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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The failure to generalize a stimulus






2. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






3. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






4. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






5. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






6. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






9. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






10. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






12. UCS and CS presented at the same time






13. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






14. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






16. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






18. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






19. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






20. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






21. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






22. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






23. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






24. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






25. Operant conditioning






26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






28. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






29. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






30. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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31. Learning by watching






32. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






33. Law of effect






34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






36. Students working on a project in small groups






37. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






38. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






39. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






40. How to avoid something undesirable






41. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






42. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






43. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






44. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






45. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






47. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






48. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






49. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues