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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Backward Conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Hedonism
John Garcia
2. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Incidental learning
3. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
B. F. Skinner
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
4. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Superstitious behaviour
Negative transfer
Neil Miller
Yerkes-Dodson effect
5. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Social learning theory
Backward Conditioning
Chaining
6. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Negative Reinforcement
Habituation
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction
7. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Secondary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Garcia effect
8. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
John Atkinson
Trace conditioning
9. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
John B. Watson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
10. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John B. Watson
Conditioned Response (CR)
11. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Cooperative learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Primary Reinforcement
12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Example theories and problem?
Law of effect
Habituation
Incidental learning
13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Delayed conditioning
Garcia effect
Neil Miller
Undergeneralization
14. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Secondary Reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Latent learning
15. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Kurt Lewin
Educational psychology
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
State dependent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
17. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
E. L. Thorndike
Behaviourism
Second-Order conditioning
18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Undergeneralization
Token economy
Sensitization
State dependent learning
19. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Trace conditioning
Victor Vroom
Preparedness
Arousal
20. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Simultaneous Conditioning
Shaping
21. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Donald Hebb
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Variable interval schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
22. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Preparedness
Social learning theory
23. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Thorndike (book)
Victor Vroom
Age affects learning
Negative Reinforcement
24. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus generalization
Extinction
Fixed interval schedule
25. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Fixed interval schedule
Habituation
Theory of association
Yerkes-Dodson effect
26. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Age affects learning
27. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
John Atkinson
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
28. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
29. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Extinction
Law of effect
Learning curve
Stimulus generalization
30. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus discrimination
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
M.E. Olds
31. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Sensitization
32. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
B. F. Skinner
33. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Negative transfer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Types of classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
34. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Stimulus discrimination
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
35. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Negative Reinforcement
Social learning theory
Token economy
36. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
37. Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
38. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Behaviourism
Trace conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Learning
39. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aversive conditioning
Clark Hull
Sensitization
40. Theory of association
Response learning
Kurt Lewin
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
41. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Extinction
Punishment
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Ivan Pavlov
42. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
M.E. Olds
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Educational psychology
43. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
John Garcia
44. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Learning curve
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
45. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Social learning theory
Positive Reinforcement
Shaping
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
46. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Negative transfer
M.E. Olds
47. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Skinner box
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction
48. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Stimulus generalization
Types of classical conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Henry Murray - David McClelland
49. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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50. Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
M.E. Olds
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