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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






2. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






3. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






4. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






5. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






8. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






9. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






10. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






11. Learning by watching






12. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






14. The failure to generalize a stimulus






15. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






16. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






18. Theory of association






19. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






20. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






21. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






22. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






23. How to avoid something undesirable






24. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






26. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






27. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






29. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






31. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






33. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






34. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






35. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






36. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






37. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






39. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






40. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






41. Students working on a project in small groups






42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






43. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






44. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






46. School of behaviourism






47. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






48. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






49. Operant conditioning






50. Learning curve