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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






2. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


4. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






5. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






6. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






7. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






9. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






11. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






12. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






13. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






14. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






15. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






16. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






17. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






18. Students working on a project in small groups






19. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






20. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






21. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






22. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






23. How to avoid something undesirable






24. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






25. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






26. Learning curve






27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






28. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






29. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






30. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






31. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






32. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






33. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






34. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






35. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






36. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






37. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






38. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






39. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






40. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






41. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






42. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






43. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


45. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






46. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






47. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






48. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






49. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






50. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching