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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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2. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Types of classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Victor Vroom
Extinction
3. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Operant conditioning
Arousal
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Second-Order conditioning
4. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Second-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Variable ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
5. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
State dependent learning
Scaffolding learning
Types of classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Hedonism
Simultaneous Conditioning
7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Edward Tolman
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
8. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Social learning theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Undergeneralization
Educational psychology
9. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Garcia effect
Theory of association
State dependent learning
10. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
Token economy
Edward Tolman
11. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Preparedness
State dependent learning
Shaping
Drive-reduction theories
12. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Operant conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Donald Hebb
13. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Negative Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
14. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Behaviourism
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Superstitious behaviour
15. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Premack principle
Response learning
Educational psychology
Trace conditioning
16. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Sensitization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Victor Vroom
Learning curve
17. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Incidental learning
Extinction
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Learning curve
18. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Donald Hebb
Learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
John B. Watson
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fixed ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Superstitious behaviour
Preparedness
John Atkinson
Overshadowing
21. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Behaviourism
Shaping
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
22. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Theory of association
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Punishment
23. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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24. Operant conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Incidental learning
B. F. Skinner
25. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Basic types of drives
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Token economy
26. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Shaping
Fixed interval schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
27. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Preparedness
Undergeneralization
Overshadowing
28. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Edward Tolman
Preparedness
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hedonism
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Aversive conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Arousal
Conditioned Response (CR)
30. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Skinner box
Thorndike (book)
31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Shaping
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
32. Law of effect
Donald Hebb
Escape conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Social learning theory
33. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Habituation
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
34. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
John Garcia
Learning
Social learning theory
35. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Learning
Delayed conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Skinner box
36. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Secondary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Forward Conditioning (types)
37. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Autoshaping
Conditioned Response (CR)
Edward Tolman
38. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Token economy
Example theories and problem?
Preparedness
39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Kurt Lewin
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Observational learning
40. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Second-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
Law of effect
41. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
John Garcia
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Henry Murray - David McClelland
42. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
43. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Observational learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Secondary Reinforcement
44. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Premack principle
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
E. L. Thorndike
45. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Superstitious behaviour
Delayed conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
M.E. Olds
46. How to avoid something undesirable
E. L. Thorndike
Autoshaping
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
47. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
48. UCS and CS presented at the same time
John Atkinson
Simultaneous Conditioning
M.E. Olds
Backward Conditioning
49. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Stimulus generalization
Law of effect
State dependent learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
50. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Edward Tolman
Escape conditioning
John Atkinson
B. F. Skinner