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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






2. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






3. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






4. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






5. The failure to generalize a stimulus






6. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






8. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






10. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






11. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






12. Students working on a project in small groups






13. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






15. Operant conditioning






16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






17. Learning curve






18. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






19. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






20. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






22. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






23. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






24. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






25. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






26. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






27. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






28. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






30. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






32. Theory of association






33. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






35. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






36. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






37. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






38. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






39. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






40. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






41. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






42. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






43. School of behaviourism






44. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






45. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






46. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






47. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






48. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






49. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






50. How to avoid something undesirable