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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






4. Law of effect






5. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






6. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






7. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






8. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






9. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






11. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






13. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






14. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






15. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






16. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






17. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






18. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






20. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






22. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






23. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






24. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






25. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






26. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






28. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






29. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






30. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






31. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






34. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






35. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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39. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






40. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






41. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






42. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






43. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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45. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






46. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






47. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






49. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food