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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Basic types of drives
Overshadowing
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
2. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Hedonism
Autoshaping
Chaining
Secondary Reinforcement
3. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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4. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Autoshaping
Theory of association
Neil Miller
Learning curve
5. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
6. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Example theories and problem?
Stimulus generalization
7. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Escape conditioning
Chaining
Hedonism
Second-Order conditioning
8. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Neil Miller
9. Students working on a project in small groups
Example theories and problem?
Aversive conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Cooperative learning
10. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Operant conditioning
Learning curve
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Age affects learning
11. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Overshadowing
John B. Watson
Fixed ratio schedule
12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Law of effect
Primary Reinforcement
Aptitude
Edward Tolman
13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Higher-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
14. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Thorndike (book)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Example theories and problem?
15. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Backward Conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Educational psychology
16. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Hedonism
Variable interval schedule
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
17. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
18. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Clark Hull
Garcia effect
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Trace conditioning
19. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Law of effect
Stimulus generalization
Latent learning
Victor Vroom
20. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Types of classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction
21. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Backward Conditioning
Preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
22. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Sensitization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Positive transfer
John Atkinson
23. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Token economy
Fixed interval schedule
24. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
Preparedness
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
25. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Shaping
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed interval schedule
26. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Donald Hebb
Undergeneralization
State dependent learning
Victor Vroom
27. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Observational learning
Scaffolding learning
Escape conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Extinction
Incidental learning
Victor Vroom
29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
Premack principle
30. Learning by watching
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
Observational learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
31. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
B. F. Skinner
Law of effect
Fixed interval schedule
32. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Preparedness
Educational psychology
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Classical conditioning
33. Law of effect
Behaviourism
Classical conditioning
Skinner box
E. L. Thorndike
34. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Spontaneous recovery
Second-Order conditioning
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
35. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Aversive conditioning
Law of effect
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
36. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Avoidance conditioning
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
37. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Cooperative learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Punishment
Donald Hebb
38. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Hedonism
Aversive conditioning
Behaviourism
Fixed interval schedule
39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Learning
Second-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
40. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Forward Conditioning (types)
Age affects learning
Social learning theory
41. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Overshadowing
Variable interval schedule
42. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Variable interval schedule
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
43. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Skinner box
Scaffolding learning
Preparedness
Premack principle
44. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Kurt Lewin
Example theories and problem?
Types of classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
45. How to avoid something undesirable
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Avoidance conditioning
Habituation
State dependent learning
46. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Punishment
State dependent learning
Autoshaping
47. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Primary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Thorndike (book)
Autoshaping
48. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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49. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Spontaneous recovery
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Latent learning
Variable ratio schedule
50. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Edward Tolman
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)