SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Behaviourism
Premack principle
Basic types of drives
2. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Secondary Reinforcement
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Law of effect
B. F. Skinner
3. How to avoid something undesirable
Classical conditioning
Garcia effect
Avoidance conditioning
Learning curve
4. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
John Atkinson
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Latent learning
5. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Educational psychology
Example theories and problem?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
6. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Habituation
7. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Social learning theory
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
8. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Garcia effect
Backward Conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
9. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
B. F. Skinner
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Token economy
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
10. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Behaviourism
Undergeneralization
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Victor Vroom
Types of classical conditioning
Learning curve
Hedonism
12. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Edward Tolman
Trace conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
13. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Token economy
15. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
16. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Behaviourism
Extinction
Premack principle
17. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Types of classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
18. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Observational learning
Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
19. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Stimulus discrimination
Operant conditioning
Neil Miller
Variable ratio schedule
20. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aversive conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Aptitude
Henry Murray - David McClelland
21. Theory of association
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Kurt Lewin
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
22. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Donald Hebb
Drive-reduction theories
Preparedness
23. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Learning curve
Kurt Lewin
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
24. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
25. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Ivan Pavlov
E. L. Thorndike
Backward Conditioning
26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Clark Hull
Age affects learning
Learning curve
27. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Aptitude
Latent learning
State dependent learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
28. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Escape conditioning
John B. Watson
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
29. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Secondary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Chaining
30. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Response learning
Stimulus generalization
Trace conditioning
Victor Vroom
31. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Chaining
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Drive-reduction theories
Kurt Lewin
32. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Punishment
Hedonism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
33. School of behaviourism
Premack principle
John B. Watson
Autoshaping
Shaping
34. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Age affects learning
Habituation
Positive transfer
Edward Tolman
35. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Incidental learning
State dependent learning
Garcia effect
Variable ratio schedule
36. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Sensitization
Conditioned Response (CR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
37. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Variable interval schedule
Hedonism
Scaffolding learning
38. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Forward Conditioning (types)
Variable ratio schedule
Garcia effect
39. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Social learning theory
Law of effect
Second-Order conditioning
40. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Positive Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Drive-reduction theory
42. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Scaffolding learning
Incidental learning
Token economy
Hedonism
43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Victor Vroom
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Social learning theory
Drive-reduction theories
44. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Positive Reinforcement
45. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Latent learning
Aptitude
Stimulus discrimination
Basic types of drives
46. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Garcia effect
John Garcia
Simultaneous Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
47. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Victor Vroom
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
48. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Cooperative learning
Response learning
Aversive conditioning
John Garcia
49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Avoidance conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Variable ratio schedule
Autoshaping
50. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Drive-reduction theories
Variable interval schedule
Premack principle
Learning curve