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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
2. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Undergeneralization
Aptitude
State dependent learning
3. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Classical conditioning
Age affects learning
Law of effect
4. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Edward Tolman
Classical conditioning
5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Age affects learning
Backward Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
6. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
John B. Watson
Arousal
Garcia effect
B. F. Skinner
7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Overshadowing
Educational psychology
Operant conditioning
Habituation
8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
Types of classical conditioning
Aptitude
9. Learning curve
Ivan Pavlov
Negative Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
10. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Autoshaping
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Observational learning
Incidental learning
Aptitude
13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
Response learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
14. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aptitude
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
15. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
M.E. Olds
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Delayed conditioning
Overshadowing
16. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Garcia effect
Shaping
Fixed interval schedule
Response learning
17. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Theory of association
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Neil Miller
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Shaping
Response learning
Ivan Pavlov
Delayed conditioning
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Premack principle
Aptitude
20. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
21. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Secondary Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Second-Order conditioning
22. School of behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
John B. Watson
23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Edward Tolman
Cooperative learning
Incidental learning
Positive transfer
24. How to avoid something undesirable
John Atkinson
Cooperative learning
Avoidance conditioning
Negative transfer
25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Variable ratio schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Operant conditioning
26. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
Basic types of drives
Higher-Order conditioning
27. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Drive-reduction theory
Sensitization
Fixed ratio schedule
28. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Delayed conditioning
Behaviourism
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Age affects learning
29. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Operant conditioning
30. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Aptitude
Habituation
Learning
Undergeneralization
31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
E. L. Thorndike
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
Variable ratio schedule
32. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Victor Vroom
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Preparedness
33. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus generalization
34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Shaping
Undergeneralization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neil Miller
Cooperative learning
36. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Theory of association
Habituation
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
37. Theory of association
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Kurt Lewin
Cooperative learning
Classical conditioning
38. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Victor Vroom
39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Superstitious behaviour
Secondary Reinforcement
Response learning
Premack principle
40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Variable interval schedule
Shaping
Stimulus generalization
Chaining
41. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
Edward Tolman
Superstitious behaviour
42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Drive-reduction theories
Response learning
43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
Garcia effect
44. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
John B. Watson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Example theories and problem?
45. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Aversive conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Donald Hebb
Hedonism
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
47. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Autoshaping
Example theories and problem?
Drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Age affects learning
Example theories and problem?
Trace conditioning
49. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Shaping
Law of effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
John B. Watson
50. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Clark Hull
Simultaneous Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)