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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
John Atkinson
Escape conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
2. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Variable ratio schedule
Second-Order conditioning
3. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Latent learning
Learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Donald Hebb
4. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Learning curve
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Fixed ratio schedule
5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Premack principle
Negative transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
6. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Second-Order conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Positive transfer
7. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Edward Tolman
Aversive conditioning
Learning
8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Variable interval schedule
Donald Hebb
Variable ratio schedule
Social learning theory
9. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Habituation
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
10. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Chaining
John Garcia
Fixed ratio schedule
Types of classical conditioning
11. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Response learning
Punishment
Higher-Order conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
12. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Overshadowing
Shaping
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Fixed interval schedule
13. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Educational psychology
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
14. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
John Garcia
State dependent learning
Skinner box
Victor Vroom
15. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
M.E. Olds
Habituation
Victor Vroom
John B. Watson
16. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Edward Tolman
Token economy
Variable ratio schedule
17. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Aptitude
Overshadowing
18. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Theory of association
Hermann Ebbinghaus
John Garcia
Clark Hull
19. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Higher-Order conditioning
20. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Example theories and problem?
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
21. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Simultaneous Conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
22. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
B. F. Skinner
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Punishment
Primary Reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Negative transfer
24. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aptitude
Incidental learning
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction
25. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Preparedness
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Law of effect
26. Learning curve
Law of effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
27. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
John B. Watson
Aversive conditioning
Backward Conditioning
28. Learning by watching
Drive-reduction theories
Observational learning
Hedonism
Neil Miller
29. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Drive-reduction theories
Arousal
Donald Hebb
Positive transfer
30. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
John Garcia
Negative Reinforcement
Kurt Lewin
Positive transfer
31. Students working on a project in small groups
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Behaviourism
Cooperative learning
John Garcia
32. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Avoidance conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Observational learning
33. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Punishment
Operant conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Response learning
34. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Delayed conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Second-Order conditioning
35. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Undergeneralization
Drive-reduction theory
Preparedness
Latent learning
36. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Educational psychology
Arousal
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
37. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive Reinforcement
Example theories and problem?
Drive-reduction theory
38. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Educational psychology
Observational learning
Secondary Reinforcement
39. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Shaping
Trace conditioning
Social learning theory
Garcia effect
40. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Primary Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
41. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Cooperative learning
42. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Sensitization
Avoidance conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
43. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hedonism
44. Law of effect
Positive Reinforcement
Punishment
Social learning theory
E. L. Thorndike
45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Undergeneralization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
46. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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47. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Fixed ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Learning
Educational psychology
48. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Primary Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Age affects learning
Clark Hull
49. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
M.E. Olds
Garcia effect
Skinner box
Age affects learning
50. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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