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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






2. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






3. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






4. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






5. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






6. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






7. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






8. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






9. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






11. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






12. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






13. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






14. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






15. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






16. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






17. School of behaviourism






18. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






19. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






20. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


21. Theory of association






22. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






23. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






25. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






26. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






28. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






29. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


30. Law of effect






31. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






33. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






34. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






35. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






36. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






37. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






38. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






39. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






40. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






41. The failure to generalize a stimulus






42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






43. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






44. Students working on a project in small groups






45. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






46. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






47. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






48. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






49. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






50. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response