SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Escape conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Skinner box
Simultaneous Conditioning
2. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative transfer
Hedonism
3. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Fixed interval schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Law of effect
Hedonism
4. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
John B. Watson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Forward Conditioning (types)
Undergeneralization
5. Theory of association
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Chaining
Learning curve
Kurt Lewin
6. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Example theories and problem?
Learning
Theory of association
Social learning theory
7. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Theory of association
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Escape conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
9. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Preparedness
Clark Hull
10. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Variable interval schedule
Donald Hebb
Types of classical conditioning
Learning curve
11. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Negative transfer
Habituation
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Aptitude
12. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Age affects learning
Arousal
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
13. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Autoshaping
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus generalization
14. School of behaviourism
Spontaneous recovery
Skinner box
Donald Hebb
John B. Watson
15. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Victor Vroom
Delayed conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Ivan Pavlov
16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Sensitization
Punishment
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Second-Order conditioning
17. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Negative transfer
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Victor Vroom
Extinction
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
19. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Age affects learning
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
Second-Order conditioning
20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Behaviourism
Aptitude
Negative transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Edward Tolman
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
22. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Fixed ratio schedule
Victor Vroom
Cooperative learning
Trace conditioning
23. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Stimulus generalization
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Neil Miller
24. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Superstitious behaviour
Cooperative learning
25. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Extinction
Autoshaping
Operant conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Negative transfer
Stimulus generalization
Aversive conditioning
27. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Punishment
29. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Drive-reduction theory
Learning
Stimulus discrimination
Basic types of drives
30. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Undergeneralization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Example theories and problem?
Autoshaping
31. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Token economy
Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
32. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Educational psychology
Primary Reinforcement
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
33. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Observational learning
Punishment
Positive transfer
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Forward Conditioning (types)
Scaffolding learning
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
35. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction
Clark Hull
Second-Order conditioning
36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Shaping
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
37. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Types of classical conditioning
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
38. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Premack principle
Higher-Order conditioning
Aptitude
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
40. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Edward Tolman
Scaffolding learning
41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
John B. Watson
M.E. Olds
Arousal
John Atkinson
42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Garcia effect
B. F. Skinner
Negative Reinforcement
Habituation
43. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Stimulus discrimination
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Incidental learning
44. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Token economy
John B. Watson
Drive-reduction theories
45. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Thorndike (book)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
46. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Premack principle
Observational learning
Shaping
47. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
Latent learning
John Atkinson
49. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Drive-reduction theory
50. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Punishment
Trace conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Incidental learning