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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Ivan Pavlov
E. L. Thorndike
Variable ratio schedule
2. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autoshaping
Negative transfer
3. Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
Kurt Lewin
4. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
Variable interval schedule
5. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
6. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Basic types of drives
Extinction
Garcia effect
Variable ratio schedule
7. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Kurt Lewin
Overshadowing
M.E. Olds
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
8. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
John Garcia
Simultaneous Conditioning
Punishment
Escape conditioning
9. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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10. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Token economy
Response learning
Aptitude
11. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Delayed conditioning
Chaining
Extinction
12. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Ivan Pavlov
Secondary Reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
13. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Spontaneous recovery
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Shaping
14. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
B. F. Skinner
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
15. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
Arousal
Undergeneralization
17. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Token economy
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Learning curve
18. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Response learning
Higher-Order conditioning
19. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Primary Reinforcement
Aversive conditioning
20. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Trace conditioning
Undergeneralization
Positive transfer
Classical conditioning
21. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Garcia effect
State dependent learning
22. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
E. L. Thorndike
Incidental learning
Example theories and problem?
John Atkinson
23. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Secondary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Punishment
24. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
25. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Drive-reduction theories
M.E. Olds
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Forward Conditioning (types)
Basic types of drives
M.E. Olds
Social learning theory
27. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Token economy
Ivan Pavlov
28. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Clark Hull
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Habituation
29. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
John Atkinson
Positive transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
30. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
31. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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32. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
John Garcia
Premack principle
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
33. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Arousal
Learning
Avoidance conditioning
34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Drive-reduction theory
Law of effect
35. Students working on a project in small groups
Social learning theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Cooperative learning
36. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Escape conditioning
Shaping
Hedonism
37. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Incidental learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
38. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Preparedness
Extinction
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Overshadowing
39. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Cooperative learning
Learning curve
Edward Tolman
Negative transfer
40. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Secondary Reinforcement
Social learning theory
Aversive conditioning
41. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Behaviourism
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Backward Conditioning
42. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
43. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Donald Hebb
Negative Reinforcement
John Garcia
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
44. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Aversive conditioning
Preparedness
Educational psychology
Learning
45. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable ratio schedule
46. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Garcia effect
Behaviourism
Primary Reinforcement
Habituation
47. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Fixed ratio schedule
Cooperative learning
Drive-reduction theory
Chaining
48. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Donald Hebb
Fixed interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
Stimulus generalization
49. School of behaviourism
Primary Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Sensitization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Learning curve
John Garcia
E. L. Thorndike