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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






2. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






3. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






4. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






5. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






6. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






7. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






8. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






11. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






12. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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14. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






15. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






16. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






17. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






19. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






20. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






21. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






22. The failure to generalize a stimulus






23. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






24. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






25. UCS and CS presented at the same time






26. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






27. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






28. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






29. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






30. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






31. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






32. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






33. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






34. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






35. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






36. How to avoid something undesirable






37. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






38. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






39. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






40. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






41. School of behaviourism






42. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






43. Operant conditioning






44. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






45. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






46. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






47. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






48. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






49. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






50. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour







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