SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
John B. Watson
Autoshaping
John Garcia
Aversive conditioning
2. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Spontaneous recovery
3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Arousal
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
Learning curve
4. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Drive-reduction theories
Undergeneralization
Observational learning
5. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Overshadowing
B. F. Skinner
Response learning
6. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Learning curve
Hedonism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Educational psychology
7. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Habituation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
M.E. Olds
8. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable ratio schedule
Thorndike (book)
9. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Preparedness
Drive-reduction theories
10. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Theory of association
Drive-reduction theories
Learning curve
Variable interval schedule
11. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Preparedness
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
John Atkinson
12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Superstitious behaviour
Victor Vroom
Age affects learning
B. F. Skinner
13. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Variable interval schedule
14. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
Basic types of drives
Second-Order conditioning
15. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Autoshaping
Basic types of drives
16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Stimulus discrimination
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
Negative Reinforcement
17. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Victor Vroom
18. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
19. Operant conditioning
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Types of classical conditioning
Clark Hull
20. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Delayed conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
21. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Educational psychology
Cooperative learning
22. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Drive-reduction theories
Second-Order conditioning
Escape conditioning
John Atkinson
23. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Superstitious behaviour
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Second-Order conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
24. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Aversive conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Shaping
Operant conditioning
25. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Undergeneralization
Neil Miller
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Social learning theory
26. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
27. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Positive Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Drive-reduction theories
Chaining
28. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus generalization
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
29. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Negative transfer
Premack principle
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Primary Reinforcement
30. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
31. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Habituation
Positive transfer
Ivan Pavlov
32. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Positive transfer
33. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Spontaneous recovery
Fixed interval schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Secondary Reinforcement
34. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Learning curve
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
35. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Skinner box
Henry Murray - David McClelland
36. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Educational psychology
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
37. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Variable interval schedule
John Garcia
Backward Conditioning
Sensitization
38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
39. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Fixed ratio schedule
John B. Watson
Fixed interval schedule
Example theories and problem?
40. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Theory of association
Autoshaping
Fixed interval schedule
Victor Vroom
41. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Extinction
Stimulus generalization
Variable interval schedule
42. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Hermann Ebbinghaus
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
43. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Behaviourism
Second-Order conditioning
44. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Victor Vroom
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
45. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
State dependent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Clark Hull
Types of classical conditioning
46. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
47. Students working on a project in small groups
Skinner box
Avoidance conditioning
Cooperative learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
48. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Avoidance conditioning
Operant conditioning
49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Yerkes-Dodson effect
50. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Trace conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)