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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Learning curve
Operant conditioning
Habituation
2. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Operant conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Victor Vroom
3. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
John B. Watson
Negative Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
4. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed interval schedule
Preparedness
5. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
6. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
7. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Age affects learning
Aptitude
Law of effect
8. Students working on a project in small groups
Stimulus discrimination
Aversive conditioning
Cooperative learning
Variable interval schedule
9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Chaining
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Overshadowing
10. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Preparedness
Aptitude
Response learning
11. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Thorndike (book)
Garcia effect
Behaviourism
Negative transfer
12. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Observational learning
13. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Thorndike (book)
14. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Delayed conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
15. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Trace conditioning
16. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Classical conditioning
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Latent learning
17. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Incidental learning
Sensitization
Overshadowing
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
18. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Cooperative learning
State dependent learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theories
19. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Superstitious behaviour
Escape conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
State dependent learning
20. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Learning curve
Variable ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
21. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Drive-reduction theories
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
22. Learning by watching
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Thorndike (book)
Response learning
Observational learning
23. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Secondary Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Operant conditioning
24. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Extinction
Forward Conditioning (types)
Superstitious behaviour
Hedonism
25. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Drive-reduction theory
Latent learning
Stimulus generalization
Spontaneous recovery
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Positive transfer
Arousal
Basic types of drives
27. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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28. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Preparedness
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
29. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Variable ratio schedule
John Garcia
30. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Stimulus generalization
Neil Miller
M.E. Olds
31. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Skinner box
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learning
32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Backward Conditioning
33. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Higher-Order conditioning
Skinner box
Punishment
Drive-reduction theory
34. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Spontaneous recovery
Negative transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
35. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus discrimination
Drive-reduction theories
Sensitization
36. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Clark Hull
Superstitious behaviour
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Secondary Reinforcement
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
38. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Trace conditioning
39. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Scaffolding learning
Social learning theory
Aversive conditioning
40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
John Atkinson
Theory of association
Chaining
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
41. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theories
42. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Example theories and problem?
Spontaneous recovery
Premack principle
Stimulus generalization
43. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction
Victor Vroom
44. Operant conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Superstitious behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
B. F. Skinner
45. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Learning curve
Hedonism
Extinction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
46. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Cooperative learning
Garcia effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Aversive conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Hedonism
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Punishment
49. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Atkinson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
50. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
Chaining