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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






2. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






4. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






5. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






6. The failure to generalize a stimulus






7. Law of effect






8. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






9. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






10. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






11. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






12. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






14. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






15. How to avoid something undesirable






16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






17. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






19. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






20. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






23. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






25. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






28. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






29. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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30. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






31. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






32. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






33. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






34. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






35. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






36. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






37. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






38. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






40. Theory of association






41. Learning curve






42. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






43. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






44. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






45. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






46. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






47. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






48. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






49. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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50. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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