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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Edward Tolman
Backward Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
2. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Forward Conditioning (types)
Preparedness
Negative Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
3. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Learning curve
Skinner box
Garcia effect
4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Social learning theory
Clark Hull
Superstitious behaviour
Token economy
5. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Superstitious behaviour
State dependent learning
Example theories and problem?
7. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
M.E. Olds
Shaping
Types of classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
8. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Learning
Observational learning
Skinner box
9. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Donald Hebb
Negative transfer
Victor Vroom
Kurt Lewin
10. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Observational learning
Law of effect
Token economy
Behaviourism
11. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Scaffolding learning
Autoshaping
Extinction (operant conditioning)
12. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
13. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Backward Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
14. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Aptitude
Latent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
15. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
Arousal
16. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Neil Miller
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Response (CR)
17. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Primary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction
18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
19. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Neil Miller
Theory of association
Garcia effect
Habituation
20. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Aversive conditioning
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Types of classical conditioning
21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Cooperative learning
Neil Miller
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
22. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Spontaneous recovery
Punishment
23. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed interval schedule
Theory of association
24. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Kurt Lewin
Edward Tolman
Positive transfer
Chaining
25. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed ratio schedule
Garcia effect
Incidental learning
26. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Stimulus generalization
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
27. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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28. Learning curve
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Spontaneous recovery
Observational learning
29. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Age affects learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
Social learning theory
30. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Forward Conditioning (types)
Spontaneous recovery
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Premack principle
31. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Fixed interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theories
32. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Educational psychology
John Garcia
Stimulus generalization
John Atkinson
33. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Trace conditioning
Learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Law of effect
35. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Observational learning
Behaviourism
Victor Vroom
36. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Skinner box
Chaining
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Age affects learning
37. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
M.E. Olds
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
38. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
John B. Watson
Theory of association
Basic types of drives
39. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theory
B. F. Skinner
40. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Conditioned Response (CR)
Punishment
Neil Miller
Ivan Pavlov
41. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Response learning
Hedonism
Behaviourism
Autoshaping
42. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Observational learning
Educational psychology
B. F. Skinner
43. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Example theories and problem?
Educational psychology
Forward Conditioning (types)
44. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Higher-Order conditioning
Shaping
Habituation
Scaffolding learning
45. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Skinner box
Aptitude
Backward Conditioning
46. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Delayed conditioning
47. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Higher-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Autoshaping
48. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
Classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
49. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Delayed conditioning
Victor Vroom
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
50. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Overshadowing
Clark Hull
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