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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Neil Miller
2. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Cooperative learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
3. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative Reinforcement
E. L. Thorndike
Variable interval schedule
4. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
5. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Educational psychology
Edward Tolman
6. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Chaining
E. L. Thorndike
Cooperative learning
7. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
M.E. Olds
8. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Social learning theory
Classical conditioning
Autoshaping
Extinction
9. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Primary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
10. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
E. L. Thorndike
Learning
Scaffolding learning
11. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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12. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Operant conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
13. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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14. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Sensitization
Thorndike (book)
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
15. School of behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
M.E. Olds
Drive-reduction theories
John B. Watson
16. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Basic types of drives
Latent learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John Garcia
17. How to avoid something undesirable
Primary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Sensitization
Avoidance conditioning
18. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson
Arousal
19. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Drive-reduction theory
State dependent learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction (operant conditioning)
20. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Types of classical conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Incidental learning
21. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Positive Reinforcement
Trace conditioning
Arousal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
22. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Arousal
Negative transfer
Spontaneous recovery
23. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Hedonism
Social learning theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
24. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
State dependent learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Drive-reduction theories
Theory of association
26. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Backward Conditioning
Victor Vroom
Primary Reinforcement
27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Preparedness
Variable ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
John Garcia
28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Second-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
State dependent learning
29. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
30. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus generalization
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
31. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Variable interval schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Arousal
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
33. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
B. F. Skinner
34. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
Learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Skinner box
35. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Behaviourism
Incidental learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
36. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Hedonism
Skinner box
Shaping
37. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
John Garcia
38. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Positive transfer
Hedonism
Forward Conditioning (types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
39. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Token economy
Learning
Variable ratio schedule
40. Learning by watching
Edward Tolman
Arousal
Observational learning
Stimulus discrimination
41. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Victor Vroom
Response learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
42. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Operant conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
43. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Garcia effect
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Sensitization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
44. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Clark Hull
45. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Stimulus generalization
Drive-reduction theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Aversive conditioning
46. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Stimulus generalization
Age affects learning
Kurt Lewin
Autoshaping
47. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Undergeneralization
Law of effect
Aptitude
48. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Kurt Lewin
Scaffolding learning
Negative transfer
49. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Thorndike (book)
Preparedness
Ivan Pavlov
50. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)