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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






2. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






3. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






4. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






5. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






6. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






7. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






8. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






9. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






10. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






12. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






13. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






14. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






15. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






16. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






17. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






19. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






20. Operant conditioning






21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






22. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






23. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






24. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






25. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






26. Students working on a project in small groups






27. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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29. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






30. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






31. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






32. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






33. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






34. The failure to generalize a stimulus






35. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






36. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






37. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






38. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






39. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






41. Learning curve






42. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






43. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






44. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






45. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






46. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






47. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






48. Theory of association






49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






50. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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