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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






3. UCS and CS presented at the same time






4. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






5. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






6. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






7. Learning curve






8. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






9. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






10. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






12. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






13. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






14. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






16. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






18. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






19. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


20. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






21. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






22. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






23. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






25. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


26. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






28. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






29. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






30. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






32. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






33. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


34. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






36. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






37. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






38. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






41. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






42. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






43. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






46. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






47. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward