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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Aversive conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning curve
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
2. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Stimulus discrimination
Variable interval schedule
Cooperative learning
3. Students working on a project in small groups
John Garcia
Second-Order conditioning
Age affects learning
Cooperative learning
4. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Garcia effect
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
5. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive transfer
Spontaneous recovery
Behaviourism
6. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Drive-reduction theories
Undergeneralization
B. F. Skinner
Incidental learning
7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Observational learning
Extinction
Negative transfer
8. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Hedonism
Garcia effect
Scaffolding learning
E. L. Thorndike
9. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed ratio schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Neil Miller
10. Learning by watching
Shaping
Law of effect
Observational learning
Age affects learning
11. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
Preparedness
12. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Punishment
Incidental learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Classical conditioning
13. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Chaining
Age affects learning
Ivan Pavlov
14. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Clark Hull
Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
15. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Law of effect
Positive transfer
16. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Secondary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
17. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Edward Tolman
Law of effect
M.E. Olds
18. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Positive Reinforcement
Arousal
Autoshaping
19. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule
B. F. Skinner
20. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Autoshaping
Garcia effect
21. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Forward Conditioning (types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed ratio schedule
22. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
John Atkinson
Educational psychology
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
23. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
24. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Premack principle
Preparedness
Observational learning
25. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Variable ratio schedule
Age affects learning
Spontaneous recovery
Undergeneralization
26. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Law of effect
Incidental learning
27. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Fixed interval schedule
Victor Vroom
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Superstitious behaviour
28. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
John Atkinson
Ivan Pavlov
Drive-reduction theory
Latent learning
29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Spontaneous recovery
Superstitious behaviour
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Classical conditioning
Premack principle
Primary Reinforcement
31. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Token economy
Neil Miller
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Primary Reinforcement
32. How to avoid something undesirable
Fixed ratio schedule
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Avoidance conditioning
Social learning theory
33. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Scaffolding learning
Aptitude
Negative transfer
34. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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35. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Second-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Stimulus generalization
36. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
37. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Higher-Order conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
John Atkinson
Shaping
38. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Autoshaping
Example theories and problem?
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Thorndike (book)
Sensitization
Kurt Lewin
Secondary Reinforcement
40. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Law of effect
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
41. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Basic types of drives
42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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43. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Donald Hebb
Second-Order conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
44. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Chaining
Skinner box
Higher-Order conditioning
45. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
46. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Trace conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Premack principle
John Garcia
47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Aptitude
Fixed interval schedule
Cooperative learning
48. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Ivan Pavlov
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Incidental learning
Second-Order conditioning
50. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Neil Miller
John Atkinson
Edward Tolman
Token economy