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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. School of behaviourism






2. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






3. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






4. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






5. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






6. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






7. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






8. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






9. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






10. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






11. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






12. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






13. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






14. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






15. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






16. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






17. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






18. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






19. Law of effect






20. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






21. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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22. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






23. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






24. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






26. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






27. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






28. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






31. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






32. Operant conditioning






33. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






34. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






36. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






37. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






39. Students working on a project in small groups






40. The failure to generalize a stimulus






41. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






42. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






43. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






44. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






45. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






47. Learning curve






48. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






49. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






50. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning