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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






2. School of behaviourism






3. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






5. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






6. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






7. Learning by watching






8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






10. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






11. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






12. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






13. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






15. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






16. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






17. UCS and CS presented at the same time






18. Theory of association






19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






20. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






21. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






22. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






23. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






24. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






26. The failure to generalize a stimulus






27. Learning curve






28. Law of effect






29. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






30. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






33. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






34. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






35. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






36. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






37. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






38. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






39. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






40. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






41. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






42. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






44. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






46. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






50. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated