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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Chaining
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Fixed interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
2. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Stimulus discrimination
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Delayed conditioning
Law of effect
3. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Second-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Token economy
Primary Reinforcement
4. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Negative transfer
Spontaneous recovery
Response learning
Learning curve
5. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Edward Tolman
Habituation
Clark Hull
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
6. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
E. L. Thorndike
Positive Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
7. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Conditioned Response (CR)
Punishment
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Incidental learning
8. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Secondary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Theory of association
Spontaneous recovery
9. Operant conditioning
Extinction
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Response (CR)
Spontaneous recovery
10. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Conditioned Response (CR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Scaffolding learning
Overshadowing
11. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Second-Order conditioning
Hedonism
Garcia effect
Victor Vroom
12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Kurt Lewin
Primary Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
13. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Trace conditioning
Behaviourism
Habituation
Neil Miller
14. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
M.E. Olds
Escape conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Avoidance conditioning
15. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Escape conditioning
Negative transfer
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Drive-reduction theory
16. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Premack principle
Response learning
Positive transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
17. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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18. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Types of classical conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
19. School of behaviourism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
John B. Watson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Sensitization
20. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Observational learning
Autoshaping
Social learning theory
21. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
John B. Watson
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
22. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
John B. Watson
Variable ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Arousal
23. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Age affects learning
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
24. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Trace conditioning
Cooperative learning
Behaviourism
Clark Hull
25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Premack principle
Backward Conditioning
Age affects learning
John Atkinson
26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Behaviourism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Kurt Lewin
Premack principle
27. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Kurt Lewin
28. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
29. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
John B. Watson
Fixed interval schedule
Neil Miller
Secondary Reinforcement
30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
B. F. Skinner
Observational learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
31. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Basic types of drives
Behaviourism
Token economy
Scaffolding learning
33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Clark Hull
Variable ratio schedule
John Garcia
34. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Fixed ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Scaffolding learning
35. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
John Atkinson
Conditioned Response (CR)
Superstitious behaviour
Stimulus generalization
36. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Neil Miller
Conditioned Response (CR)
Incidental learning
Avoidance conditioning
37. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
John Garcia
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Drive-reduction theories
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
38. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Trace conditioning
Incidental learning
Shaping
39. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Escape conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Preparedness
40. Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Higher-Order conditioning
Learning curve
Kurt Lewin
41. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Thorndike (book)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Premack principle
42. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Variable ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Token economy
Undergeneralization
43. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Second-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
Token economy
State dependent learning
44. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Law of effect
45. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Habituation
Autoshaping
Variable interval schedule
46. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Delayed conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Hedonism
Classical conditioning
47. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Preparedness
Edward Tolman
Variable interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
48. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Higher-Order conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Skinner box
49. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Latent learning
Habituation
Social learning theory
50. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Clark Hull
Stimulus discrimination
Operant conditioning
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