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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How to avoid something undesirable
Variable ratio schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Fixed interval schedule
2. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Educational psychology
Habituation
Theory of association
Victor Vroom
3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Trace conditioning
Negative transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
4. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Edward Tolman
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Backward Conditioning
Cooperative learning
5. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus discrimination
Token economy
6. Learning curve
Autoshaping
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Shaping
7. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Garcia effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Victor Vroom
8. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
9. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Aversive conditioning
Shaping
John Garcia
B. F. Skinner
10. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Learning curve
Simultaneous Conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Skinner box
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autoshaping
Response learning
12. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Neil Miller
Observational learning
Delayed conditioning
13. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Age affects learning
Social learning theory
Preparedness
Variable interval schedule
14. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Response learning
M.E. Olds
Arousal
Law of effect
15. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Latent learning
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Stimulus discrimination
16. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Law of effect
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Victor Vroom
Fixed interval schedule
18. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Garcia effect
Donald Hebb
Social learning theory
State dependent learning
19. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Variable interval schedule
Educational psychology
Incidental learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
20. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Habituation
Secondary Reinforcement
21. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Thorndike (book)
State dependent learning
Learning curve
Clark Hull
22. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Escape conditioning
23. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Stimulus generalization
Primary Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Thorndike (book)
Hedonism
Clark Hull
Premack principle
25. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Positive Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Superstitious behaviour
26. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Drive-reduction theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Donald Hebb
Variable ratio schedule
27. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Response learning
Second-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Incidental learning
28. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Variable interval schedule
Undergeneralization
Secondary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
29. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Premack principle
Aversive conditioning
Learning curve
30. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Trace conditioning
Garcia effect
Chaining
32. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
E. L. Thorndike
Example theories and problem?
33. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
34. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Types of classical conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Chaining
35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Educational psychology
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
36. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Neil Miller
Skinner box
Conditioned Response (CR)
Preparedness
37. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Negative transfer
Latent learning
Garcia effect
Aversive conditioning
38. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Drive-reduction theories
M.E. Olds
Edward Tolman
State dependent learning
39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Edward Tolman
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
Primary Reinforcement
40. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Skinner box
Drive-reduction theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Stimulus generalization
41. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Stimulus discrimination
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
42. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Example theories and problem?
Behaviourism
Premack principle
Positive transfer
43. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Autoshaping
Avoidance conditioning
John B. Watson
Undergeneralization
44. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Aptitude
Punishment
Operant conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
45. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
John B. Watson
Token economy
Overshadowing
46. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Extinction
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Donald Hebb
47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Incidental learning
Hedonism
Avoidance conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Latent learning
49. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Response learning
Learning curve
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Sensitization
50. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Delayed conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
John Garcia