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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






2. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






3. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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4. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






5. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






6. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






7. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






8. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






9. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






10. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






11. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






13. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






14. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






15. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






16. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






17. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






18. Learning by watching






19. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






20. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






22. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






23. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






24. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






26. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






28. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






29. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






30. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






31. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






32. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






33. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






34. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






35. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






37. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






38. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






40. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






41. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






42. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






43. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






44. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






45. The failure to generalize a stimulus






46. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






47. School of behaviourism






48. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






49. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






50. Learning curve