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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






3. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






5. Learning by watching






6. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






8. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






12. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






14. UCS and CS presented at the same time






15. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






16. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






17. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






18. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






20. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






21. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






22. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






26. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






27. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






28. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






29. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






30. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






31. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






32. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






33. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






34. School of behaviourism






35. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






36. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






37. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






38. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






39. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






40. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






42. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






43. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






44. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






45. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






48. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






50. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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