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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning curve
Extinction
Variable interval schedule
Autoshaping
Hermann Ebbinghaus
2. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Shaping
Second-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
3. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
4. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Primary Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
Theory of association
Classical conditioning
5. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Stimulus discrimination
Negative transfer
Arousal
Overshadowing
6. Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
Stimulus generalization
Kurt Lewin
Conditioned Response (CR)
7. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
John Garcia
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
8. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Response learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Backward Conditioning
9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Chaining
Arousal
10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Autoshaping
Example theories and problem?
11. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Undergeneralization
Shaping
Henry Murray - David McClelland
M.E. Olds
12. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Behaviourism
Overshadowing
M.E. Olds
Victor Vroom
13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Garcia effect
Aversive conditioning
Skinner box
Neil Miller
14. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Delayed conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
15. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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16. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Spontaneous recovery
Habituation
Backward Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
17. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Aversive conditioning
Trace conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
19. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
M.E. Olds
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Variable ratio schedule
20. School of behaviourism
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Higher-Order conditioning
John B. Watson
Learning curve
21. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Skinner box
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
22. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
E. L. Thorndike
Overshadowing
Skinner box
23. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Preparedness
Neil Miller
Aversive conditioning
Premack principle
24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Observational learning
Age affects learning
25. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Superstitious behaviour
Social learning theory
Hedonism
Extinction
26. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Stimulus generalization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Variable ratio schedule
27. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Stimulus generalization
Higher-Order conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Preparedness
28. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
29. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Scaffolding learning
Premack principle
Extinction
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Fixed interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Skinner box
31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Preparedness
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
32. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Behaviourism
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
34. Learning by watching
Operant conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Observational learning
Positive Reinforcement
35. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Negative Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Chaining
36. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Second-Order conditioning
Learning curve
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
37. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Premack principle
Edward Tolman
38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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39. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
Behaviourism
40. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
E. L. Thorndike
Spontaneous recovery
Clark Hull
John B. Watson
41. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Escape conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Conditioned Response (CR)
Arousal
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Example theories and problem?
43. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Extinction
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
44. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Avoidance conditioning
Shaping
Response learning
Age affects learning
45. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Types of classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Incidental learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
47. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Behaviourism
Conditioned Response (CR)
Incidental learning
Edward Tolman
48. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Age affects learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Punishment
Superstitious behaviour
49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aptitude
50. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Secondary Reinforcement
Aversive conditioning