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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Overshadowing
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
2. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Hedonism
Aptitude
Premack principle
3. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Edward Tolman
Punishment
Superstitious behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
4. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus discrimination
Drive-reduction theories
Shaping
5. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
Observational learning
6. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Negative transfer
Kurt Lewin
Delayed conditioning
Autoshaping
7. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Primary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Backward Conditioning
8. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Edward Tolman
Skinner box
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative transfer
9. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Undergeneralization
Premack principle
Thorndike (book)
10. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
B. F. Skinner
Scaffolding learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Response learning
11. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Cooperative learning
Sensitization
12. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Extinction
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Stimulus discrimination
Negative transfer
13. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Chaining
Trace conditioning
Clark Hull
14. Law of effect
Variable interval schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Social learning theory
Ivan Pavlov
15. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Classical conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
16. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Law of effect
17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
Autoshaping
18. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Autoshaping
Incidental learning
Garcia effect
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
Negative Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
20. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Punishment
State dependent learning
John B. Watson
21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Cooperative learning
Sensitization
Positive transfer
22. Learning by watching
Theory of association
Habituation
Variable interval schedule
Observational learning
23. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Secondary Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Learning
State dependent learning
24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Behaviourism
Learning
Social learning theory
M.E. Olds
25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Garcia effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John B. Watson
26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Social learning theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
27. Students working on a project in small groups
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Cooperative learning
Extinction
Victor Vroom
28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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29. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
30. How to avoid something undesirable
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Observational learning
Avoidance conditioning
Victor Vroom
31. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Sensitization
Educational psychology
32. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Variable ratio schedule
Law of effect
33. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Fixed ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theory
State dependent learning
John Garcia
34. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Atkinson
35. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Clark Hull
Stimulus discrimination
Aptitude
Neil Miller
36. Theory of association
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Kurt Lewin
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
37. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Kurt Lewin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
38. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Secondary Reinforcement
Token economy
Victor Vroom
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
39. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Extinction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Cooperative learning
Overshadowing
40. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Fixed interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
41. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Ivan Pavlov
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction
42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Superstitious behaviour
John Garcia
Arousal
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
43. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Edward Tolman
Thorndike (book)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
44. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Delayed conditioning
45. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Cooperative learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
46. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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47. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Educational psychology
Age affects learning
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
48. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Hedonism
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Types of classical conditioning
49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Law of effect
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
50. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Drive-reduction theories
Aversive conditioning
B. F. Skinner