SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (operant conditioning)
2. School of behaviourism
Edward Tolman
Simultaneous Conditioning
John B. Watson
Trace conditioning
3. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Negative Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Superstitious behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
John Atkinson
5. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Drive-reduction theory
Aversive conditioning
Autoshaping
Superstitious behaviour
6. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Response learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
7. Learning by watching
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Latent learning
Observational learning
Social learning theory
8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Age affects learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
Scaffolding learning
10. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Second-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Negative Reinforcement
11. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
John Atkinson
Incidental learning
Latent learning
Example theories and problem?
12. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Donald Hebb
Hedonism
Superstitious behaviour
13. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Social learning theory
Aptitude
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Drive-reduction theory
Response learning
15. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Escape conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
16. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Avoidance conditioning
Sensitization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Delayed conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
18. Theory of association
Theory of association
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Variable ratio schedule
Kurt Lewin
19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Variable interval schedule
Law of effect
Edward Tolman
Arousal
20. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
Shaping
21. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Undergeneralization
Avoidance conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Stimulus discrimination
22. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Edward Tolman
23. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
Drive-reduction theory
24. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Undergeneralization
Negative transfer
Basic types of drives
Social learning theory
25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Garcia effect
Response learning
Types of classical conditioning
Overshadowing
26. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Response (CR)
27. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
M.E. Olds
Law of effect
Chaining
28. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Simultaneous Conditioning
Positive transfer
Social learning theory
29. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Drive-reduction theory
Skinner box
30. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus discrimination
M.E. Olds
Classical conditioning
31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Skinner box
Classical conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Shaping
Cooperative learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
33. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Autoshaping
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
34. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Garcia effect
Learning curve
Fixed interval schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
35. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
36. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Example theories and problem?
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
37. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Ivan Pavlov
M.E. Olds
Spontaneous recovery
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
38. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Cooperative learning
Classical conditioning
Preparedness
Scaffolding learning
39. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Stimulus discrimination
Trace conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
40. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Arousal
Token economy
41. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Preparedness
State dependent learning
Learning curve
Ivan Pavlov
42. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Spontaneous recovery
Punishment
Skinner box
43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
Extinction
Hedonism
44. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Basic types of drives
Primary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Preparedness
45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Kurt Lewin
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
46. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Preparedness
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Trace conditioning
Garcia effect
Premack principle
Classical conditioning
49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
B. F. Skinner
Spontaneous recovery
Observational learning
50. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Arousal
Garcia effect
Theory of association