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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Neil Miller
Example theories and problem?
Behaviourism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
2. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Aptitude
Habituation
Negative transfer
3. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Premack principle
Basic types of drives
Secondary Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
4. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Garcia effect
Response learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
5. Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
Fixed ratio schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Edward Tolman
6. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
Positive transfer
Theory of association
7. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Law of effect
Second-Order conditioning
Clark Hull
8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Delayed conditioning
9. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
10. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Primary Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Incidental learning
Habituation
11. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Token economy
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Victor Vroom
Preparedness
12. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
John Atkinson
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
13. Law of effect
Chaining
Aptitude
E. L. Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
14. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Escape conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Primary Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
15. Students working on a project in small groups
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Clark Hull
Cooperative learning
Incidental learning
16. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
17. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Behaviourism
Classical conditioning
Aptitude
State dependent learning
18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Positive Reinforcement
Latent learning
Learning
Learning curve
19. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Positive transfer
Clark Hull
Extinction (operant conditioning)
20. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
Habituation
Thorndike (book)
21. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Delayed conditioning
John Garcia
Habituation
Backward Conditioning
22. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Second-Order conditioning
Punishment
23. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Age affects learning
Classical conditioning
24. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Positive Reinforcement
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Trace conditioning
25. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Shaping
Stimulus generalization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
M.E. Olds
26. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Neil Miller
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Punishment
27. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Kurt Lewin
E. L. Thorndike
Variable interval schedule
28. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Law of effect
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Variable interval schedule
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Latent learning
Incidental learning
Negative Reinforcement
30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Drive-reduction theories
Shaping
Fixed interval schedule
31. Learning by watching
Donald Hebb
Token economy
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
32. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
Latent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
33. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Theory of association
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
34. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Learning curve
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Backward Conditioning
35. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Incidental learning
Types of classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Neil Miller
36. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Stimulus discrimination
37. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
John B. Watson
Secondary Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
Trace conditioning
38. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Scaffolding learning
Punishment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Age affects learning
39. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Neil Miller
Delayed conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Second-Order conditioning
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Undergeneralization
Ivan Pavlov
41. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Trace conditioning
Aptitude
Secondary Reinforcement
42. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
Backward Conditioning
43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Autoshaping
Overshadowing
Aversive conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
44. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Latent learning
John Garcia
Incidental learning
Shaping
45. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Primary Reinforcement
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Example theories and problem?
Thorndike (book)
46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Law of effect
Autoshaping
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theory
47. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Habituation
Variable ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
48. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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49. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Educational psychology
Edward Tolman
Premack principle
50. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Classical conditioning
Response learning
Skinner box
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory