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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






2. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






3. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






4. Theory of association






5. Students working on a project in small groups






6. Operant conditioning






7. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






10. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






12. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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14. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






15. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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16. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






18. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






19. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






20. Learning by watching






21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






22. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






23. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






24. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






25. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






27. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






29. How to avoid something undesirable






30. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






34. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






35. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






36. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






37. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






38. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






39. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






40. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






41. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






44. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






46. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






47. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






49. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food