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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Kurt Lewin
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Clark Hull
2. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Autoshaping
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
John B. Watson
3. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Cooperative learning
Social learning theory
Learning curve
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
4. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
John Garcia
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
5. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Drive-reduction theory
John Garcia
Overshadowing
6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
State dependent learning
Positive transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Secondary Reinforcement
7. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Law of effect
Clark Hull
8. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Avoidance conditioning
Trace conditioning
Punishment
9. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Undergeneralization
10. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Example theories and problem?
Sensitization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Shaping
11. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Chaining
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
12. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Avoidance conditioning
Preparedness
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
13. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Ivan Pavlov
Clark Hull
Skinner box
15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Autoshaping
Trace conditioning
Backward Conditioning
16. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning curve
John Atkinson
Fixed ratio schedule
17. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Token economy
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
18. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
19. UCS and CS presented at the same time
State dependent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Social learning theory
John Garcia
20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
M.E. Olds
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Premack principle
Autoshaping
21. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Habituation
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
22. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Chaining
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
23. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Backward Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus generalization
24. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Ivan Pavlov
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Behaviourism
25. School of behaviourism
Undergeneralization
Autoshaping
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John B. Watson
26. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Social learning theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Incidental learning
27. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aptitude
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
28. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
Fixed interval schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
29. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Cooperative learning
Garcia effect
Extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
30. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Conditioned Response (CR)
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
31. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Edward Tolman
Social learning theory
Arousal
Educational psychology
32. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Overshadowing
Age affects learning
John Garcia
Victor Vroom
33. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Backward Conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Educational psychology
Stimulus discrimination
34. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Scaffolding learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Theory of association
Trace conditioning
35. Operant conditioning
John B. Watson
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Response (CR)
Thorndike (book)
36. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
37. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Latent learning
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable interval schedule
38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Second-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Example theories and problem?
Positive transfer
39. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neil Miller
Forward Conditioning (types)
40. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Thorndike (book)
Sensitization
Stimulus discrimination
Theory of association
41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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42. Learning curve
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Sensitization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Henry Murray - David McClelland
43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Learning
Premack principle
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
44. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
45. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Simultaneous Conditioning
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
Spontaneous recovery
46. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Stimulus generalization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
47. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Overshadowing
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Edward Tolman
Aversive conditioning
48. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
John B. Watson
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Cooperative learning
Response learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Chaining
50. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Superstitious behaviour
Learning curve
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)