Test your basic knowledge |

GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






2. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






3. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






4. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






5. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






6. The failure to generalize a stimulus






7. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






10. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






11. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






12. School of behaviourism






13. Law of effect






14. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






15. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






17. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






19. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






20. Operant conditioning






21. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






22. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






24. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






25. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






26. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






27. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






28. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






29. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






30. Learning by watching






31. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






32. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






33. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






34. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






35. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






36. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






37. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






38. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






39. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






40. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






41. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






42. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






43. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






44. Students working on a project in small groups






45. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






46. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






47. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






48. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






49. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






50. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food