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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






2. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






3. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






4. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






5. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






6. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






7. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






8. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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9. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






10. Law of effect






11. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






12. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






13. UCS and CS presented at the same time






14. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






15. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






16. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






17. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






18. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






19. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






20. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






21. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






22. Theory of association






23. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






24. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






25. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






26. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






27. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






29. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






30. The failure to generalize a stimulus






31. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






32. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






33. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






34. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






35. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






36. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






38. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






39. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






40. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






41. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






42. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






43. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






44. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






45. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






46. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






47. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






48. Students working on a project in small groups






49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






Can you answer 50 questions in 15 minutes?



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