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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Extinction
Delayed conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
2. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Cooperative learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Incidental learning
Positive transfer
3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Extinction
Classical conditioning
Basic types of drives
Victor Vroom
4. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Extinction
Scaffolding learning
5. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
6. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Fixed ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Social learning theory
Example theories and problem?
7. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Stimulus discrimination
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
8. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
John Atkinson
Positive transfer
Stimulus discrimination
Secondary Reinforcement
9. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Theory of association
Types of classical conditioning
Token economy
M.E. Olds
10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Observational learning
11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Hedonism
Extinction
Observational learning
12. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Avoidance conditioning
Skinner box
Social learning theory
Stimulus generalization
13. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Backward Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Positive transfer
Law of effect
14. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Preparedness
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Response learning
15. Operant conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Educational psychology
B. F. Skinner
Higher-Order conditioning
16. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
17. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
E. L. Thorndike
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
John Garcia
Simultaneous Conditioning
18. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Escape conditioning
19. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
Premack principle
20. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Behaviourism
Fixed interval schedule
21. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Example theories and problem?
Learning curve
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Theory of association
22. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Learning
Educational psychology
Garcia effect
Donald Hebb
23. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
E. L. Thorndike
Age affects learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Example theories and problem?
Learning curve
Basic types of drives
Premack principle
25. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
26. Law of effect
Law of effect
Habituation
E. L. Thorndike
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
27. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Variable interval schedule
Undergeneralization
Drive-reduction theory
28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Conditioned Response (CR)
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
29. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Second-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
30. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Extinction
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Arousal
Aptitude
31. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Drive-reduction theories
Avoidance conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
32. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Hedonism
Undergeneralization
Types of classical conditioning
33. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
34. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Example theories and problem?
Victor Vroom
Response learning
Escape conditioning
35. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Spontaneous recovery
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
36. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Extinction
Law of effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
37. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theory
B. F. Skinner
Delayed conditioning
38. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Overshadowing
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
39. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Sensitization
Simultaneous Conditioning
Chaining
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
40. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Aversive conditioning
Classical conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Preparedness
41. Students working on a project in small groups
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Garcia
Cooperative learning
42. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Social learning theory
Primary Reinforcement
Sensitization
Simultaneous Conditioning
43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Habituation
John Atkinson
44. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Age affects learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Aptitude
Extinction (operant conditioning)
45. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Punishment
Law of effect
Ivan Pavlov
Avoidance conditioning
46. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Premack principle
Educational psychology
Theory of association
Latent learning
47. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
M.E. Olds
B. F. Skinner
Thorndike (book)
48. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Premack principle
Response learning
Thorndike (book)
Extinction
49. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Autoshaping
State dependent learning
Operant conditioning
Scaffolding learning
50. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Age affects learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Learning curve
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