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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






2. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






3. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






4. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






5. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






7. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






8. Learning by watching






9. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






10. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






11. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






12. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






13. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






15. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






16. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






17. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






19. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






20. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






23. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






26. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






27. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






28. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






30. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






31. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






32. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






33. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






35. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






37. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






38. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






39. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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40. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






41. School of behaviourism






42. Law of effect






43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






44. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






45. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






46. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






47. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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48. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






49. UCS and CS presented at the same time






50. How to avoid something undesirable