Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






2. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






4. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






6. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






7. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






8. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






11. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






13. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






15. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






17. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






19. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






20. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






21. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






22. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






23. School of behaviourism






24. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






25. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






27. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






28. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






29. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






31. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






33. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






34. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






35. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






36. Operant conditioning






37. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






38. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






39. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






40. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






41. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






42. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






43. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






45. Learning curve






46. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






48. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






49. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue