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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Premack principle
Fixed ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Arousal
2. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Escape conditioning
Victor Vroom
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
3. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Theory of association
Stimulus discrimination
Skinner box
Fixed ratio schedule
4. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Types of classical conditioning
Law of effect
Arousal
Latent learning
5. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Aptitude
Fixed interval schedule
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
6. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Garcia effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Overshadowing
Sensitization
7. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Educational psychology
Kurt Lewin
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
8. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Cooperative learning
Victor Vroom
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
9. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Clark Hull
Latent learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Aversive conditioning
10. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Victor Vroom
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
11. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative transfer
Cooperative learning
Preparedness
Negative Reinforcement
12. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Donald Hebb
Law of effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
13. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Types of classical conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Hedonism
Superstitious behaviour
14. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Avoidance conditioning
Sensitization
15. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
M.E. Olds
Positive transfer
Escape conditioning
B. F. Skinner
16. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Law of effect
Backward Conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
17. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Scaffolding learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
18. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Law of effect
Age affects learning
B. F. Skinner
Chaining
19. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
20. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
M.E. Olds
Variable ratio schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
21. Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Chaining
Extinction
22. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Token economy
Secondary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Learning
23. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Premack principle
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Hedonism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
24. Learning curve
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Avoidance conditioning
25. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Autoshaping
26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Negative Reinforcement
John Atkinson
27. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Token economy
Incidental learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aptitude
28. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Victor Vroom
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John B. Watson
29. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theory
Autoshaping
Extinction
30. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Response learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
State dependent learning
31. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Example theories and problem?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Spontaneous recovery
32. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Edward Tolman
Hedonism
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
33. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
34. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Chaining
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Sensitization
Response learning
35. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed interval schedule
Preparedness
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
36. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Negative Reinforcement
Learning curve
Trace conditioning
Incidental learning
37. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Edward Tolman
Donald Hebb
38. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Victor Vroom
Incidental learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
John B. Watson
E. L. Thorndike
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Hedonism
41. Students working on a project in small groups
Aptitude
Superstitious behaviour
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Cooperative learning
42. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Token economy
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Arousal
43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Positive Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Garcia effect
Arousal
44. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Garcia effect
Backward Conditioning
Skinner box
Victor Vroom
45. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
Stimulus generalization
46. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Stimulus discrimination
State dependent learning
Incidental learning
Stimulus generalization
47. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Skinner box
48. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Educational psychology
Simultaneous Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
49. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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50. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Clark Hull
Spontaneous recovery
Learning curve
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