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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Skinner box
Thorndike (book)
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
2. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
Aptitude
Behaviourism
3. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Ivan Pavlov
Variable ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
4. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Autoshaping
Backward Conditioning
5. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Higher-Order conditioning
Token economy
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
6. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
7. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Primary Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
8. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
Cooperative learning
9. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Social learning theory
Undergeneralization
Positive Reinforcement
10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Example theories and problem?
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
11. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
B. F. Skinner
Delayed conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
12. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Preparedness
Overshadowing
13. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Cooperative learning
Punishment
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Operant conditioning
14. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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15. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Social learning theory
Token economy
Sensitization
Observational learning
16. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Autoshaping
Sensitization
Fixed ratio schedule
17. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Delayed conditioning
Token economy
Basic types of drives
Learning
18. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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19. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
State dependent learning
Second-Order conditioning
Autoshaping
Aversive conditioning
20. Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Aversive conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Habituation
21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Stimulus discrimination
Social learning theory
Scaffolding learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
22. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
Edward Tolman
23. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Shaping
24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Undergeneralization
Chaining
Second-Order conditioning
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Second-Order conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
26. How to avoid something undesirable
John Garcia
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Avoidance conditioning
Cooperative learning
27. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
M.E. Olds
Age affects learning
Basic types of drives
Second-Order conditioning
28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
John Atkinson
Scaffolding learning
Extinction
29. Learning curve
Operant conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Garcia effect
30. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Learning
Donald Hebb
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Garcia
31. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Skinner box
32. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autoshaping
Learning
33. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Conditioned Response (CR)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John Atkinson
Latent learning
34. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Edward Tolman
Higher-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Garcia
35. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Operant conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Educational psychology
Yerkes-Dodson effect
36. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autoshaping
Skinner box
37. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Kurt Lewin
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Social learning theory
Behaviourism
38. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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39. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
40. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
41. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Learning curve
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
42. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
Habituation
43. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Aversive conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
State dependent learning
44. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Basic types of drives
Shaping
Variable interval schedule
Stimulus generalization
45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Scaffolding learning
Aversive conditioning
46. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Premack principle
47. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Latent learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Operant conditioning
48. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
M.E. Olds
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
49. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Social learning theory
Victor Vroom
Clark Hull
Shaping
50. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus