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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Clark Hull
Chaining
Types of classical conditioning
Theory of association
2. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
Negative transfer
Response learning
3. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Victor Vroom
Operant conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
4. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Sensitization
Variable interval schedule
Latent learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
5. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Habituation
Variable interval schedule
6. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Donald Hebb
Stimulus discrimination
Drive-reduction theory
7. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Social learning theory
Sensitization
Trace conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
9. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Learning curve
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Victor Vroom
Aptitude
10. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Primary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
12. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Social learning theory
13. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Latent learning
E. L. Thorndike
Preparedness
Edward Tolman
14. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Shaping
Extinction
John Garcia
15. School of behaviourism
Token economy
John B. Watson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Observational learning
16. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Arousal
Aversive conditioning
17. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aversive conditioning
M.E. Olds
Ivan Pavlov
18. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Scaffolding learning
Avoidance conditioning
Law of effect
Response learning
19. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Delayed conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
20. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Overshadowing
Drive-reduction theories
Example theories and problem?
21. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Ivan Pavlov
Latent learning
Donald Hebb
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
22. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Basic types of drives
Higher-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
23. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Aversive conditioning
Cooperative learning
Age affects learning
Sensitization
24. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Fixed interval schedule
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
Victor Vroom
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Learning
Token economy
Escape conditioning
26. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Learning curve
Donald Hebb
Aptitude
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
27. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Observational learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
28. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Token economy
Aptitude
29. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Law of effect
Aversive conditioning
Scaffolding learning
30. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Spontaneous recovery
Basic types of drives
Learning
Theory of association
31. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Victor Vroom
Escape conditioning
Latent learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
32. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
Clark Hull
Conditioned Response (CR)
33. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Arousal
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
34. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Incidental learning
Superstitious behaviour
State dependent learning
35. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Thorndike (book)
Premack principle
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
36. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Simultaneous Conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
37. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
John Garcia
Token economy
38. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Stimulus generalization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
39. Learning curve
Clark Hull
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Response learning
Primary Reinforcement
40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Edward Tolman
B. F. Skinner
Hedonism
Thorndike (book)
41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Types of classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Token economy
Habituation
42. How to avoid something undesirable
Edward Tolman
Neil Miller
Undergeneralization
Avoidance conditioning
43. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hedonism
Law of effect
44. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Stimulus discrimination
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Cooperative learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Token economy
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Behaviourism
46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Autoshaping
Positive transfer
Kurt Lewin
47. Learning by watching
Latent learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Observational learning
48. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
M.E. Olds
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Scaffolding learning
Fixed interval schedule
49. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Avoidance conditioning
Victor Vroom
Shaping
Yerkes-Dodson effect
50. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Behaviourism
Stimulus generalization