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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Age affects learning
Operant conditioning
Victor Vroom
Shaping
2. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Age affects learning
Classical conditioning
Example theories and problem?
3. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed ratio schedule
Autoshaping
Latent learning
4. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
State dependent learning
Response learning
Incidental learning
5. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Example theories and problem?
Trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Preparedness
6. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
Spontaneous recovery
Aptitude
7. Operant conditioning
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
Secondary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
8. Learning by watching
Drive-reduction theory
Observational learning
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
9. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Stimulus discrimination
Donald Hebb
Delayed conditioning
Response learning
10. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Habituation
Scaffolding learning
Spontaneous recovery
Autoshaping
11. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Variable ratio schedule
Age affects learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Premack principle
12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Autoshaping
Example theories and problem?
Habituation
13. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Ivan Pavlov
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Overshadowing
14. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Latent learning
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
15. Theory of association
Extinction
Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theories
Kurt Lewin
16. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Observational learning
Escape conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
17. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Theory of association
Latent learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
18. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Hedonism
Basic types of drives
Edward Tolman
19. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Aptitude
Hedonism
Learning curve
20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Arousal
Learning
21. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Victor Vroom
Operant conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Cooperative learning
22. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
John Atkinson
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Habituation
23. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Observational learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Negative transfer
Edward Tolman
24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Cooperative learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Chaining
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
25. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Positive transfer
Token economy
Hedonism
Undergeneralization
26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Autoshaping
Scaffolding learning
Observational learning
Second-Order conditioning
27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Classical conditioning
Trace conditioning
Behaviourism
Higher-Order conditioning
28. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Learning
Overshadowing
Stimulus generalization
Positive transfer
29. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Stimulus generalization
Basic types of drives
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning curve
30. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Stimulus generalization
Punishment
Age affects learning
Chaining
31. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Punishment
Hedonism
Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
32. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Extinction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
33. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Age affects learning
E. L. Thorndike
34. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Neil Miller
Higher-Order conditioning
Chaining
35. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Clark Hull
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
36. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Learning
M.E. Olds
John B. Watson
Simultaneous Conditioning
37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Token economy
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
38. Law of effect
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
E. L. Thorndike
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Types of classical conditioning
39. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
40. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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41. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Classical conditioning
42. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Theory of association
Behaviourism
Positive transfer
Backward Conditioning
43. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Behaviourism
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction
Delayed conditioning
44. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Response learning
Skinner box
45. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Overshadowing
Social learning theory
Sensitization
Educational psychology
46. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aversive conditioning
Educational psychology
47. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Law of effect
Observational learning
Thorndike (book)
48. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Positive Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Chaining
Backward Conditioning
49. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Garcia effect
Positive transfer
Behaviourism
50. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Latent learning
Fixed interval schedule
Autoshaping
Extinction (operant conditioning)