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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






3. Law of effect






4. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






5. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






6. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






7. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






8. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






9. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






10. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






11. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






12. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






15. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






16. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






17. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






19. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






20. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






21. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






22. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






23. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






24. UCS and CS presented at the same time






25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






26. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






27. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






29. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






30. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






31. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






33. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






34. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






35. Theory of association






36. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






37. Students working on a project in small groups






38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






39. The failure to generalize a stimulus






40. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






41. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






42. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






43. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






44. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






46. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






47. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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48. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






49. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






50. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour