SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
2. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Punishment
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
3. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
Edward Tolman
4. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Autoshaping
Thorndike (book)
5. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Behaviourism
Positive Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
6. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Positive transfer
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Garcia effect
Edward Tolman
7. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Response learning
Drive-reduction theories
Aptitude
8. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Positive Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
John Garcia
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
9. Operant conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
10. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable ratio schedule
Overshadowing
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Negative transfer
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Backward Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
12. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Thorndike (book)
State dependent learning
Higher-Order conditioning
13. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
Age affects learning
E. L. Thorndike
14. Learning by watching
Extinction
Observational learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive Reinforcement
15. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Trace conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Ivan Pavlov
Higher-Order conditioning
16. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Avoidance conditioning
Extinction
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Social learning theory
17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
18. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Learning
Drive-reduction theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Shaping
19. How to avoid something undesirable
Arousal
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
20. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Arousal
Negative transfer
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Educational psychology
Token economy
Positive transfer
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
22. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Premack principle
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
23. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Ivan Pavlov
M.E. Olds
Law of effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
24. Theory of association
Preparedness
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Kurt Lewin
Second-Order conditioning
25. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Garcia effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Chaining
Kurt Lewin
26. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Punishment
Shaping
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
27. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Drive-reduction theories
Latent learning
Superstitious behaviour
28. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Operant conditioning
Basic types of drives
29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
Donald Hebb
Behaviourism
30. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Habituation
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Thorndike (book)
Fixed interval schedule
32. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Preparedness
Response learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Superstitious behaviour
33. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Undergeneralization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Clark Hull
Spontaneous recovery
34. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Negative transfer
35. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hedonism
Primary Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
36. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Habituation
Fixed interval schedule
E. L. Thorndike
37. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Variable ratio schedule
Response learning
Drive-reduction theory
Example theories and problem?
38. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Kurt Lewin
Variable interval schedule
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
39. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Spontaneous recovery
Arousal
Higher-Order conditioning
Garcia effect
40. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
John Atkinson
Preparedness
41. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
State dependent learning
Scaffolding learning
42. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Example theories and problem?
Basic types of drives
M.E. Olds
43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Example theories and problem?
Observational learning
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theories
44. School of behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Operant conditioning
John B. Watson
Aversive conditioning
45. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Theory of association
Neil Miller
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Simultaneous Conditioning
46. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
47. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Age affects learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Fixed interval schedule
48. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
Forward Conditioning (types)
49. Students working on a project in small groups
Token economy
John Atkinson
Cooperative learning
Trace conditioning
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Social learning theory
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Learning