SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Latent learning
Hedonism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Law of effect
3. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Simultaneous Conditioning
Latent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
4. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
John Atkinson
Thorndike (book)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction (classical conditioning)
5. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Primary Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Henry Murray - David McClelland
6. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Garcia effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
State dependent learning
Behaviourism
7. Learning curve
Victor Vroom
John Garcia
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
8. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Avoidance conditioning
Premack principle
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
9. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Educational psychology
Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Spontaneous recovery
10. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Edward Tolman
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
M.E. Olds
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
12. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Garcia effect
Learning curve
Punishment
Stimulus generalization
13. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Hedonism
Response learning
Sensitization
Learning curve
14. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aptitude
Educational psychology
Primary Reinforcement
15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Neil Miller
Habituation
Garcia effect
Variable ratio schedule
16. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Delayed conditioning
M.E. Olds
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
E. L. Thorndike
Stimulus generalization
Social learning theory
18. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theory
Variable interval schedule
John Atkinson
19. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
20. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Shaping
Donald Hebb
Higher-Order conditioning
Backward Conditioning
21. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Habituation
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
22. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
Thorndike (book)
Ivan Pavlov
23. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Premack principle
State dependent learning
B. F. Skinner
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
24. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Habituation
Operant conditioning
Premack principle
25. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
26. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Edward Tolman
Incidental learning
Educational psychology
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Premack principle
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive transfer
28. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Arousal
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Scaffolding learning
29. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Behaviourism
Fixed interval schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Skinner box
30. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neil Miller
Learning
31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
32. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Arousal
Forward Conditioning (types)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Basic types of drives
33. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
34. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Drive-reduction theories
Cooperative learning
Escape conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
M.E. Olds
Backward Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
36. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Extinction
Kurt Lewin
Stimulus generalization
Incidental learning
37. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Response learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Victor Vroom
38. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
Chaining
39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Undergeneralization
Secondary Reinforcement
Avoidance conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
41. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Extinction
Undergeneralization
42. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Cooperative learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
43. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Skinner box
Garcia effect
John Atkinson
Edward Tolman
45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Donald Hebb
Clark Hull
Habituation
46. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Victor Vroom
Variable ratio schedule
Punishment
47. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Escape conditioning
Trace conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Classical conditioning
48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
Response learning
49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Escape conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed ratio schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Donald Hebb
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
E. L. Thorndike