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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Age affects learning
Overshadowing
Victor Vroom
Operant conditioning
2. School of behaviourism
Arousal
John B. Watson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Overshadowing
3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Premack principle
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
Fixed ratio schedule
4. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Kurt Lewin
Drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Premack principle
5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Primary Reinforcement
Observational learning
Neil Miller
Aversive conditioning
6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Avoidance conditioning
7. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Primary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Premack principle
Age affects learning
8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Fixed ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Thorndike (book)
Learning
10. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Simultaneous Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Aversive conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Secondary Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
Backward Conditioning
Learning curve
12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Autoshaping
Drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Conditioned Response (CR)
13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Fixed interval schedule
Punishment
Stimulus discrimination
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
14. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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15. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Social learning theory
Skinner box
Escape conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
16. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
Victor Vroom
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Skinner box
17. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Trace conditioning
Hedonism
Backward Conditioning
18. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Fixed interval schedule
Response learning
Operant conditioning
Incidental learning
19. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
B. F. Skinner
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Response learning
20. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Skinner box
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Premack principle
Variable ratio schedule
21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Social learning theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Latent learning
22. Students working on a project in small groups
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Cooperative learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
23. Theory of association
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Donald Hebb
24. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Secondary Reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule
Edward Tolman
Positive transfer
25. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Operant conditioning
Response learning
Clark Hull
Punishment
26. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Sensitization
Habituation
27. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Ivan Pavlov
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Learning curve
28. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Incidental learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Behaviourism
Aversive conditioning
29. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Stimulus discrimination
Learning
Classical conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Basic types of drives
Negative Reinforcement
Overshadowing
31. How to avoid something undesirable
Garcia effect
Avoidance conditioning
Arousal
Autoshaping
32. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Negative transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Behaviourism
33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
E. L. Thorndike
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
34. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
35. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Fixed ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Negative transfer
Stimulus discrimination
36. Law of effect
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
E. L. Thorndike
Negative transfer
37. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Aversive conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Spontaneous recovery
38. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Learning
Chaining
40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Drive-reduction theory
Second-Order conditioning
41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Neil Miller
Drive-reduction theory
42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Example theories and problem?
Second-Order conditioning
Learning curve
43. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Primary Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Cooperative learning
Secondary Reinforcement
44. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Variable interval schedule
Arousal
E. L. Thorndike
Token economy
45. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Sensitization
Backward Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Overshadowing
46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Preparedness
Autoshaping
Cooperative learning
Classical conditioning
47. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Arousal
Positive Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
48. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Higher-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Autoshaping
Donald Hebb
49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Overshadowing
John Garcia
Drive-reduction theories
50. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
B. F. Skinner
Fixed ratio schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)