SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Drive-reduction theories
Autoshaping
M.E. Olds
2. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Operant conditioning
Token economy
B. F. Skinner
3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Trace conditioning
John Atkinson
Types of classical conditioning
4. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Basic types of drives
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Hedonism
5. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Negative transfer
6. Law of effect
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Drive-reduction theory
Learning
7. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Incidental learning
Neil Miller
8. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
9. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
10. Learning curve
Law of effect
Classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Negative transfer
11. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
John Atkinson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
Drive-reduction theory
12. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Spontaneous recovery
Observational learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
13. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
14. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Clark Hull
Latent learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
15. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Incidental learning
Thorndike (book)
16. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Basic types of drives
Incidental learning
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
18. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Delayed conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Scaffolding learning
19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Theory of association
Aptitude
Habituation
20. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Garcia effect
Hedonism
Clark Hull
21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
State dependent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Punishment
Conditioned Response (CR)
22. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Victor Vroom
Variable interval schedule
Token economy
23. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Theory of association
Thorndike (book)
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
24. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Ivan Pavlov
Chaining
Habituation
Negative Reinforcement
25. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect
John Garcia
26. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Drive-reduction theories
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Garcia
27. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Drive-reduction theories
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
28. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Negative transfer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Edward Tolman
Educational psychology
Neil Miller
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
30. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Operant conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
31. School of behaviourism
Neil Miller
John B. Watson
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
32. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Premack principle
Victor Vroom
John Atkinson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
33. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Spontaneous recovery
Backward Conditioning
34. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Classical conditioning
Undergeneralization
Scaffolding learning
Arousal
35. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Shaping
Avoidance conditioning
Educational psychology
Backward Conditioning
36. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Drive-reduction theories
Positive Reinforcement
Theory of association
37. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Token economy
38. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
M.E. Olds
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
39. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Neil Miller
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hedonism
40. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Aversive conditioning
41. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Extinction
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
Edward Tolman
42. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Kurt Lewin
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
43. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Classical conditioning
Response learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
44. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Drive-reduction theory
45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
Fixed ratio schedule
46. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Drive-reduction theories
Conditioned Response (CR)
Second-Order conditioning
47. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Drive-reduction theories
Operant conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
48. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
State dependent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
49. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theory
Aversive conditioning
50. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Token economy
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Victor Vroom
Clark Hull