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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






2. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






3. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






4. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






5. Theory of association






6. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






7. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






8. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






9. Learning curve






10. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






11. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






12. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






14. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






15. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






16. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






17. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






20. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






21. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






22. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






23. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






24. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






25. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






26. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






27. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






29. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






30. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






31. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






32. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






33. Law of effect






34. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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35. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






36. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






37. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






38. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






39. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






40. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






41. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






42. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






43. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






44. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






45. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






46. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






47. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






49. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






50. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)