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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Classical conditioning
Premack principle
Example theories and problem?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
John Garcia
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction
Edward Tolman
3. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Simultaneous Conditioning
Response learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Chaining
4. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
Types of classical conditioning
5. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Drive-reduction theory
State dependent learning
Clark Hull
Trace conditioning
6. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Neil Miller
Fixed ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
7. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Sensitization
Educational psychology
8. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Example theories and problem?
M.E. Olds
Secondary Reinforcement
Scaffolding learning
9. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Scaffolding learning
Shaping
Response learning
10. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Incidental learning
Example theories and problem?
Extinction
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
11. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Second-Order conditioning
Age affects learning
Variable interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
12. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Clark Hull
Premack principle
Thorndike (book)
Edward Tolman
13. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Operant conditioning
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Chaining
14. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Donald Hebb
Learning curve
Autoshaping
15. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Response learning
Thorndike (book)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Incidental learning
16. How to avoid something undesirable
John Atkinson
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Response learning
Avoidance conditioning
17. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Latent learning
Avoidance conditioning
Habituation
18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Second-Order conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Delayed conditioning
Educational psychology
19. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
State dependent learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Atkinson
Fixed ratio schedule
20. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Fixed interval schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Incidental learning
Thorndike (book)
21. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Sensitization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Delayed conditioning
Neil Miller
Clark Hull
Negative transfer
23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
Arousal
Positive transfer
24. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Skinner box
Stimulus discrimination
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
25. School of behaviourism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Victor Vroom
M.E. Olds
John B. Watson
26. Theory of association
Victor Vroom
Higher-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Kurt Lewin
27. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Superstitious behaviour
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
28. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
John Atkinson
Spontaneous recovery
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
29. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Clark Hull
Edward Tolman
Stimulus generalization
Negative transfer
30. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Thorndike (book)
Social learning theory
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
31. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Escape conditioning
Arousal
32. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Operant conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Punishment
33. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Second-Order conditioning
Neil Miller
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Aptitude
34. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Chaining
Learning curve
Shaping
Kurt Lewin
35. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Incidental learning
Undergeneralization
Educational psychology
36. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Scaffolding learning
Types of classical conditioning
Trace conditioning
37. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive transfer
Stimulus generalization
38. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Example theories and problem?
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
39. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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40. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Variable ratio schedule
Victor Vroom
Superstitious behaviour
Learning curve
41. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Hedonism
Ivan Pavlov
Extinction (operant conditioning)
42. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Educational psychology
Extinction
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning
43. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
Clark Hull
Positive transfer
44. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Garcia effect
Ivan Pavlov
Fixed interval schedule
Donald Hebb
45. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Habituation
John Garcia
Skinner box
46. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Types of classical conditioning
Learning
Classical conditioning
John Garcia
47. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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48. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Stimulus generalization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Response learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
49. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
Latent learning
50. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Kurt Lewin
Autoshaping