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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Habituation
Autoshaping
Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
2. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Cooperative learning
Behaviourism
B. F. Skinner
3. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
Law of effect
4. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Age affects learning
5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Edward Tolman
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hedonism
6. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Fixed interval schedule
7. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
Basic types of drives
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
8. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Token economy
Premack principle
Garcia effect
9. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Latent learning
Fixed interval schedule
Educational psychology
Superstitious behaviour
10. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Operant conditioning
Learning
Premack principle
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
11. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Clark Hull
Delayed conditioning
12. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Learning
Punishment
Overshadowing
Escape conditioning
13. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Drive-reduction theories
Undergeneralization
Fixed interval schedule
Donald Hebb
14. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Escape conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
15. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Undergeneralization
John Atkinson
Response learning
Clark Hull
16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Example theories and problem?
Positive Reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
17. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Escape conditioning
18. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Learning
John B. Watson
Negative transfer
19. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Skinner box
Classical conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative transfer
20. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Punishment
Variable interval schedule
Extinction
Thorndike (book)
21. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Variable interval schedule
Age affects learning
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
22. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Types of classical conditioning
Victor Vroom
Incidental learning
Scaffolding learning
23. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Thorndike (book)
Social learning theory
Token economy
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
24. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Negative transfer
Cooperative learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
25. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autoshaping
Donald Hebb
26. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Incidental learning
Clark Hull
Spontaneous recovery
Escape conditioning
27. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Latent learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
Learning
28. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Example theories and problem?
Scaffolding learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus discrimination
29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Victor Vroom
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Delayed conditioning
Hedonism
30. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Secondary Reinforcement
John Garcia
Learning curve
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
31. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Sensitization
32. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Incidental learning
Drive-reduction theories
Positive Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
33. Law of effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
E. L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
34. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Simultaneous Conditioning
Clark Hull
Ivan Pavlov
Basic types of drives
35. How to avoid something undesirable
Observational learning
Avoidance conditioning
Educational psychology
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
36. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Response learning
Backward Conditioning
Escape conditioning
37. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Stimulus generalization
Trace conditioning
B. F. Skinner
38. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Ivan Pavlov
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
39. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Conditioned Response (CR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
40. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Superstitious behaviour
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
41. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Donald Hebb
Shaping
42. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Arousal
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Educational psychology
Stimulus generalization
43. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Ivan Pavlov
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Response learning
Learning curve
44. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
45. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Social learning theory
Clark Hull
Fixed ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Avoidance conditioning
Premack principle
47. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Behaviourism
B. F. Skinner
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Incidental learning
Preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
Learning curve
49. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Overshadowing
John Garcia
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
50. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Fixed ratio schedule
Educational psychology
John Atkinson