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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






2. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






3. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






4. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






5. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






6. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






7. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






8. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






9. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






10. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






11. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






12. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






13. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






14. Law of effect






15. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






16. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






18. School of behaviourism






19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






20. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






22. Learning by watching






23. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






27. Students working on a project in small groups






28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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29. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






30. How to avoid something undesirable






31. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






32. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






33. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






34. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






35. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






36. Theory of association






37. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






38. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






39. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






40. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






41. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






43. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






44. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






45. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






46. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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47. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






48. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






50. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation