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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






2. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






5. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






6. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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7. Theory of association






8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






9. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






10. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






11. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






12. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






13. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






14. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






15. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






16. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






17. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






18. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






19. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






20. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






21. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






22. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






23. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






27. School of behaviourism






28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






29. Operant conditioning






30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






31. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






32. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






33. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






34. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






35. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






36. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






37. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






38. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






39. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






40. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






41. How to avoid something undesirable






42. Learning curve






43. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






44. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






45. Students working on a project in small groups






46. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






47. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






49. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






50. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation