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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Habituation
Fixed ratio schedule
Garcia effect
Response learning
2. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Undergeneralization
Drive-reduction theories
Incidental learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
3. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Neil Miller
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
4. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus discrimination
Basic types of drives
Victor Vroom
5. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Second-Order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
6. Learning curve
Observational learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Secondary Reinforcement
Clark Hull
7. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Variable ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Habituation
Drive-reduction theories
8. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning curve
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
9. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Age affects learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Secondary Reinforcement
Premack principle
10. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Age affects learning
E. L. Thorndike
11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Backward Conditioning
12. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Sensitization
13. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Positive Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Skinner box
Secondary Reinforcement
14. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Neil Miller
Skinner box
Premack principle
Operant conditioning
15. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Negative transfer
Variable ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
16. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Second-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Victor Vroom
Classical conditioning
17. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Donald Hebb
Theory of association
Observational learning
Preparedness
18. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Habituation
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John B. Watson
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
19. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Aptitude
Aversive conditioning
20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
21. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Token economy
Stimulus discrimination
Overshadowing
22. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Shaping
Hedonism
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Drive-reduction theory
Positive transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
24. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Shaping
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Victor Vroom
Extinction (classical conditioning)
25. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Forward Conditioning (types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
26. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Skinner box
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Premack principle
27. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Observational learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
John Atkinson
Token economy
28. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Second-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Trace conditioning
Educational psychology
29. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Preparedness
Drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
30. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Variable ratio schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Punishment
31. Learning by watching
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Observational learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
32. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Punishment
State dependent learning
33. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Superstitious behaviour
Scaffolding learning
Basic types of drives
Thorndike (book)
34. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Arousal
35. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
36. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Skinner box
John Atkinson
Response learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
37. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theories
Delayed conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
38. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Backward Conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Primary Reinforcement
39. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Behaviourism
Educational psychology
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
40. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
E. L. Thorndike
Social learning theory
41. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Extinction
Observational learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
42. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Delayed conditioning
Response learning
Basic types of drives
43. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Educational psychology
Simultaneous Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
44. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Overshadowing
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Habituation
Aversive conditioning
45. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Shaping
46. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Trace conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
47. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Escape conditioning
Donald Hebb
Example theories and problem?
48. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
B. F. Skinner
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
50. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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