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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
John B. Watson
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Victor Vroom
2. Law of effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aversive conditioning
Negative transfer
E. L. Thorndike
3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Learning curve
Stimulus generalization
Response learning
4. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Skinner box
Punishment
John Garcia
Types of classical conditioning
5. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Types of classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Trace conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
6. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
John Garcia
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
7. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Aptitude
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
8. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Neil Miller
9. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
B. F. Skinner
Habituation
Skinner box
Learning
10. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Response learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction
Clark Hull
11. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Habituation
Delayed conditioning
Response learning
Higher-Order conditioning
12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Clark Hull
Incidental learning
Aversive conditioning
13. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Aptitude
Aversive conditioning
Skinner box
14. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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15. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Undergeneralization
Educational psychology
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Social learning theory
16. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Clark Hull
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
17. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Conditioned Response (CR)
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
18. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
John Garcia
Superstitious behaviour
Conditioned Response (CR)
19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Autoshaping
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable interval schedule
20. How to avoid something undesirable
Delayed conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Garcia effect
21. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Undergeneralization
Victor Vroom
Variable ratio schedule
22. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Chaining
John Garcia
Drive-reduction theory
Classical conditioning
23. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Positive transfer
Ivan Pavlov
Premack principle
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
24. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Garcia effect
Incidental learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Backward Conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Behaviourism
Variable ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Extinction
27. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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28. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Clark Hull
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Negative Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviourism
30. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Spontaneous recovery
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Atkinson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
31. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Primary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
32. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Forward Conditioning (types)
Fixed ratio schedule
Skinner box
Punishment
33. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Operant conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
35. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Secondary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
36. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Observational learning
Overshadowing
Edward Tolman
Chaining
37. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (classical conditioning)
38. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Incidental learning
Chaining
Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical conditioning
39. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
Undergeneralization
40. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Drive-reduction theory
Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Punishment
41. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Law of effect
John Atkinson
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus discrimination
42. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Neil Miller
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
43. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Simultaneous Conditioning
Donald Hebb
John Atkinson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
44. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
M.E. Olds
Backward Conditioning
45. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus discrimination
46. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
John B. Watson
Law of effect
Secondary Reinforcement
Educational psychology
47. School of behaviourism
Drive-reduction theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Thorndike (book)
John B. Watson
48. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Operant conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Avoidance conditioning
Response learning
49. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Educational psychology
John Garcia
Fixed interval schedule
50. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Operant conditioning
Preparedness
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning