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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Students working on a project in small groups
Donald Hebb
Delayed conditioning
Cooperative learning
Learning curve
2. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Negative transfer
Cooperative learning
Skinner box
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
3. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Kurt Lewin
Behaviourism
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
4. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Basic types of drives
Scaffolding learning
5. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Behaviourism
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
7. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Latent learning
Arousal
M.E. Olds
8. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Premack principle
John Garcia
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John B. Watson
9. Theory of association
Latent learning
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Hedonism
10. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
State dependent learning
Extinction
Operant conditioning
Positive transfer
11. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Variable interval schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Superstitious behaviour
12. Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
B. F. Skinner
State dependent learning
13. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Habituation
State dependent learning
Kurt Lewin
Fixed interval schedule
14. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Latent learning
Chaining
Response learning
Sensitization
15. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Donald Hebb
Social learning theory
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
16. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Incidental learning
Operant conditioning
Thorndike (book)
17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Trace conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
18. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
State dependent learning
John Atkinson
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
19. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Undergeneralization
Fixed interval schedule
Basic types of drives
Donald Hebb
20. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Trace conditioning
Sensitization
Autoshaping
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
21. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Clark Hull
Conditioned Response (CR)
Shaping
22. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Age affects learning
Variable interval schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
23. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Educational psychology
Thorndike (book)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Observational learning
24. Law of effect
Victor Vroom
John B. Watson
E. L. Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
25. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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26. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autoshaping
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
27. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Example theories and problem?
28. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Trace conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Escape conditioning
29. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
John Atkinson
Premack principle
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
30. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Example theories and problem?
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
John B. Watson
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
31. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Ivan Pavlov
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Aptitude
32. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Kurt Lewin
Hedonism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Learning
33. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
Shaping
Superstitious behaviour
34. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Variable interval schedule
Basic types of drives
Higher-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
35. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive transfer
Age affects learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
36. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Neil Miller
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Age affects learning
37. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Trace conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Preparedness
Hedonism
38. School of behaviourism
Sensitization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Spontaneous recovery
John B. Watson
39. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Negative transfer
Fixed interval schedule
State dependent learning
Garcia effect
40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Incidental learning
Clark Hull
Victor Vroom
41. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Incidental learning
Variable ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Arousal
42. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Sensitization
Simultaneous Conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Autoshaping
43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of association
44. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Scaffolding learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
State dependent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
45. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
Victor Vroom
47. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Secondary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Behaviourism
48. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Edward Tolman
Negative Reinforcement
Neil Miller
49. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
John Atkinson
Escape conditioning
50. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Thorndike (book)
John B. Watson
John Atkinson