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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning by watching






2. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






3. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






4. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






5. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






6. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






7. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






9. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






10. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






11. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






12. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






13. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






14. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






15. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






17. Theory of association






18. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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19. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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20. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






21. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






22. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






23. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






24. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






25. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






26. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






27. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






28. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






29. The failure to generalize a stimulus






30. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






31. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






32. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






33. Students working on a project in small groups






34. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






35. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






36. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






37. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






38. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






39. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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40. School of behaviourism






41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






42. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






43. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






44. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






45. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






46. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






47. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






48. Law of effect






49. How to avoid something undesirable






50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue