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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Learning
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Chaining
2. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Edward Tolman
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
3. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
4. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Basic types of drives
Arousal
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed interval schedule
5. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
State dependent learning
Scaffolding learning
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
6. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
E. L. Thorndike
Law of effect
Garcia effect
Premack principle
7. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Thorndike (book)
Theory of association
Preparedness
8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
9. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Skinner box
Second-Order conditioning
Operant conditioning
10. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
12. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Basic types of drives
Trace conditioning
Social learning theory
Response learning
13. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Escape conditioning
Token economy
Undergeneralization
Law of effect
14. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Backward Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
John Garcia
15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
M.E. Olds
Garcia effect
Undergeneralization
Donald Hebb
16. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Scaffolding learning
Fixed interval schedule
Token economy
Primary Reinforcement
17. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Habituation
Sensitization
Conditioned Response (CR)
Educational psychology
18. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Drive-reduction theories
Donald Hebb
19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Simultaneous Conditioning
Law of effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Garcia effect
20. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Arousal
Spontaneous recovery
Learning curve
21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Victor Vroom
22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Neil Miller
23. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Scaffolding learning
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
24. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Garcia
Social learning theory
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Learning
26. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Educational psychology
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
27. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Victor Vroom
Simultaneous Conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
28. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Spontaneous recovery
Superstitious behaviour
Aptitude
Positive transfer
29. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Preparedness
Behaviourism
31. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
Thorndike (book)
Variable ratio schedule
Ivan Pavlov
32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Basic types of drives
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Sensitization
33. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Chaining
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Avoidance conditioning
34. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Higher-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Theory of association
35. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Theory of association
Victor Vroom
Fixed interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
36. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Shaping
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Sensitization
Extinction
37. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Sensitization
John Atkinson
38. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Second-Order conditioning
Donald Hebb
B. F. Skinner
39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Undergeneralization
Cooperative learning
Second-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hedonism
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Shaping
41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Positive Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Superstitious behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
42. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Types of classical conditioning
Habituation
Secondary Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
43. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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44. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Sensitization
Premack principle
Example theories and problem?
Aptitude
45. Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
B. F. Skinner
Basic types of drives
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
46. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Drive-reduction theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Overshadowing
47. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
48. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
49. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Premack principle
John Atkinson
50. Law of effect
Fixed ratio schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
Arousal