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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Learning curve
Secondary Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
Stimulus generalization
2. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Latent learning
Stimulus generalization
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
3. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Sensitization
Garcia effect
Age affects learning
Punishment
4. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Hedonism
Forward Conditioning (types)
Victor Vroom
Donald Hebb
5. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
E. L. Thorndike
Negative Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
Behaviourism
6. Operant conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
7. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theory
Avoidance conditioning
8. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Types of classical conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Negative transfer
9. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Incidental learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Chaining
Sensitization
10. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Primary Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Operant conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
11. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Neil Miller
State dependent learning
Stimulus generalization
Negative transfer
12. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Primary Reinforcement
13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus discrimination
Operant conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
14. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Law of effect
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
M.E. Olds
15. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
Token economy
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
16. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Negative Reinforcement
Response learning
Garcia effect
17. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Habituation
Extinction
Positive transfer
Premack principle
18. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Chaining
19. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Primary Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
20. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Shaping
21. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Age affects learning
Ivan Pavlov
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
22. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Variable ratio schedule
Learning
Theory of association
Variable interval schedule
23. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Extinction (classical conditioning)
State dependent learning
Punishment
Aptitude
24. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Undergeneralization
Negative Reinforcement
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Scaffolding learning
Habituation
Escape conditioning
Operant conditioning
26. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Arousal
Undergeneralization
Learning curve
Response learning
27. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Behaviourism
Superstitious behaviour
Basic types of drives
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
28. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Garcia effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Stimulus generalization
Cooperative learning
29. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Clark Hull
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Behaviourism
30. Learning by watching
Observational learning
Drive-reduction theories
Types of classical conditioning
John Atkinson
31. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Token economy
Victor Vroom
32. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Social learning theory
Arousal
Educational psychology
33. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Latent learning
Negative transfer
Arousal
34. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Simultaneous Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Spontaneous recovery
35. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Edward Tolman
Age affects learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Negative Reinforcement
36. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Clark Hull
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Negative Reinforcement
37. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
38. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Classical conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
John B. Watson
Kurt Lewin
39. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Ivan Pavlov
Preparedness
Thorndike (book)
40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Avoidance conditioning
Hedonism
John Atkinson
41. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Educational psychology
Stimulus generalization
Clark Hull
Chaining
42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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43. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Negative Reinforcement
Learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Fixed ratio schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Edward Tolman
M.E. Olds
45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Educational psychology
Autoshaping
Conditioned Response (CR)
46. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
M.E. Olds
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable ratio schedule
47. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Clark Hull
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Classical conditioning
48. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Law of effect
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
49. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction
E. L. Thorndike
Premack principle
50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Skinner box
Learning curve
Types of classical conditioning
Avoidance conditioning