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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
2. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Basic types of drives
Secondary Reinforcement
3. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Preparedness
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Thorndike (book)
4. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Sensitization
5. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Delayed conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Shaping
Extinction
6. How to avoid something undesirable
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
7. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Overshadowing
Chaining
Educational psychology
Second-Order conditioning
8. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Shaping
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Victor Vroom
Delayed conditioning
9. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Sensitization
E. L. Thorndike
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Skinner box
10. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Chaining
Skinner box
Henry Murray - David McClelland
11. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Habituation
John Garcia
Autoshaping
Variable interval schedule
12. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Scaffolding learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Simultaneous Conditioning
13. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Habituation
Hedonism
Escape conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
14. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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15. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Punishment
Ivan Pavlov
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction
16. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Undergeneralization
Donald Hebb
Delayed conditioning
17. Learning by watching
Observational learning
M.E. Olds
E. L. Thorndike
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Kurt Lewin
Shaping
State dependent learning
19. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Fixed interval schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Victor Vroom
State dependent learning
20. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Negative transfer
Backward Conditioning
21. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Stimulus generalization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
22. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Preparedness
Garcia effect
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
23. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Behaviourism
M.E. Olds
Example theories and problem?
24. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Observational learning
Thorndike (book)
Backward Conditioning
Premack principle
25. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Higher-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
26. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Overshadowing
Escape conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
27. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Fixed interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
Response learning
John Atkinson
28. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Neil Miller
Hedonism
Learning
B. F. Skinner
29. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Aptitude
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Cooperative learning
30. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Edward Tolman
Undergeneralization
Stimulus generalization
Backward Conditioning
31. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
32. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Extinction
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Example theories and problem?
33. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Skinner box
M.E. Olds
Shaping
Classical conditioning
34. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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35. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Neil Miller
Secondary Reinforcement
Hedonism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
36. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Secondary Reinforcement
37. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Incidental learning
Donald Hebb
Latent learning
Positive transfer
38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Positive transfer
Response learning
State dependent learning
Educational psychology
39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Incidental learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Kurt Lewin
Delayed conditioning
41. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Garcia effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Punishment
Hedonism
42. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
E. L. Thorndike
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
43. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Types of classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (classical conditioning)
44. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Spontaneous recovery
Example theories and problem?
Aptitude
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
45. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Victor Vroom
Response learning
Superstitious behaviour
Operant conditioning
46. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Basic types of drives
Fixed interval schedule
Trace conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
47. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction
Law of effect
Edward Tolman
Educational psychology
48. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Arousal
Premack principle
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
49. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Aptitude
Higher-Order conditioning
50. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Delayed conditioning
Hedonism
Basic types of drives