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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






2. School of behaviourism






3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






4. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






5. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






7. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






9. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






10. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






11. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






12. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






13. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






14. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






15. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






16. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






17. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






18. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






19. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






20. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






21. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






22. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






23. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






26. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






27. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






28. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






29. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






30. Operant conditioning






31. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






32. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






34. How to avoid something undesirable






35. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






37. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


38. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






39. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






40. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






41. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






42. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






43. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






44. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






45. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






46. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






47. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






48. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






49. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects