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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John Atkinson
Backward Conditioning
2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Higher-Order conditioning
Chaining
Edward Tolman
Shaping
3. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Backward Conditioning
Chaining
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Higher-Order conditioning
4. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Delayed conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Undergeneralization
5. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Punishment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Stimulus discrimination
6. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Victor Vroom
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Cooperative learning
Chaining
7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
State dependent learning
Latent learning
Negative transfer
Theory of association
8. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Premack principle
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Age affects learning
9. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Basic types of drives
Scaffolding learning
10. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Autoshaping
Garcia effect
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Avoidance conditioning
11. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Incidental learning
12. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner box
Social learning theory
13. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Chaining
Primary Reinforcement
Trace conditioning
14. Learning curve
Forward Conditioning (types)
Preparedness
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
15. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
B. F. Skinner
Aptitude
Learning
16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theory
Superstitious behaviour
Token economy
17. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Autoshaping
Donald Hebb
18. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Classical conditioning
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Hedonism
19. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Token economy
Variable interval schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
20. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative Reinforcement
Law of effect
21. How to avoid something undesirable
Conditioned Response (CR)
Avoidance conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
22. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Cooperative learning
Donald Hebb
Trace conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
23. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Secondary Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
24. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Preparedness
Neil Miller
25. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Escape conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Undergeneralization
26. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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27. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
28. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Learning
B. F. Skinner
29. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Hedonism
30. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Atkinson
Latent learning
Age affects learning
31. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Edward Tolman
Chaining
Aversive conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
32. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Response learning
Hedonism
B. F. Skinner
33. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Habituation
Escape conditioning
Operant conditioning
34. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Variable ratio schedule
Second-Order conditioning
35. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
B. F. Skinner
36. Students working on a project in small groups
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Cooperative learning
John Garcia
37. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
Fixed ratio schedule
Shaping
38. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Latent learning
Garcia effect
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
39. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
John Atkinson
Fixed interval schedule
Premack principle
Negative Reinforcement
40. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Sensitization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
41. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
42. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Negative Reinforcement
John Atkinson
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
43. School of behaviourism
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Clark Hull
John B. Watson
M.E. Olds
44. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
Aversive conditioning
Skinner box
45. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Punishment
Victor Vroom
Types of classical conditioning
Premack principle
46. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Overshadowing
Variable ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
48. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
49. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Garcia effect
Undergeneralization
Preparedness
M.E. Olds
50. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
E. L. Thorndike
John Atkinson
Premack principle