Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






2. Operant conditioning






3. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






5. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






6. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






9. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






10. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






12. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






14. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






16. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






17. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






19. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






20. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






21. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






22. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






23. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






25. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






26. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






27. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






28. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






29. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






30. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






32. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






33. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






34. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






35. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






36. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






38. Learning by watching






39. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






40. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






41. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






42. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






43. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


44. Learning curve






45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php on line 183


46. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






47. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






49. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






50. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi