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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






3. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






4. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






5. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






6. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






7. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






9. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






10. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






11. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






13. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






14. Operant conditioning






15. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






16. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






17. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






18. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






19. Theory of association






20. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






21. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






23. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






24. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






25. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






26. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






27. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






28. Law of effect






29. School of behaviourism






30. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






31. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






32. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






33. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






34. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






35. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






36. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






38. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






39. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






40. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






41. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






42. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






43. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






44. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






45. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






46. The failure to generalize a stimulus






47. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






48. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






49. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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