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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
2. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Learning curve
Observational learning
3. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Types of classical conditioning
Sensitization
Example theories and problem?
4. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Conditioned Response (CR)
Delayed conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
5. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Negative transfer
Sensitization
Spontaneous recovery
Hedonism
6. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Incidental learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Primary Reinforcement
7. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Garcia effect
Kurt Lewin
Victor Vroom
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
8. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
M.E. Olds
9. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
John Garcia
Clark Hull
Second-Order conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
10. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Clark Hull
Behaviourism
Thorndike (book)
Delayed conditioning
11. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Forward Conditioning (types)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Avoidance conditioning
13. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Backward Conditioning
Autoshaping
Kurt Lewin
Extinction
14. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Fixed ratio schedule
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
Autoshaping
15. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
E. L. Thorndike
Neil Miller
16. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Conditioned Response (CR)
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed interval schedule
State dependent learning
17. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Aversive conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
18. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Variable interval schedule
Skinner box
Donald Hebb
Spontaneous recovery
19. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Example theories and problem?
John B. Watson
Premack principle
20. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
E. L. Thorndike
Classical conditioning
Learning curve
Extinction (classical conditioning)
21. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Punishment
Token economy
22. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
23. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Extinction
John B. Watson
Primary Reinforcement
24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Edward Tolman
Delayed conditioning
Learning
Habituation
25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Scaffolding learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Escape conditioning
26. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Response learning
Autoshaping
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Garcia effect
27. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Token economy
Classical conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
28. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Learning curve
Positive Reinforcement
Latent learning
29. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Learning curve
Arousal
Escape conditioning
Garcia effect
30. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Incidental learning
State dependent learning
Types of classical conditioning
31. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Premack principle
Skinner box
32. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
33. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Incidental learning
Neil Miller
34. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Shaping
Superstitious behaviour
Aversive conditioning
35. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
E. L. Thorndike
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Example theories and problem?
Fixed interval schedule
36. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
M.E. Olds
Observational learning
37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Cooperative learning
Kurt Lewin
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Types of classical conditioning
38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Premack principle
Observational learning
Operant conditioning
39. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Educational psychology
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
Kurt Lewin
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Learning curve
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autoshaping
Higher-Order conditioning
41. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Latent learning
Arousal
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
42. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Shaping
Theory of association
Habituation
43. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Basic types of drives
John Garcia
Positive Reinforcement
Arousal
44. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Fixed ratio schedule
Classical conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Learning curve
45. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
46. The failure to generalize a stimulus
B. F. Skinner
Token economy
Undergeneralization
Chaining
47. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Punishment
Avoidance conditioning
48. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Escape conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
49. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Classical conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Higher-Order conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
50. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Behaviourism
Negative Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory