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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






2. Operant conditioning






3. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






4. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






5. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






6. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






7. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






8. How to avoid something undesirable






9. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






10. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






11. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






12. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






13. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






14. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






15. Law of effect






16. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






17. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






18. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






19. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






20. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






21. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






22. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






23. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






24. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






25. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






28. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






29. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






31. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






32. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






33. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






34. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






35. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






36. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






37. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






38. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






39. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






40. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






41. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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43. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






44. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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45. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






46. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






47. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






50. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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