SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autoshaping
Spontaneous recovery
2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Delayed conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Overshadowing
3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Garcia effect
Escape conditioning
Law of effect
4. Law of effect
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Thorndike (book)
E. L. Thorndike
Preparedness
5. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Sensitization
Learning curve
Negative Reinforcement
Positive transfer
6. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Trace conditioning
Donald Hebb
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Shaping
7. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Classical conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Token economy
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
8. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Response learning
9. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction
Operant conditioning
10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Superstitious behaviour
Types of classical conditioning
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
11. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Edward Tolman
Variable interval schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Undergeneralization
12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Avoidance conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
John Garcia
Positive Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Escape conditioning
14. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neil Miller
15. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Basic types of drives
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Behaviourism
Primary Reinforcement
16. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Overshadowing
Arousal
Delayed conditioning
Skinner box
17. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Second-Order conditioning
Educational psychology
Basic types of drives
Edward Tolman
18. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
John B. Watson
Extinction
Punishment
Variable ratio schedule
19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Negative Reinforcement
Aptitude
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
20. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Edward Tolman
21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Forward Conditioning (types)
Victor Vroom
John Garcia
22. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Premack principle
Preparedness
Operant conditioning
John Atkinson
23. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Chaining
Example theories and problem?
Spontaneous recovery
Backward Conditioning
24. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Positive transfer
25. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Learning curve
Escape conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Educational psychology
26. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Stimulus discrimination
Fixed interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
28. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Aptitude
Social learning theory
Negative transfer
29. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Superstitious behaviour
Habituation
Educational psychology
Social learning theory
30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Aversive conditioning
Escape conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Scaffolding learning
Autoshaping
Example theories and problem?
Garcia effect
32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Stimulus discrimination
33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Incidental learning
Chaining
Habituation
Undergeneralization
34. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Law of effect
Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
35. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Overshadowing
Superstitious behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Operant conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Backward Conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Stimulus discrimination
Thorndike (book)
M.E. Olds
Sensitization
38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
39. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Fixed interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
M.E. Olds
40. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Variable interval schedule
Learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
41. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
42. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Preparedness
Edward Tolman
Latent learning
43. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Basic types of drives
Secondary Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Punishment
44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Escape conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction
46. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Spontaneous recovery
Learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Example theories and problem?
47. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
M.E. Olds
Example theories and problem?
John B. Watson
Theory of association
48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Skinner box
Social learning theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
49. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Negative Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Backward Conditioning
Hedonism
50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
E. L. Thorndike
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia