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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
E. L. Thorndike
Age affects learning
Token economy
2. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Victor Vroom
Spontaneous recovery
Cooperative learning
3. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Sensitization
Overshadowing
Learning
4. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Observational learning
Scaffolding learning
Spontaneous recovery
5. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Overshadowing
Response learning
Neil Miller
Punishment
6. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Conditioned Response (CR)
Undergeneralization
B. F. Skinner
7. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Primary Reinforcement
Preparedness
Chaining
Hedonism
8. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Clark Hull
Edward Tolman
Overshadowing
Response learning
9. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Example theories and problem?
Avoidance conditioning
10. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Undergeneralization
Shaping
Variable interval schedule
11. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
12. Students working on a project in small groups
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
13. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Backward Conditioning
Overshadowing
14. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Garcia effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Preparedness
Autoshaping
15. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Token economy
Superstitious behaviour
Edward Tolman
Backward Conditioning
16. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Law of effect
Positive transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Higher-Order conditioning
17. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Premack principle
Fixed interval schedule
Aversive conditioning
18. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
19. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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20. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Latent learning
Negative transfer
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
21. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Neil Miller
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
22. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Trace conditioning
23. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Latent learning
24. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Hedonism
Primary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
Learning curve
25. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Edward Tolman
Basic types of drives
John Atkinson
Conditioned Response (CR)
26. How to avoid something undesirable
Undergeneralization
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Avoidance conditioning
Donald Hebb
27. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Secondary Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
28. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Neil Miller
Fixed ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
29. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Hedonism
Stimulus generalization
Donald Hebb
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Extinction
B. F. Skinner
Kurt Lewin
31. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Spontaneous recovery
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Aptitude
Arousal
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
33. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Drive-reduction theories
Habituation
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive transfer
34. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Positive transfer
35. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Edward Tolman
Law of effect
Types of classical conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
36. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Aversive conditioning
Age affects learning
Preparedness
Skinner box
37. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Clark Hull
Learning curve
Edward Tolman
Skinner box
38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Shaping
Drive-reduction theories
Positive transfer
39. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Basic types of drives
Skinner box
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
40. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
41. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Premack principle
Sensitization
Overshadowing
Extinction (operant conditioning)
42. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction
Drive-reduction theories
Law of effect
43. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Second-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Skinner box
Undergeneralization
44. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Negative transfer
Victor Vroom
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
45. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Superstitious behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Operant conditioning
46. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Trace conditioning
Preparedness
Learning
Thorndike (book)
47. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Escape conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Spontaneous recovery
Avoidance conditioning
48. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive transfer
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
49. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Shaping
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Donald Hebb
50. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Negative Reinforcement
Educational psychology
Clark Hull