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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Age affects learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Sensitization
Observational learning
2. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Observational learning
Stimulus discrimination
Positive transfer
Spontaneous recovery
3. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Habituation
Types of classical conditioning
Negative transfer
Educational psychology
4. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Secondary Reinforcement
Response learning
Scaffolding learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
5. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Hedonism
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
Kurt Lewin
6. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
John Atkinson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Primary Reinforcement
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Garcia effect
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
Operant conditioning
8. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Garcia effect
Victor Vroom
Observational learning
9. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
John Atkinson
Drive-reduction theory
Higher-Order conditioning
State dependent learning
10. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Latent learning
Escape conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John Garcia
11. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Edward Tolman
12. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Scaffolding learning
Learning curve
John Garcia
Educational psychology
13. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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14. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Types of classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Stimulus discrimination
15. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Aversive conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Latent learning
16. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Law of effect
Latent learning
State dependent learning
17. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Secondary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction
Classical conditioning
18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Drive-reduction theory
Token economy
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
19. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Autoshaping
Negative Reinforcement
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
20. Learning curve
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
21. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Escape conditioning
Theory of association
Victor Vroom
John Atkinson
22. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Learning curve
Fixed ratio schedule
Chaining
Thorndike (book)
23. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John Atkinson
Response learning
24. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Higher-Order conditioning
Habituation
25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Punishment
Age affects learning
Learning
Variable interval schedule
26. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Observational learning
Donald Hebb
Positive transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
27. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Garcia effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Basic types of drives
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
28. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Higher-Order conditioning
29. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Premack principle
Ivan Pavlov
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Punishment
30. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Positive transfer
Negative Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
31. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Undergeneralization
E. L. Thorndike
Superstitious behaviour
Latent learning
32. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Second-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Negative transfer
33. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
Token economy
Extinction (operant conditioning)
34. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
E. L. Thorndike
John B. Watson
35. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
Shaping
Premack principle
36. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fixed interval schedule
Positive transfer
Learning curve
37. How to avoid something undesirable
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
38. Learning by watching
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Observational learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Victor Vroom
39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Kurt Lewin
Drive-reduction theories
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
40. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
Basic types of drives
Arousal
41. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Stimulus generalization
Overshadowing
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Premack principle
42. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Chaining
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
43. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
44. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Higher-Order conditioning
M.E. Olds
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Token economy
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Spontaneous recovery
Shaping
46. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fixed interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
47. Students working on a project in small groups
Variable interval schedule
Cooperative learning
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
48. School of behaviourism
M.E. Olds
John B. Watson
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Drive-reduction theory
49. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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50. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Punishment
Garcia effect
Cooperative learning