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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Trace conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Drive-reduction theories
Primary Reinforcement
2. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Behaviourism
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
State dependent learning
3. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
John Garcia
Autoshaping
Incidental learning
4. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Theory of association
Extinction
Superstitious behaviour
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
5. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Donald Hebb
Social learning theory
John Atkinson
6. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Aversive conditioning
7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Token economy
Overshadowing
Donald Hebb
8. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
M.E. Olds
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Scaffolding learning
9. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
John Garcia
Victor Vroom
Token economy
10. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Kurt Lewin
Age affects learning
Secondary Reinforcement
11. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Drive-reduction theories
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Learning
12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive transfer
Habituation
Neil Miller
13. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus discrimination
Basic types of drives
14. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Drive-reduction theories
Autoshaping
Spontaneous recovery
Arousal
15. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
State dependent learning
Response learning
Scaffolding learning
Preparedness
16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Premack principle
Shaping
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
17. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Theory of association
Educational psychology
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Forward Conditioning (types)
18. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Variable ratio schedule
Victor Vroom
Incidental learning
19. The failure to generalize a stimulus
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Undergeneralization
Aversive conditioning
20. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
John Garcia
Fixed ratio schedule
Neil Miller
Learning
21. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Autoshaping
Primary Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Edward Tolman
22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Autoshaping
Law of effect
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Example theories and problem?
Thorndike (book)
Trace conditioning
Negative transfer
24. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Cooperative learning
Scaffolding learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
25. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Fixed interval schedule
Chaining
Primary Reinforcement
State dependent learning
26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Sensitization
Second-Order conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Negative Reinforcement
27. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Stimulus generalization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Premack principle
28. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John Atkinson
Token economy
Types of classical conditioning
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Basic types of drives
Law of effect
Overshadowing
Conditioned Response (CR)
30. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Extinction
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Drive-reduction theory
Donald Hebb
31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction
Aptitude
32. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Delayed conditioning
Law of effect
Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John Garcia
Trace conditioning
Response learning
34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Kurt Lewin
35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Positive Reinforcement
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Learning curve
Chaining
36. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
37. Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Latent learning
B. F. Skinner
38. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Variable interval schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Learning curve
Age affects learning
39. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
40. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Drive-reduction theories
Clark Hull
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative Reinforcement
41. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus generalization
Drive-reduction theories
Stimulus discrimination
Neil Miller
42. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Positive transfer
Preparedness
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Skinner box
43. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
Token economy
44. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Drive-reduction theories
Operant conditioning
Donald Hebb
E. L. Thorndike
45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Kurt Lewin
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Negative transfer
46. How to avoid something undesirable
Learning curve
Clark Hull
Avoidance conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
47. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Primary Reinforcement
Law of effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
48. Law of effect
Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Aversive conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
49. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Trace conditioning
Token economy
Cooperative learning
50. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Secondary Reinforcement