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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






2. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






3. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






4. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






5. Theory of association






6. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






8. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






9. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






10. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






11. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






12. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






14. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






15. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






16. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






17. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






18. How to avoid something undesirable






19. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






20. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






21. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






22. Operant conditioning






23. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






24. Students working on a project in small groups






25. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






26. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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27. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






28. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






29. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






30. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






31. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






32. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






33. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






35. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






36. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






37. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






38. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






39. Law of effect






40. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






41. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






42. Learning by watching






43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






44. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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46. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






47. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






48. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






49. School of behaviourism






50. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior







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