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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






2. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






4. Theory of association






5. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






6. Students working on a project in small groups






7. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






8. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






9. The failure to generalize a stimulus






10. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






12. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






13. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






14. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






15. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






16. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






17. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






18. Operant conditioning






19. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






20. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






21. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






22. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






23. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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24. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






26. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






27. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






28. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






29. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






30. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






31. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






32. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






33. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






34. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






35. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






36. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






37. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






38. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






39. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






40. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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41. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






42. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






43. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






44. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






45. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






46. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






47. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






48. Law of effect






49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






50. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park