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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






2. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






3. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






5. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






6. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






7. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






8. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






9. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






10. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






11. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






12. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






13. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






14. Learning curve






15. Students working on a project in small groups






16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






17. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






18. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






19. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






20. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






21. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






22. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






23. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






24. Theory of association






25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






26. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






27. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






28. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






30. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






31. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






32. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






34. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






35. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






36. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






37. Operant conditioning






38. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






39. School of behaviourism






40. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






41. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






42. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






43. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






44. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






46. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






47. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






48. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






50. Medium amount of arousal best for performance