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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
John Garcia
Classical conditioning
Basic types of drives
2. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
John Atkinson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Law of effect
3. Students working on a project in small groups
Latent learning
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
Types of classical conditioning
4. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
State dependent learning
Habituation
Response learning
Fixed ratio schedule
5. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Observational learning
Trace conditioning
Variable interval schedule
6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Educational psychology
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Drive-reduction theories
8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Victor Vroom
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Basic types of drives
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
10. Theory of association
Sensitization
Arousal
Drive-reduction theories
Kurt Lewin
11. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
E. L. Thorndike
Aptitude
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Garcia effect
12. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Behaviourism
Henry Murray - David McClelland
John Atkinson
Delayed conditioning
13. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Cooperative learning
Ivan Pavlov
14. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Skinner box
Incidental learning
Learning
Chaining
15. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Observational learning
Autoshaping
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
16. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Fixed ratio schedule
Garcia effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Social learning theory
17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Incidental learning
Fixed interval schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Neil Miller
Cooperative learning
Preparedness
Learning curve
19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Escape conditioning
20. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Token economy
Ivan Pavlov
Simultaneous Conditioning
21. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Fixed interval schedule
22. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Clark Hull
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Negative transfer
23. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theory
Theory of association
Skinner box
24. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
John Atkinson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
Theory of association
25. Learning curve
Law of effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Avoidance conditioning
Positive transfer
26. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Overshadowing
John Atkinson
Educational psychology
27. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Law of effect
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
28. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Chaining
Variable ratio schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Primary Reinforcement
29. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Thorndike (book)
John Atkinson
Edward Tolman
Token economy
30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Clark Hull
Conditioned Response (CR)
Kurt Lewin
31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
Conditioned Response (CR)
32. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
E. L. Thorndike
Hedonism
Arousal
Fixed interval schedule
33. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Delayed conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
34. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Shaping
Drive-reduction theory
Stimulus discrimination
35. Operant conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
B. F. Skinner
Stimulus generalization
Sensitization
36. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Example theories and problem?
Fixed interval schedule
Thorndike (book)
Spontaneous recovery
37. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Edward Tolman
John Garcia
Aptitude
Classical conditioning
38. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Clark Hull
39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Fixed ratio schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Theory of association
40. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Secondary Reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
Premack principle
41. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Chaining
Fixed interval schedule
Response learning
Garcia effect
42. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Kurt Lewin
Donald Hebb
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus discrimination
43. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
Types of classical conditioning
Chaining
44. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Educational psychology
Classical conditioning
John Garcia
Positive Reinforcement
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Spontaneous recovery
Learning
46. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Observational learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
47. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Undergeneralization
48. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Forward Conditioning (types)
Neil Miller
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aptitude
49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Primary Reinforcement
Token economy
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Law of effect
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Preparedness
Positive transfer
Chaining
Avoidance conditioning