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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Drive-reduction theories
Latent learning
Incidental learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
2. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Scaffolding learning
Token economy
Garcia effect
Victor Vroom
3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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4. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Scaffolding learning
Behaviourism
Skinner box
5. Law of effect
Yerkes-Dodson effect
E. L. Thorndike
Learning curve
Law of effect
6. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neil Miller
Henry Murray - David McClelland
7. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Types of classical conditioning
8. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Stimulus discrimination
Arousal
Drive-reduction theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
9. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Overshadowing
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
10. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Autoshaping
11. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Skinner box
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
12. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Avoidance conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
M.E. Olds
13. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Thorndike (book)
B. F. Skinner
14. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Learning
Undergeneralization
Scaffolding learning
15. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Fixed ratio schedule
Sensitization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
16. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
John Atkinson
Response learning
Drive-reduction theories
Punishment
17. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Conditioned Response (CR)
Secondary Reinforcement
Skinner box
Henry Murray - David McClelland
18. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Autoshaping
Neil Miller
M.E. Olds
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
19. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Operant conditioning
20. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Aptitude
Theory of association
Response learning
21. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Incidental learning
Escape conditioning
Skinner box
22. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Undergeneralization
Ivan Pavlov
Simultaneous Conditioning
Aptitude
23. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Variable interval schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Delayed conditioning
24. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
25. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Aversive conditioning
Overshadowing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
26. Operant conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
B. F. Skinner
Autoshaping
Extinction
27. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Preparedness
M.E. Olds
Aversive conditioning
28. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
29. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Incidental learning
Delayed conditioning
30. Learning by watching
Scaffolding learning
Observational learning
B. F. Skinner
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
31. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Basic types of drives
Spontaneous recovery
Kurt Lewin
32. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Cooperative learning
Positive transfer
Scaffolding learning
Educational psychology
33. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Superstitious behaviour
Preparedness
Behaviourism
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
34. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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35. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Response learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
36. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Kurt Lewin
Law of effect
Drive-reduction theories
Habituation
37. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Thorndike (book)
Secondary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Drive-reduction theory
38. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
39. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
M.E. Olds
Victor Vroom
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
John Garcia
40. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Escape conditioning
Arousal
Learning curve
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
41. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Law of effect
42. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Edward Tolman
Simultaneous Conditioning
Classical conditioning
Basic types of drives
43. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Thorndike (book)
Social learning theory
Secondary Reinforcement
44. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Token economy
Clark Hull
Aptitude
Incidental learning
45. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Stimulus generalization
John Atkinson
Basic types of drives
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Primary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
47. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Drive-reduction theory
Secondary Reinforcement
Premack principle
Thorndike (book)
48. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Undergeneralization
Secondary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
John Atkinson
49. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Neil Miller
Arousal
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
50. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Token economy
Henry Murray - David McClelland