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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Aptitude
Educational psychology
2. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Response learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Donald Hebb
3. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Behaviourism
Backward Conditioning
4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
John Garcia
Aversive conditioning
Latent learning
5. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Response learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Superstitious behaviour
Escape conditioning
6. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Hedonism
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Learning curve
7. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Behaviourism
Arousal
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autoshaping
8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Scaffolding learning
Fixed interval schedule
9. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Second-Order conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Drive-reduction theories
10. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Aptitude
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
11. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Theory of association
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Avoidance conditioning
12. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
State dependent learning
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theories
Fixed interval schedule
13. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Observational learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Delayed conditioning
14. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Skinner box
Theory of association
15. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Spontaneous recovery
State dependent learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
16. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Escape conditioning
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theories
17. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
M.E. Olds
Fixed interval schedule
Hedonism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
18. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John Garcia
19. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Negative transfer
Scaffolding learning
Law of effect
Spontaneous recovery
20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Educational psychology
Garcia effect
Conditioned Response (CR)
Latent learning
21. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Arousal
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative transfer
22. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Habituation
23. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Conditioned Response (CR)
Stimulus generalization
Punishment
Secondary Reinforcement
24. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Backward Conditioning
Cooperative learning
Preparedness
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Observational learning
Aversive conditioning
Incidental learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
26. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
John B. Watson
27. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Shaping
State dependent learning
28. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Drive-reduction theories
Thorndike (book)
29. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Variable ratio schedule
Response learning
30. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Donald Hebb
Victor Vroom
Social learning theory
Premack principle
31. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
Autoshaping
Trace conditioning
32. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Negative Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Second-Order conditioning
33. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed ratio schedule
34. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Simultaneous Conditioning
Age affects learning
Types of classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
35. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Positive transfer
Hedonism
Premack principle
Example theories and problem?
36. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
Shaping
37. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
Trace conditioning
Token economy
38. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Trace conditioning
Extinction
John Atkinson
Educational psychology
39. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Conditioned Response (CR)
Negative Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Educational psychology
40. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Habituation
Aptitude
41. Operant conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
B. F. Skinner
Social learning theory
Stimulus discrimination
42. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Learning
43. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Variable ratio schedule
Positive transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
44. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Drive-reduction theory
Educational psychology
Primary Reinforcement
45. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Fixed interval schedule
Scaffolding learning
Premack principle
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
46. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Edward Tolman
Delayed conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Behaviourism
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus discrimination
48. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Atkinson
Fixed interval schedule
49. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Operant conditioning
Premack principle
Example theories and problem?
50. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
B. F. Skinner
Punishment
Fixed interval schedule
Chaining