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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Social learning theory
Aptitude
Superstitious behaviour
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
2. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Token economy
Victor Vroom
Skinner box
Stimulus generalization
3. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Incidental learning
Backward Conditioning
Edward Tolman
Operant conditioning
4. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Types of classical conditioning
Basic types of drives
Simultaneous Conditioning
5. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Types of classical conditioning
Observational learning
6. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Clark Hull
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Law of effect
7. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Response learning
Victor Vroom
Basic types of drives
8. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Higher-Order conditioning
Garcia effect
John B. Watson
9. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Shaping
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theory
10. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Variable ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
Types of classical conditioning
11. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Autoshaping
Superstitious behaviour
Sensitization
Age affects learning
12. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Negative Reinforcement
Theory of association
Habituation
Variable ratio schedule
13. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Clark Hull
John B. Watson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
14. Theory of association
State dependent learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neil Miller
Kurt Lewin
15. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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16. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Classical conditioning
Garcia effect
Habituation
17. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Chaining
Second-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Law of effect
18. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Observational learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Spontaneous recovery
Simultaneous Conditioning
19. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Backward Conditioning
Trace conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
20. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Law of effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Drive-reduction theory
21. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Clark Hull
22. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Cooperative learning
Skinner box
Yerkes-Dodson effect
23. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
24. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
State dependent learning
Premack principle
Overshadowing
25. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Variable ratio schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Example theories and problem?
26. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Skinner box
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Yerkes-Dodson effect
27. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Edward Tolman
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Thorndike (book)
28. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Overshadowing
Spontaneous recovery
Preparedness
29. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
Incidental learning
30. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Response learning
Fixed ratio schedule
31. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Ivan Pavlov
Drive-reduction theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
32. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Trace conditioning
Arousal
Drive-reduction theory
Second-Order conditioning
33. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Behaviourism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Second-Order conditioning
34. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Stimulus generalization
Response learning
Aptitude
35. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Aptitude
Punishment
36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Law of effect
Trace conditioning
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Stimulus generalization
Cooperative learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
38. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Autoshaping
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Theory of association
Classical conditioning
39. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Incidental learning
Arousal
Extinction
Types of classical conditioning
40. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Secondary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
E. L. Thorndike
Autoshaping
41. How to avoid something undesirable
John B. Watson
Avoidance conditioning
Positive transfer
Latent learning
42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Token economy
Thorndike (book)
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
43. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Arousal
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Avoidance conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
44. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Hedonism
B. F. Skinner
Second-Order conditioning
45. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Overshadowing
46. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Aptitude
47. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Chaining
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
48. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Primary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
49. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Clark Hull
Example theories and problem?
Autoshaping
50. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Arousal
Premack principle
Shaping
Hedonism
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