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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






2. Law of effect






3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






4. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






5. UCS and CS presented at the same time






6. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






7. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






8. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






9. Learning curve






10. Operant conditioning






11. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






12. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






14. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






15. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






16. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






17. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






19. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






20. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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21. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






23. Learning by watching






24. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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25. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






26. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






27. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






28. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






29. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






30. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






31. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






32. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






33. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






35. How to avoid something undesirable






36. Theory of association






37. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






38. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






40. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






42. The failure to generalize a stimulus






43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






44. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






45. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






46. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






47. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






48. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






49. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






50. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated







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