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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operant conditioning






2. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






3. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






4. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






5. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






6. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






7. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






9. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






10. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






11. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






12. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






13. Learning by watching






14. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






15. UCS and CS presented at the same time






16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






17. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






18. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






19. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






21. Theory of association






22. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






23. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






24. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






25. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






26. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






27. Learning curve






28. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






29. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






30. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






31. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






32. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






33. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






34. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






35. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






38. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






39. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






40. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






41. How to avoid something undesirable






42. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






44. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






45. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






46. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






48. The failure to generalize a stimulus






49. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






50. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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