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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Chaining
Extinction
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
2. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Stimulus discrimination
Second-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neil Miller
3. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Incidental learning
Primary Reinforcement
Learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
4. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Theory of association
Backward Conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Delayed conditioning
5. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Social learning theory
Spontaneous recovery
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Types of classical conditioning
6. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Response learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Premack principle
7. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Example theories and problem?
Stimulus discrimination
Positive transfer
Chaining
8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Spontaneous recovery
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative Reinforcement
9. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Negative transfer
Hedonism
Arousal
Escape conditioning
10. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Behaviourism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
11. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
12. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Autoshaping
Stimulus generalization
13. Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Victor Vroom
John Garcia
B. F. Skinner
14. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Operant conditioning
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Sensitization
15. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Garcia effect
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
Delayed conditioning
16. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Incidental learning
Trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
17. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
E. L. Thorndike
18. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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19. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Garcia
Extinction
Ivan Pavlov
20. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Stimulus generalization
Secondary Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
21. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Drive-reduction theories
Superstitious behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
John Atkinson
Drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
23. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Second-Order conditioning
Incidental learning
24. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Overshadowing
Learning
Punishment
25. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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26. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
Simultaneous Conditioning
27. School of behaviourism
Spontaneous recovery
John B. Watson
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner
28. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Overshadowing
Clark Hull
Higher-Order conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
29. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Conditioned Response (CR)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Theory of association
30. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Variable ratio schedule
Aversive conditioning
Sensitization
Negative transfer
31. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Victor Vroom
Stimulus generalization
Negative transfer
Garcia effect
32. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
Behaviourism
33. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aptitude
34. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Delayed conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
35. Students working on a project in small groups
Victor Vroom
Cooperative learning
Undergeneralization
Donald Hebb
36. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Delayed conditioning
37. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Punishment
Negative transfer
38. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Avoidance conditioning
Social learning theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Educational psychology
39. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Theory of association
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
40. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Educational psychology
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Undergeneralization
41. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
B. F. Skinner
Positive Reinforcement
Arousal
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
42. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Undergeneralization
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Kurt Lewin
43. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Undergeneralization
Negative transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
44. Learning by watching
Victor Vroom
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Observational learning
Response learning
45. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
John Garcia
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Undergeneralization
E. L. Thorndike
Cooperative learning
Operant conditioning
47. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Victor Vroom
Stimulus discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Basic types of drives
48. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Drive-reduction theory
Variable ratio schedule
Learning curve
49. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
Learning curve
50. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Simultaneous Conditioning
Trace conditioning
Escape conditioning