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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
Extinction
John B. Watson
2. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Drive-reduction theory
Basic types of drives
Token economy
3. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Shaping
Aptitude
Secondary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
4. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
John Garcia
Learning curve
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
7. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Stimulus discrimination
Trace conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hedonism
8. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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9. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Neil Miller
Clark Hull
Second-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
10. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
John Garcia
Negative transfer
E. L. Thorndike
Edward Tolman
11. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
12. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Victor Vroom
Delayed conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Habituation
13. Theory of association
Learning curve
Age affects learning
Kurt Lewin
Social learning theory
14. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Variable ratio schedule
John Atkinson
15. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Educational psychology
Habituation
Avoidance conditioning
Kurt Lewin
16. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Aversive conditioning
17. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Delayed conditioning
Arousal
Clark Hull
Extinction (classical conditioning)
18. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Habituation
Punishment
Donald Hebb
Clark Hull
19. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Response learning
Cooperative learning
20. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
John B. Watson
Drive-reduction theory
Drive-reduction theories
21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Punishment
Conditioned Response (CR)
Kurt Lewin
22. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Trace conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
23. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Clark Hull
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Ivan Pavlov
24. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Age affects learning
Variable ratio schedule
Negative transfer
Simultaneous Conditioning
25. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Premack principle
26. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Avoidance conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Behaviourism
Sensitization
27. Operant conditioning
John Garcia
B. F. Skinner
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Types of classical conditioning
28. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Positive transfer
Superstitious behaviour
Example theories and problem?
29. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Observational learning
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
Henry Murray - David McClelland
30. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Positive transfer
Incidental learning
Basic types of drives
Token economy
31. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Delayed conditioning
Preparedness
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Clark Hull
32. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Types of classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Garcia
Delayed conditioning
33. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
34. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Clark Hull
Habituation
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Secondary Reinforcement
35. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Operant conditioning
Extinction
Scaffolding learning
Response learning
36. How to avoid something undesirable
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Avoidance conditioning
Social learning theory
Aversive conditioning
37. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Operant conditioning
Learning
38. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Aptitude
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
39. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Punishment
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Skinner box
Cooperative learning
40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Response learning
John Atkinson
Arousal
41. Students working on a project in small groups
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Garcia effect
42. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Classical conditioning
Aptitude
Incidental learning
Victor Vroom
43. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus discrimination
Kurt Lewin
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
44. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Garcia effect
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Operant conditioning
45. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Operant conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
46. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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47. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Learning curve
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
48. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Undergeneralization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed interval schedule
49. School of behaviourism
Punishment
John B. Watson
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
50. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Drive-reduction theories
Social learning theory
Negative Reinforcement
Autoshaping