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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Negative Reinforcement
Shaping
Hedonism
Donald Hebb
2. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Donald Hebb
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Operant conditioning
3. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Observational learning
Incidental learning
4. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Learning
Ivan Pavlov
Example theories and problem?
5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Fixed interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
6. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
Incidental learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
7. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Shaping
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
8. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Theory of association
Stimulus discrimination
9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Premack principle
John B. Watson
M.E. Olds
10. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Punishment
M.E. Olds
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
11. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Trace conditioning
Escape conditioning
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Overshadowing
Negative transfer
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theory
13. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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14. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Aversive conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
15. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Extinction
Donald Hebb
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
16. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
John Atkinson
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
17. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Victor Vroom
John B. Watson
E. L. Thorndike
M.E. Olds
18. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Higher-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
19. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Spontaneous recovery
20. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Premack principle
Donald Hebb
21. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Drive-reduction theories
Thorndike (book)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Undergeneralization
22. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Skinner box
Aversive conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Premack principle
23. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Primary Reinforcement
Token economy
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
24. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
Victor Vroom
Law of effect
25. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Punishment
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Escape conditioning
Behaviourism
26. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
Ivan Pavlov
27. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Undergeneralization
Clark Hull
Educational psychology
Superstitious behaviour
28. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
29. Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Neil Miller
30. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
Aversive conditioning
Response learning
31. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Delayed conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
32. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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33. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Operant conditioning
Aptitude
John Garcia
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
34. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Donald Hebb
Scaffolding learning
Token economy
Premack principle
35. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Drive-reduction theory
B. F. Skinner
Higher-Order conditioning
Scaffolding learning
36. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Social learning theory
Latent learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable interval schedule
37. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Clark Hull
Learning curve
Superstitious behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
38. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Kurt Lewin
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction (classical conditioning)
39. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Chaining
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus generalization
Autoshaping
40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Age affects learning
Punishment
B. F. Skinner
41. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Learning
Example theories and problem?
42. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Basic types of drives
Social learning theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Atkinson
43. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Drive-reduction theories
Fixed ratio schedule
B. F. Skinner
Learning curve
44. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Drive-reduction theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
45. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Conditioned Response (CR)
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
46. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Premack principle
Ivan Pavlov
47. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Donald Hebb
Higher-Order conditioning
Edward Tolman
48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Thorndike (book)
Example theories and problem?
John Garcia
49. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Higher-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
Punishment
Extinction
50. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Autoshaping
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Drive-reduction theory