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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Preparedness
M.E. Olds
2. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Overshadowing
John Garcia
Observational learning
3. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Second-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Chaining
Stimulus generalization
4. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Observational learning
Law of effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Higher-Order conditioning
5. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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6. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Response learning
Undergeneralization
Latent learning
Autoshaping
7. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Forward Conditioning (types)
Behaviourism
Thorndike (book)
Positive Reinforcement
8. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Edward Tolman
Extinction
Extinction (classical conditioning)
9. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
10. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Negative transfer
Kurt Lewin
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Latent learning
Types of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
13. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Latent learning
Aptitude
14. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Primary Reinforcement
Social learning theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
15. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hedonism
16. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
M.E. Olds
B. F. Skinner
17. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John Atkinson
Spontaneous recovery
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
18. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Donald Hebb
19. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
State dependent learning
M.E. Olds
Kurt Lewin
Fixed interval schedule
20. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Basic types of drives
Arousal
Response learning
21. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Clark Hull
Aversive conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
22. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Learning
John B. Watson
Scaffolding learning
Basic types of drives
23. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fixed interval schedule
Basic types of drives
25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
Response learning
26. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Age affects learning
Autoshaping
Types of classical conditioning
27. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Law of effect
Premack principle
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
28. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Secondary Reinforcement
Autoshaping
Punishment
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Escape conditioning
John Garcia
Operant conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
30. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Cooperative learning
Superstitious behaviour
Token economy
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
31. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Hedonism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Thorndike (book)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
32. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Drive-reduction theories
B. F. Skinner
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Response learning
33. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Positive transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Shaping
Negative Reinforcement
34. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Thorndike (book)
John Atkinson
Autoshaping
Secondary Reinforcement
35. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Educational psychology
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Drive-reduction theory
Behaviourism
36. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Escape conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Latent learning
37. Learning by watching
Scaffolding learning
Behaviourism
Observational learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
38. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Educational psychology
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
39. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Second-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Higher-Order conditioning
40. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Overshadowing
Premack principle
Basic types of drives
Negative transfer
41. Law of effect
Shaping
Punishment
Drive-reduction theories
E. L. Thorndike
42. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Overshadowing
Spontaneous recovery
Sensitization
Hedonism
43. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Stimulus discrimination
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative transfer
44. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Chaining
Preparedness
Latent learning
Law of effect
45. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Age affects learning
Behaviourism
Avoidance conditioning
46. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Thorndike (book)
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
48. How to avoid something undesirable
Second-Order conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Avoidance conditioning
Aptitude
49. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Social learning theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus generalization
50. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
E. L. Thorndike
Law of effect
Fixed ratio schedule
Sensitization