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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






2. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






3. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






4. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






5. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






6. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






7. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






8. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






9. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






10. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






12. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






13. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






14. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






15. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






16. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






17. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






18. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






19. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






20. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






21. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






22. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






23. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






24. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






25. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






26. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






28. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






29. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






30. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






31. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






32. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






33. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






34. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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35. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






36. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






37. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






38. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






39. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






40. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






41. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






42. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






43. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






44. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






45. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






46. Learning by watching






47. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






48. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






49. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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50. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement