SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Edward Tolman
Conditioned Response (CR)
Sensitization
Arousal
2. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
3. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Variable interval schedule
State dependent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Arousal
4. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Delayed conditioning
Age affects learning
Scaffolding learning
Premack principle
5. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Higher-Order conditioning
Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
6. Learning by watching
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Observational learning
Basic types of drives
Variable ratio schedule
7. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
Aptitude
Extinction
8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John B. Watson
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Donald Hebb
9. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Garcia effect
Incidental learning
Trace conditioning
10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Classical conditioning
John Garcia
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
11. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Social learning theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Positive transfer
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
12. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Arousal
Hedonism
Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
13. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Sensitization
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Habituation
Extinction (operant conditioning)
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
John B. Watson
Delayed conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Negative transfer
15. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Trace conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Escape conditioning
16. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Stimulus discrimination
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
17. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
John Garcia
Neil Miller
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Clark Hull
Learning
Variable ratio schedule
19. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Forward Conditioning (types)
John B. Watson
Incidental learning
Overshadowing
21. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Scaffolding learning
Autoshaping
Token economy
Second-Order conditioning
22. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Theory of association
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
Conditioned Response (CR)
23. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Educational psychology
Negative transfer
24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Drive-reduction theory
Autoshaping
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Second-Order conditioning
25. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Basic types of drives
John Atkinson
Scaffolding learning
Cooperative learning
26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Hedonism
E. L. Thorndike
27. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Behaviourism
Theory of association
Token economy
28. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Habituation
Ivan Pavlov
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Types of classical conditioning
29. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Operant conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Ivan Pavlov
Law of effect
30. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Fixed ratio schedule
Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Stimulus generalization
31. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Forward Conditioning (types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Arousal
Undergeneralization
32. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Second-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Victor Vroom
33. The failure to generalize a stimulus
John B. Watson
Scaffolding learning
Chaining
Undergeneralization
34. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Higher-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Aversive conditioning
35. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Aversive conditioning
Educational psychology
36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autoshaping
Fixed ratio schedule
37. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Avoidance conditioning
Social learning theory
Token economy
Aversive conditioning
38. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
39. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Primary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Secondary Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Age affects learning
Skinner box
41. How to avoid something undesirable
John Atkinson
Second-Order conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Premack principle
42. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed interval schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Example theories and problem?
43. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
44. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
Escape conditioning
45. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
46. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Simultaneous Conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Superstitious behaviour
Drive-reduction theory
47. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Stimulus generalization
Drive-reduction theories
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction
48. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
49. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Overshadowing
Undergeneralization
Positive transfer
50. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183