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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






2. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






3. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






4. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






5. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






6. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






7. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






9. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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10. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






11. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






12. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






13. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






14. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






15. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






16. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






17. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






18. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






19. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






20. Learning curve






21. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






22. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






23. The failure to generalize a stimulus






24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






25. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






26. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






27. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






28. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






29. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






30. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






31. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






32. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






33. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






34. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






37. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






38. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






39. Law of effect






40. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






41. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






42. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






43. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






44. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






45. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






46. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






47. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






48. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






50. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+