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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Theory of association
Sensitization
Negative Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
2. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Latent learning
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Negative transfer
3. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Observational learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Incidental learning
M.E. Olds
Fixed ratio schedule
5. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Incidental learning
Clark Hull
Skinner box
6. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Primary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Donald Hebb
7. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
Clark Hull
Fixed ratio schedule
8. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
10. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Response learning
Sensitization
Educational psychology
E. L. Thorndike
11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Simultaneous Conditioning
Clark Hull
Stimulus generalization
12. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
E. L. Thorndike
Preparedness
Delayed conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
13. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Token economy
Basic types of drives
Aptitude
14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Chaining
Undergeneralization
Aversive conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
15. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Sensitization
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Positive transfer
16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Extinction
Aptitude
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Basic types of drives
17. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Stimulus discrimination
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Incidental learning
18. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Undergeneralization
Law of effect
State dependent learning
Habituation
19. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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20. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Spontaneous recovery
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Positive Reinforcement
21. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Avoidance conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Punishment
Stimulus discrimination
22. Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theories
23. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Stimulus discrimination
24. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Learning curve
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
25. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Autoshaping
Delayed conditioning
John Garcia
Stimulus discrimination
26. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Hedonism
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
John Garcia
Simultaneous Conditioning
27. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Age affects learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Drive-reduction theories
28. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Victor Vroom
29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Cooperative learning
Autoshaping
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Negative Reinforcement
30. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Incidental learning
Extinction
Escape conditioning
Edward Tolman
31. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
E. L. Thorndike
Donald Hebb
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Arousal
32. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Learning curve
Escape conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Response learning
33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Preparedness
Trace conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
34. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John Garcia
Extinction
Forward Conditioning (types)
35. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Positive transfer
Habituation
Stimulus discrimination
36. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Learning curve
John Garcia
Response learning
Variable ratio schedule
37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Behaviourism
Law of effect
Thorndike (book)
Positive transfer
38. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Response learning
Positive Reinforcement
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
39. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Latent learning
Higher-Order conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed interval schedule
40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Learning curve
B. F. Skinner
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Overshadowing
41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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42. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Second-Order conditioning
Clark Hull
Stimulus generalization
Preparedness
43. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Secondary Reinforcement
Learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
44. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Sensitization
45. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
John Garcia
Learning curve
B. F. Skinner
Age affects learning
46. Learning curve
Delayed conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
47. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Hedonism
Ivan Pavlov
John Atkinson
48. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
49. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Escape conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hedonism
Punishment
50. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
John Garcia
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Avoidance conditioning
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