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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






2. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






3. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






5. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






6. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






8. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






9. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






10. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






11. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






13. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






14. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






15. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






16. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






17. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






18. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






19. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






20. Operant conditioning






21. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






22. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






23. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






24. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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25. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






28. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






30. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






31. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






32. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






33. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






35. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






36. Learning curve






37. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






38. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






40. The failure to generalize a stimulus






41. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






42. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






43. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






44. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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46. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






47. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






48. School of behaviourism






49. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






50. Learning by watching