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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Sensitization
Premack principle
Law of effect
Conditioned Response (CR)
2. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Aptitude
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
B. F. Skinner
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
3. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Undergeneralization
Forward Conditioning (types)
4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Trace conditioning
Token economy
Shaping
Kurt Lewin
5. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Fixed interval schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Educational psychology
Skinner box
6. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Thorndike (book)
Scaffolding learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Positive transfer
7. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Law of effect
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
8. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Classical conditioning
Autoshaping
9. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Social learning theory
E. L. Thorndike
Arousal
Simultaneous Conditioning
10. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Hedonism
Clark Hull
Skinner box
Drive-reduction theories
11. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
State dependent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
12. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Types of classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Thorndike (book)
13. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Garcia effect
Spontaneous recovery
Overshadowing
14. Theory of association
Undergeneralization
Learning curve
Latent learning
Kurt Lewin
15. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Undergeneralization
Drive-reduction theory
16. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Preparedness
Example theories and problem?
Drive-reduction theory
Types of classical conditioning
17. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Shaping
Extinction
John Garcia
Arousal
18. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Response learning
Hedonism
John B. Watson
Secondary Reinforcement
19. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Negative transfer
Clark Hull
Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
20. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Clark Hull
Spontaneous recovery
Autoshaping
Aversive conditioning
21. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Backward Conditioning
Sensitization
B. F. Skinner
22. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Shaping
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Extinction
23. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
24. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Escape conditioning
M.E. Olds
Negative transfer
25. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Negative Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Latent learning
26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Drive-reduction theories
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Clark Hull
27. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Clark Hull
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Trace conditioning
Learning
28. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Arousal
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
29. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Extinction
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Learning
Types of classical conditioning
30. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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31. Learning curve
Higher-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Latent learning
Neil Miller
32. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive Reinforcement
Extinction
33. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Law of effect
34. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
State dependent learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
Hedonism
35. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Habituation
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction
Cooperative learning
36. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Forward Conditioning (types)
Delayed conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
37. How to avoid something undesirable
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Avoidance conditioning
38. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Educational psychology
Observational learning
Skinner box
39. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Token economy
Backward Conditioning
Chaining
Extinction
40. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Thorndike (book)
Higher-Order conditioning
John Atkinson
41. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
Second-Order conditioning
42. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Drive-reduction theory
Sensitization
E. L. Thorndike
Stimulus generalization
43. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Aptitude
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed interval schedule
Age affects learning
44. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Spontaneous recovery
Basic types of drives
Hedonism
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
45. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Example theories and problem?
Chaining
Stimulus discrimination
Habituation
46. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Preparedness
Skinner box
Negative transfer
Donald Hebb
47. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
Victor Vroom
Fixed ratio schedule
48. Law of effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning
Second-Order conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
49. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Chaining
Arousal
Law of effect
Primary Reinforcement
50. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Behaviourism
Superstitious behaviour
Neil Miller
Shaping
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