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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






2. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






4. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






5. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






6. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






7. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






8. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






9. Students working on a project in small groups






10. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






11. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






12. Operant conditioning






13. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






14. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






15. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






16. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






17. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






18. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






19. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






20. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






23. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






24. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






25. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






26. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






28. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






29. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






30. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






31. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






33. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






34. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






35. Learning by watching






36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






37. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






39. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






40. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






41. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






42. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






43. Theory of association






44. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






45. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






46. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






47. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






48. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


49. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






50. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour