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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






2. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






3. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






4. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






5. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






6. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






7. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






9. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






10. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






13. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






15. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






16. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






17. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






18. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






19. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






23. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






24. How to avoid something undesirable






25. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






26. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






27. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






28. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






29. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






30. Theory of association






31. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






32. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






33. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






34. School of behaviourism






35. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






36. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






37. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






38. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






39. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






40. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






42. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






43. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






44. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






46. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






47. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






48. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






49. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






50. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?