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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






2. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






3. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






4. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






5. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






6. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






8. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






9. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






10. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






11. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






13. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






14. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






15. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






17. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






18. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






19. The failure to generalize a stimulus






20. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






25. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






28. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






30. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






36. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






37. Operant conditioning






38. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






39. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


40. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






41. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






42. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






43. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






44. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






46. How to avoid something undesirable






47. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






48. Law of effect






49. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






50. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards