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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Aptitude
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
2. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Avoidance conditioning
Undergeneralization
Observational learning
Latent learning
3. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
Hedonism
Positive transfer
4. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Educational psychology
Clark Hull
Response learning
Premack principle
5. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Drive-reduction theories
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Social learning theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
6. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
E. L. Thorndike
Primary Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
7. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Learning curve
Sensitization
Basic types of drives
Extinction
8. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Victor Vroom
Stimulus generalization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
M.E. Olds
9. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Escape conditioning
Trace conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
11. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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12. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Age affects learning
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
Positive Reinforcement
13. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Behaviourism
14. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Premack principle
Garcia effect
Behaviourism
15. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Age affects learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
16. How to avoid something undesirable
Edward Tolman
Undergeneralization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
17. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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18. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Premack principle
19. Learning by watching
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John B. Watson
Observational learning
20. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Basic types of drives
Latent learning
Undergeneralization
21. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Backward Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Drive-reduction theories
22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Avoidance conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Law of effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
23. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Cooperative learning
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
24. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Positive transfer
Victor Vroom
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Simultaneous Conditioning
25. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Drive-reduction theories
B. F. Skinner
Second-Order conditioning
26. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Response (CR)
Stimulus generalization
Social learning theory
27. Theory of association
Spontaneous recovery
Kurt Lewin
Token economy
Educational psychology
28. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Escape conditioning
Chaining
Trace conditioning
Preparedness
29. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Garcia effect
Classical conditioning
Arousal
Skinner box
30. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Behaviourism
31. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Variable ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
Clark Hull
32. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
Operant conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
33. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
John Garcia
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Hedonism
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Scaffolding learning
35. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Stimulus generalization
Operant conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
36. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Edward Tolman
Aversive conditioning
37. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Trace conditioning
Behaviourism
Age affects learning
Arousal
38. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Overshadowing
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
39. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theories
Law of effect
40. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Garcia effect
Stimulus generalization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
41. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Primary Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Clark Hull
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
42. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Observational learning
Positive transfer
Kurt Lewin
Garcia effect
43. Students working on a project in small groups
Edward Tolman
Aptitude
Cooperative learning
Fixed interval schedule
44. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction
Donald Hebb
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
45. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
John Atkinson
Neil Miller
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Backward Conditioning
46. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Extinction
47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Shaping
Stimulus generalization
Social learning theory
48. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Age affects learning
49. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Victor Vroom
Token economy
Premack principle
50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Premack principle
Simultaneous Conditioning
Sensitization