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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






2. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






3. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






4. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






5. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






6. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






7. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






9. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






11. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






13. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






14. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


15. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






17. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






18. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






19. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






20. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






21. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






22. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






23. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






24. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






26. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






27. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






28. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






29. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


30. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






31. Learning curve






32. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






33. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






34. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






35. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






36. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






37. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






38. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






39. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






40. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






41. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






42. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






43. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






44. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






45. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






46. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






48. The failure to generalize a stimulus






49. Theory of association






50. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea