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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
John B. Watson
State dependent learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Response learning
2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
John Garcia
Thorndike (book)
Ivan Pavlov
3. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Types of classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
4. How to avoid something undesirable
Fixed interval schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Avoidance conditioning
5. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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6. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Latent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Simultaneous Conditioning
7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Arousal
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Garcia effect
8. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Theory of association
Fixed ratio schedule
Punishment
E. L. Thorndike
9. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Positive Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Cooperative learning
10. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Skinner box
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
11. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
B. F. Skinner
Premack principle
12. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
John Garcia
Example theories and problem?
John Atkinson
13. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Theory of association
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aversive conditioning
14. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
15. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Scaffolding learning
E. L. Thorndike
Variable ratio schedule
16. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Drive-reduction theories
Fixed interval schedule
Clark Hull
17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Drive-reduction theory
Scaffolding learning
Victor Vroom
Thorndike (book)
18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
John Garcia
Premack principle
Habituation
19. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Edward Tolman
Backward Conditioning
Trace conditioning
20. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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21. Students working on a project in small groups
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
Cooperative learning
Response learning
22. Law of effect
Preparedness
E. L. Thorndike
Stimulus generalization
Spontaneous recovery
23. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Drive-reduction theory
Shaping
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
24. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
Garcia effect
25. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
State dependent learning
John Atkinson
Forward Conditioning (types)
26. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Undergeneralization
Negative transfer
Learning
Thorndike (book)
27. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Latent learning
Learning curve
Skinner box
Second-Order conditioning
28. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Autoshaping
Positive Reinforcement
John Atkinson
29. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Conditioned Response (CR)
Theory of association
Variable ratio schedule
Educational psychology
30. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Premack principle
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Second-Order conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Premack principle
Observational learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
32. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed ratio schedule
Thorndike (book)
Negative transfer
Fixed interval schedule
33. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Types of classical conditioning
Neil Miller
Avoidance conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
34. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Behaviourism
Superstitious behaviour
35. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Social learning theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Age affects learning
36. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
Token economy
37. Learning by watching
Secondary Reinforcement
Observational learning
Scaffolding learning
Delayed conditioning
38. The failure to generalize a stimulus
John Garcia
Habituation
Cooperative learning
Undergeneralization
39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Types of classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Autoshaping
Fixed interval schedule
40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Stimulus discrimination
Response learning
Shaping
41. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Negative Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Arousal
Superstitious behaviour
42. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Shaping
Social learning theory
Primary Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
43. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
Law of effect
Fixed interval schedule
44. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Primary Reinforcement
Aptitude
Clark Hull
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Behaviourism
State dependent learning
Secondary Reinforcement
46. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Scaffolding learning
Kurt Lewin
Stimulus discrimination
Fixed ratio schedule
47. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Learning curve
Backward Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
48. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Escape conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Drive-reduction theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
50. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Delayed conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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