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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






2. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






3. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






4. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






5. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






7. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






8. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






9. UCS and CS presented at the same time






10. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






11. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






12. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






13. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






14. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






15. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






16. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






17. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






18. School of behaviourism






19. Learning curve






20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






21. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






22. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






23. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






24. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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25. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






26. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






27. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






28. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






29. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






30. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






31. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






33. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






34. Operant conditioning






35. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






37. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






38. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






39. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






40. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






41. The failure to generalize a stimulus






42. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






43. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






44. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






45. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






46. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






47. Law of effect






48. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






49. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






50. Learning by watching