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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






2. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






3. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






4. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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5. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






6. Learning curve






7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






8. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






9. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






10. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






11. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






12. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






13. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






14. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






15. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






16. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






17. Operant conditioning






18. School of behaviourism






19. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






21. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






22. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






23. UCS and CS presented at the same time






24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






25. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






26. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






27. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






28. Theory of association






29. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






30. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






31. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






32. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






33. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






34. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






35. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






36. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






37. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






38. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






39. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






40. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






41. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






42. Law of effect






43. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






44. The failure to generalize a stimulus






45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






46. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






47. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






48. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






49. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






50. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful