SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Response learning
Delayed conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
2. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Chaining
John B. Watson
Thorndike (book)
Garcia effect
3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Educational psychology
John Atkinson
Ivan Pavlov
Thorndike (book)
4. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Types of classical conditioning
Victor Vroom
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Age affects learning
5. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
6. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Habituation
Ivan Pavlov
Premack principle
Arousal
7. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Punishment
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Law of effect
8. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theories
Law of effect
9. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative transfer
Backward Conditioning
10. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Premack principle
Drive-reduction theories
John Atkinson
Response learning
11. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Types of classical conditioning
Token economy
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Classical conditioning
12. Learning by watching
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Observational learning
Secondary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Kurt Lewin
Arousal
Variable ratio schedule
Donald Hebb
14. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Overshadowing
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
15. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Aptitude
16. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Avoidance conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Chaining
Types of classical conditioning
17. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John B. Watson
18. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Law of effect
19. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Behaviourism
Social learning theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Garcia effect
20. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Donald Hebb
Operant conditioning
Behaviourism
Basic types of drives
21. Learning curve
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
22. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Response learning
Hedonism
Spontaneous recovery
Sensitization
23. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Edward Tolman
24. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Behaviourism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Social learning theory
25. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Overshadowing
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Primary Reinforcement
26. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Overshadowing
Negative transfer
27. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Aptitude
Shaping
28. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Stimulus generalization
Aversive conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
B. F. Skinner
29. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Garcia effect
30. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
31. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Hedonism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Observational learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
32. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Trace conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
33. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Preparedness
Classical conditioning
34. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
35. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Educational psychology
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
36. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Hedonism
Educational psychology
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus generalization
37. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Drive-reduction theory
Sensitization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Hedonism
38. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Types of classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Secondary Reinforcement
39. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
Conditioned Response (CR)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
Preparedness
Stimulus discrimination
41. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Simultaneous Conditioning
Behaviourism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Drive-reduction theories
42. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Habituation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
43. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Token economy
Response learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
44. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Classical conditioning
Learning
Operant conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
45. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Trace conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Donald Hebb
Example theories and problem?
46. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Skinner box
Simultaneous Conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Clark Hull
47. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Age affects learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
48. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Delayed conditioning
49. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aversive conditioning
Incidental learning
Kurt Lewin
Punishment
50. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Scaffolding learning