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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Learning curve
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Classical conditioning
2. Students working on a project in small groups
Law of effect
Cooperative learning
Trace conditioning
Chaining
3. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
M.E. Olds
Law of effect
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Secondary Reinforcement
Token economy
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John B. Watson
5. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Positive transfer
Shaping
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
6. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Forward Conditioning (types)
Skinner box
Learning curve
7. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Scaffolding learning
John Atkinson
Spontaneous recovery
Punishment
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Secondary Reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Escape conditioning
9. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Latent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neil Miller
10. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Theory of association
Superstitious behaviour
Habituation
Basic types of drives
11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Punishment
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
12. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Autoshaping
Edward Tolman
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
13. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Clark Hull
Hedonism
Skinner box
14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Extinction
Types of classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Victor Vroom
15. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Social learning theory
Variable ratio schedule
Educational psychology
Extinction (operant conditioning)
16. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Types of classical conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Basic types of drives
Overshadowing
17. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Skinner box
Token economy
Habituation
Learning
18. School of behaviourism
Basic types of drives
John B. Watson
Premack principle
Hermann Ebbinghaus
19. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
E. L. Thorndike
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
20. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Variable ratio schedule
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Escape conditioning
21. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Drive-reduction theories
Law of effect
Habituation
22. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Types of classical conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aptitude
Simultaneous Conditioning
23. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Delayed conditioning
Overshadowing
Simultaneous Conditioning
Stimulus generalization
24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
John Atkinson
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
Age affects learning
25. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Theory of association
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Stimulus discrimination
26. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Edward Tolman
Premack principle
Ivan Pavlov
Garcia effect
27. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Donald Hebb
Habituation
Overshadowing
Thorndike (book)
28. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Shaping
Theory of association
Observational learning
Hedonism
29. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Backward Conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Educational psychology
Habituation
30. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Learning curve
31. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Overshadowing
Cooperative learning
Example theories and problem?
32. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
Escape conditioning
Thorndike (book)
33. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Sensitization
34. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Hedonism
Variable ratio schedule
Scaffolding learning
Shaping
35. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Neil Miller
Garcia effect
36. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Edward Tolman
37. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Edward Tolman
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Clark Hull
38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Habituation
Positive transfer
Thorndike (book)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
39. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
State dependent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Variable ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
40. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Age affects learning
B. F. Skinner
Skinner box
41. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Observational learning
Clark Hull
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Neil Miller
42. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Chaining
Scaffolding learning
43. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Undergeneralization
Latent learning
Variable interval schedule
Avoidance conditioning
44. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Learning curve
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
45. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Higher-Order conditioning
Donald Hebb
State dependent learning
46. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Learning curve
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
Overshadowing
47. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
M.E. Olds
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
E. L. Thorndike
48. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Backward Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Higher-Order conditioning
49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Secondary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Hedonism
50. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Chaining
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Fixed ratio schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)