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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Donald Hebb
Incidental learning
Age affects learning
2. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Observational learning
B. F. Skinner
Escape conditioning
3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Drive-reduction theory
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
Sensitization
4. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Basic types of drives
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
John Garcia
5. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
John B. Watson
Extinction
6. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Hedonism
Shaping
Learning curve
7. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Punishment
Habituation
Classical conditioning
8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Thorndike (book)
Primary Reinforcement
Educational psychology
9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Higher-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
Fixed interval schedule
10. Theory of association
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Kurt Lewin
Backward Conditioning
Premack principle
11. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Second-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Social learning theory
Trace conditioning
12. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Undergeneralization
Variable ratio schedule
Shaping
Forward Conditioning (types)
13. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Avoidance conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Edward Tolman
Higher-Order conditioning
14. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Social learning theory
Example theories and problem?
Neil Miller
15. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
Latent learning
Positive Reinforcement
16. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
State dependent learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Chaining
Skinner box
17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Cooperative learning
Latent learning
Law of effect
Punishment
19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Preparedness
Victor Vroom
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
20. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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21. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Positive transfer
Sensitization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
22. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Higher-Order conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Arousal
23. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
John B. Watson
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
24. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Example theories and problem?
Operant conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
25. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Negative Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
26. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Spontaneous recovery
M.E. Olds
Forward Conditioning (types)
27. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Thorndike (book)
Scaffolding learning
State dependent learning
Skinner box
29. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Law of effect
Stimulus generalization
Forward Conditioning (types)
Theory of association
30. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Backward Conditioning
Arousal
Henry Murray - David McClelland
31. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Delayed conditioning
John Garcia
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Learning curve
32. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Variable ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
33. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Aptitude
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
34. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Overshadowing
Extinction
Positive Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
35. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Negative Reinforcement
Aptitude
Clark Hull
36. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Cooperative learning
Scaffolding learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
37. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Aversive conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Ivan Pavlov
38. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Delayed conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Trace conditioning
39. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Hedonism
Positive Reinforcement
Chaining
40. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Cooperative learning
Aptitude
Response learning
Thorndike (book)
41. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
M.E. Olds
Types of classical conditioning
Social learning theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
42. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
State dependent learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction
43. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Neil Miller
Preparedness
Undergeneralization
44. Law of effect
John Garcia
Token economy
Fixed interval schedule
E. L. Thorndike
45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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46. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Theory of association
Age affects learning
Overshadowing
Stimulus discrimination
47. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Observational learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Operant conditioning
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Simultaneous Conditioning
Incidental learning
Fixed interval schedule
Law of effect
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Overshadowing
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
50. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Premack principle
Positive transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
Arousal