SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Primary Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Superstitious behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Basic types of drives
Backward Conditioning
3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John Atkinson
Positive transfer
4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Autoshaping
Token economy
Victor Vroom
Response learning
5. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Ivan Pavlov
E. L. Thorndike
M.E. Olds
Social learning theory
6. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Primary Reinforcement
Premack principle
Conditioned Response (CR)
Overshadowing
7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed interval schedule
Autoshaping
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
8. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Chaining
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
9. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Preparedness
10. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Backward Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Thorndike (book)
11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Kurt Lewin
Response learning
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
12. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Positive transfer
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Basic types of drives
Variable interval schedule
13. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
John B. Watson
Spontaneous recovery
Drive-reduction theories
State dependent learning
14. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Cooperative learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
John Atkinson
15. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Arousal
Theory of association
Conditioned Response (CR)
16. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
17. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
18. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable ratio schedule
Example theories and problem?
19. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect
Premack principle
20. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
John Atkinson
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Trace conditioning
21. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Conditioned Response (CR)
Token economy
Learning
Delayed conditioning
22. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Kurt Lewin
Chaining
Donald Hebb
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
23. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Theory of association
Avoidance conditioning
Hedonism
Neil Miller
24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Token economy
John B. Watson
Aptitude
26. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Stimulus discrimination
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
27. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
John Atkinson
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus discrimination
Backward Conditioning
28. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Social learning theory
Learning curve
Types of classical conditioning
29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Negative transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Victor Vroom
30. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Aversive conditioning
Hedonism
Positive Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
31. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Fixed ratio schedule
Undergeneralization
Incidental learning
32. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Garcia effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Clark Hull
33. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Positive transfer
Incidental learning
Classical conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
34. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
Sensitization
35. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Basic types of drives
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction
36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
37. UCS and CS presented at the same time
State dependent learning
Observational learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
38. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Classical conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus generalization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
39. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Spontaneous recovery
Operant conditioning
M.E. Olds
Overshadowing
40. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Preparedness
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Drive-reduction theory
Social learning theory
41. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Overshadowing
State dependent learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Observational learning
42. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Token economy
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Operant conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
Law of effect
Autoshaping
44. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Theory of association
Hedonism
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Operant conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
46. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
47. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
Delayed conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
48. Law of effect
Clark Hull
E. L. Thorndike
Habituation
Learning
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Escape conditioning
Educational psychology
Drive-reduction theories
Higher-Order conditioning
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Stimulus discrimination
Avoidance conditioning
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner