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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Incidental learning
Negative transfer
Autoshaping
2. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Incidental learning
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
Escape conditioning
4. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Theory of association
Hedonism
5. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Ivan Pavlov
Token economy
Habituation
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
6. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Cooperative learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Neil Miller
7. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Positive transfer
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
8. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Incidental learning
Age affects learning
Aptitude
Response learning
9. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Fixed ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Clark Hull
Garcia effect
10. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Trace conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Shaping
Donald Hebb
11. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Undergeneralization
John Atkinson
Arousal
Hedonism
12. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Stimulus discrimination
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Spontaneous recovery
13. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Primary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
14. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Second-Order conditioning
Latent learning
Positive Reinforcement
Behaviourism
15. Law of effect
Learning curve
Stimulus discrimination
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction (classical conditioning)
16. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Clark Hull
Stimulus discrimination
Aptitude
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
17. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
B. F. Skinner
Extinction
John Garcia
Behaviourism
18. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aversive conditioning
Behaviourism
Incidental learning
Basic types of drives
19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Age affects learning
Donald Hebb
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning
20. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Scaffolding learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Chaining
21. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Aversive conditioning
M.E. Olds
Punishment
Neil Miller
22. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Token economy
Donald Hebb
23. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Learning curve
Positive transfer
Edward Tolman
Thorndike (book)
24. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Learning curve
Educational psychology
Social learning theory
25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Skinner box
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
26. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Extinction
Clark Hull
Age affects learning
Drive-reduction theory
27. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Aptitude
Clark Hull
Shaping
Trace conditioning
28. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
John B. Watson
Latent learning
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
29. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Shaping
Hermann Ebbinghaus
E. L. Thorndike
Scaffolding learning
30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
John Garcia
Aversive conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
31. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Habituation
Token economy
Response learning
Autoshaping
32. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Extinction
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Overshadowing
Hermann Ebbinghaus
33. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
M.E. Olds
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Overshadowing
34. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Superstitious behaviour
Operant conditioning
Undergeneralization
35. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
Kurt Lewin
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theories
36. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
B. F. Skinner
Positive transfer
Second-Order conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
37. School of behaviourism
Avoidance conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John B. Watson
Thorndike (book)
38. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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39. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Delayed conditioning
Aptitude
Social learning theory
Stimulus generalization
40. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Extinction
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John Garcia
Drive-reduction theory
41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Overshadowing
Conditioned Response (CR)
Garcia effect
Primary Reinforcement
42. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Neil Miller
Edward Tolman
Variable ratio schedule
43. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Educational psychology
Negative Reinforcement
Sensitization
Undergeneralization
44. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Forward Conditioning (types)
Social learning theory
45. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Theory of association
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Habituation
Negative Reinforcement
46. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Extinction
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
47. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Primary Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Aversive conditioning
49. The failure to generalize a stimulus
B. F. Skinner
Primary Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Punishment
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Higher-Order conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Variable interval schedule
Theory of association
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