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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Donald Hebb
Second-Order conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
2. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Shaping
Forward Conditioning (types)
Behaviourism
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
3. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Behaviourism
4. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Premack principle
Secondary Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Habituation
5. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Incidental learning
Learning
Autoshaping
Aptitude
6. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
State dependent learning
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
7. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Trace conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Variable interval schedule
John B. Watson
8. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Skinner box
Age affects learning
Autoshaping
Trace conditioning
9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Response learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autoshaping
Positive Reinforcement
10. How to avoid something undesirable
Behaviourism
Educational psychology
Sensitization
Avoidance conditioning
11. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Primary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
12. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Edward Tolman
Superstitious behaviour
John Atkinson
13. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Token economy
Chaining
Stimulus generalization
14. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
M.E. Olds
Fixed interval schedule
Skinner box
Negative Reinforcement
15. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
Donald Hebb
Classical conditioning
16. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction
Variable interval schedule
Arousal
17. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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18. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
Sensitization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
19. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
M.E. Olds
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Scaffolding learning
20. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Observational learning
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
21. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Scaffolding learning
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
22. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Spontaneous recovery
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Thorndike (book)
23. Students working on a project in small groups
Token economy
Stimulus generalization
Cooperative learning
Behaviourism
24. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Trace conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Avoidance conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Age affects learning
Donald Hebb
Second-Order conditioning
26. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
State dependent learning
27. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
28. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Clark Hull
Basic types of drives
Cooperative learning
Scaffolding learning
29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Response learning
Garcia effect
Positive transfer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
30. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
State dependent learning
Premack principle
Overshadowing
31. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Token economy
32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
B. F. Skinner
Trace conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Ivan Pavlov
33. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Educational psychology
Overshadowing
State dependent learning
34. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction
Latent learning
35. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Habituation
36. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
State dependent learning
Clark Hull
Negative Reinforcement
Educational psychology
37. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
John Atkinson
Stimulus discrimination
Victor Vroom
Extinction
38. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Age affects learning
Latent learning
Secondary Reinforcement
39. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Token economy
Basic types of drives
Skinner box
Garcia effect
40. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
John Garcia
Learning curve
Extinction
Educational psychology
41. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Extinction
Fixed interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Preparedness
42. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
M.E. Olds
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
Educational psychology
43. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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44. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Classical conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
Extinction (operant conditioning)
45. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Arousal
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Observational learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Sensitization
John Atkinson
47. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Superstitious behaviour
Hedonism
Token economy
Observational learning
48. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Negative transfer
Classical conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
49. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Social learning theory
Theory of association
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Observational learning
Autoshaping
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