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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






2. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






3. UCS and CS presented at the same time






4. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






5. School of behaviourism






6. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






7. Students working on a project in small groups






8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






9. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






10. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






11. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






12. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






13. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






14. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






15. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






19. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






20. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






21. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






22. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






23. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






24. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






25. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






26. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






27. The failure to generalize a stimulus






28. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






29. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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30. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






31. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






32. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






33. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






34. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






35. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






36. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






37. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






38. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






39. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






40. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






41. Learning by watching






42. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






43. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






44. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






45. Theory of association






46. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






47. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






48. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






49. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






50. Learning curve