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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Hedonism
Incidental learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
Higher-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
John Atkinson
Scaffolding learning
Incidental learning
Classical conditioning
4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Shaping
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Basic types of drives
Response learning
5. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theory
Behaviourism
Stimulus generalization
6. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Latent learning
Positive transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Sensitization
8. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Token economy
Garcia effect
Chaining
Primary Reinforcement
9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Habituation
Victor Vroom
Thorndike (book)
M.E. Olds
10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Latent learning
Superstitious behaviour
Stimulus discrimination
11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Escape conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Neil Miller
12. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Premack principle
13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
Age affects learning
Donald Hebb
14. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Chaining
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Second-Order conditioning
15. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Drive-reduction theory
Drive-reduction theories
16. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Classical conditioning
Autoshaping
Basic types of drives
Edward Tolman
17. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Response learning
Positive Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
18. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Victor Vroom
Skinner box
Law of effect
Avoidance conditioning
19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Learning curve
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
20. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Cooperative learning
Classical conditioning
John Garcia
21. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Primary Reinforcement
22. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Arousal
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative transfer
23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
E. L. Thorndike
Second-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Negative transfer
24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Edward Tolman
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
M.E. Olds
Escape conditioning
25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Aptitude
Avoidance conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
26. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Fixed interval schedule
Aptitude
Operant conditioning
Neil Miller
27. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Positive Reinforcement
Latent learning
Victor Vroom
Variable ratio schedule
28. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Law of effect
Skinner box
Backward Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
29. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Age affects learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theory
30. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Ivan Pavlov
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John Garcia
Victor Vroom
Ivan Pavlov
32. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Example theories and problem?
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
E. L. Thorndike
33. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Learning
Overshadowing
Garcia effect
Punishment
34. School of behaviourism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John B. Watson
B. F. Skinner
Variable interval schedule
35. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Stimulus generalization
Fixed interval schedule
Positive transfer
Henry Murray - David McClelland
36. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Response learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aversive conditioning
37. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Kurt Lewin
Variable interval schedule
Chaining
Preparedness
38. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Second-Order conditioning
Habituation
Drive-reduction theory
Hedonism
39. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Escape conditioning
Neil Miller
John Atkinson
40. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Habituation
Thorndike (book)
Skinner box
41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Sensitization
Token economy
42. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Chaining
Stimulus discrimination
Incidental learning
43. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Spontaneous recovery
Scaffolding learning
Positive transfer
44. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
45. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theories
Undergeneralization
E. L. Thorndike
46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Trace conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Victor Vroom
Second-Order conditioning
47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Hedonism
Skinner box
Fixed interval schedule
Stimulus discrimination
48. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Higher-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Observational learning
Arousal
49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Donald Hebb
Autoshaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
Observational learning
50. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Educational psychology
Cooperative learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
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