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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






2. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






3. Learning by watching






4. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






6. The failure to generalize a stimulus






7. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






8. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






9. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






10. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






11. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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12. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






13. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






14. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






15. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






16. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






17. Operant conditioning






18. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






19. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






20. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






21. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






22. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






23. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






24. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






25. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






26. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






27. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






28. Students working on a project in small groups






29. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






30. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






31. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






32. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






33. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






34. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






35. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






36. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






39. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






41. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






42. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






43. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






44. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






45. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






46. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






48. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






50. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour