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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Basic types of drives
Victor Vroom
Escape conditioning
John Atkinson
2. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Observational learning
Trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
3. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Types of classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Learning
4. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Educational psychology
Fixed ratio schedule
John Garcia
Simultaneous Conditioning
5. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Skinner box
Token economy
6. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Autoshaping
Latent learning
Victor Vroom
Learning curve
7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction
Arousal
Negative transfer
8. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Aversive conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Observational learning
Thorndike (book)
9. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Learning curve
Positive Reinforcement
Hedonism
Clark Hull
10. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
11. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction
Arousal
Clark Hull
12. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
13. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
John B. Watson
Skinner box
Educational psychology
Shaping
14. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
Response learning
Variable ratio schedule
15. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
Avoidance conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
17. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed interval schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
E. L. Thorndike
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
Premack principle
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Stimulus generalization
Punishment
Ivan Pavlov
20. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Chaining
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed ratio schedule
21. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
22. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Hedonism
Donald Hebb
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neil Miller
23. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
Victor Vroom
24. School of behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John B. Watson
Delayed conditioning
Learning curve
25. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Latent learning
26. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Positive Reinforcement
Law of effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Undergeneralization
27. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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29. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Spontaneous recovery
Law of effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
30. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Social learning theory
E. L. Thorndike
31. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
Preparedness
32. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Social learning theory
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
Spontaneous recovery
33. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
State dependent learning
Edward Tolman
Avoidance conditioning
Preparedness
34. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
35. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Positive Reinforcement
Observational learning
Negative transfer
36. How to avoid something undesirable
State dependent learning
Avoidance conditioning
John Atkinson
Secondary Reinforcement
37. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Social learning theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Chaining
Arousal
38. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Simultaneous Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Drive-reduction theories
Stimulus generalization
39. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Sensitization
Stimulus discrimination
40. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John B. Watson
Example theories and problem?
Kurt Lewin
41. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John B. Watson
Extinction (classical conditioning)
42. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Autoshaping
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Spontaneous recovery
43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Clark Hull
Response learning
Garcia effect
Habituation
44. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Habituation
45. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Token economy
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
46. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John Atkinson
47. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Hedonism
John Garcia
Secondary Reinforcement
48. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Ivan Pavlov
Escape conditioning
49. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Drive-reduction theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
50. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Avoidance conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Learning