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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






2. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






3. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






4. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






6. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






7. Learning by watching






8. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






9. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






10. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






11. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






12. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






13. Operant conditioning






14. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






15. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






17. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






18. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






19. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






20. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






21. The failure to generalize a stimulus






22. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






23. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






26. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






27. How to avoid something undesirable






28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






29. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






31. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






32. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






33. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






34. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






35. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






36. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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37. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






38. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






39. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






40. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






41. UCS and CS presented at the same time






42. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






43. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






44. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






45. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






46. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






47. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






48. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






49. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






50. Law of effect