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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






2. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






3. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






4. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






5. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






6. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






7. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






9. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






10. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






12. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






13. The failure to generalize a stimulus






14. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






16. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






17. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






18. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






20. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






23. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






24. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






26. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






27. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






28. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






29. UCS and CS presented at the same time






30. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






31. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






33. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






34. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






35. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






36. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






37. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






38. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






42. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






43. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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44. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






45. Operant conditioning






46. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






47. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






48. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






49. Learning by watching






50. Law of effect