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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






3. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






5. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






6. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






8. Operant conditioning






9. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






11. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






13. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






14. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






15. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






16. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






17. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






18. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






19. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






20. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






21. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






22. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






23. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






25. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






26. UCS and CS presented at the same time






27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






28. School of behaviourism






29. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






30. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






31. The failure to generalize a stimulus






32. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






33. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






35. How to avoid something undesirable






36. Law of effect






37. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






38. Theory of association






39. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






40. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






41. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






42. Learning by watching






43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






44. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






45. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






46. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






47. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






49. Students working on a project in small groups






50. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?