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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Donald Hebb
Sensitization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Basic types of drives
2. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
Aptitude
3. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed interval schedule
Escape conditioning
4. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Backward Conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aversive conditioning
5. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
M.E. Olds
Example theories and problem?
Forward Conditioning (types)
6. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Overshadowing
7. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Escape conditioning
Social learning theory
Skinner box
Autoshaping
8. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
John B. Watson
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
B. F. Skinner
9. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Educational psychology
Habituation
10. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Aversive conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Theory of association
11. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Avoidance conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Response learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Stimulus generalization
13. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
Forward Conditioning (types)
Primary Reinforcement
14. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Victor Vroom
Primary Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Punishment
15. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
16. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Victor Vroom
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Behaviourism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
17. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
18. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Negative Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
State dependent learning
Spontaneous recovery
19. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Aptitude
Social learning theory
Punishment
Overshadowing
20. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
21. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Classical conditioning
Educational psychology
Habituation
Stimulus discrimination
22. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Example theories and problem?
Hedonism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
23. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Donald Hebb
Example theories and problem?
Skinner box
24. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Backward Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Trace conditioning
25. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
26. How to avoid something undesirable
Stimulus discrimination
Latent learning
Victor Vroom
Avoidance conditioning
27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
Trace conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
28. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Second-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Preparedness
29. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Donald Hebb
Token economy
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
30. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Hedonism
Trace conditioning
Sensitization
Types of classical conditioning
31. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Avoidance conditioning
Aversive conditioning
M.E. Olds
32. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Scaffolding learning
Positive transfer
Sensitization
33. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Escape conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
34. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Undergeneralization
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
B. F. Skinner
35. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
36. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Positive transfer
Autoshaping
Avoidance conditioning
37. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Backward Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
John Garcia
Variable ratio schedule
38. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Skinner box
Negative Reinforcement
Hedonism
Educational psychology
39. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Secondary Reinforcement
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Drive-reduction theory
Delayed conditioning
40. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neil Miller
Punishment
41. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Incidental learning
Token economy
42. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Spontaneous recovery
Primary Reinforcement
43. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
Garcia effect
44. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Positive transfer
Skinner box
Fixed ratio schedule
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Overshadowing
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
46. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
47. Operant conditioning
M.E. Olds
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
B. F. Skinner
48. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
E. L. Thorndike
Theory of association
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
49. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
M.E. Olds
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Behaviourism
50. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Example theories and problem?
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Preparedness
Delayed conditioning