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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Kurt Lewin
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Cooperative learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Token economy
3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
4. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
5. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
John Garcia
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Superstitious behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
6. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Undergeneralization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
7. Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
Shaping
9. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Social learning theory
Negative transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
10. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Kurt Lewin
Hedonism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Basic types of drives
11. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Simultaneous Conditioning
John B. Watson
12. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Negative transfer
Spontaneous recovery
Learning curve
Clark Hull
13. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Extinction
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theory
Fixed interval schedule
14. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Variable interval schedule
Extinction
John Garcia
15. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Edward Tolman
Undergeneralization
16. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Drive-reduction theories
Aversive conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Educational psychology
17. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Types of classical conditioning
Habituation
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Simultaneous Conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Edward Tolman
19. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Negative transfer
Variable interval schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
E. L. Thorndike
20. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Donald Hebb
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Educational psychology
21. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner
22. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Premack principle
Scaffolding learning
Social learning theory
Autoshaping
23. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
Superstitious behaviour
24. Operant conditioning
Response learning
Extinction
Premack principle
B. F. Skinner
25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed interval schedule
Donald Hebb
Thorndike (book)
Learning
26. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Variable ratio schedule
Operant conditioning
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
27. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
Ivan Pavlov
Escape conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
28. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Basic types of drives
Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Trace conditioning
Learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Fixed ratio schedule
30. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Punishment
Sensitization
Fixed interval schedule
31. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Garcia effect
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
32. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Donald Hebb
Backward Conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
33. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Primary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
M.E. Olds
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Stimulus generalization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hedonism
Scaffolding learning
35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Educational psychology
Fixed ratio schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
36. How to avoid something undesirable
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Punishment
Avoidance conditioning
37. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus generalization
Educational psychology
38. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Law of effect
Donald Hebb
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
39. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
Learning
Second-Order conditioning
40. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Sensitization
Observational learning
John Garcia
41. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Negative Reinforcement
John Garcia
42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Chaining
Drive-reduction theories
State dependent learning
Garcia effect
43. Learning curve
Autoshaping
Hedonism
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
44. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Negative transfer
Positive Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
Overshadowing
45. Students working on a project in small groups
B. F. Skinner
Stimulus generalization
Cooperative learning
Behaviourism
46. Learning by watching
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Chaining
Observational learning
47. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Cooperative learning
Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
Educational psychology
Skinner box
49. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Extinction
Preparedness
Shaping
Negative transfer
50. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Donald Hebb
Shaping
Incidental learning