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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






2. Theory of association






3. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






4. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






5. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






6. Learning by watching






7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






9. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






10. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






11. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






12. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






13. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






14. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






15. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






16. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






17. The failure to generalize a stimulus






18. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






19. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






20. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






21. Law of effect






22. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






23. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






24. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






25. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






26. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






27. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






28. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






29. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






30. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






31. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






33. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






34. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






35. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






36. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






37. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






38. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






40. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






41. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






42. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






44. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






45. UCS and CS presented at the same time






46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






47. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






48. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






49. School of behaviourism






50. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response