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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of association
Superstitious behaviour
2. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Behaviourism
Response learning
Classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
3. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Token economy
4. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Chaining
Learning curve
Negative Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
5. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Aptitude
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Chaining
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Negative transfer
Classical conditioning
Shaping
8. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Observational learning
9. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
John Garcia
Classical conditioning
Negative transfer
E. L. Thorndike
10. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Observational learning
Undergeneralization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
11. Learning by watching
Types of classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Observational learning
E. L. Thorndike
12. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Aptitude
Trace conditioning
Theory of association
Premack principle
13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Habituation
Donald Hebb
Overshadowing
Latent learning
14. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Undergeneralization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Conditioned Response (CR)
15. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Classical conditioning
Chaining
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
16. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Overshadowing
Donald Hebb
Incidental learning
17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Response learning
Aversive conditioning
Age affects learning
Neil Miller
18. Theory of association
State dependent learning
Kurt Lewin
Backward Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
19. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Donald Hebb
20. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Response learning
John Garcia
Sensitization
21. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction
Positive transfer
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
22. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Chaining
Operant conditioning
Punishment
Stimulus discrimination
23. How to avoid something undesirable
Negative transfer
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Incidental learning
24. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Shaping
Social learning theory
Law of effect
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Negative Reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
26. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Ivan Pavlov
Shaping
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Backward Conditioning
27. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Shaping
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
M.E. Olds
28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Shaping
M.E. Olds
Yerkes-Dodson effect
29. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Positive transfer
Variable interval schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Shaping
Delayed conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Henry Murray - David McClelland
31. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Ivan Pavlov
Age affects learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Habituation
32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Fixed ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Social learning theory
33. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
34. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Extinction
Sensitization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John Garcia
35. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Example theories and problem?
Response learning
John Atkinson
Thorndike (book)
36. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Fixed ratio schedule
Donald Hebb
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Age affects learning
37. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
Theory of association
John Atkinson
38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
M.E. Olds
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
39. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Punishment
Hedonism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
40. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Drive-reduction theories
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
41. Students working on a project in small groups
Incidental learning
Learning curve
John B. Watson
Cooperative learning
42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
John B. Watson
Primary Reinforcement
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
43. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Age affects learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Learning
Fixed interval schedule
44. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Types of classical conditioning
45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Educational psychology
Fixed ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
46. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Neil Miller
Fixed interval schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
47. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Social learning theory
48. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Avoidance conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Punishment
Operant conditioning
49. Operant conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Spontaneous recovery
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
50. Learning curve
Secondary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Thorndike (book)
Superstitious behaviour