Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






2. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






3. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


4. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






5. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






7. Operant conditioning






8. How to avoid something undesirable






9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






10. The failure to generalize a stimulus






11. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






13. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






14. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






15. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






16. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






17. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






19. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






20. Law of effect






21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






22. Theory of association






23. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






25. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






26. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






27. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






28. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






29. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






30. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






31. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






32. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






34. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






35. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






37. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






38. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






39. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






40. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


42. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






43. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


44. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






45. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






46. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






48. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






49. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






50. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)