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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
Learning
2. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
State dependent learning
Sensitization
Response learning
Educational psychology
3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
4. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Superstitious behaviour
Observational learning
Stimulus generalization
Age affects learning
5. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Law of effect
Incidental learning
6. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Thorndike (book)
Learning
Stimulus discrimination
Theory of association
7. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Habituation
Basic types of drives
Stimulus discrimination
8. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Sensitization
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Overshadowing
9. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Theory of association
Drive-reduction theory
Ivan Pavlov
Chaining
10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Sensitization
Overshadowing
Second-Order conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
11. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
E. L. Thorndike
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
M.E. Olds
12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Second-Order conditioning
Response learning
Clark Hull
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
13. Operant conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
B. F. Skinner
Positive transfer
14. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Sensitization
Trace conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
15. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Scaffolding learning
Punishment
John Atkinson
State dependent learning
16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
17. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Second-Order conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
18. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Avoidance conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
M.E. Olds
Extinction (operant conditioning)
19. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Positive transfer
Overshadowing
20. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Autoshaping
State dependent learning
21. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable interval schedule
Undergeneralization
22. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Conditioned Response (CR)
Premack principle
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable ratio schedule
23. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Neil Miller
Delayed conditioning
Aversive conditioning
24. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Garcia effect
Positive transfer
Aversive conditioning
John Atkinson
25. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Extinction
Delayed conditioning
Hedonism
Variable interval schedule
26. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Sensitization
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
27. How to avoid something undesirable
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Avoidance conditioning
28. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus generalization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Avoidance conditioning
29. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Aptitude
Kurt Lewin
Extinction
Positive transfer
30. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Stimulus discrimination
Negative transfer
Behaviourism
Donald Hebb
31. Learning curve
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Primary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
32. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Trace conditioning
Punishment
Skinner box
33. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Garcia effect
Law of effect
Fixed ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
34. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
M.E. Olds
Delayed conditioning
Premack principle
Punishment
35. Students working on a project in small groups
B. F. Skinner
Cooperative learning
Law of effect
Hedonism
36. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Stimulus generalization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Second-Order conditioning
37. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Avoidance conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Scaffolding learning
Edward Tolman
38. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Extinction
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
39. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Learning curve
Response learning
Operant conditioning
40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Variable interval schedule
Clark Hull
Donald Hebb
Arousal
41. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Neil Miller
Superstitious behaviour
Forward Conditioning (types)
42. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Response (CR)
43. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Arousal
44. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Clark Hull
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Primary Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
45. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Kurt Lewin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus discrimination
Learning curve
46. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Premack principle
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hedonism
47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
M.E. Olds
Sensitization
John Garcia
Undergeneralization
48. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Avoidance conditioning
Neil Miller
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
49. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed ratio schedule
Learning
Escape conditioning
Negative transfer
50. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Punishment
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Incidental learning