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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operant conditioning






2. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






3. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






4. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






5. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






6. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






7. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






8. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






9. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






11. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






12. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






13. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






14. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






15. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






16. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






17. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






19. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






21. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






23. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






24. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






25. Theory of association






26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






27. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






28. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






29. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






30. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






31. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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32. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






33. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






34. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






35. Learning by watching






36. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






37. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






38. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






39. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






40. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






41. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






42. School of behaviourism






43. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






44. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






45. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






46. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






47. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






48. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






50. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)