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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Thorndike (book)
M.E. Olds
Cooperative learning
2. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
3. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Negative transfer
Spontaneous recovery
Drive-reduction theories
Preparedness
4. Students working on a project in small groups
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (classical conditioning)
5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Habituation
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
John B. Watson
6. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Fixed interval schedule
Habituation
Stimulus generalization
Social learning theory
7. Theory of association
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
Trace conditioning
Kurt Lewin
8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Scaffolding learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Second-Order conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
9. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Primary Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
10. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Aptitude
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Spontaneous recovery
Trace conditioning
11. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Neil Miller
Backward Conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Educational psychology
12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Edward Tolman
Age affects learning
Chaining
13. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Kurt Lewin
Incidental learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
14. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Second-Order conditioning
15. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Chaining
John Atkinson
Cooperative learning
Example theories and problem?
16. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
M.E. Olds
Latent learning
Positive transfer
Positive Reinforcement
17. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Simultaneous Conditioning
Punishment
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Skinner box
18. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Garcia effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Theory of association
19. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Operant conditioning
Hedonism
20. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Drive-reduction theory
Learning curve
Classical conditioning
Neil Miller
21. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Basic types of drives
Clark Hull
Operant conditioning
22. Law of effect
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Clark Hull
Law of effect
23. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Drive-reduction theory
Age affects learning
Aptitude
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
24. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Educational psychology
Negative transfer
Overshadowing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
25. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction
Stimulus generalization
26. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Simultaneous Conditioning
Autoshaping
Edward Tolman
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
27. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
B. F. Skinner
Skinner box
28. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Yerkes-Dodson effect
29. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learning
Undergeneralization
30. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Donald Hebb
Variable interval schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
31. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Learning curve
Donald Hebb
Thorndike (book)
Clark Hull
32. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Donald Hebb
John Garcia
Kurt Lewin
Learning
33. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Hedonism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Positive transfer
34. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Secondary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Token economy
35. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Second-Order conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
36. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Neil Miller
Positive transfer
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed ratio schedule
37. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Habituation
Ivan Pavlov
38. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
Negative Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Token economy
39. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Delayed conditioning
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Learning by watching
Fixed ratio schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Second-Order conditioning
Observational learning
41. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Extinction
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Aptitude
Hedonism
42. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Operant conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
43. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Positive transfer
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction
44. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
State dependent learning
45. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Positive transfer
Fixed interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Scaffolding learning
46. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Ivan Pavlov
Hedonism
Skinner box
Stimulus discrimination
47. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Variable interval schedule
Operant conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
48. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Observational learning
Chaining
50. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Autoshaping
Premack principle
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks