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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






2. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






3. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






4. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






5. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






6. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






7. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






8. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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9. School of behaviourism






10. How to avoid something undesirable






11. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






12. Operant conditioning






13. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






14. Learning by watching






15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






16. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






17. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






18. UCS and CS presented at the same time






19. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






21. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






22. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






23. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






24. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






25. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






26. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






28. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






30. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






31. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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32. Law of effect






33. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






34. Learning curve






35. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






36. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






37. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






38. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






39. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






40. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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41. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






42. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






43. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






44. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






45. Students working on a project in small groups






46. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






47. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






48. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






49. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






50. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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