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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operant conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theory
2. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable interval schedule
3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Forward Conditioning (types)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Variable interval schedule
Edward Tolman
5. Students working on a project in small groups
Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Cooperative learning
John Atkinson
6. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
State dependent learning
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
Aptitude
7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
John Garcia
Extinction
Sensitization
John Atkinson
8. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
Types of classical conditioning
9. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Drive-reduction theories
10. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
Arousal
Positive transfer
11. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Preparedness
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
12. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Latent learning
Learning curve
Shaping
13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative transfer
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
14. Learning by watching
Observational learning
M.E. Olds
Aversive conditioning
John Atkinson
15. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Backward Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Learning curve
16. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Clark Hull
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
17. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Response learning
Drive-reduction theory
18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Law of effect
State dependent learning
Habituation
Ivan Pavlov
19. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Operant conditioning
Punishment
Chaining
Law of effect
20. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
Neil Miller
Observational learning
21. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Autoshaping
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
E. L. Thorndike
22. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Ivan Pavlov
Learning curve
Premack principle
Theory of association
23. How to avoid something undesirable
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Punishment
John Atkinson
Avoidance conditioning
24. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction
Yerkes-Dodson effect
25. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
John Atkinson
Primary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
John Garcia
Basic types of drives
John Atkinson
Age affects learning
27. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
M.E. Olds
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
E. L. Thorndike
Social learning theory
28. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Avoidance conditioning
Sensitization
Conditioned Response (CR)
Types of classical conditioning
29. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Aversive conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Habituation
30. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Negative transfer
Sensitization
State dependent learning
Types of classical conditioning
31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed interval schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
32. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Behaviourism
Hedonism
Variable ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
33. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Ivan Pavlov
Punishment
Habituation
34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
35. Theory of association
Higher-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Learning
Kurt Lewin
36. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Arousal
Positive transfer
37. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Cooperative learning
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Edward Tolman
38. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Educational psychology
Theory of association
John Atkinson
Autoshaping
39. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Donald Hebb
Punishment
Extinction (classical conditioning)
40. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Overshadowing
Skinner box
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
41. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Stimulus generalization
Learning curve
Law of effect
Thorndike (book)
42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John Garcia
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
43. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Shaping
Fixed ratio schedule
44. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Chaining
Learning
Delayed conditioning
45. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Punishment
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Positive transfer
Shaping
46. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
John B. Watson
Behaviourism
47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Garcia
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aptitude
48. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Delayed conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Autoshaping
Token economy
49. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Drive-reduction theories
State dependent learning
Overshadowing
Skinner box
50. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Variable ratio schedule
Undergeneralization
John Garcia