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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Escape conditioning
Neil Miller
Types of classical conditioning
2. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Arousal
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
3. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Age affects learning
Stimulus discrimination
Avoidance conditioning
4. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
E. L. Thorndike
Undergeneralization
Behaviourism
Variable ratio schedule
5. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Simultaneous Conditioning
Habituation
Donald Hebb
Theory of association
6. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Learning
John Atkinson
Donald Hebb
Age affects learning
7. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Educational psychology
Negative transfer
Behaviourism
State dependent learning
8. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Premack principle
Positive transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Yerkes-Dodson effect
9. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Premack principle
Avoidance conditioning
10. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Undergeneralization
John Garcia
Avoidance conditioning
Punishment
12. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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14. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Hedonism
15. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Stimulus discrimination
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Edward Tolman
Punishment
16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John Atkinson
Variable ratio schedule
Superstitious behaviour
17. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Cooperative learning
Observational learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
18. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Primary Reinforcement
Overshadowing
Conditioned Response (CR)
19. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Token economy
Punishment
Learning
20. Learning curve
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Learning
21. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Cooperative learning
Aptitude
Premack principle
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
22. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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23. Law of effect
Garcia effect
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
E. L. Thorndike
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
24. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Types of classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Primary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
25. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learning curve
Yerkes-Dodson effect
26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Drive-reduction theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
Hermann Ebbinghaus
27. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Arousal
28. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
E. L. Thorndike
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
29. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Kurt Lewin
Preparedness
Ivan Pavlov
Thorndike (book)
30. Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative transfer
Educational psychology
Kurt Lewin
31. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Second-Order conditioning
Aptitude
Higher-Order conditioning
32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Latent learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Higher-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
33. Learning by watching
State dependent learning
Backward Conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Observational learning
34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Aptitude
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Law of effect
35. Students working on a project in small groups
Extinction
Cooperative learning
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
36. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Kurt Lewin
Spontaneous recovery
Autoshaping
Aversive conditioning
37. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Theory of association
Latent learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Variable interval schedule
38. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Social learning theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
39. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Trace conditioning
Premack principle
Classical conditioning
Response learning
40. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Clark Hull
41. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Hedonism
E. L. Thorndike
Arousal
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
42. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Donald Hebb
Age affects learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
43. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Secondary Reinforcement
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Basic types of drives
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
44. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Shaping
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
45. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Fixed interval schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Sensitization
46. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Learning curve
Undergeneralization
47. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Fixed ratio schedule
Hedonism
Scaffolding learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
48. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Shaping
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Second-Order conditioning
49. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Delayed conditioning
Learning
Premack principle
Negative transfer
50. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)