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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Negative Reinforcement
Aptitude
Latent learning
Undergeneralization
2. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Backward Conditioning
Classical conditioning
3. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Aptitude
Extinction
Shaping
4. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
John Atkinson
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Example theories and problem?
Garcia effect
5. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed ratio schedule
Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
6. Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
Behaviourism
Token economy
Kurt Lewin
7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Victor Vroom
Sensitization
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
8. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Hedonism
Law of effect
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Variable interval schedule
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
Habituation
Law of effect
10. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Premack principle
Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
11. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Aversive conditioning
Aptitude
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Superstitious behaviour
12. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Spontaneous recovery
Overshadowing
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
13. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
14. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Scaffolding learning
Positive Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
15. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Trace conditioning
Punishment
Negative Reinforcement
16. Operant conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Learning curve
B. F. Skinner
Backward Conditioning
17. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Drive-reduction theories
Garcia effect
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
18. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Scaffolding learning
Extinction
Trace conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
19. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Skinner box
Extinction (classical conditioning)
20. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Backward Conditioning
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Chaining
22. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Scaffolding learning
State dependent learning
Thorndike (book)
Variable interval schedule
23. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Backward Conditioning
Observational learning
Donald Hebb
24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
25. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Observational learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Superstitious behaviour
Variable ratio schedule
26. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Drive-reduction theory
Positive transfer
Shaping
27. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Types of classical conditioning
Law of effect
28. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Overshadowing
Learning curve
Operant conditioning
29. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Extinction
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Undergeneralization
Age affects learning
Latent learning
31. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
State dependent learning
Age affects learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
32. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Positive transfer
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
33. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Victor Vroom
Spontaneous recovery
Behaviourism
Negative transfer
34. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Behaviourism
Negative Reinforcement
35. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Learning
Arousal
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
36. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Chaining
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Social learning theory
37. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction
Incidental learning
38. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
B. F. Skinner
Observational learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Educational psychology
39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autoshaping
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
40. Students working on a project in small groups
Fixed ratio schedule
Cooperative learning
Types of classical conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
41. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Garcia
42. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Habituation
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Response learning
Ivan Pavlov
43. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aptitude
Incidental learning
Hedonism
Negative transfer
44. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Token economy
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
Scaffolding learning
45. The failure to generalize a stimulus
John B. Watson
Variable interval schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Undergeneralization
46. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
47. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned Response (CR)
Thorndike (book)
Clark Hull
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Atkinson
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects