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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Law of effect
Escape conditioning
2. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
Negative Reinforcement
4. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Preparedness
Learning curve
Token economy
Skinner box
5. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Premack principle
6. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Basic types of drives
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Neil Miller
Henry Murray - David McClelland
7. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Hedonism
Observational learning
Thorndike (book)
Spontaneous recovery
8. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Stimulus generalization
Trace conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
State dependent learning
9. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Clark Hull
Overshadowing
10. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Shaping
Basic types of drives
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction
11. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Stimulus discrimination
12. Theory of association
Extinction
Law of effect
Punishment
Kurt Lewin
13. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Sensitization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Stimulus generalization
14. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
E. L. Thorndike
Sensitization
Delayed conditioning
15. Learning curve
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
16. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Simultaneous Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Variable interval schedule
Hedonism
17. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Example theories and problem?
Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Premack principle
18. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Latent learning
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Educational psychology
19. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Stimulus discrimination
Sensitization
Behaviourism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
20. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Stimulus generalization
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Social learning theory
21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Habituation
Example theories and problem?
Scaffolding learning
B. F. Skinner
22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Hedonism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
23. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Edward Tolman
Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
Delayed conditioning
24. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Skinner box
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Drive-reduction theories
Spontaneous recovery
25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Negative Reinforcement
Observational learning
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Sensitization
Donald Hebb
Forward Conditioning (types)
Trace conditioning
27. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Negative Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
28. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Negative Reinforcement
29. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Overshadowing
Behaviourism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Chaining
Types of classical conditioning
Arousal
Premack principle
31. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Behaviourism
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
33. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Neil Miller
Latent learning
34. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
35. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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36. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Second-Order conditioning
John Garcia
Skinner box
37. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Garcia effect
John B. Watson
Law of effect
38. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
39. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Aptitude
Fixed ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
40. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Superstitious behaviour
Escape conditioning
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
41. School of behaviourism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John B. Watson
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative transfer
42. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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43. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Escape conditioning
Preparedness
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
44. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Basic types of drives
State dependent learning
Drive-reduction theories
Educational psychology
45. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Scaffolding learning
Variable ratio schedule
Chaining
Escape conditioning
46. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Extinction
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
48. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Scaffolding learning
Types of classical conditioning
Clark Hull
Behaviourism
49. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Aptitude
Sensitization
Incidental learning
Punishment
50. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)