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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






2. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






3. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






4. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






6. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






7. Theory of association






8. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






9. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






10. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






11. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






12. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






13. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






14. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






15. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






16. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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17. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






18. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






19. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






20. Learning by watching






21. Operant conditioning






22. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






23. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






24. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






25. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






26. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






28. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






30. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






31. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






32. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






33. The failure to generalize a stimulus






34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






35. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






36. UCS and CS presented at the same time






37. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






38. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






39. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






40. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






41. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






42. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






43. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






44. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






45. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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46. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






47. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






48. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






49. How to avoid something undesirable






50. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)