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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. UCS and CS presented at the same time






2. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






3. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






4. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






5. Theory of association






6. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






7. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






9. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






10. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






11. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






12. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






13. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






14. School of behaviourism






15. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






17. The failure to generalize a stimulus






18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






19. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






22. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






23. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






24. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






25. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






27. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






29. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






30. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






31. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






32. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






33. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






35. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






37. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






38. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






40. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






43. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






44. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






45. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






46. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






47. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






49. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






50. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism