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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






2. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






3. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






4. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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5. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






6. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






7. School of behaviourism






8. Students working on a project in small groups






9. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






11. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






12. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






13. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






14. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






15. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






16. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






17. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






18. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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19. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






20. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






21. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






22. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






24. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






27. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






28. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






30. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






31. The failure to generalize a stimulus






32. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






33. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






34. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






35. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






36. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






37. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






38. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






39. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






40. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






41. UCS and CS presented at the same time






42. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






43. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






44. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






45. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






46. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






47. Operant conditioning






48. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






50. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training