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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






2. Operant conditioning






3. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






4. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






6. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






7. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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8. Learning by watching






9. Theory of association






10. How to avoid something undesirable






11. The failure to generalize a stimulus






12. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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13. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






14. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






15. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






16. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






17. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






18. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






19. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






20. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






21. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






22. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






23. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






25. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






26. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






27. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






28. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






29. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






30. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






31. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






32. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






33. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






34. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






35. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






36. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






37. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






38. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






39. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






40. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






41. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






42. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






43. Learning curve






44. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






45. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






46. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






47. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






48. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






49. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






50. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important