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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
State dependent learning
Negative transfer
Shaping
2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Token economy
Garcia effect
Learning
3. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Sensitization
Undergeneralization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Negative Reinforcement
4. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Aptitude
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Chaining
Variable ratio schedule
5. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Trace conditioning
John Atkinson
Operant conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Token economy
State dependent learning
Age affects learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
7. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Sensitization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Clark Hull
Basic types of drives
Negative transfer
Example theories and problem?
9. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Punishment
Social learning theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed ratio schedule
10. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Response learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
11. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Punishment
Premack principle
Second-Order conditioning
Shaping
12. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Age affects learning
Trace conditioning
Law of effect
Negative Reinforcement
13. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
John Atkinson
Superstitious behaviour
Social learning theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
14. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Ivan Pavlov
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (operant conditioning)
15. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
John B. Watson
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
16. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
State dependent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Fixed interval schedule
17. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Victor Vroom
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Example theories and problem?
Escape conditioning
18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Garcia effect
Token economy
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
19. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Thorndike (book)
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of association
20. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
John Garcia
Backward Conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Overshadowing
21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
State dependent learning
22. Learning by watching
Autoshaping
Types of classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
23. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Hedonism
Second-Order conditioning
24. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Autoshaping
Delayed conditioning
25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Backward Conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
26. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Neil Miller
Autoshaping
Shaping
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
27. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Neil Miller
Negative transfer
Aversive conditioning
28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Clark Hull
Basic types of drives
John B. Watson
29. School of behaviourism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson
Aptitude
Yerkes-Dodson effect
30. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
31. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Preparedness
Behaviourism
Basic types of drives
E. L. Thorndike
32. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Punishment
Latent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Shaping
33. Students working on a project in small groups
Behaviourism
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Cooperative learning
Premack principle
34. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Observational learning
Types of classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
35. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Clark Hull
Chaining
36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed interval schedule
37. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Kurt Lewin
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
38. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Drive-reduction theory
Thorndike (book)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction
39. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Preparedness
40. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Stimulus discrimination
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Premack principle
Positive Reinforcement
41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Incidental learning
Fixed interval schedule
Backward Conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Punishment
Thorndike (book)
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
43. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Stimulus discrimination
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Premack principle
44. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Escape conditioning
Classical conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Atkinson
45. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Skinner box
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Positive transfer
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theories
47. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Delayed conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
48. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Incidental learning
50. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Skinner box
Yerkes-Dodson effect