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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive transfer
Neil Miller
Latent learning
2. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Escape conditioning
Punishment
Response learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative transfer
Preparedness
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
4. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Donald Hebb
Negative transfer
Preparedness
5. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Chaining
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Theory of association
6. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Spontaneous recovery
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction
7. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Second-Order conditioning
Basic types of drives
Premack principle
Scaffolding learning
9. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Backward Conditioning
Chaining
Forward Conditioning (types)
10. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Garcia effect
Primary Reinforcement
Learning
Behaviourism
11. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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12. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Sensitization
Trace conditioning
13. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aversive conditioning
Positive transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
14. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Observational learning
Response learning
Variable interval schedule
Autoshaping
15. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
B. F. Skinner
Trace conditioning
16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Learning
Superstitious behaviour
Types of classical conditioning
Stimulus generalization
17. Learning by watching
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Observational learning
Example theories and problem?
18. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Shaping
19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Law of effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Clark Hull
20. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Token economy
Simultaneous Conditioning
Donald Hebb
21. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Hedonism
Token economy
22. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Example theories and problem?
23. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Response learning
Negative Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
24. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Preparedness
B. F. Skinner
Age affects learning
Latent learning
25. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Arousal
Scaffolding learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
26. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Negative transfer
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Law of effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
27. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
28. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Clark Hull
Ivan Pavlov
Latent learning
29. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Hedonism
Undergeneralization
Fixed ratio schedule
30. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Secondary Reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Edward Tolman
31. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Aversive conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
32. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
33. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
Superstitious behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
34. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Skinner box
Learning curve
Law of effect
35. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Habituation
Victor Vroom
Ivan Pavlov
Positive transfer
36. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Shaping
Observational learning
Victor Vroom
37. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Example theories and problem?
Age affects learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
38. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Ivan Pavlov
Conditioned Response (CR)
Incidental learning
Example theories and problem?
39. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Simultaneous Conditioning
Response learning
Backward Conditioning
40. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Avoidance conditioning
Arousal
Stimulus generalization
John Atkinson
41. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Superstitious behaviour
Overshadowing
Fixed ratio schedule
Autoshaping
42. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Premack principle
Spontaneous recovery
Fixed ratio schedule
43. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
John B. Watson
Drive-reduction theory
Variable ratio schedule
44. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Cooperative learning
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
45. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Simultaneous Conditioning
Age affects learning
Undergeneralization
John Garcia
46. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Victor Vroom
Observational learning
Social learning theory
Thorndike (book)
47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Hedonism
E. L. Thorndike
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Sensitization
48. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
49. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Garcia effect
50. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
B. F. Skinner
Basic types of drives
State dependent learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)