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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






2. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






3. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






4. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






5. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






6. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






7. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






8. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






9. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






10. School of behaviourism






11. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






12. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






14. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






15. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






16. UCS and CS presented at the same time






17. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






18. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






19. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






20. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






21. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






22. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






23. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






24. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






25. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






26. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






27. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






28. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






30. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






31. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






32. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






33. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






34. Learning by watching






35. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






36. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






37. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






38. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






39. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






40. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






41. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






42. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






43. Law of effect






44. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






46. Students working on a project in small groups






47. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






48. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






49. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward