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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
M.E. Olds
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
2. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Higher-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
Incidental learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
3. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Punishment
4. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neil Miller
Variable ratio schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Clark Hull
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Negative transfer
6. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Garcia effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Edward Tolman
7. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
John Atkinson
Behaviourism
John Garcia
Victor Vroom
8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
State dependent learning
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
Yerkes-Dodson effect
9. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Theory of association
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
State dependent learning
Response learning
10. Theory of association
Punishment
Clark Hull
Kurt Lewin
Learning curve
11. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Positive Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John Garcia
State dependent learning
12. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Example theories and problem?
13. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Overshadowing
Types of classical conditioning
Chaining
Drive-reduction theories
14. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Higher-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Operant conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
15. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction
Example theories and problem?
16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Kurt Lewin
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Premack principle
17. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Kurt Lewin
Autoshaping
Theory of association
18. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Example theories and problem?
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Victor Vroom
19. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Positive Reinforcement
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Token economy
State dependent learning
20. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
State dependent learning
21. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Incidental learning
Arousal
Shaping
22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Cooperative learning
Positive transfer
Punishment
Escape conditioning
23. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Victor Vroom
24. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Trace conditioning
Victor Vroom
Learning
Arousal
25. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Habituation
John B. Watson
Superstitious behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
26. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
27. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Age affects learning
Hedonism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
28. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Cooperative learning
Positive transfer
29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John B. Watson
Stimulus discrimination
Hedonism
30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Operant conditioning
Delayed conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
31. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Learning curve
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John B. Watson
32. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Basic types of drives
Aversive conditioning
Aptitude
33. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Backward Conditioning
Token economy
Drive-reduction theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
34. Operant conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Positive transfer
Clark Hull
B. F. Skinner
35. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
36. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Punishment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Learning
Second-Order conditioning
37. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Simultaneous Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Positive Reinforcement
38. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Positive transfer
39. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
Positive transfer
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
40. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Delayed conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
41. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Kurt Lewin
Delayed conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Theory of association
42. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Operant conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Primary Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
43. Learning curve
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Negative Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
44. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Negative transfer
Undergeneralization
M.E. Olds
45. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Shaping
John B. Watson
Habituation
Escape conditioning
46. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Clark Hull
Variable ratio schedule
Ivan Pavlov
47. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Undergeneralization
Theory of association
Clark Hull
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
48. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
49. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
50. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Conditioned Response (CR)
Spontaneous recovery
Negative transfer
Second-Order conditioning