SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Ivan Pavlov
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Classical conditioning
2. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Chaining
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
3. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Autoshaping
B. F. Skinner
4. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Positive transfer
Premack principle
Drive-reduction theories
5. Theory of association
Backward Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
B. F. Skinner
Kurt Lewin
6. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Law of effect
Fixed interval schedule
Edward Tolman
7. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Simultaneous Conditioning
Incidental learning
John Atkinson
B. F. Skinner
8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Hedonism
Example theories and problem?
Donald Hebb
Token economy
9. Learning curve
Primary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Spontaneous recovery
10. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Victor Vroom
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Secondary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
11. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Response learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Incidental learning
Escape conditioning
12. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Victor Vroom
Cooperative learning
Response learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Drive-reduction theories
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Fixed interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
14. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
E. L. Thorndike
Latent learning
Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
15. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John B. Watson
Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
16. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Clark Hull
Operant conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Fixed interval schedule
Age affects learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Shaping
Stimulus discrimination
John Garcia
19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Basic types of drives
Aversive conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Aptitude
20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Trace conditioning
Overshadowing
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
B. F. Skinner
21. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Latent learning
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (classical conditioning)
22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Law of effect
M.E. Olds
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Neil Miller
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction
24. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Second-Order conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
25. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Extinction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
26. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Example theories and problem?
Clark Hull
State dependent learning
27. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
John Atkinson
Classical conditioning
Extinction
Clark Hull
28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
State dependent learning
Arousal
29. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Fixed ratio schedule
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Premack principle
Extinction (operant conditioning)
30. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Hedonism
Variable interval schedule
31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Preparedness
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
Stimulus generalization
32. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Fixed interval schedule
Learning curve
33. Law of effect
Positive transfer
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
M.E. Olds
E. L. Thorndike
34. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
35. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Chaining
Drive-reduction theories
Positive Reinforcement
Token economy
36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
37. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
State dependent learning
M.E. Olds
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Response (CR)
38. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
Garcia effect
M.E. Olds
Kurt Lewin
39. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Learning curve
Variable ratio schedule
Garcia effect
40. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Conditioned Response (CR)
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
41. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Avoidance conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
42. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Edward Tolman
Classical conditioning
Extinction
43. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Ivan Pavlov
Undergeneralization
Example theories and problem?
44. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Sensitization
Trace conditioning
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
45. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Fixed ratio schedule
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Kurt Lewin
46. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fixed ratio schedule
John B. Watson
47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Second-Order conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Hedonism
48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Incidental learning
Garcia effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Skinner box
49. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Basic types of drives
Chaining
Backward Conditioning
Age affects learning
50. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
M.E. Olds
Token economy
Punishment
Higher-Order conditioning