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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neil Miller
Conditioned Response (CR)
Basic types of drives
2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Sensitization
Basic types of drives
John B. Watson
Hedonism
3. Law of effect
Cooperative learning
Stimulus discrimination
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction
4. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Habituation
Educational psychology
Neil Miller
Operant conditioning
5. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Skinner box
Ivan Pavlov
6. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Basic types of drives
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Spontaneous recovery
7. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Latent learning
Variable ratio schedule
Classical conditioning
8. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Theory of association
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Overshadowing
Simultaneous Conditioning
9. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus generalization
Negative transfer
Aversive conditioning
10. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Premack principle
Victor Vroom
Response learning
11. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Delayed conditioning
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
Autoshaping
12. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Second-Order conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Punishment
13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Punishment
Learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Negative Reinforcement
Aversive conditioning
Age affects learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
15. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Arousal
Learning
Avoidance conditioning
16. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Edward Tolman
Habituation
Escape conditioning
Learning
17. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Operant conditioning
Token economy
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Cooperative learning
18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Secondary Reinforcement
Learning curve
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Punishment
19. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
E. L. Thorndike
Classical conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Overshadowing
20. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Preparedness
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Victor Vroom
Fixed interval schedule
21. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Autoshaping
Neil Miller
Aptitude
M.E. Olds
22. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Behaviourism
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (operant conditioning)
23. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Neil Miller
Variable interval schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Higher-Order conditioning
24. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
Simultaneous Conditioning
Autoshaping
25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Hedonism
Second-Order conditioning
Garcia effect
Operant conditioning
26. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Example theories and problem?
Overshadowing
Punishment
Autoshaping
27. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Hedonism
Chaining
Incidental learning
Age affects learning
29. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Drive-reduction theories
Latent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
30. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Social learning theory
Garcia effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
31. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Higher-Order conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
B. F. Skinner
Scaffolding learning
Arousal
Incidental learning
33. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Aptitude
Extinction
Simultaneous Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
34. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Learning curve
Positive transfer
Edward Tolman
Primary Reinforcement
35. Theory of association
E. L. Thorndike
Donald Hebb
Educational psychology
Kurt Lewin
36. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Cooperative learning
Habituation
Learning
37. Students working on a project in small groups
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Simultaneous Conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Cooperative learning
38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
39. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Undergeneralization
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
40. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Age affects learning
Scaffolding learning
Learning
41. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
E. L. Thorndike
Secondary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Positive transfer
42. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Negative Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning
43. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
Habituation
44. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Negative transfer
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus discrimination
Aversive conditioning
46. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Positive transfer
Aversive conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
47. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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48. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Delayed conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Token economy
49. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Autoshaping
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
Age affects learning
50. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
M.E. Olds
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Victor Vroom
Variable interval schedule