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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theory
2. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Thorndike (book)
Arousal
3. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
Hedonism
Sensitization
4. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Second-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
5. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Observational learning
John Garcia
State dependent learning
Variable ratio schedule
6. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Incidental learning
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
7. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Edward Tolman
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning
8. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
B. F. Skinner
Clark Hull
9. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned Response (CR)
Undergeneralization
Preparedness
10. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Undergeneralization
Garcia effect
Aptitude
Learning
11. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Variable interval schedule
Edward Tolman
John B. Watson
Example theories and problem?
12. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Higher-Order conditioning
Response learning
Kurt Lewin
Educational psychology
13. Operant conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
B. F. Skinner
Aversive conditioning
Clark Hull
14. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Aptitude
Clark Hull
15. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Skinner box
Behaviourism
Chaining
Overshadowing
16. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Law of effect
Skinner box
17. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Behaviourism
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative transfer
18. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Spontaneous recovery
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Simultaneous Conditioning
19. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Preparedness
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Types of classical conditioning
20. Theory of association
Observational learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Kurt Lewin
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Shaping
22. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Backward Conditioning
Premack principle
E. L. Thorndike
23. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Educational psychology
Response learning
Observational learning
24. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Habituation
Clark Hull
Aversive conditioning
Hedonism
25. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Cooperative learning
Learning curve
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
26. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
M.E. Olds
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
27. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
Drive-reduction theory
Overshadowing
28. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Delayed conditioning
B. F. Skinner
29. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Law of effect
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Token economy
31. Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
E. L. Thorndike
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Scaffolding learning
Second-Order conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
State dependent learning
33. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Hedonism
Backward Conditioning
Overshadowing
34. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Victor Vroom
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Habituation
35. Students working on a project in small groups
Edward Tolman
Cooperative learning
Kurt Lewin
Thorndike (book)
36. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Classical conditioning
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
37. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
B. F. Skinner
Variable interval schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
38. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Latent learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
B. F. Skinner
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
39. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Aversive conditioning
Token economy
40. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Social learning theory
Higher-Order conditioning
41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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42. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Positive transfer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
43. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Token economy
Cooperative learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
44. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Ivan Pavlov
Law of effect
John Garcia
Basic types of drives
45. School of behaviourism
Thorndike (book)
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
John B. Watson
46. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed interval schedule
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
47. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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48. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Stimulus generalization
Superstitious behaviour
49. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Incidental learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Law of effect
Kurt Lewin
50. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Negative transfer
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
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