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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
2. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Donald Hebb
Law of effect
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
3. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Edward Tolman
Undergeneralization
Learning curve
Kurt Lewin
4. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Second-Order conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
State dependent learning
Preparedness
5. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Token economy
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Tolman
6. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Basic types of drives
Primary Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Skinner box
7. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Skinner box
Punishment
M.E. Olds
Fixed ratio schedule
8. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Scaffolding learning
Social learning theory
Latent learning
9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
Kurt Lewin
10. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Types of classical conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Victor Vroom
11. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Operant conditioning
Extinction
Autoshaping
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
12. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Punishment
Law of effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Behaviourism
13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
John B. Watson
Age affects learning
Classical conditioning
14. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Donald Hebb
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
15. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Stimulus discrimination
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Stimulus generalization
16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
E. L. Thorndike
Variable ratio schedule
Example theories and problem?
Scaffolding learning
17. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Ivan Pavlov
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
18. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Response learning
Victor Vroom
E. L. Thorndike
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
19. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Social learning theory
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
Drive-reduction theory
20. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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21. Learning curve
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
22. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Drive-reduction theories
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Aptitude
23. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
State dependent learning
Positive Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Token economy
24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Age affects learning
Scaffolding learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
25. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Trace conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Spontaneous recovery
26. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive transfer
27. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Higher-Order conditioning
28. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Types of classical conditioning
Basic types of drives
Observational learning
Theory of association
29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Kurt Lewin
Learning curve
Classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
30. Law of effect
Sensitization
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
E. L. Thorndike
Incidental learning
31. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Clark Hull
Negative Reinforcement
Incidental learning
John B. Watson
32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
33. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Skinner box
Sensitization
Ivan Pavlov
Simultaneous Conditioning
34. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neil Miller
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
35. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Scaffolding learning
36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Clark Hull
E. L. Thorndike
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Atkinson
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Edward Tolman
Extinction
Skinner box
38. Students working on a project in small groups
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
39. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Neil Miller
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
Edward Tolman
40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Drive-reduction theory
Negative transfer
Clark Hull
Undergeneralization
41. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Age affects learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Learning
42. Theory of association
Backward Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Social learning theory
Ivan Pavlov
44. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Autoshaping
45. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Aversive conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
John Garcia
46. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Negative transfer
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Variable ratio schedule
47. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Aptitude
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Edward Tolman
48. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fixed interval schedule
Learning
Negative transfer
49. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
John Garcia
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Response learning
50. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Learning curve
Donald Hebb
Victor Vroom
Types of classical conditioning