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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Drive-reduction theories
Educational psychology
Positive transfer
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
2. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Social learning theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
3. Learning by watching
Age affects learning
Observational learning
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner box
4. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Secondary Reinforcement
John Atkinson
Law of effect
5. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Thorndike (book)
Arousal
Spontaneous recovery
Backward Conditioning
6. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Extinction
Garcia effect
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (classical conditioning)
7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
John B. Watson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Positive transfer
Stimulus generalization
8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Positive Reinforcement
Social learning theory
Aptitude
Sensitization
9. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Clark Hull
Drive-reduction theories
Token economy
Negative transfer
10. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule
11. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Law of effect
Ivan Pavlov
Yerkes-Dodson effect
12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Autoshaping
Premack principle
13. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Kurt Lewin
Skinner box
Aversive conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
14. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Premack principle
15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Response learning
Garcia effect
16. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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17. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Response learning
18. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Fixed ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
Undergeneralization
Response learning
19. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Behaviourism
Victor Vroom
Shaping
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
20. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Victor Vroom
Incidental learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning
21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Negative Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Escape conditioning
Premack principle
22. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Response learning
Neil Miller
Aptitude
23. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Fixed interval schedule
M.E. Olds
Escape conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
24. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Educational psychology
Response learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning
25. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Positive transfer
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Spontaneous recovery
Learning curve
26. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Edward Tolman
Extinction
27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Delayed conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autoshaping
28. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Drive-reduction theories
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
Latent learning
29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Negative transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
30. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Trace conditioning
Chaining
Superstitious behaviour
Law of effect
31. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Escape conditioning
Basic types of drives
Primary Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Backward Conditioning
Donald Hebb
Age affects learning
33. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Trace conditioning
Age affects learning
Stimulus generalization
35. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Aptitude
Overshadowing
Kurt Lewin
Latent learning
36. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Social learning theory
Trace conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
37. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Second-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Backward Conditioning
38. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Ivan Pavlov
39. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Premack principle
Types of classical conditioning
Age affects learning
M.E. Olds
40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Latent learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Basic types of drives
Delayed conditioning
41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Primary Reinforcement
Sensitization
Premack principle
42. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Cooperative learning
Basic types of drives
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
43. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
State dependent learning
John Garcia
Basic types of drives
Trace conditioning
44. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Garcia effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
Shaping
45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Token economy
Escape conditioning
Shaping
Skinner box
46. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Basic types of drives
Skinner box
Classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
47. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
Secondary Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Premack principle
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Neil Miller
M.E. Olds
Incidental learning
Autoshaping
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
Social learning theory
Behaviourism
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
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