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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
State dependent learning
Delayed conditioning
2. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Punishment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Social learning theory
3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Incidental learning
Shaping
Drive-reduction theories
4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Fixed interval schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Learning curve
Behaviourism
5. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Thorndike (book)
Cooperative learning
Positive Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
6. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Delayed conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Clark Hull
Overshadowing
7. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
8. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Variable ratio schedule
Spontaneous recovery
Ivan Pavlov
9. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
John Atkinson
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative Reinforcement
10. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Secondary Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Chaining
Scaffolding learning
11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Avoidance conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Basic types of drives
12. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Shaping
Types of classical conditioning
13. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Undergeneralization
Aversive conditioning
State dependent learning
14. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
15. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Superstitious behaviour
Classical conditioning
Law of effect
16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Arousal
Aptitude
Thorndike (book)
Neil Miller
17. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Premack principle
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
18. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Thorndike (book)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
19. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Higher-Order conditioning
Law of effect
Aversive conditioning
Latent learning
20. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
Hedonism
Learning curve
Fixed interval schedule
21. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Second-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Spontaneous recovery
Variable interval schedule
23. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Incidental learning
Premack principle
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Overshadowing
24. School of behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fixed interval schedule
John B. Watson
Kurt Lewin
25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Secondary Reinforcement
Law of effect
Age affects learning
Thorndike (book)
26. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Age affects learning
Latent learning
27. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Undergeneralization
Delayed conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Positive Reinforcement
28. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
B. F. Skinner
29. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative transfer
30. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Stimulus discrimination
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
31. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
E. L. Thorndike
John B. Watson
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
32. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Positive transfer
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning
Superstitious behaviour
33. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
E. L. Thorndike
John Atkinson
34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
John B. Watson
36. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Autoshaping
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
37. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Neil Miller
Preparedness
Avoidance conditioning
Scaffolding learning
38. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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39. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Superstitious behaviour
Social learning theory
Second-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
40. Students working on a project in small groups
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
Undergeneralization
Cooperative learning
41. Operant conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Undergeneralization
Sensitization
B. F. Skinner
42. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Variable ratio schedule
John Atkinson
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Shaping
43. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Escape conditioning
Token economy
44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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45. Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
E. L. Thorndike
Kurt Lewin
Yerkes-Dodson effect
46. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Habituation
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Law of effect
47. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Behaviourism
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Victor Vroom
48. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Neil Miller
Forward Conditioning (types)
B. F. Skinner
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Social learning theory
Backward Conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
50. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Operant conditioning
Arousal
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed ratio schedule