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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






2. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






3. The failure to generalize a stimulus






4. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






5. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






6. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






7. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






8. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






10. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






11. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






12. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






14. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






15. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






17. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






18. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






19. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






20. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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21. Learning curve






22. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






23. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






25. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






26. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






27. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






28. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






30. Law of effect






31. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






33. UCS and CS presented at the same time






34. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






35. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






38. Students working on a project in small groups






39. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






41. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






42. Theory of association






43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






44. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






45. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






46. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






47. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






48. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






49. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






50. Medium amount of arousal best for performance