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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Neil Miller
Fixed interval schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Social learning theory
2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Learning
Cooperative learning
3. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Backward Conditioning
Response learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
4. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Skinner box
Arousal
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
5. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Edward Tolman
Habituation
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
6. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Second-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Ivan Pavlov
7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
8. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Basic types of drives
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
Negative Reinforcement
9. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Social learning theory
Age affects learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
John Atkinson
10. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Classical conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Overshadowing
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Fixed ratio schedule
Aversive conditioning
Observational learning
Trace conditioning
12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
Conditioned Response (CR)
13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Positive Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
14. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Age affects learning
E. L. Thorndike
Theory of association
M.E. Olds
15. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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16. Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Example theories and problem?
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Fixed interval schedule
Shaping
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
18. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
Yerkes-Dodson effect
John B. Watson
19. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Aversive conditioning
Token economy
Shaping
Premack principle
20. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Shaping
Edward Tolman
Arousal
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
M.E. Olds
Learning curve
Shaping
22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Overshadowing
23. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Undergeneralization
24. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theory
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner box
25. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Punishment
Secondary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Shaping
26. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Sensitization
Arousal
Operant conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
27. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Positive transfer
Incidental learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
28. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Stimulus discrimination
Learning
Sensitization
Law of effect
29. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Shaping
Social learning theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
30. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Premack principle
Spontaneous recovery
Positive transfer
31. Law of effect
Superstitious behaviour
Garcia effect
E. L. Thorndike
Second-Order conditioning
32. School of behaviourism
Victor Vroom
Positive Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Punishment
33. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Drive-reduction theories
Chaining
Autoshaping
Types of classical conditioning
34. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
Extinction (classical conditioning)
35. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction
Basic types of drives
Overshadowing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
36. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Token economy
Backward Conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Habituation
37. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Preparedness
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
38. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
39. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Clark Hull
Shaping
40. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Hedonism
Conditioned Response (CR)
Scaffolding learning
41. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Incidental learning
Ivan Pavlov
42. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Positive Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
E. L. Thorndike
43. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Neil Miller
44. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
45. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Educational psychology
Stimulus discrimination
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
46. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Incidental learning
Autoshaping
Response learning
47. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Learning curve
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Spontaneous recovery
Response learning
48. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Stimulus generalization
Arousal
Thorndike (book)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
49. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
E. L. Thorndike
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
Trace conditioning
50. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Donald Hebb
Arousal
Spontaneous recovery
Forward Conditioning (types)