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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Theory of association
Simultaneous Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
2. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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3. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Variable interval schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Spontaneous recovery
4. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Sensitization
Overshadowing
5. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Scaffolding learning
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hedonism
6. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Donald Hebb
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theories
7. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Aptitude
Skinner box
8. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
Latent learning
Token economy
9. Learning curve
Escape conditioning
Operant conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Variable interval schedule
10. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
State dependent learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Positive Reinforcement
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
12. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Age affects learning
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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14. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
15. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Chaining
State dependent learning
Aptitude
Henry Murray - David McClelland
16. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Drive-reduction theories
E. L. Thorndike
Neil Miller
Positive transfer
17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
John Garcia
Scaffolding learning
Second-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
18. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Drive-reduction theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Operant conditioning
Habituation
19. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Social learning theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
20. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Extinction (operant conditioning)
B. F. Skinner
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
21. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
John Atkinson
Primary Reinforcement
22. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Thorndike (book)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Behaviourism
23. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Extinction
Undergeneralization
24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Cooperative learning
Clark Hull
Escape conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
25. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Drive-reduction theory
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
26. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Fixed interval schedule
Neil Miller
M.E. Olds
27. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Victor Vroom
Second-Order conditioning
Punishment
Overshadowing
28. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Clark Hull
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
29. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Basic types of drives
B. F. Skinner
Superstitious behaviour
Premack principle
30. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction
Autoshaping
Scaffolding learning
31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Escape conditioning
Social learning theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
32. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Incidental learning
Hedonism
Garcia effect
Cooperative learning
33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
34. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal
35. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Higher-Order conditioning
Clark Hull
Operant conditioning
Shaping
36. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Superstitious behaviour
Escape conditioning
Age affects learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
37. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Latent learning
Punishment
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
38. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Autoshaping
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
39. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Atkinson
Undergeneralization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
40. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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41. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Learning curve
Higher-Order conditioning
Aptitude
42. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
43. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Arousal
44. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Edward Tolman
Escape conditioning
Trace conditioning
Shaping
45. How to avoid something undesirable
Fixed ratio schedule
Theory of association
Social learning theory
Avoidance conditioning
46. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Variable ratio schedule
Token economy
Aversive conditioning
Law of effect
47. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Variable interval schedule
Stimulus generalization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Edward Tolman
48. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Victor Vroom
State dependent learning
Cooperative learning
Response learning
49. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Habituation
Ivan Pavlov
Second-Order conditioning
50. The failure to generalize a stimulus
E. L. Thorndike
Types of classical conditioning
Undergeneralization
Aversive conditioning