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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






2. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






4. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






5. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






6. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






7. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






8. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






10. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






11. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






13. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






14. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






15. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






16. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






17. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






18. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






19. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






20. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






21. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






22. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






23. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






24. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






25. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






26. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






27. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






28. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






29. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






30. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






32. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






33. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






34. The failure to generalize a stimulus






35. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






36. Learning by watching






37. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






38. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






40. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






41. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






42. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






44. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






45. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






46. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






47. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






48. Learning curve






49. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue