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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






4. School of behaviourism






5. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






6. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






8. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






9. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






11. Operant conditioning






12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






13. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






14. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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15. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






16. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






17. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






18. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






19. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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20. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






21. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






22. Theory of association






23. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






24. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






25. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






26. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






27. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






28. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






29. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






30. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






31. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






32. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






34. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






35. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






36. Students working on a project in small groups






37. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






39. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






41. Law of effect






42. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






44. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






45. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






46. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






47. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






50. UCS and CS presented at the same time