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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Educational psychology
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Escape conditioning
2. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Delayed conditioning
Escape conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Primary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Delayed conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Variable interval schedule
Extinction (classical conditioning)
M.E. Olds
5. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Donald Hebb
Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
Aptitude
6. Theory of association
Simultaneous Conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Thorndike (book)
Kurt Lewin
7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Stimulus discrimination
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Higher-Order conditioning
Premack principle
8. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Types of classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Chaining
Latent learning
9. Students working on a project in small groups
Preparedness
Learning
Neil Miller
Cooperative learning
10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
John B. Watson
Fixed ratio schedule
Hedonism
Theory of association
11. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
12. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Observational learning
Latent learning
Preparedness
M.E. Olds
13. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
E. L. Thorndike
Habituation
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Clark Hull
14. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Example theories and problem?
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Hedonism
Types of classical conditioning
15. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Basic types of drives
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Law of effect
16. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Classical conditioning
Edward Tolman
Types of classical conditioning
17. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
M.E. Olds
Habituation
John B. Watson
18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Ivan Pavlov
19. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
M.E. Olds
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
20. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Theory of association
Token economy
State dependent learning
21. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction
Undergeneralization
Social learning theory
22. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Stimulus generalization
Victor Vroom
Cooperative learning
23. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Ivan Pavlov
Primary Reinforcement
Observational learning
Trace conditioning
24. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Token economy
Educational psychology
Preparedness
Fixed interval schedule
25. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
John Garcia
John Atkinson
Donald Hebb
26. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Educational psychology
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction
27. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive transfer
Superstitious behaviour
Escape conditioning
28. School of behaviourism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson
29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
Response learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
30. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Autoshaping
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
Variable interval schedule
31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Backward Conditioning
State dependent learning
Scaffolding learning
32. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Edward Tolman
Incidental learning
Chaining
Response learning
33. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction
34. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Social learning theory
35. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
36. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Superstitious behaviour
Stimulus discrimination
37. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
38. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Skinner box
Learning curve
Autoshaping
Secondary Reinforcement
39. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Extinction
Simultaneous Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
40. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction
Punishment
Thorndike (book)
41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Learning curve
Primary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
42. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Garcia effect
Response learning
Incidental learning
Negative Reinforcement
43. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Delayed conditioning
Edward Tolman
Shaping
Simultaneous Conditioning
44. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Shaping
Theory of association
Escape conditioning
45. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Shaping
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative transfer
Variable interval schedule
46. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Preparedness
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
Premack principle
47. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Preparedness
Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Garcia effect
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Fixed interval schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hedonism
John B. Watson
49. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Simultaneous Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Law of effect
Victor Vroom
50. How to avoid something undesirable
Avoidance conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Social learning theory
Trace conditioning