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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






2. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






4. Theory of association






5. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






6. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






8. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






9. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






10. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






11. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






13. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






14. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






15. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






16. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






17. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






18. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






20. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






21. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






22. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






23. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






25. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






26. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






27. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






28. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






29. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






31. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






32. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






34. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






35. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






36. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






37. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






38. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






39. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






40. School of behaviourism






41. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






42. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






43. Students working on a project in small groups






44. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






47. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






48. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






49. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






50. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)