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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






2. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






3. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






4. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






5. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






6. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






8. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






9. Learning by watching






10. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






11. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






12. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






13. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






14. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






15. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






17. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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18. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






19. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






20. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






21. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






22. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






23. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






24. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






25. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






26. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






27. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






28. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






29. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






30. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






31. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






32. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






33. Theory of association






34. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






35. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






36. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






37. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






38. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






39. Law of effect






40. Operant conditioning






41. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






42. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






44. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






45. Learning curve






46. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






47. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






48. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






49. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






50. Students working on a project in small groups