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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Secondary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Neil Miller
2. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal
Clark Hull
Ivan Pavlov
3. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Cooperative learning
Incidental learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Example theories and problem?
4. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
Types of classical conditioning
5. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Donald Hebb
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
6. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Backward Conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Undergeneralization
E. L. Thorndike
7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
John B. Watson
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction (operant conditioning)
E. L. Thorndike
8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Token economy
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
9. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Edward Tolman
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
10. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Incidental learning
Negative Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Premack principle
11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Backward Conditioning
M.E. Olds
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Victor Vroom
12. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Second-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
Sensitization
Learning curve
13. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Overshadowing
Types of classical conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
14. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Learning
Scaffolding learning
Hedonism
15. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Cooperative learning
Escape conditioning
Arousal
16. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Educational psychology
Secondary Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Social learning theory
17. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
State dependent learning
Stimulus generalization
Backward Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
18. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Forward Conditioning (types)
Operant conditioning
Clark Hull
Yerkes-Dodson effect
19. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Cooperative learning
Learning
John Atkinson
Garcia effect
20. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Age affects learning
Habituation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Superstitious behaviour
21. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Drive-reduction theories
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
22. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Stimulus discrimination
Conditioned Response (CR)
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
23. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Positive transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
Neil Miller
Learning curve
24. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Behaviourism
Theory of association
Avoidance conditioning
Chaining
25. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Classical conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
26. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Higher-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
27. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Scaffolding learning
M.E. Olds
Fixed interval schedule
Shaping
28. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
Extinction
Observational learning
29. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Clark Hull
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
30. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
M.E. Olds
Undergeneralization
Clark Hull
31. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Negative transfer
M.E. Olds
Basic types of drives
Overshadowing
32. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Basic types of drives
Drive-reduction theories
Example theories and problem?
33. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
State dependent learning
Chaining
Escape conditioning
34. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Shaping
B. F. Skinner
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
35. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Variable interval schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Stimulus discrimination
36. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Age affects learning
37. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Types of classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Kurt Lewin
38. Students working on a project in small groups
Drive-reduction theory
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Operant conditioning
39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Variable ratio schedule
Law of effect
John B. Watson
State dependent learning
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Victor Vroom
Second-Order conditioning
Escape conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
41. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Second-Order conditioning
Hedonism
Trace conditioning
42. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Edward Tolman
Secondary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
43. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Incidental learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
B. F. Skinner
44. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Educational psychology
M.E. Olds
Overshadowing
Skinner box
45. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Behaviourism
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Negative transfer
46. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Response learning
John Atkinson
Delayed conditioning
47. Learning curve
Law of effect
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
48. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Negative transfer
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Undergeneralization
Premack principle
49. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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