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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






2. Learning by watching






3. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






5. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






6. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






7. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






8. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






9. School of behaviourism






10. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






11. The failure to generalize a stimulus






12. Learning curve






13. How to avoid something undesirable






14. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






15. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






16. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






17. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






18. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






19. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






20. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






21. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






22. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






23. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






24. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






25. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






26. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






27. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






28. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






30. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






31. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






32. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






33. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






34. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






35. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






36. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






37. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






38. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






40. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






41. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






42. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






43. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






45. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






46. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






47. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






48. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






49. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






50. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory