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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






2. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






3. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






4. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






5. School of behaviourism






6. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






10. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






12. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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14. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






15. Learning curve






16. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






17. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






19. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






20. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






22. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






23. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






24. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






25. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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26. UCS and CS presented at the same time






27. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






28. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






29. The failure to generalize a stimulus






30. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






31. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






32. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






33. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






34. Theory of association






35. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






36. Students working on a project in small groups






37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






38. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






39. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






40. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






42. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






43. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






44. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






45. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






46. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






47. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






48. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






49. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






50. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism







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