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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






5. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






6. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






8. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






9. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






10. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






12. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






13. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






14. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






15. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






16. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


17. Theory of association






18. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






19. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






20. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






21. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






22. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






23. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






26. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






27. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






28. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






30. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






31. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






32. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






33. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






34. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






35. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


37. UCS and CS presented at the same time






38. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






39. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






40. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






41. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






42. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






44. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






46. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






47. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






48. Law of effect






49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






50. How to avoid something undesirable