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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






3. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






4. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






5. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






7. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






8. Operant conditioning






9. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






10. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






11. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






13. Law of effect






14. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






15. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






16. School of behaviourism






17. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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18. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






19. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






20. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






21. Learning by watching






22. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






23. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






24. How to avoid something undesirable






25. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






26. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






27. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






28. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






29. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






30. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






31. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






32. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






33. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






34. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






35. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






36. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






37. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






38. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






39. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






40. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






41. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






42. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






43. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






44. Learning curve






45. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






46. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






47. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






48. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






49. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






50. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards







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