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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Sensitization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
2. Law of effect
Habituation
E. L. Thorndike
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Secondary Reinforcement
3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Fixed ratio schedule
Backward Conditioning
4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Variable interval schedule
Cooperative learning
Garcia effect
Social learning theory
5. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Escape conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
Delayed conditioning
6. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
7. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
E. L. Thorndike
John Atkinson
John Garcia
8. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Scaffolding learning
Donald Hebb
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Spontaneous recovery
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Positive Reinforcement
10. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Types of classical conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
11. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Kurt Lewin
Social learning theory
Undergeneralization
12. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Arousal
Overshadowing
Variable ratio schedule
13. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Aversive conditioning
John Atkinson
Aptitude
Overshadowing
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Clark Hull
15. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Extinction
Latent learning
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Edward Tolman
17. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Arousal
Chaining
State dependent learning
Types of classical conditioning
19. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Habituation
Fixed ratio schedule
20. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aptitude
Secondary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
21. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Classical conditioning
22. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Incidental learning
Neil Miller
Punishment
23. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Theory of association
Learning curve
24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Token economy
Incidental learning
John B. Watson
Skinner box
25. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Forward Conditioning (types)
26. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Fixed ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Preparedness
Learning
27. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Superstitious behaviour
Undergeneralization
28. Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
Sensitization
M.E. Olds
Hermann Ebbinghaus
29. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Chaining
Fixed interval schedule
Basic types of drives
30. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Spontaneous recovery
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
31. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Neil Miller
Edward Tolman
Victor Vroom
Extinction (classical conditioning)
32. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Garcia effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative transfer
33. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Edward Tolman
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Spontaneous recovery
Incidental learning
34. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Aversive conditioning
Positive transfer
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
35. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
36. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Response learning
Aversive conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Ivan Pavlov
37. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aptitude
John B. Watson
38. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Garcia effect
Learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Victor Vroom
Fixed interval schedule
M.E. Olds
Law of effect
40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Response learning
Learning
John Atkinson
41. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Punishment
Escape conditioning
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
42. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Law of effect
Kurt Lewin
Simultaneous Conditioning
43. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Law of effect
Edward Tolman
Higher-Order conditioning
44. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Learning curve
Variable ratio schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Autoshaping
46. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Fixed interval schedule
Educational psychology
Undergeneralization
Learning curve
47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Fixed interval schedule
Victor Vroom
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
Chaining
Delayed conditioning
Garcia effect
49. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Victor Vroom
Theory of association
Scaffolding learning
Response learning
50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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