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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Learning curve
Shaping
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Overshadowing
3. Operant conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
B. F. Skinner
Neil Miller
Learning curve
4. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Forward Conditioning (types)
Garcia effect
Behaviourism
Edward Tolman
5. Law of effect
Negative transfer
Delayed conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
M.E. Olds
6. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Higher-Order conditioning
Law of effect
Victor Vroom
Kurt Lewin
7. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
E. L. Thorndike
Learning
Garcia effect
Overshadowing
8. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
9. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Ivan Pavlov
Victor Vroom
Law of effect
Extinction
10. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Aptitude
Fixed interval schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Avoidance conditioning
Punishment
Donald Hebb
Chaining
12. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Types of classical conditioning
John Garcia
Conditioned Response (CR)
14. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Victor Vroom
Higher-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Variable ratio schedule
15. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
16. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Drive-reduction theory
Learning curve
Theory of association
17. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Hedonism
Variable interval schedule
Operant conditioning
18. Theory of association
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
Law of effect
Kurt Lewin
19. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
State dependent learning
20. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
21. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Basic types of drives
22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Premack principle
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Learning curve
Henry Murray - David McClelland
23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Negative transfer
24. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Skinner box
Law of effect
Thorndike (book)
B. F. Skinner
25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Atkinson
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
26. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
B. F. Skinner
John Atkinson
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
27. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
28. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
29. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Aptitude
Backward Conditioning
30. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Learning
Clark Hull
Thorndike (book)
Positive transfer
31. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Shaping
32. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
33. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
John B. Watson
Sensitization
Drive-reduction theories
Escape conditioning
34. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Educational psychology
Observational learning
Superstitious behaviour
Social learning theory
35. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Neil Miller
Superstitious behaviour
Stimulus discrimination
36. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Skinner box
Superstitious behaviour
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
37. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Token economy
Aversive conditioning
Preparedness
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
38. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Example theories and problem?
Second-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Stimulus discrimination
Primary Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Shaping
40. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Garcia effect
Victor Vroom
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Theory of association
Negative Reinforcement
Token economy
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
42. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
Basic types of drives
43. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Social learning theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Sensitization
44. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Skinner box
Second-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
45. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Learning curve
Operant conditioning
46. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Types of classical conditioning
John Garcia
47. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
John Garcia
State dependent learning
48. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
John Atkinson
Thorndike (book)
Arousal
John Garcia
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Types of classical conditioning
John Garcia
Second-Order conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
50. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
M.E. Olds
Neil Miller
Drive-reduction theories
Preparedness