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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus discrimination
Stimulus generalization
Extinction
Overshadowing
2. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Positive Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
3. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Spontaneous recovery
Skinner box
Edward Tolman
4. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Positive Reinforcement
Chaining
Second-Order conditioning
5. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Variable interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction
6. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Chaining
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Atkinson
Token economy
7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
Forward Conditioning (types)
8. Learning by watching
Variable ratio schedule
Observational learning
Scaffolding learning
Ivan Pavlov
9. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
John Garcia
Aptitude
Trace conditioning
Habituation
10. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Learning curve
Overshadowing
Kurt Lewin
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
11. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Kurt Lewin
Forward Conditioning (types)
Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
12. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Token economy
Ivan Pavlov
Negative transfer
Classical conditioning
13. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Sensitization
M.E. Olds
Negative transfer
Escape conditioning
14. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
15. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Operant conditioning
Learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Positive transfer
16. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
M.E. Olds
Overshadowing
Simultaneous Conditioning
17. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Token economy
Trace conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
18. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Shaping
Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Response learning
Basic types of drives
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Social learning theory
Autoshaping
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
21. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Chaining
John Garcia
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed ratio schedule
22. Theory of association
Victor Vroom
Kurt Lewin
Cooperative learning
John Garcia
23. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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24. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction
25. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Stimulus generalization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
Arousal
26. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
27. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
28. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Edward Tolman
29. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Aversive conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
30. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
John Atkinson
Types of classical conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner box
31. Operant conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
B. F. Skinner
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
32. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Drive-reduction theories
Trace conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Overshadowing
33. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable interval schedule
Fixed interval schedule
34. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Fixed interval schedule
35. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Habituation
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Behaviourism
36. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Negative transfer
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (operant conditioning)
37. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Sensitization
38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Spontaneous recovery
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
State dependent learning
39. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction
40. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Arousal
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Conditioned Response (CR)
41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Types of classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Primary Reinforcement
Arousal
42. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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43. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Superstitious behaviour
Garcia effect
State dependent learning
44. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Fixed ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Learning
45. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aptitude
Theory of association
46. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Avoidance conditioning
Undergeneralization
Ivan Pavlov
47. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Overshadowing
Incidental learning
Ivan Pavlov
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
48. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Types of classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
49. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Escape conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
50. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Theory of association
Backward Conditioning
Overshadowing