Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Law of effect






2. Students working on a project in small groups






3. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






4. Learning by watching






5. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






6. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






7. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






8. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






10. How to avoid something undesirable






11. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






13. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






14. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






15. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






16. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






17. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






18. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






19. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






20. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






21. Operant conditioning






22. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






23. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






24. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






25. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






26. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






27. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






28. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






29. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






30. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






31. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






32. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






33. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






34. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






35. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






36. School of behaviourism






37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






38. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






39. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






40. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






41. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






42. The failure to generalize a stimulus






43. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






44. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






45. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






46. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






47. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






48. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food