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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






2. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






3. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






4. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






6. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






9. Learning curve






10. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






14. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






15. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






16. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






17. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






20. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






21. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






22. School of behaviourism






23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






24. How to avoid something undesirable






25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






26. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






27. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






28. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






29. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






30. The failure to generalize a stimulus






31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






32. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






33. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






34. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






36. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






37. Theory of association






38. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






41. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






43. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






44. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






45. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






46. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






47. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






49. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






50. UCS and CS presented at the same time