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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Sensitization
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Trace conditioning
2. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Social learning theory
Scaffolding learning
Victor Vroom
Chaining
4. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Neil Miller
Avoidance conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
5. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable interval schedule
6. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Positive Reinforcement
Garcia effect
Autoshaping
Chaining
7. Law of effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Educational psychology
M.E. Olds
E. L. Thorndike
8. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Incidental learning
Backward Conditioning
Clark Hull
Premack principle
9. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
Second-Order conditioning
Hedonism
10. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Drive-reduction theory
Spontaneous recovery
Kurt Lewin
John Garcia
11. Theory of association
Negative Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Kurt Lewin
12. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Neil Miller
Types of classical conditioning
Response learning
13. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Skinner box
Garcia effect
Preparedness
14. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
15. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Fixed interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
Basic types of drives
16. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Cooperative learning
Extinction
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Incidental learning
17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Latent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Victor Vroom
18. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Skinner box
Neil Miller
Variable interval schedule
Trace conditioning
19. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Higher-Order conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Fixed ratio schedule
Thorndike (book)
20. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Fixed interval schedule
Learning curve
Arousal
Variable ratio schedule
21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Incidental learning
Variable interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
22. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
23. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Aptitude
Educational psychology
Backward Conditioning
24. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Autoshaping
Educational psychology
Premack principle
Edward Tolman
25. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
B. F. Skinner
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Trace conditioning
Classical conditioning
26. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Undergeneralization
Preparedness
Social learning theory
27. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Age affects learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Law of effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
28. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Overshadowing
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theories
29. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Escape conditioning
Donald Hebb
Hedonism
30. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Incidental learning
Overshadowing
John Atkinson
31. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Response learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Trace conditioning
32. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Theory of association
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Forward Conditioning (types)
33. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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34. How to avoid something undesirable
Aptitude
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Chaining
35. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Habituation
Stimulus discrimination
State dependent learning
Learning curve
36. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Drive-reduction theories
Incidental learning
Kurt Lewin
Classical conditioning
37. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Higher-Order conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Garcia effect
38. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
Second-Order conditioning
39. Operant conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Edward Tolman
Henry Murray - David McClelland
B. F. Skinner
40. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
B. F. Skinner
Variable ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
41. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Habituation
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
Aptitude
42. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
E. L. Thorndike
Kurt Lewin
Latent learning
Hedonism
43. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Scaffolding learning
44. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Kurt Lewin
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Thorndike (book)
45. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Age affects learning
Law of effect
46. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Token economy
Latent learning
Learning
47. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Positive transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
49. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Extinction (operant conditioning)
50. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Secondary Reinforcement
Habituation
Chaining
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule