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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






2. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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3. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






4. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






5. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






6. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






7. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






8. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






9. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






10. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






11. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






12. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






13. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






14. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






15. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






16. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






17. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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18. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






19. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






20. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






21. Law of effect






22. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






23. How to avoid something undesirable






24. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






25. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






26. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






27. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






28. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






29. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






30. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






31. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






32. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






33. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






34. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






35. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






36. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






38. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






39. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






40. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






42. Operant conditioning






43. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






44. School of behaviourism






45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






47. Theory of association






48. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






49. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






50. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state