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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Escape conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Social learning theory
2. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
3. Learning by watching
Negative transfer
Preparedness
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Observational learning
4. How to avoid something undesirable
Arousal
Scaffolding learning
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
5. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Punishment
Preparedness
Trace conditioning
6. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
Backward Conditioning
Social learning theory
7. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Edward Tolman
Donald Hebb
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
8. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Escape conditioning
Social learning theory
Learning
9. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Learning curve
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Neil Miller
Positive Reinforcement
10. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Positive transfer
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Neil Miller
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Theory of association
12. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Learning curve
Premack principle
Age affects learning
Stimulus generalization
13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
M.E. Olds
Neil Miller
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Extinction
14. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Shaping
15. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Garcia effect
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Arousal
16. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
John Garcia
Forward Conditioning (types)
Escape conditioning
Edward Tolman
17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Backward Conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Theory of association
Fixed ratio schedule
18. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Social learning theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Arousal
19. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Age affects learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John B. Watson
Basic types of drives
20. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Stimulus generalization
Law of effect
Hedonism
21. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Punishment
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Delayed conditioning
22. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Positive Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Second-Order conditioning
Hedonism
23. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Variable ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
24. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Observational learning
Aptitude
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Autoshaping
25. Theory of association
Scaffolding learning
Kurt Lewin
Ivan Pavlov
Forward Conditioning (types)
26. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Overshadowing
27. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Habituation
28. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Victor Vroom
Conditioned Response (CR)
State dependent learning
Second-Order conditioning
29. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Thorndike (book)
Hedonism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
30. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Backward Conditioning
Trace conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Example theories and problem?
31. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Trace conditioning
Sensitization
Yerkes-Dodson effect
32. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Escape conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Autoshaping
33. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Thorndike (book)
Positive Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
34. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Trace conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
State dependent learning
35. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Secondary Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Preparedness
36. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Fixed ratio schedule
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
37. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Observational learning
Behaviourism
Social learning theory
John Garcia
38. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Premack principle
Learning
Clark Hull
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
39. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Negative transfer
Skinner box
Behaviourism
40. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Learning curve
Thorndike (book)
Ivan Pavlov
Educational psychology
41. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Premack principle
Escape conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Backward Conditioning
42. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Premack principle
B. F. Skinner
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable interval schedule
43. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Shaping
Skinner box
Arousal
Law of effect
44. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
John Garcia
Age affects learning
Latent learning
Negative transfer
45. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Premack principle
Preparedness
Negative Reinforcement
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
46. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Victor Vroom
Clark Hull
Variable interval schedule
47. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
48. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Trace conditioning
Escape conditioning
Overshadowing
49. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Victor Vroom
Forward Conditioning (types)
Ivan Pavlov
Habituation
50. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Undergeneralization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)