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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






2. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






4. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


5. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






7. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






8. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






9. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






10. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


11. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






12. The failure to generalize a stimulus






13. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






14. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






15. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






17. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






18. Learning by watching






19. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






20. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






21. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






22. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






23. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






24. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






26. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






27. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






28. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


29. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






30. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






31. Operant conditioning






32. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






33. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






34. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






35. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






36. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






37. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






38. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






39. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






40. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






41. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






42. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






43. School of behaviourism






44. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






45. Students working on a project in small groups






46. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






47. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






48. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






49. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






50. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)