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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






2. Law of effect






3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






5. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






6. UCS and CS presented at the same time






7. School of behaviourism






8. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






10. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






11. The failure to generalize a stimulus






12. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






13. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






14. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






15. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






17. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






19. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






20. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






21. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






22. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






23. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






25. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






26. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






27. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






28. Learning curve






29. Operant conditioning






30. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






31. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






32. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






33. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






34. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






35. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






36. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






37. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






38. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






41. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






42. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






43. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






44. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






46. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






49. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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