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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Basic types of drives
Extinction
Garcia effect
Arousal
2. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Educational psychology
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
3. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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4. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Preparedness
Chaining
Stimulus generalization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
5. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Preparedness
Basic types of drives
Second-Order conditioning
Autoshaping
6. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Operant conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Theory of association
Spontaneous recovery
7. Students working on a project in small groups
Ivan Pavlov
Higher-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
8. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Delayed conditioning
Behaviourism
Basic types of drives
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
John B. Watson
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
Fixed interval schedule
10. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Law of effect
Premack principle
Classical conditioning
Cooperative learning
11. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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12. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Observational learning
Punishment
13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus discrimination
Forward Conditioning (types)
Incidental learning
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Variable ratio schedule
Donald Hebb
Stimulus generalization
Delayed conditioning
15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Preparedness
Habituation
Extinction
Superstitious behaviour
16. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Clark Hull
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
John Atkinson
Positive Reinforcement
17. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
John Garcia
Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Scaffolding learning
18. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Sensitization
Drive-reduction theory
Premack principle
Example theories and problem?
19. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Scaffolding learning
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
Variable interval schedule
20. Operant conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
B. F. Skinner
21. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Types of classical conditioning
Chaining
22. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Stimulus generalization
Ivan Pavlov
Clark Hull
Aversive conditioning
23. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Token economy
Stimulus discrimination
24. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Aversive conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Avoidance conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
25. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Preparedness
Classical conditioning
Habituation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
26. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Second-Order conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Undergeneralization
27. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Avoidance conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Social learning theory
28. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Neil Miller
Simultaneous Conditioning
Learning curve
Backward Conditioning
29. Learning by watching
Preparedness
Secondary Reinforcement
Observational learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
30. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Educational psychology
Undergeneralization
Hedonism
Social learning theory
31. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Neil Miller
Superstitious behaviour
Aptitude
Stimulus generalization
32. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Behaviourism
Skinner box
Example theories and problem?
Latent learning
33. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Learning curve
Educational psychology
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
34. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Victor Vroom
Example theories and problem?
Trace conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
35. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Positive Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative transfer
36. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Age affects learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Drive-reduction theories
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus generalization
Positive transfer
Preparedness
38. Learning curve
State dependent learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Thorndike (book)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
40. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Learning
Punishment
State dependent learning
Positive transfer
41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
Escape conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
42. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Incidental learning
Skinner box
Social learning theory
Second-Order conditioning
43. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Positive Reinforcement
44. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
45. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Variable interval schedule
Shaping
Aptitude
Behaviourism
46. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Habituation
Preparedness
Extinction
Age affects learning
47. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Neil Miller
Social learning theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
48. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Operant conditioning
Theory of association
Delayed conditioning
Neil Miller
49. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Extinction (classical conditioning)
M.E. Olds
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
50. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Garcia effect
John Atkinson
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Simultaneous Conditioning