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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
John Garcia
Incidental learning
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
2. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Cooperative learning
Extinction
Backward Conditioning
Behaviourism
3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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4. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Spontaneous recovery
John B. Watson
5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Kurt Lewin
Neil Miller
Undergeneralization
Habituation
6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Cooperative learning
Superstitious behaviour
Educational psychology
Response learning
7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Educational psychology
8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Scaffolding learning
Positive transfer
Behaviourism
9. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Undergeneralization
Ivan Pavlov
Donald Hebb
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
10. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
11. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Kurt Lewin
Sensitization
Preparedness
Simultaneous Conditioning
12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Positive transfer
Token economy
13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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14. How to avoid something undesirable
Hedonism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Avoidance conditioning
Premack principle
15. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Law of effect
Extinction
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
16. Theory of association
Positive Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
B. F. Skinner
17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Sensitization
Second-Order conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Incidental learning
19. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Social learning theory
Negative transfer
Delayed conditioning
20. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Behaviourism
Delayed conditioning
Escape conditioning
Stimulus generalization
21. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
John Atkinson
Primary Reinforcement
Habituation
Latent learning
22. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
B. F. Skinner
Scaffolding learning
Learning
Drive-reduction theories
23. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Types of classical conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Incidental learning
State dependent learning
24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
M.E. Olds
Variable ratio schedule
25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Observational learning
Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
26. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Variable interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
27. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
John B. Watson
Forward Conditioning (types)
Sensitization
28. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Superstitious behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
Skinner box
29. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Arousal
30. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Latent learning
Age affects learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Ivan Pavlov
31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Escape conditioning
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
Theory of association
32. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Chaining
Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
33. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Theory of association
Avoidance conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Skinner box
34. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Preparedness
Positive transfer
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Skinner box
35. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Learning
Educational psychology
Spontaneous recovery
Classical conditioning
36. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Educational psychology
Drive-reduction theories
Observational learning
Clark Hull
37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
38. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Trace conditioning
Response learning
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Primary Reinforcement
Token economy
Fixed ratio schedule
40. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Aversive conditioning
Educational psychology
Operant conditioning
41. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Punishment
Spontaneous recovery
42. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Learning curve
43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Premack principle
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Aptitude
44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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45. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Higher-Order conditioning
Learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Garcia effect
Habituation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
48. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Premack principle
Sensitization
John B. Watson
Backward Conditioning
49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Punishment
Autoshaping
Educational psychology
50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction
Social learning theory
Classical conditioning