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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning curve
Stimulus generalization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Skinner box
2. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Premack principle
Edward Tolman
3. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Punishment
4. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Fixed interval schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Theory of association
Aversive conditioning
5. How to avoid something undesirable
John B. Watson
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
6. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed ratio schedule
Learning
Spontaneous recovery
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
7. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
8. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Cooperative learning
9. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive transfer
Aversive conditioning
Garcia effect
10. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Observational learning
Skinner box
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Fixed ratio schedule
11. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Aptitude
Victor Vroom
Latent learning
12. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
John Garcia
Learning
Shaping
Learning curve
13. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Extinction
Overshadowing
Example theories and problem?
Undergeneralization
14. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Trace conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
15. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Stimulus generalization
Learning
Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
16. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Stimulus generalization
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Garcia
Aptitude
17. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Garcia effect
Primary Reinforcement
Law of effect
Backward Conditioning
18. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Chaining
Fixed interval schedule
Aptitude
Premack principle
19. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Superstitious behaviour
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Chaining
Positive Reinforcement
20. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Secondary Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Behaviourism
21. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Kurt Lewin
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner
Negative transfer
22. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Incidental learning
Neil Miller
Behaviourism
Operant conditioning
23. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Avoidance conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
24. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Secondary Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Edward Tolman
Habituation
Overshadowing
Higher-Order conditioning
26. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive transfer
Neil Miller
27. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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28. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Trace conditioning
Response learning
29. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Preparedness
Classical conditioning
State dependent learning
Positive Reinforcement
30. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Avoidance conditioning
Habituation
State dependent learning
Negative Reinforcement
31. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Second-Order conditioning
Educational psychology
Aptitude
33. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction
34. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
John Atkinson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
35. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Educational psychology
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative Reinforcement
36. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Edward Tolman
Trace conditioning
Example theories and problem?
37. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Preparedness
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Variable interval schedule
38. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Victor Vroom
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Sensitization
39. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
B. F. Skinner
Token economy
Spontaneous recovery
John Garcia
40. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Example theories and problem?
Aversive conditioning
Garcia effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
41. Operant conditioning
Law of effect
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
42. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Undergeneralization
Latent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Shaping
43. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
Positive transfer
Undergeneralization
44. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
John Garcia
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Ivan Pavlov
45. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Hedonism
Positive Reinforcement
Clark Hull
Neil Miller
46. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Variable ratio schedule
Cooperative learning
47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Overshadowing
Operant conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Basic types of drives
48. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Latent learning
Thorndike (book)
Preparedness
Fixed interval schedule
49. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Overshadowing
Learning
State dependent learning
Aversive conditioning
50. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Educational psychology
Negative transfer
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Premack principle