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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






2. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






3. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






4. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






5. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






6. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






7. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






10. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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11. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






12. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






13. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






15. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






16. Law of effect






17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






19. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






20. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






21. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






22. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






23. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






24. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






25. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






26. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






27. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






28. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






29. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






30. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






31. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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32. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






33. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






34. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






36. Learning by watching






37. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






38. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






39. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






40. School of behaviourism






41. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






42. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






43. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






44. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






45. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






46. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






47. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






48. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






49. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






50. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes