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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






2. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






3. Students working on a project in small groups






4. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






5. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






10. Theory of association






11. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






12. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






13. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






14. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






15. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






16. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






20. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






21. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






22. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






23. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






24. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






25. Learning curve






26. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






27. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






28. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






29. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






32. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






33. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






34. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






35. Operant conditioning






36. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






37. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






38. School of behaviourism






39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






40. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






41. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






42. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






43. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






44. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






46. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






47. The failure to generalize a stimulus






48. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






50. How to avoid something undesirable