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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Conditioned Response (CR)
Theory of association
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Edward Tolman
2. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Overshadowing
Fixed ratio schedule
Positive transfer
Superstitious behaviour
3. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Operant conditioning
Neil Miller
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
4. How to avoid something undesirable
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Avoidance conditioning
Escape conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
5. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Higher-Order conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Forward Conditioning (types)
6. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Incidental learning
Educational psychology
Delayed conditioning
Variable interval schedule
7. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Token economy
Shaping
Theory of association
8. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Behaviourism
Learning curve
Ivan Pavlov
9. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
Secondary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Premack principle
10. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Kurt Lewin
Second-Order conditioning
11. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Backward Conditioning
Law of effect
Donald Hebb
Secondary Reinforcement
12. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Backward Conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
13. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Classical conditioning
Garcia effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Clark Hull
Token economy
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
15. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Spontaneous recovery
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
16. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John Atkinson
Operant conditioning
Learning
17. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Variable ratio schedule
Shaping
John Garcia
18. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Preparedness
B. F. Skinner
Educational psychology
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Token economy
M.E. Olds
Classical conditioning
Shaping
20. Law of effect
Hedonism
Classical conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
21. Theory of association
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
John Atkinson
22. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
E. L. Thorndike
Second-Order conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
23. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Undergeneralization
Punishment
Premack principle
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
24. Students working on a project in small groups
Observational learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Example theories and problem?
Cooperative learning
25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Variable interval schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Primary Reinforcement
26. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Behaviourism
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Primary Reinforcement
Educational psychology
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Victor Vroom
28. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Ivan Pavlov
29. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Positive transfer
Extinction
John B. Watson
Incidental learning
30. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Simultaneous Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Example theories and problem?
Cooperative learning
31. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Negative Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
Henry Murray - David McClelland
32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Backward Conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Primary Reinforcement
Social learning theory
33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
E. L. Thorndike
Latent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Premack principle
34. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Hedonism
Theory of association
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
35. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Kurt Lewin
Undergeneralization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
36. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Donald Hebb
E. L. Thorndike
37. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Learning
Skinner box
Victor Vroom
Latent learning
38. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Skinner box
Simultaneous Conditioning
39. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Learning curve
Aptitude
Autoshaping
40. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Stimulus generalization
Punishment
Extinction
Habituation
41. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Delayed conditioning
Donald Hebb
Drive-reduction theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
42. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Aversive conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Yerkes-Dodson effect
43. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aversive conditioning
44. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
45. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Types of classical conditioning
46. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Chaining
47. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Variable ratio schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Negative transfer
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
48. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Delayed conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
49. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
50. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Clark Hull
Punishment
Behaviourism