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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Escape conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Backward Conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theories
Donald Hebb
3. Learning curve
Preparedness
State dependent learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Thorndike (book)
4. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Donald Hebb
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
5. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
Variable ratio schedule
6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
John Atkinson
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Neil Miller
7. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Cooperative learning
Educational psychology
Delayed conditioning
Premack principle
8. Learning by watching
State dependent learning
Positive transfer
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Observational learning
9. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Punishment
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Superstitious behaviour
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
10. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Example theories and problem?
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
11. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Garcia effect
Drive-reduction theories
12. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Undergeneralization
Stimulus discrimination
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Edward Tolman
14. Students working on a project in small groups
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Cooperative learning
15. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Victor Vroom
Operant conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Delayed conditioning
16. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Stimulus discrimination
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Classical conditioning
17. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Aptitude
M.E. Olds
Higher-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
18. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
Premack principle
Autoshaping
Kurt Lewin
19. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
B. F. Skinner
Kurt Lewin
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
20. How to avoid something undesirable
Cooperative learning
Avoidance conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Types of classical conditioning
21. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Punishment
Response learning
Backward Conditioning
22. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Arousal
Basic types of drives
Premack principle
John B. Watson
23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Basic types of drives
Learning
Negative transfer
E. L. Thorndike
24. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Basic types of drives
Thorndike (book)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
25. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Kurt Lewin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Primary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
26. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Theory of association
Extinction
27. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Neil Miller
Positive Reinforcement
Avoidance conditioning
Aptitude
28. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aptitude
Forward Conditioning (types)
29. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Cooperative learning
E. L. Thorndike
John Garcia
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
30. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Variable interval schedule
State dependent learning
Thorndike (book)
Negative transfer
31. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable interval schedule
Undergeneralization
Positive transfer
32. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Habituation
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Fixed ratio schedule
33. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Punishment
John Atkinson
Latent learning
Hedonism
34. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
E. L. Thorndike
John B. Watson
35. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Trace conditioning
Premack principle
Behaviourism
36. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Ivan Pavlov
Observational learning
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
37. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Scaffolding learning
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
38. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Extinction
E. L. Thorndike
Aptitude
Arousal
39. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Clark Hull
Token economy
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Overshadowing
40. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Age affects learning
Response learning
41. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Trace conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
42. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed interval schedule
Learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Aptitude
43. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Cooperative learning
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
Token economy
44. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
Latent learning
45. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
46. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Educational psychology
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Aptitude
47. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
John Garcia
Incidental learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Delayed conditioning
48. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Operant conditioning
Extinction
State dependent learning
Hedonism
49. School of behaviourism
Theory of association
Backward Conditioning
John B. Watson
Educational psychology
50. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Law of effect
Autoshaping