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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Superstitious behaviour
Negative transfer
Preparedness
2. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Skinner box
Premack principle
Undergeneralization
Victor Vroom
3. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Drive-reduction theories
Superstitious behaviour
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
4. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
Arousal
5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Victor Vroom
6. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
State dependent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
7. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
State dependent learning
Drive-reduction theories
8. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Overshadowing
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
John Garcia
9. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Variable ratio schedule
State dependent learning
Educational psychology
10. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Social learning theory
Fixed interval schedule
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
11. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Hedonism
Simultaneous Conditioning
Response learning
Thorndike (book)
12. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
B. F. Skinner
Simultaneous Conditioning
Sensitization
Types of classical conditioning
13. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Kurt Lewin
Undergeneralization
14. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Garcia effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
15. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Drive-reduction theory
Clark Hull
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
16. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Autoshaping
Token economy
Age affects learning
17. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Spontaneous recovery
18. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Classical conditioning
Autoshaping
Response learning
19. Law of effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hedonism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
E. L. Thorndike
20. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Response learning
Delayed conditioning
21. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Cooperative learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Escape conditioning
22. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Fixed interval schedule
Thorndike (book)
Law of effect
Higher-Order conditioning
23. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Escape conditioning
Variable interval schedule
John Atkinson
Negative transfer
24. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative transfer
25. School of behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus generalization
Thorndike (book)
John B. Watson
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Drive-reduction theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
27. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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28. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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29. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
M.E. Olds
Trace conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
30. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
John Garcia
Operant conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
31. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Drive-reduction theories
Classical conditioning
Extinction
Escape conditioning
32. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
E. L. Thorndike
Clark Hull
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Example theories and problem?
33. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Trace conditioning
34. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
35. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Shaping
Delayed conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Age affects learning
36. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Backward Conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Spontaneous recovery
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Thorndike (book)
38. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Preparedness
John Atkinson
Garcia effect
Conditioned Response (CR)
39. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
40. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
John B. Watson
Habituation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive Reinforcement
41. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Stimulus discrimination
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Example theories and problem?
Second-Order conditioning
42. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
Negative transfer
Henry Murray - David McClelland
43. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Preparedness
Fixed interval schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Shaping
44. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
Spontaneous recovery
Overshadowing
45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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46. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Ivan Pavlov
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Cooperative learning
Spontaneous recovery
47. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Garcia effect
Ivan Pavlov
Thorndike (book)
48. Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Kurt Lewin
Learning curve
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
49. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Primary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Aptitude
50. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Delayed conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Latent learning