
Spontaneous recovery
Scaffolding learning
Extinction
2. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Extinction
Arousal
Thorndike (book)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Aptitude
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
4. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Latent learning
Drive-reduction theories
Edward Tolman
Fixed ratio schedule
5. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Secondary Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
6. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Negative transfer
Undergeneralization
Social learning theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
7. Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
E. L. Thorndike
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Educational psychology
8. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Ivan Pavlov
Kurt Lewin
John B. Watson
Age affects learning
9. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
John Atkinson
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
10. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Neil Miller
Arousal
Trace conditioning
11. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
12. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Autoshaping
John Garcia
Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Victor Vroom
State dependent learning
Learning
14. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Spontaneous recovery
M.E. Olds
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
15. How to avoid something undesirable
Scaffolding learning
Avoidance conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Shaping
Stimulus generalization
Overshadowing
17. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Learning curve
Second-Order conditioning
Premack principle
Escape conditioning
18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Avoidance conditioning
Garcia effect
Types of classical conditioning
Skinner box
19. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Response learning
Latent learning
Clark Hull
Avoidance conditioning
20. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
Backward Conditioning
21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Negative Reinforcement
Chaining
Higher-Order conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
John B. Watson
23. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Primary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hedonism
State dependent learning
24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Premack principle
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Chaining
25. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Preparedness
E. L. Thorndike
Stimulus discrimination
Edward Tolman
26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Premack principle
Shaping
27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Conditioned Response (CR)
Behaviourism
Educational psychology
Positive transfer
28. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Neil Miller
Negative Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
29. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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30. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Cooperative learning
Extinction
31. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Learning curve
John Atkinson
32. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Chaining
Skinner box
Negative transfer
33. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
Punishment
Chaining
34. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Superstitious behaviour
Edward Tolman
Thorndike (book)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
35. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Behaviourism
Variable ratio schedule
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
36. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Premack principle
Social learning theory
Fixed interval schedule
Observational learning
37. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Simultaneous Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Trace conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
38. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Hedonism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neil Miller
39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Token economy
Age affects learning
Autoshaping
Donald Hebb
40. Theory of association
Punishment
State dependent learning
Kurt Lewin
Garcia effect
41. Learning curve
Superstitious behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Token economy
Backward Conditioning
42. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
M.E. Olds
B. F. Skinner
Stimulus generalization
Theory of association
43. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
John Atkinson
Habituation
Preparedness
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
44. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Cooperative learning
Operant conditioning
Clark Hull
45. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Response learning
B. F. Skinner
Victor Vroom
Premack principle
46. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Token economy
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
47. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Autoshaping
Law of effect
Second-Order conditioning
Theory of association
48. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Law of effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
State dependent learning
49. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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50. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?
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