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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
Theory of association
Positive Reinforcement
2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Operant conditioning
Skinner box
Autoshaping
3. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Basic types of drives
Conditioned Response (CR)
Fixed interval schedule
4. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Kurt Lewin
Avoidance conditioning
Incidental learning
5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Example theories and problem?
Arousal
6. Learning curve
Types of classical conditioning
John Garcia
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Age affects learning
7. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Hedonism
Basic types of drives
Fixed ratio schedule
8. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Second-Order conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Aversive conditioning
Kurt Lewin
9. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Premack principle
Basic types of drives
John Garcia
Law of effect
10. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Backward Conditioning
Theory of association
Stimulus discrimination
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
11. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Delayed conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Undergeneralization
John B. Watson
12. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Response learning
Thorndike (book)
John Atkinson
Incidental learning
13. How to avoid something undesirable
John Atkinson
Autoshaping
Incidental learning
Avoidance conditioning
14. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Classical conditioning
Behaviourism
State dependent learning
Law of effect
15. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Second-Order conditioning
Learning curve
16. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Token economy
Delayed conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
17. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Habituation
Donald Hebb
Example theories and problem?
18. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Theory of association
19. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Skinner box
Fixed ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
20. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Operant conditioning
Undergeneralization
M.E. Olds
Forward Conditioning (types)
21. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
22. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Variable interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
23. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Autoshaping
Aversive conditioning
Delayed conditioning
State dependent learning
24. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
25. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Types of classical conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Arousal
Overshadowing
26. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Victor Vroom
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Positive Reinforcement
Age affects learning
27. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Victor Vroom
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Preparedness
28. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
M.E. Olds
Backward Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Habituation
29. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Avoidance conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
30. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Educational psychology
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Secondary Reinforcement
31. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Learning curve
Avoidance conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Donald Hebb
32. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Cooperative learning
Chaining
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
33. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Thorndike (book)
Example theories and problem?
Response learning
Fixed interval schedule
34. Theory of association
Autoshaping
Kurt Lewin
Shaping
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
35. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Example theories and problem?
Drive-reduction theories
Social learning theory
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
36. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Hedonism
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Garcia effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
38. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Shaping
B. F. Skinner
Backward Conditioning
39. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Scaffolding learning
Clark Hull
M.E. Olds
Hermann Ebbinghaus
41. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Kurt Lewin
Overshadowing
Skinner box
42. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Spontaneous recovery
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
E. L. Thorndike
43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Law of effect
Drive-reduction theories
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Negative transfer
44. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
State dependent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
45. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Kurt Lewin
Superstitious behaviour
Donald Hebb
Extinction (operant conditioning)
46. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Law of effect
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
47. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Premack principle
Clark Hull
Punishment
48. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
E. L. Thorndike
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
Thorndike (book)
49. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Observational learning
Extinction
Age affects learning
50. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Trace conditioning
Extinction