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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Incidental learning
2. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable interval schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Thorndike (book)
3. School of behaviourism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Undergeneralization
Premack principle
John B. Watson
4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Social learning theory
Neil Miller
Shaping
Behaviourism
5. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
John B. Watson
Victor Vroom
Variable interval schedule
6. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
7. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Overshadowing
Drive-reduction theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Basic types of drives
8. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
Chaining
9. Theory of association
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction
Negative Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
10. Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Second-Order conditioning
11. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
John B. Watson
Variable ratio schedule
Preparedness
Stimulus discrimination
12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
John Garcia
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Kurt Lewin
Trace conditioning
13. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Extinction
Observational learning
Punishment
Arousal
14. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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15. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Donald Hebb
Higher-Order conditioning
16. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Age affects learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
17. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Spontaneous recovery
18. Students working on a project in small groups
Kurt Lewin
Ivan Pavlov
Escape conditioning
Cooperative learning
19. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Shaping
Second-Order conditioning
Skinner box
Overshadowing
20. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Donald Hebb
Operant conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
21. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Classical conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
22. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Simultaneous Conditioning
Overshadowing
23. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Operant conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning curve
Habituation
24. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Thorndike (book)
Positive Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Behaviourism
25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Age affects learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
26. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
Hedonism
Clark Hull
27. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Incidental learning
Fixed interval schedule
28. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Example theories and problem?
Stimulus discrimination
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Victor Vroom
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
John Garcia
30. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Variable interval schedule
Operant conditioning
31. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Operant conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Response learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
32. Learning by watching
Clark Hull
Observational learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
33. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative transfer
Learning
Thorndike (book)
34. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
B. F. Skinner
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
35. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Chaining
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Example theories and problem?
Response learning
36. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Skinner box
Aversive conditioning
37. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Shaping
Primary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Autoshaping
38. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Donald Hebb
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Delayed conditioning
39. Learning curve
Response learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Trace conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
40. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Extinction
Basic types of drives
State dependent learning
Habituation
41. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Shaping
Cooperative learning
42. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Response learning
Avoidance conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Variable interval schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Escape conditioning
Edward Tolman
44. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
M.E. Olds
Educational psychology
Drive-reduction theories
Law of effect
45. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning
Premack principle
46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Incidental learning
Law of effect
Hedonism
Higher-Order conditioning
47. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Educational psychology
Drive-reduction theory
Escape conditioning
Autoshaping
48. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Habituation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
49. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Theory of association
Edward Tolman
Learning curve
50. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Educational psychology
Edward Tolman
Negative transfer