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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Thorndike (book)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
2. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Response learning
Classical conditioning
Extinction
3. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Example theories and problem?
4. Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
5. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Overshadowing
John Garcia
M.E. Olds
Variable interval schedule
6. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
7. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Premack principle
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Hedonism
M.E. Olds
8. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fixed interval schedule
Cooperative learning
Superstitious behaviour
9. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Learning curve
Secondary Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Superstitious behaviour
10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Simultaneous Conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction
Preparedness
11. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Negative Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Behaviourism
Aptitude
12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Positive transfer
Latent learning
Ivan Pavlov
13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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14. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Autoshaping
Latent learning
15. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Learning curve
Garcia effect
Spontaneous recovery
Arousal
16. Learning by watching
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
B. F. Skinner
Cooperative learning
Observational learning
17. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
E. L. Thorndike
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Example theories and problem?
18. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Autoshaping
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Educational psychology
19. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Chaining
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Positive Reinforcement
20. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Negative Reinforcement
Incidental learning
Edward Tolman
Learning curve
21. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Law of effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
22. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Response learning
23. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Token economy
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
24. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hedonism
Incidental learning
Aversive conditioning
25. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Response learning
Theory of association
John Atkinson
Delayed conditioning
26. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Superstitious behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Sensitization
27. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Habituation
Simultaneous Conditioning
M.E. Olds
28. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Punishment
Preparedness
Law of effect
Operant conditioning
29. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Latent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
30. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Scaffolding learning
Preparedness
31. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
32. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Backward Conditioning
Law of effect
Observational learning
33. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aptitude
Extinction
Undergeneralization
Incidental learning
34. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Backward Conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Token economy
35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Escape conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Law of effect
M.E. Olds
36. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Kurt Lewin
Neil Miller
Stimulus generalization
Fixed ratio schedule
37. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Habituation
Positive transfer
Basic types of drives
Delayed conditioning
38. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Latent learning
Negative Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Preparedness
39. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Primary Reinforcement
Response learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Chaining
40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Edward Tolman
Behaviourism
Skinner box
41. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Operant conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
Thorndike (book)
42. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Punishment
Fixed interval schedule
Neil Miller
43. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
John Garcia
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Secondary Reinforcement
Age affects learning
44. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Sensitization
Delayed conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
45. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Types of classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
46. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Spontaneous recovery
Learning curve
47. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Garcia effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
M.E. Olds
Undergeneralization
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Avoidance conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Garcia effect
49. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theory
Autoshaping
Stimulus discrimination
50. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Arousal
Overshadowing
Scaffolding learning