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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
2. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Cooperative learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Extinction
3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
Superstitious behaviour
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
4. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
State dependent learning
Theory of association
5. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Age affects learning
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
Trace conditioning
6. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hedonism
Scaffolding learning
7. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Backward Conditioning
Incidental learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
8. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Social learning theory
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
9. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
M.E. Olds
Superstitious behaviour
Spontaneous recovery
Premack principle
10. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Garcia effect
Delayed conditioning
Latent learning
11. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Social learning theory
Scaffolding learning
Escape conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
12. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Chaining
Behaviourism
Conditioned Response (CR)
Garcia effect
13. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Escape conditioning
Negative transfer
M.E. Olds
Scaffolding learning
14. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Stimulus generalization
Operant conditioning
15. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Negative transfer
Preparedness
Chaining
16. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Response learning
17. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Positive transfer
Law of effect
Negative Reinforcement
State dependent learning
18. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Preparedness
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
19. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Chaining
John Atkinson
Behaviourism
20. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Garcia effect
Aversive conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
21. Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Aversive conditioning
22. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Second-Order conditioning
Sensitization
Overshadowing
Escape conditioning
23. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
24. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Cooperative learning
Aversive conditioning
Token economy
State dependent learning
25. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Scaffolding learning
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theory
Educational psychology
26. School of behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John B. Watson
Clark Hull
27. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
Law of effect
28. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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29. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Social learning theory
Clark Hull
Preparedness
Superstitious behaviour
30. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Garcia effect
Response learning
Extinction
31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Second-Order conditioning
32. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
33. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Premack principle
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
34. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
John Atkinson
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Theory of association
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
35. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Arousal
Fixed ratio schedule
John B. Watson
Hedonism
36. Learning by watching
Spontaneous recovery
Habituation
Observational learning
Behaviourism
37. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Age affects learning
Sensitization
Scaffolding learning
38. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Theory of association
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
Autoshaping
39. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Basic types of drives
Trace conditioning
Neil Miller
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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41. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Age affects learning
Stimulus generalization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Backward Conditioning
42. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Drive-reduction theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
43. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Fixed interval schedule
Age affects learning
Second-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
44. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive Reinforcement
Clark Hull
45. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Henry Murray - David McClelland
46. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
John Atkinson
Clark Hull
Delayed conditioning
Preparedness
47. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Incidental learning
Scaffolding learning
Arousal
48. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Law of effect
Victor Vroom
John Garcia
49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Superstitious behaviour
Token economy
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Negative Reinforcement
50. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Observational learning
Shaping
Clark Hull
Primary Reinforcement