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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How to avoid something undesirable






2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






3. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






4. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






5. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






6. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






7. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






8. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






9. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






10. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






12. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






13. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






14. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






15. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






17. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






19. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






20. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






22. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






23. UCS and CS presented at the same time






24. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






26. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






27. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






28. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






29. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






30. Law of effect






31. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






32. Learning by watching






33. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






34. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






35. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






36. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






37. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






38. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






39. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






40. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






41. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






42. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






43. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


44. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






45. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






46. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






47. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






48. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






49. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






50. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?