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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






2. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






3. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






4. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






6. Operant conditioning






7. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






8. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






9. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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10. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






11. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






12. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






14. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






15. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






16. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






17. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






18. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






19. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






20. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






21. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






22. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






24. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






25. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






26. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






27. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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29. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






30. How to avoid something undesirable






31. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






32. Learning by watching






33. UCS and CS presented at the same time






34. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






35. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






36. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






37. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






38. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






39. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






40. The failure to generalize a stimulus






41. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






42. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






43. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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44. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






45. Students working on a project in small groups






46. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






48. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






49. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






50. Law of effect