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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






2. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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3. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






5. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






6. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






7. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






8. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






9. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






10. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






11. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






12. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






13. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






14. Operant conditioning






15. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






16. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






17. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






18. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






19. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






20. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






21. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






22. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






23. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






24. Learning curve






25. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






27. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






28. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






30. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






31. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






32. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






34. How to avoid something undesirable






35. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






36. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






37. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






38. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






39. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






40. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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41. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






42. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






44. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






45. Theory of association






46. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






47. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






48. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






49. School of behaviourism






50. Law of effect