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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






2. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






5. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






6. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






7. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






8. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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9. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






10. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






11. How to avoid something undesirable






12. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






13. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






14. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






15. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






16. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






17. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






19. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






20. UCS and CS presented at the same time






21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






23. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






24. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






26. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






29. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






30. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






31. School of behaviourism






32. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






34. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






35. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






37. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






38. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






39. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






40. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






41. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






42. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






44. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






45. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






46. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






47. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






48. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






49. Operant conditioning






50. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive