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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
Secondary Reinforcement
2. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Educational psychology
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
4. Learning by watching
Primary Reinforcement
Hedonism
Stimulus generalization
Observational learning
5. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
John Atkinson
Stimulus generalization
Social learning theory
Drive-reduction theory
6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Learning curve
Superstitious behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Educational psychology
7. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Higher-Order conditioning
Theory of association
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Superstitious behaviour
Avoidance conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Clark Hull
9. Operant conditioning
Arousal
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
Aversive conditioning
10. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Law of effect
Negative transfer
11. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Token economy
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
12. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Incidental learning
Example theories and problem?
Backward Conditioning
13. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Victor Vroom
Spontaneous recovery
M.E. Olds
Thorndike (book)
14. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Garcia
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable interval schedule
15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction
Token economy
Thorndike (book)
16. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Escape conditioning
Kurt Lewin
17. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Arousal
Drive-reduction theories
John Atkinson
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Educational psychology
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John B. Watson
19. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Educational psychology
Autoshaping
Chaining
20. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Superstitious behaviour
John Atkinson
Sensitization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
21. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Clark Hull
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
22. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Autoshaping
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
Fixed interval schedule
23. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Aptitude
Avoidance conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Simultaneous Conditioning
24. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Delayed conditioning
25. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Secondary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
Aptitude
26. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Aversive conditioning
M.E. Olds
John Atkinson
Overshadowing
27. Law of effect
Types of classical conditioning
Shaping
Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
28. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Victor Vroom
Types of classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
29. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Hedonism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
30. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Thorndike (book)
Negative Reinforcement
Arousal
31. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Negative transfer
Escape conditioning
32. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
Primary Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
33. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
Preparedness
34. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Primary Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Backward Conditioning
Neil Miller
35. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Higher-Order conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
Premack principle
36. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Law of effect
Edward Tolman
State dependent learning
Positive Reinforcement
37. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Token economy
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
38. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Thorndike (book)
Token economy
Extinction
Victor Vroom
39. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Hedonism
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
40. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aversive conditioning
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
41. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Example theories and problem?
Autoshaping
42. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Punishment
E. L. Thorndike
Aversive conditioning
43. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Higher-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
44. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Age affects learning
45. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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46. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Theory of association
Response learning
Scaffolding learning
47. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Habituation
Stimulus generalization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
48. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Sensitization
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Aversive conditioning
49. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Latent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Spontaneous recovery
50. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Latent learning
Delayed conditioning
Theory of association