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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Chaining
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Token economy
Ivan Pavlov
2. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Hedonism
Theory of association
Learning curve
Autoshaping
3. Learning by watching
B. F. Skinner
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
Observational learning
4. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Forward Conditioning (types)
Token economy
Habituation
Delayed conditioning
5. Students working on a project in small groups
Theory of association
Secondary Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Cooperative learning
6. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Variable interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative Reinforcement
Age affects learning
7. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Undergeneralization
Arousal
Drive-reduction theories
State dependent learning
8. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Skinner box
Clark Hull
Fixed ratio schedule
Educational psychology
9. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
10. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Trace conditioning
Negative transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
11. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Sensitization
Shaping
Classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
12. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Theory of association
Scaffolding learning
Negative Reinforcement
Response learning
13. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Neil Miller
Extinction
Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
14. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Positive Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Undergeneralization
Edward Tolman
15. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Habituation
Delayed conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
16. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Law of effect
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Spontaneous recovery
Higher-Order conditioning
17. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable ratio schedule
Aversive conditioning
18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Escape conditioning
19. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Basic types of drives
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
Undergeneralization
20. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Overshadowing
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Latent learning
21. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Social learning theory
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Autoshaping
22. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
E. L. Thorndike
Delayed conditioning
23. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Edward Tolman
Scaffolding learning
Token economy
Primary Reinforcement
24. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Sensitization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Victor Vroom
John Garcia
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Stimulus discrimination
Social learning theory
27. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Hedonism
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theories
28. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Garcia effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
John Atkinson
29. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Escape conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Extinction
30. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Age affects learning
32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Habituation
Primary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
33. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Garcia effect
M.E. Olds
34. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Victor Vroom
Basic types of drives
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Learning
35. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Aptitude
Chaining
M.E. Olds
Stimulus discrimination
36. School of behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John B. Watson
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
37. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Punishment
Backward Conditioning
Learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
38. Theory of association
Secondary Reinforcement
Clark Hull
Kurt Lewin
John Garcia
39. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Response learning
40. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Autoshaping
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
41. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Fixed ratio schedule
Aptitude
Learning curve
John Atkinson
42. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
43. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Delayed conditioning
Positive transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
B. F. Skinner
44. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
45. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
M.E. Olds
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theories
46. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Neil Miller
Educational psychology
Thorndike (book)
Age affects learning
47. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Positive transfer
Incidental learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Backward Conditioning
48. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Behaviourism
Learning curve
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Negative transfer
49. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Premack principle
Habituation
John Garcia
50. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Shaping
Garcia effect
Learning
Donald Hebb