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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






3. UCS and CS presented at the same time






4. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






5. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






6. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






7. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






8. Learning curve






9. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






10. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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11. Law of effect






12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






13. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






14. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






15. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






16. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






17. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






19. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






20. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






21. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






22. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






23. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






24. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






26. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






27. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






28. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






29. The failure to generalize a stimulus






30. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






32. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






33. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






34. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






35. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






36. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






37. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






38. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






39. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






40. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






41. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






42. Students working on a project in small groups






43. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






44. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






46. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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47. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






48. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






49. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






50. Operant conditioning