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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Overshadowing
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative Reinforcement
2. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Observational learning
M.E. Olds
Aptitude
3. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
4. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
John Atkinson
State dependent learning
Aversive conditioning
5. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Classical conditioning
Positive transfer
Delayed conditioning
6. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Sensitization
State dependent learning
Second-Order conditioning
7. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Extinction
Clark Hull
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
8. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Age affects learning
Fixed interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
9. School of behaviourism
Preparedness
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
10. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Behaviourism
Variable interval schedule
Undergeneralization
11. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Classical conditioning
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
12. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
Positive transfer
13. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Hedonism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Premack principle
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
14. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Ivan Pavlov
Primary Reinforcement
Skinner box
15. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery
Premack principle
Cooperative learning
16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Theory of association
Extinction
Conditioned Response (CR)
Undergeneralization
17. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Higher-Order conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Drive-reduction theory
18. Students working on a project in small groups
Preparedness
Cooperative learning
Higher-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
19. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Sensitization
20. Theory of association
Thorndike (book)
Kurt Lewin
Negative transfer
Fixed interval schedule
21. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Victor Vroom
Higher-Order conditioning
Learning
22. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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23. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Variable interval schedule
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
24. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aversive conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Skinner box
Sensitization
Behaviourism
26. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Theory of association
27. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Garcia effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
State dependent learning
Shaping
28. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Behaviourism
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Habituation
29. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Delayed conditioning
Age affects learning
Escape conditioning
Extinction
30. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Superstitious behaviour
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
31. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
E. L. Thorndike
Avoidance conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Thorndike (book)
32. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Theory of association
Skinner box
Scaffolding learning
33. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Stimulus discrimination
Habituation
Delayed conditioning
34. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Incidental learning
Observational learning
Superstitious behaviour
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
35. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Superstitious behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Classical conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
36. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Trace conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Habituation
37. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Classical conditioning
Chaining
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Punishment
38. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Extinction
Scaffolding learning
Variable interval schedule
Skinner box
39. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Skinner box
Sensitization
Learning
Punishment
40. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Incidental learning
Shaping
Scaffolding learning
41. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Punishment
Types of classical conditioning
Trace conditioning
Chaining
42. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Drive-reduction theory
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Higher-Order conditioning
43. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviourism
Response learning
44. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Autoshaping
45. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response learning
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
46. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Response learning
Premack principle
Garcia effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
47. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Shaping
Sensitization
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Cooperative learning
Negative Reinforcement
Backward Conditioning
49. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Donald Hebb
Latent learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive transfer
50. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Observational learning
Shaping
Skinner box
Positive Reinforcement
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