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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning curve






2. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






3. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






4. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






5. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






6. Theory of association






7. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






8. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






11. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






12. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






14. The failure to generalize a stimulus






15. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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16. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






17. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






18. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






19. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






20. School of behaviourism






21. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






22. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






23. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






25. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






26. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






27. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






28. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






29. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






32. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






34. Learning by watching






35. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






36. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






37. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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39. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






40. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






41. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






43. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






44. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






45. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






47. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






48. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






50. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water