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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction
Avoidance conditioning
2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Learning
Stimulus generalization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
3. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
Escape conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Backward Conditioning
4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
State dependent learning
Variable interval schedule
Shaping
5. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Sensitization
Edward Tolman
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Learning
6. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Fixed interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theory
7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Cooperative learning
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
8. Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Garcia effect
Observational learning
B. F. Skinner
9. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Sensitization
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Arousal
Fixed ratio schedule
11. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
Theory of association
Negative transfer
12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Second-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
13. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Premack principle
Drive-reduction theories
Arousal
Positive Reinforcement
14. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Overshadowing
Higher-Order conditioning
15. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
16. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Conditioned Response (CR)
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Age affects learning
17. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theories
Second-Order conditioning
18. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Spontaneous recovery
Drive-reduction theories
Example theories and problem?
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
19. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Shaping
Negative transfer
Observational learning
20. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Aversive conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Donald Hebb
21. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Law of effect
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
22. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Learning
Neil Miller
Simultaneous Conditioning
Skinner box
23. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Edward Tolman
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Habituation
Skinner box
Negative transfer
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
25. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Habituation
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
26. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Higher-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
Second-Order conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
28. School of behaviourism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed interval schedule
John B. Watson
Overshadowing
29. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
State dependent learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
30. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Example theories and problem?
John Garcia
31. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
32. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Fixed ratio schedule
Kurt Lewin
Aptitude
Example theories and problem?
33. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Educational psychology
34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Learning curve
35. How to avoid something undesirable
Sensitization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Avoidance conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
36. Law of effect
Preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Educational psychology
E. L. Thorndike
37. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autoshaping
Shaping
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
38. Theory of association
Secondary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Basic types of drives
Kurt Lewin
39. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
Age affects learning
Escape conditioning
40. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Backward Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
Latent learning
41. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Thorndike (book)
Positive transfer
Behaviourism
42. Learning by watching
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Cooperative learning
Autoshaping
Observational learning
43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Preparedness
Autoshaping
Habituation
Learning curve
44. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aversive conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Punishment
45. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Ivan Pavlov
Response learning
Types of classical conditioning
46. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Preparedness
Learning
Primary Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
47. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Example theories and problem?
48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Trace conditioning
Basic types of drives
49. Students working on a project in small groups
Incidental learning
Cooperative learning
Social learning theory
Clark Hull
50. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Response learning
Superstitious behaviour
State dependent learning