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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Arousal
Stimulus discrimination
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Atkinson
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Skinner box
3. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Sensitization
Basic types of drives
Negative Reinforcement
Law of effect
4. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Example theories and problem?
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John Atkinson
Neil Miller
5. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Drive-reduction theories
Overshadowing
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Edward Tolman
6. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Edward Tolman
State dependent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
7. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
State dependent learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive Reinforcement
9. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Positive transfer
Donald Hebb
Punishment
Superstitious behaviour
10. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Autoshaping
Sensitization
Law of effect
Edward Tolman
11. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Sensitization
Habituation
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
12. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
John B. Watson
Forward Conditioning (types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Escape conditioning
13. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
John Garcia
Premack principle
Fixed ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
14. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Undergeneralization
Secondary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
John Garcia
15. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Aptitude
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction
16. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Response learning
17. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Escape conditioning
Educational psychology
B. F. Skinner
Learning curve
18. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Basic types of drives
Ivan Pavlov
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Backward Conditioning
19. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Chaining
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
20. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Primary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
21. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Observational learning
Theory of association
Basic types of drives
22. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Educational psychology
Basic types of drives
Extinction (operant conditioning)
23. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
John Atkinson
Preparedness
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
24. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Delayed conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Observational learning
Latent learning
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Observational learning
Aptitude
26. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
B. F. Skinner
Delayed conditioning
27. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Extinction
Fixed interval schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
28. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Edward Tolman
Token economy
Trace conditioning
Observational learning
29. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
M.E. Olds
Sensitization
Shaping
Victor Vroom
30. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Primary Reinforcement
State dependent learning
Positive transfer
Theory of association
31. Operant conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Premack principle
Stimulus discrimination
B. F. Skinner
32. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Punishment
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
Example theories and problem?
33. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Ivan Pavlov
Second-Order conditioning
34. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Response learning
Victor Vroom
Thorndike (book)
35. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
John B. Watson
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Operant conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
36. Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Chaining
Yerkes-Dodson effect
37. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
E. L. Thorndike
Variable interval schedule
38. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Skinner box
Drive-reduction theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Habituation
39. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Basic types of drives
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
40. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Token economy
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed interval schedule
41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Spontaneous recovery
Delayed conditioning
42. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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43. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Arousal
Second-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Latent learning
44. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Chaining
Preparedness
Educational psychology
45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Premack principle
John Atkinson
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
46. How to avoid something undesirable
Extinction
Avoidance conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
47. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Simultaneous Conditioning
Shaping
Observational learning
48. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Learning curve
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction
Stimulus discrimination
49. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
50. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Undergeneralization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
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