SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Edward Tolman
Aptitude
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
2. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Victor Vroom
Drive-reduction theories
Kurt Lewin
Simultaneous Conditioning
3. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Habituation
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
Positive transfer
4. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Operant conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Superstitious behaviour
Preparedness
5. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Neil Miller
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
6. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Types of classical conditioning
Latent learning
Theory of association
John Garcia
7. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Premack principle
Shaping
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
M.E. Olds
Response learning
Incidental learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
9. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Drive-reduction theory
Behaviourism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Garcia effect
10. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hedonism
11. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Aversive conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Positive Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
12. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Scaffolding learning
Skinner box
13. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Basic types of drives
Learning curve
Conditioned Response (CR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
14. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Operant conditioning
15. Law of effect
Avoidance conditioning
Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Kurt Lewin
16. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
E. L. Thorndike
Observational learning
John B. Watson
Stimulus discrimination
17. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
Age affects learning
18. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Theory of association
Sensitization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
19. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Scaffolding learning
Delayed conditioning
State dependent learning
Neil Miller
20. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Social learning theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
21. Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Variable interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Positive transfer
22. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
23. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Clark Hull
Incidental learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Avoidance conditioning
24. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
Premack principle
Secondary Reinforcement
25. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Kurt Lewin
Clark Hull
Negative transfer
26. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
Kurt Lewin
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
27. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Negative Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
28. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Observational learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Law of effect
Response learning
29. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
30. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Delayed conditioning
Educational psychology
Arousal
31. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Social learning theory
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Ivan Pavlov
Positive transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
33. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
Undergeneralization
Scaffolding learning
35. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
M.E. Olds
Extinction
Educational psychology
36. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Secondary Reinforcement
Educational psychology
Classical conditioning
Response learning
37. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John Garcia
Skinner box
38. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Kurt Lewin
Incidental learning
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
39. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Higher-Order conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
40. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Classical conditioning
Hedonism
Sensitization
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
41. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Variable ratio schedule
Hedonism
Ivan Pavlov
42. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Aversive conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Learning curve
43. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Neil Miller
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
44. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
E. L. Thorndike
Incidental learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
45. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Primary Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Positive transfer
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
46. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Premack principle
Secondary Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
Escape conditioning
47. Students working on a project in small groups
Kurt Lewin
Chaining
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
48. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Example theories and problem?
Response learning
Chaining
49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
John Garcia
State dependent learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Garcia effect
50. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Learning curve
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Observational learning