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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






2. The failure to generalize a stimulus






3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






4. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






5. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






6. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






7. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






8. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






9. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






10. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






11. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






12. Theory of association






13. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






14. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






15. Learning curve






16. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






17. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






18. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






19. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






20. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






23. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






24. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






27. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






28. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






29. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






31. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






33. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






34. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






35. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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36. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






37. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






38. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






39. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






40. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






41. School of behaviourism






42. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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43. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






44. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






45. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






46. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






48. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






49. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






50. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful