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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Superstitious behaviour
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
3. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Backward Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Spontaneous recovery
Neil Miller
4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Stimulus generalization
Behaviourism
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Superstitious behaviour
5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Kurt Lewin
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
6. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Superstitious behaviour
Higher-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
7. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Law of effect
Aversive conditioning
Learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Response learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
State dependent learning
9. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Age affects learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
Extinction
10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Social learning theory
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
11. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
12. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Edward Tolman
John B. Watson
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
13. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
Undergeneralization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Garcia effect
14. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Social learning theory
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
15. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Secondary Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Edward Tolman
16. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
B. F. Skinner
State dependent learning
Arousal
Positive transfer
17. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
M.E. Olds
Fixed ratio schedule
Habituation
Conditioned Response (CR)
18. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Skinner box
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Incidental learning
19. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
20. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
Edward Tolman
21. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Superstitious behaviour
Social learning theory
22. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Example theories and problem?
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Secondary Reinforcement
23. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Negative transfer
Clark Hull
Negative Reinforcement
24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
25. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Simultaneous Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Age affects learning
Delayed conditioning
26. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Positive transfer
Scaffolding learning
Behaviourism
Classical conditioning
27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Autoshaping
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Hedonism
28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
29. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Arousal
Theory of association
Edward Tolman
30. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Shaping
John Atkinson
Hedonism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
31. How to avoid something undesirable
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Avoidance conditioning
Donald Hebb
Variable ratio schedule
32. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Law of effect
Donald Hebb
Undergeneralization
33. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Types of classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Behaviourism
34. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Neil Miller
Token economy
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
35. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Types of classical conditioning
Age affects learning
John Garcia
Escape conditioning
36. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Age affects learning
Victor Vroom
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Clark Hull
37. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
Variable ratio schedule
John B. Watson
38. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Basic types of drives
Fixed interval schedule
Variable interval schedule
Token economy
39. Learning curve
John B. Watson
Fixed interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Learning curve
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Social learning theory
Second-Order conditioning
Operant conditioning
Stimulus generalization
41. Students working on a project in small groups
Punishment
Avoidance conditioning
Escape conditioning
Cooperative learning
42. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Negative Reinforcement
Preparedness
Ivan Pavlov
Sensitization
43. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
44. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Learning curve
Shaping
Victor Vroom
Overshadowing
45. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Habituation
Sensitization
Hedonism
46. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Social learning theory
Avoidance conditioning
Learning curve
47. School of behaviourism
Conditioned Response (CR)
John B. Watson
Primary Reinforcement
Clark Hull
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Observational learning
Basic types of drives
Chaining
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
49. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Incidental learning
Donald Hebb
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect