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GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
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.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Negative Reinforcement
Aptitude
Law of effect
2. Law of effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
E. L. Thorndike
Backward Conditioning
3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Theory of association
Henry Murray - David McClelland
4. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
B. F. Skinner
Sensitization
Ivan Pavlov
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
5. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
6. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Punishment
Theory of association
Habituation
Forward Conditioning (types)
7. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Overshadowing
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Variable ratio schedule
8. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
Sensitization
Operant conditioning
9. Learning curve
State dependent learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
10. Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Kurt Lewin
11. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Shaping
Thorndike (book)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
12. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Aversive conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Autoshaping
Variable ratio schedule
13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Fixed interval schedule
Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner box
14. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Spontaneous recovery
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Law of effect
15. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Punishment
Hedonism
16. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Superstitious behaviour
Educational psychology
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
17. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Response learning
Preparedness
Ivan Pavlov
18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Drive-reduction theories
M.E. Olds
Operant conditioning
Thorndike (book)
19. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Avoidance conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Second-Order conditioning
20. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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21. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Extinction
Fixed interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Edward Tolman
Sensitization
Kurt Lewin
23. Learning by watching
Avoidance conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Observational learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
24. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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25. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Cooperative learning
Undergeneralization
Shaping
26. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Learning
Drive-reduction theories
Delayed conditioning
27. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Law of effect
Arousal
Aversive conditioning
Age affects learning
28. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
Preparedness
Law of effect
29. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Shaping
Second-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
30. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Aptitude
Higher-Order conditioning
31. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Theory of association
32. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Fixed ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
33. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Preparedness
Learning
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Secondary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
35. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Garcia effect
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
36. Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Kurt Lewin
Clark Hull
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
37. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Premack principle
Age affects learning
Autoshaping
Negative Reinforcement
38. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Undergeneralization
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Edward Tolman
Arousal
39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Hedonism
Backward Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
40. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Habituation
Variable interval schedule
Garcia effect
Escape conditioning
41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Spontaneous recovery
Incidental learning
Primary Reinforcement
42. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Undergeneralization
43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Secondary Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aptitude
44. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Basic types of drives
Chaining
Aversive conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
45. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Escape conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Garcia effect
Social learning theory
46. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Aptitude
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Clark Hull
Forward Conditioning (types)
47. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Overshadowing
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
48. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Fixed interval schedule
Shaping
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Undergeneralization
49. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Behaviourism
Primary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
50. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
John Atkinson
Superstitious behaviour
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Clark Hull
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