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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Cooperative learning
2. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Variable interval schedule
John Atkinson
Age affects learning
Negative transfer
3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Backward Conditioning
Token economy
Scaffolding learning
Escape conditioning
4. Law of effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
E. L. Thorndike
Edward Tolman
Operant conditioning
5. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Social learning theory
Educational psychology
Cooperative learning
6. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
7. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Theory of association
Escape conditioning
Educational psychology
Variable ratio schedule
8. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Secondary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Forward Conditioning (types)
Clark Hull
9. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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10. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Variable ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
11. Operant conditioning
Educational psychology
Sensitization
Extinction
B. F. Skinner
12. How to avoid something undesirable
Theory of association
Avoidance conditioning
Scaffolding learning
E. L. Thorndike
13. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Donald Hebb
Avoidance conditioning
14. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Donald Hebb
Premack principle
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Learning
15. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John B. Watson
Scaffolding learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
16. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Observational learning
18. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
E. L. Thorndike
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
19. Students working on a project in small groups
Backward Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Extinction
Cooperative learning
20. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Observational learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Garcia effect
Kurt Lewin
21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Conditioned Response (CR)
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
22. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
23. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Victor Vroom
Positive Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Thorndike (book)
24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Educational psychology
Latent learning
Escape conditioning
25. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Second-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Aptitude
Primary Reinforcement
26. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Escape conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Negative transfer
27. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Higher-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
28. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Punishment
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
29. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Undergeneralization
30. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
John Atkinson
Sensitization
Primary Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
31. Learning by watching
Thorndike (book)
Sensitization
Observational learning
Incidental learning
32. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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33. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Cooperative learning
Backward Conditioning
34. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
Example theories and problem?
Primary Reinforcement
35. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Latent learning
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Arousal
36. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Incidental learning
37. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Learning curve
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson
38. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Basic types of drives
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Ivan Pavlov
39. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Preparedness
Second-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
40. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Example theories and problem?
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Premack principle
41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Law of effect
Drive-reduction theories
Thorndike (book)
Spontaneous recovery
42. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Victor Vroom
Premack principle
Latent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
43. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Donald Hebb
Age affects learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Theory of association
44. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Law of effect
Theory of association
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
John Garcia
45. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Habituation
Undergeneralization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Positive transfer
46. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Learning curve
Types of classical conditioning
Example theories and problem?
47. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Learning
John B. Watson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Social learning theory
48. Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Latent learning
M.E. Olds
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Basic types of drives
50. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Garcia effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)