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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






2. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






3. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






4. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






5. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






6. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






7. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






8. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






9. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






10. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






11. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






12. Operant conditioning






13. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






14. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






15. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






16. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






18. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






19. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






20. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






21. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






22. How to avoid something undesirable






23. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






25. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






26. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






27. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






28. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






29. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






30. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






31. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






32. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






33. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






34. Theory of association






35. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






36. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






37. Learning curve






38. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






39. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






40. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






41. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






43. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






44. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






45. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






46. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






47. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






48. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






49. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






50. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired







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