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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
Edward Tolman
Premack principle
3. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Punishment
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
Delayed conditioning
4. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Atkinson
Shaping
Negative Reinforcement
5. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
Aversive conditioning
6. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
E. L. Thorndike
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Neil Miller
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Kurt Lewin
8. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Preparedness
Kurt Lewin
Educational psychology
Hedonism
9. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Avoidance conditioning
Shaping
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
10. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Classical conditioning
State dependent learning
11. How to avoid something undesirable
Positive transfer
John Garcia
Neil Miller
Avoidance conditioning
12. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Trace conditioning
Sensitization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
13. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Backward Conditioning
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Age affects learning
Spontaneous recovery
Trace conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
15. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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16. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Garcia effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Higher-Order conditioning
Positive transfer
17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive transfer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Higher-Order conditioning
18. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Punishment
Response learning
Primary Reinforcement
19. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Second-Order conditioning
John Atkinson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
20. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
John Garcia
Clark Hull
State dependent learning
Learning
21. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Age affects learning
Latent learning
Backward Conditioning
22. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Higher-Order conditioning
23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
24. Learning curve
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Punishment
Hermann Ebbinghaus
25. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Clark Hull
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Habituation
26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Learning
Clark Hull
Victor Vroom
Primary Reinforcement
27. School of behaviourism
Victor Vroom
John B. Watson
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed interval schedule
28. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
John Atkinson
Variable ratio schedule
Chaining
29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Autoshaping
Behaviourism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Chaining
30. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Overshadowing
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
31. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Skinner box
Clark Hull
Sensitization
Preparedness
32. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Arousal
Law of effect
33. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Undergeneralization
Overshadowing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Drive-reduction theories
34. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Drive-reduction theory
Classical conditioning
Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
35. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Edward Tolman
John Garcia
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Ivan Pavlov
36. Students working on a project in small groups
Behaviourism
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
Autoshaping
37. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Arousal
Negative Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
38. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Observational learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Escape conditioning
39. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
Cooperative learning
40. UCS and CS presented at the same time
E. L. Thorndike
Delayed conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Simultaneous Conditioning
41. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Garcia effect
42. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
43. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Thorndike (book)
Positive Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
44. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Forward Conditioning (types)
Variable ratio schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
45. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Drive-reduction theory
Response learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
46. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Garcia effect
Ivan Pavlov
Chaining
47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Ivan Pavlov
Sensitization
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Preparedness
49. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
M.E. Olds
Preparedness
Trace conditioning
50. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Escape conditioning
John Garcia
Skinner box
Neutral Stimulus (NS)