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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning curve
Spontaneous recovery
Simultaneous Conditioning
Learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
2. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Extinction
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Positive Reinforcement
3. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
Clark Hull
Trace conditioning
4. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Secondary Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Types of classical conditioning
5. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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6. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Operant conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Thorndike (book)
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Operant conditioning
8. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Response learning
9. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Response learning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Chaining
Law of effect
10. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Shaping
Negative transfer
Backward Conditioning
Skinner box
11. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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12. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Victor Vroom
Edward Tolman
Kurt Lewin
13. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Stimulus generalization
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
14. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Learning curve
Learning
John B. Watson
Undergeneralization
15. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Token economy
M.E. Olds
Donald Hebb
Response learning
16. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Punishment
Token economy
17. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Kurt Lewin
Skinner box
Age affects learning
18. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Law of effect
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
Incidental learning
19. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
John Garcia
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
20. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Skinner box
Learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Age affects learning
21. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Overshadowing
Autoshaping
Henry Murray - David McClelland
22. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
Variable interval schedule
23. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Chaining
Ivan Pavlov
Law of effect
24. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Victor Vroom
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
Theory of association
25. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Higher-Order conditioning
State dependent learning
Sensitization
26. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Scaffolding learning
Aptitude
Variable ratio schedule
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
27. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Latent learning
Learning curve
E. L. Thorndike
Response learning
28. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus generalization
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Fixed interval schedule
29. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Arousal
Response learning
Cooperative learning
31. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Fixed interval schedule
Classical conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Premack principle
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
33. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Delayed conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Spontaneous recovery
Educational psychology
34. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Primary Reinforcement
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Premack principle
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
35. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Habituation
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
B. F. Skinner
36. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Types of classical conditioning
37. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Chaining
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Backward Conditioning
38. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Theory of association
Neil Miller
Fixed ratio schedule
Arousal
39. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Undergeneralization
Scaffolding learning
Positive Reinforcement
Educational psychology
40. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
Victor Vroom
41. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Forward Conditioning (types)
Victor Vroom
State dependent learning
Basic types of drives
42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Yerkes-Dodson effect
B. F. Skinner
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
43. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autoshaping
Extinction (operant conditioning)
44. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
Age affects learning
Secondary Reinforcement
45. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Thorndike (book)
Social learning theory
46. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Response learning
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
47. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Donald Hebb
Garcia effect
Thorndike (book)
Hedonism
48. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Clark Hull
Response learning
Neil Miller
49. School of behaviourism
Kurt Lewin
John B. Watson
Chaining
Skinner box
50. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Scaffolding learning
Token economy
Learning
Conditioned Response (CR)