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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Learning
Overshadowing
Law of effect
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
2. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
John B. Watson
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive Reinforcement
Garcia effect
3. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Incidental learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Basic types of drives
4. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Secondary Reinforcement
Arousal
Stimulus generalization
5. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
E. L. Thorndike
7. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Negative transfer
Autoshaping
Backward Conditioning
8. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
9. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Autoshaping
Learning curve
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Primary Reinforcement
10. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Clark Hull
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Preparedness
11. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Backward Conditioning
Escape conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Scaffolding learning
12. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
13. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Habituation
Victor Vroom
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
State dependent learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
15. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Aversive conditioning
Sensitization
Token economy
John Atkinson
16. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Educational psychology
Kurt Lewin
Neil Miller
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
17. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Chaining
Variable interval schedule
18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Drive-reduction theories
John B. Watson
19. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Superstitious behaviour
Sensitization
Theory of association
20. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Learning curve
Shaping
State dependent learning
Punishment
21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Stimulus discrimination
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviourism
Positive transfer
22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Sensitization
Thorndike (book)
Clark Hull
Classical conditioning
23. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Chaining
Positive Reinforcement
24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Autoshaping
25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Ivan Pavlov
Aptitude
Stimulus discrimination
26. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
27. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Response learning
M.E. Olds
Conditioned Response (CR)
Delayed conditioning
28. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Punishment
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
Preparedness
29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Example theories and problem?
Delayed conditioning
Autoshaping
John Garcia
30. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Edward Tolman
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Variable interval schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
31. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
32. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
33. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Trace conditioning
34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Hedonism
Fixed interval schedule
Classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
35. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Clark Hull
Operant conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Neil Miller
Kurt Lewin
Aversive conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
37. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Victor Vroom
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Negative Reinforcement
38. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hedonism
39. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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40. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Variable ratio schedule
Victor Vroom
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
41. School of behaviourism
Preparedness
John B. Watson
Age affects learning
Spontaneous recovery
42. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed ratio schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Forward Conditioning (types)
Types of classical conditioning
Aptitude
Observational learning
44. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Edward Tolman
Stimulus discrimination
Example theories and problem?
45. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction
Chaining
Ivan Pavlov
46. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Primary Reinforcement
Token economy
Habituation
Skinner box
47. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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48. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Example theories and problem?
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
49. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Chaining
Overshadowing
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Thorndike (book)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Avoidance conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule