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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
John Garcia
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
3. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Victor Vroom
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Law of effect
Thorndike (book)
4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Skinner box
Spontaneous recovery
Response learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
5. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Ivan Pavlov
Negative transfer
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
6. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Premack principle
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
7. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Punishment
Observational learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
8. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Shaping
Educational psychology
John Atkinson
Variable ratio schedule
9. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Habituation
Higher-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
10. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Premack principle
Behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
11. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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12. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Second-Order conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive transfer
Learning curve
13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Avoidance conditioning
Hedonism
B. F. Skinner
Negative transfer
14. Students working on a project in small groups
B. F. Skinner
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
15. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
16. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable interval schedule
Learning curve
Garcia effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
17. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Classical conditioning
State dependent learning
Cooperative learning
18. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Observational learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Backward Conditioning
Overshadowing
19. Learning curve
Aptitude
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Undergeneralization
20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
21. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Types of classical conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
22. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
23. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Social learning theory
Habituation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
24. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Delayed conditioning
Overshadowing
B. F. Skinner
Edward Tolman
25. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Avoidance conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Clark Hull
Trace conditioning
26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Skinner box
Victor Vroom
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Positive transfer
27. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
State dependent learning
Drive-reduction theory
28. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Age affects learning
Preparedness
Yerkes-Dodson effect
29. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction
Classical conditioning
Overshadowing
30. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
Operant conditioning
Undergeneralization
31. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Habituation
Punishment
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
32. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Avoidance conditioning
33. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Kurt Lewin
B. F. Skinner
Learning curve
34. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Stimulus generalization
Positive transfer
Theory of association
Age affects learning
35. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Donald Hebb
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
36. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Shaping
Fixed interval schedule
Law of effect
Observational learning
37. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
John Atkinson
Premack principle
38. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
Autoshaping
Cooperative learning
Sensitization
39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning curve
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
40. Theory of association
Latent learning
Kurt Lewin
John Atkinson
Stimulus discrimination
41. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Garcia effect
Law of effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
43. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Punishment
Latent learning
Clark Hull
44. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Aptitude
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
45. Law of effect
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
Drive-reduction theories
E. L. Thorndike
46. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
John B. Watson
Skinner box
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction
47. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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48. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Stimulus discrimination
Law of effect
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
49. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Chaining
Spontaneous recovery
Aptitude
Delayed conditioning
50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Donald Hebb
Positive Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Types of classical conditioning
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