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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
Habituation
2. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Delayed conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Arousal
3. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Cooperative learning
Clark Hull
Superstitious behaviour
Latent learning
4. Theory of association
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Kurt Lewin
Habituation
5. Students working on a project in small groups
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
Cooperative learning
Garcia effect
6. Operant conditioning
Donald Hebb
B. F. Skinner
Classical conditioning
Social learning theory
7. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Positive Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Learning
Response learning
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Skinner box
Higher-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Punishment
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
10. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Higher-Order conditioning
Incidental learning
Extinction
11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Escape conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
12. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Latent learning
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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14. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Victor Vroom
15. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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16. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Response learning
Positive Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
18. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Law of effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
19. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Stimulus discrimination
20. Learning by watching
Fixed ratio schedule
Observational learning
John Atkinson
Learning curve
21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Example theories and problem?
Theory of association
Scaffolding learning
22. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Premack principle
Fixed ratio schedule
23. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Edward Tolman
Backward Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
24. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
25. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Secondary Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Scaffolding learning
Basic types of drives
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Thorndike (book)
27. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
John Atkinson
Preparedness
28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Shaping
Victor Vroom
Clark Hull
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
29. How to avoid something undesirable
Forward Conditioning (types)
Avoidance conditioning
Habituation
Premack principle
30. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Token economy
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Premack principle
31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Escape conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Positive transfer
Classical conditioning
32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Chaining
Negative transfer
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
34. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Scaffolding learning
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
35. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Higher-Order conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
36. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Undergeneralization
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Trace conditioning
37. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Garcia effect
Learning curve
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Drive-reduction theory
38. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Premack principle
Sensitization
Neil Miller
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
39. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Aversive conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autoshaping
Shaping
40. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Learning curve
Observational learning
Negative transfer
John Atkinson
41. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Clark Hull
Negative Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Overshadowing
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Ivan Pavlov
44. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Habituation
Drive-reduction theories
45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Variable ratio schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Overshadowing
Donald Hebb
46. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Neil Miller
Example theories and problem?
Age affects learning
Basic types of drives
47. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
Skinner box
48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
49. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Thorndike (book)
John Garcia
Autoshaping
Variable ratio schedule