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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






2. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






3. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






4. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






5. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






6. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






7. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






8. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






9. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






10. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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11. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






12. How to avoid something undesirable






13. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






14. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






15. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






17. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






18. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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19. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






20. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






21. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






22. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






23. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






24. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






25. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






26. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






28. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






29. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






30. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






31. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






32. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






33. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






34. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






35. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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36. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






37. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






38. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






39. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






40. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






41. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






42. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






43. Learning curve






44. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






45. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






46. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






47. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






48. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






50. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)