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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






2. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






3. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






5. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






6. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






7. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






8. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






12. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






13. How to avoid something undesirable






14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






15. UCS and CS presented at the same time






16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






17. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






18. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






19. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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20. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






21. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






22. Operant conditioning






23. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






24. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






25. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






26. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






27. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






28. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






30. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






31. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






32. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






34. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






35. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






36. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






38. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






39. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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42. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






43. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






44. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






45. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






46. Learning curve






47. Law of effect






48. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






49. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






50. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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