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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






2. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






3. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






4. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






5. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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6. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






7. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






8. Learning curve






9. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






10. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






13. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






14. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






15. UCS and CS presented at the same time






16. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






17. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






18. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






19. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






20. Theory of association






21. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






22. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






23. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






26. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






27. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






28. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






30. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






31. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






32. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






33. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






34. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






35. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






36. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






37. Learning by watching






38. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






39. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






40. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






41. Law of effect






42. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






43. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






44. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






45. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






46. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






48. How to avoid something undesirable






49. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






50. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T