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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How to avoid something undesirable






2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






3. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






4. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






6. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






7. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






8. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






11. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






13. Law of effect






14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






15. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






16. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






19. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






20. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






21. UCS and CS presented at the same time






22. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






23. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






24. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






25. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






26. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






28. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






30. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






31. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






32. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






33. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






34. Learning curve






35. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






36. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






37. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






38. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






39. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






41. Operant conditioning






42. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






43. The failure to generalize a stimulus






44. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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45. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






46. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






47. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






48. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






49. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






50. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+