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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






3. Operant conditioning






4. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






5. Law of effect






6. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






7. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






8. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






9. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






10. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






12. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






14. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






15. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


16. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






17. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






18. Theory of association






19. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






20. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






21. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






24. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






26. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






27. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






28. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






29. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






30. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






31. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






32. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






33. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






34. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






35. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






36. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






37. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






38. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






40. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






42. UCS and CS presented at the same time






43. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






44. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






45. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






46. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






47. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






48. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






50. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation