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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
Habituation
Token economy
2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Law of effect
Garcia effect
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
3. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Undergeneralization
Age affects learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
4. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
John Garcia
Backward Conditioning
Social learning theory
5. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Overshadowing
Punishment
Escape conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
6. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Positive Reinforcement
Trace conditioning
7. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Shaping
Drive-reduction theories
8. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Forward Conditioning (types)
Kurt Lewin
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
9. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed interval schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Types of classical conditioning
10. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Donald Hebb
Educational psychology
John Garcia
Preparedness
11. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Token economy
Donald Hebb
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
12. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Stimulus generalization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
13. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Aversive conditioning
Extinction
Theory of association
14. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Negative Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
15. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Aversive conditioning
Learning curve
Victor Vroom
Habituation
16. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Stimulus generalization
Primary Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
17. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Garcia effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Classical conditioning
Autoshaping
18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
M.E. Olds
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Arousal
Escape conditioning
19. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Extinction
Law of effect
Undergeneralization
20. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
John Atkinson
21. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Delayed conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Atkinson
Chaining
22. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Token economy
23. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Incidental learning
Basic types of drives
Social learning theory
24. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Forward Conditioning (types)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Edward Tolman
Extinction (operant conditioning)
25. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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26. How to avoid something undesirable
Token economy
Avoidance conditioning
John B. Watson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Thorndike (book)
Backward Conditioning
Classical conditioning
Trace conditioning
28. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Stimulus generalization
Secondary Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Edward Tolman
Age affects learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
30. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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31. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Skinner box
Ivan Pavlov
Basic types of drives
32. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Cooperative learning
Overshadowing
33. Operant conditioning
Garcia effect
B. F. Skinner
Example theories and problem?
Basic types of drives
34. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Sensitization
Second-Order conditioning
Trace conditioning
Behaviourism
35. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Basic types of drives
Operant conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable ratio schedule
36. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Donald Hebb
37. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
38. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Token economy
Clark Hull
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
39. Students working on a project in small groups
Neil Miller
Clark Hull
Cooperative learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
40. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
State dependent learning
Shaping
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
41. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Shaping
Aptitude
42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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43. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Age affects learning
Scaffolding learning
44. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Aptitude
Aversive conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Second-Order conditioning
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Variable ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
Second-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
46. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
47. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Hedonism
Positive transfer
Arousal
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
48. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theories
Hedonism
Overshadowing
49. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Law of effect
Skinner box
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Delayed conditioning
50. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Fixed interval schedule