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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Variable interval schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
2. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Response learning
Educational psychology
Scaffolding learning
Theory of association
4. Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
Sensitization
5. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Second-Order conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Incidental learning
State dependent learning
6. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Incidental learning
John Atkinson
Superstitious behaviour
7. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Superstitious behaviour
Cooperative learning
Habituation
Learning
8. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Social learning theory
9. Students working on a project in small groups
Kurt Lewin
Cooperative learning
Trace conditioning
B. F. Skinner
10. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Delayed conditioning
Learning
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
11. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Positive Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Response learning
12. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Response learning
Stimulus discrimination
13. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Delayed conditioning
Sensitization
Scaffolding learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
14. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed ratio schedule
Negative transfer
Fixed interval schedule
15. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Thorndike (book)
Law of effect
Educational psychology
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
16. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
E. L. Thorndike
Stimulus generalization
Clark Hull
Superstitious behaviour
17. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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18. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Age affects learning
M.E. Olds
Operant conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
19. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Sensitization
Autoshaping
Scaffolding learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
20. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Escape conditioning
Positive transfer
Garcia effect
21. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Shaping
Aptitude
Superstitious behaviour
22. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
23. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Trace conditioning
John Garcia
Forward Conditioning (types)
24. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Positive transfer
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Kurt Lewin
25. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
Second-Order conditioning
26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Arousal
Sensitization
Spontaneous recovery
27. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Garcia effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Skinner box
28. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Observational learning
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Skinner box
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Stimulus discrimination
Observational learning
30. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Overshadowing
Clark Hull
Fixed ratio schedule
31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Learning curve
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Kurt Lewin
32. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Chaining
Types of classical conditioning
Preparedness
Shaping
33. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Edward Tolman
Positive transfer
34. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Incidental learning
35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
B. F. Skinner
Fixed interval schedule
Learning
John Garcia
37. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Drive-reduction theory
Overshadowing
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
38. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
John Atkinson
Kurt Lewin
Fixed interval schedule
Thorndike (book)
39. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
40. Learning curve
Educational psychology
Second-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
41. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Sensitization
42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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43. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Undergeneralization
Positive transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
Observational learning
44. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Skinner box
Negative transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Premack principle
Autoshaping
Sensitization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
46. How to avoid something undesirable
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Spontaneous recovery
Neil Miller
Avoidance conditioning
47. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Second-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
48. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Delayed conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable interval schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
49. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Donald Hebb
Stimulus discrimination
Neil Miller
50. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Neil Miller
Classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning