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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






2. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






3. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






4. Learning curve






5. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






7. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






9. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






10. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






11. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






12. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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13. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






14. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






15. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






16. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






17. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






18. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






19. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






20. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






21. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






23. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






24. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






25. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






26. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






27. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






29. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






30. School of behaviourism






31. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






32. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






33. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






34. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






35. Operant conditioning






36. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






37. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






38. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






39. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






41. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






42. The failure to generalize a stimulus






43. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






44. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






45. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






46. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






47. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






48. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






49. UCS and CS presented at the same time






50. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal







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