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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Premack principle
Forward Conditioning (types)
Escape conditioning
Shaping
2. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Shaping
Extinction
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Negative transfer
3. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Variable interval schedule
Educational psychology
Garcia effect
Punishment
4. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus discrimination
Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
5. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Age affects learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Latent learning
Example theories and problem?
6. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Educational psychology
Chaining
Undergeneralization
Extinction (operant conditioning)
7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Higher-Order conditioning
Sensitization
Fixed interval schedule
Age affects learning
8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Autoshaping
Learning curve
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
9. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Drive-reduction theory
Ivan Pavlov
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
10. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Aversive conditioning
Basic types of drives
Superstitious behaviour
Overshadowing
11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Response learning
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Response (CR)
Types of classical conditioning
12. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Negative transfer
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John Atkinson
13. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Aptitude
Types of classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
14. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
Theory of association
15. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Response learning
Superstitious behaviour
Yerkes-Dodson effect
16. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
17. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
18. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Response learning
M.E. Olds
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
19. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Edward Tolman
Premack principle
Forward Conditioning (types)
20. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Observational learning
Delayed conditioning
Clark Hull
21. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction
Skinner box
Undergeneralization
22. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Thorndike (book)
Hedonism
State dependent learning
Arousal
23. Theory of association
E. L. Thorndike
Autoshaping
Kurt Lewin
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
24. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Sensitization
Stimulus generalization
25. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Learning
Second-Order conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Secondary Reinforcement
26. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Punishment
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Basic types of drives
27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
Behaviourism
Higher-Order conditioning
28. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Variable interval schedule
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Overshadowing
29. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Cooperative learning
Theory of association
Chaining
Learning
30. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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31. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Clark Hull
Neil Miller
Fixed interval schedule
32. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Escape conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviourism
33. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Neil Miller
Preparedness
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Example theories and problem?
34. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Edward Tolman
Shaping
Autoshaping
Forward Conditioning (types)
35. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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36. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Sensitization
Negative Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Avoidance conditioning
37. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Basic types of drives
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Higher-Order conditioning
38. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
State dependent learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Age affects learning
39. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Scaffolding learning
Arousal
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
40. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Secondary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
Victor Vroom
Overshadowing
41. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
Behaviourism
42. Students working on a project in small groups
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
Cooperative learning
Skinner box
43. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Learning curve
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
44. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Observational learning
Primary Reinforcement
Response learning
Secondary Reinforcement
45. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Educational psychology
Positive transfer
46. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Basic types of drives
47. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Chaining
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
49. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Chaining
Skinner box
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Hedonism
50. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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