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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






2. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






3. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






4. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






5. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






6. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






7. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






9. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






10. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






11. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






12. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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13. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






14. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






15. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






16. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






17. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






18. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






19. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






20. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






22. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






23. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






24. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






25. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






26. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






28. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






29. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






30. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






31. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






33. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






34. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






35. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






36. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






38. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






39. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






40. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






41. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






42. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






44. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






45. Theory of association






46. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






47. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






48. The failure to generalize a stimulus






49. Law of effect






50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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