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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
John Garcia
Escape conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
2. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Trace conditioning
Stimulus generalization
3. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Punishment
Clark Hull
4. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Backward Conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
5. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Stimulus generalization
6. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Shaping
Incidental learning
Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
7. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Incidental learning
Operant conditioning
Age affects learning
Donald Hebb
8. Learning curve
Backward Conditioning
Autoshaping
Donald Hebb
Hermann Ebbinghaus
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Kurt Lewin
Autoshaping
10. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Skinner box
Incidental learning
Classical conditioning
Learning
11. Law of effect
Escape conditioning
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Habituation
12. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Latent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
13. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
John Garcia
Kurt Lewin
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Cooperative learning
14. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Skinner box
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
15. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Punishment
Learning
Law of effect
Secondary Reinforcement
16. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Spontaneous recovery
Donald Hebb
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
17. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Punishment
Backward Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Theory of association
18. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Behaviourism
Drive-reduction theory
19. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Educational psychology
Fixed ratio schedule
Incidental learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
20. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Learning curve
21. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Preparedness
Cooperative learning
Learning curve
22. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Token economy
Conditioned Response (CR)
Donald Hebb
23. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Drive-reduction theories
Negative transfer
Positive Reinforcement
24. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Observational learning
Positive transfer
Spontaneous recovery
Negative transfer
25. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Delayed conditioning
Incidental learning
Shaping
Fixed interval schedule
26. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Clark Hull
Stimulus discrimination
Kurt Lewin
Skinner box
27. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Variable interval schedule
Incidental learning
Habituation
28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Stimulus generalization
Victor Vroom
Escape conditioning
Positive transfer
29. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Learning
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
Clark Hull
30. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
John Garcia
Higher-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
31. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Overshadowing
Negative transfer
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
32. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Positive Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Escape conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
33. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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34. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Chaining
Negative Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Example theories and problem?
35. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Aversive conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Backward Conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
36. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Aversive conditioning
Hedonism
37. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Positive transfer
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
38. Students working on a project in small groups
Token economy
Donald Hebb
Cooperative learning
Autoshaping
39. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
John Atkinson
Hedonism
Conditioned Response (CR)
Higher-Order conditioning
40. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
41. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
Hermann Ebbinghaus
B. F. Skinner
42. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Garcia effect
Negative transfer
Yerkes-Dodson effect
43. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Variable ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction (classical conditioning)
44. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Basic types of drives
Age affects learning
Avoidance conditioning
Neil Miller
45. School of behaviourism
Superstitious behaviour
Variable ratio schedule
John B. Watson
John Atkinson
46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
Autoshaping
47. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Kurt Lewin
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Arousal
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Fixed ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Garcia effect
John Atkinson
49. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Preparedness
Garcia effect
Punishment
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aptitude
Delayed conditioning
Theory of association