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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Secondary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
2. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
M.E. Olds
Victor Vroom
Drive-reduction theories
Simultaneous Conditioning
4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Stimulus discrimination
Observational learning
Cooperative learning
5. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Victor Vroom
Donald Hebb
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
6. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
B. F. Skinner
Sensitization
Punishment
Aptitude
7. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Extinction
Higher-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
8. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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9. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Negative Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Extinction
10. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
John Garcia
Behaviourism
Chaining
11. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Undergeneralization
Learning curve
Age affects learning
12. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
13. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Donald Hebb
Aptitude
Social learning theory
14. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
Sensitization
Backward Conditioning
15. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Superstitious behaviour
Negative transfer
Hedonism
Preparedness
16. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Kurt Lewin
John Garcia
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
17. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Latent learning
Theory of association
Token economy
Basic types of drives
18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autoshaping
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Learning
19. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Learning curve
Victor Vroom
20. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Age affects learning
Second-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Operant conditioning
Habituation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Fixed interval schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Latent learning
23. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Token economy
Latent learning
Delayed conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
24. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Hedonism
Negative Reinforcement
Latent learning
John B. Watson
25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Response learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Habituation
26. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Theory of association
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Latent learning
E. L. Thorndike
Kurt Lewin
28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Law of effect
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
Preparedness
29. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Token economy
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative Reinforcement
Preparedness
30. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Overshadowing
Trace conditioning
Observational learning
Chaining
31. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
M.E. Olds
Social learning theory
Stimulus generalization
32. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Positive transfer
Behaviourism
John Atkinson
33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Social learning theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
34. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Incidental learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
Backward Conditioning
35. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Second-Order conditioning
John Garcia
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Superstitious behaviour
36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Operant conditioning
Habituation
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Incidental learning
Extinction
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Law of effect
38. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Social learning theory
Basic types of drives
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
39. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Garcia
John Atkinson
Operant conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
40. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Premack principle
M.E. Olds
Yerkes-Dodson effect
41. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Garcia
Secondary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
42. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Second-Order conditioning
Habituation
Primary Reinforcement
Premack principle
43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Premack principle
Classical conditioning
Theory of association
Educational psychology
44. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Aptitude
John Garcia
Behaviourism
Arousal
45. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Conditioned Response (CR)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
46. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Second-Order conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Victor Vroom
47. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Arousal
Learning
Trace conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
48. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Punishment
Avoidance conditioning
Extinction
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
49. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Donald Hebb
Basic types of drives
Fixed interval schedule
50. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Educational psychology
Shaping
Cooperative learning