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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






3. Law of effect






4. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






5. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






9. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






10. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






11. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






12. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






15. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






16. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






17. UCS and CS presented at the same time






18. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






19. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






20. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






21. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






22. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






23. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






25. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






27. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






28. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






29. Operant conditioning






30. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






31. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






32. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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37. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






38. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






39. Learning by watching






40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






41. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






42. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






46. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






48. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






49. Students working on a project in small groups






50. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)