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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






2. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






4. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






5. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






6. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






7. Law of effect






8. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






9. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






10. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






11. Theory of association






12. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






13. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






15. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






18. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






19. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






20. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






22. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






23. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






24. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






25. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






26. The failure to generalize a stimulus






27. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






28. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






29. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






30. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






31. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






32. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






33. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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34. How to avoid something undesirable






35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






36. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






37. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






38. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






39. Operant conditioning






40. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






41. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






42. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






43. Students working on a project in small groups






44. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






45. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






46. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






47. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






49. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






50. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)