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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
State dependent learning
Hedonism
Extinction
Negative Reinforcement
2. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Theory of association
3. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Simultaneous Conditioning
John B. Watson
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neil Miller
4. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Age affects learning
Learning curve
Token economy
Stimulus discrimination
5. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Preparedness
Drive-reduction theory
6. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Incidental learning
Donald Hebb
Example theories and problem?
Victor Vroom
7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Sensitization
Ivan Pavlov
8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
Behaviourism
Simultaneous Conditioning
9. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Fixed ratio schedule
Habituation
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction
10. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Observational learning
Avoidance conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Skinner box
11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Observational learning
Negative transfer
Positive Reinforcement
Aversive conditioning
12. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Token economy
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Negative Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
13. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
Basic types of drives
Incidental learning
14. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
John Garcia
Negative transfer
Theory of association
15. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Scaffolding learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus generalization
Forward Conditioning (types)
16. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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17. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Behaviourism
B. F. Skinner
Hedonism
Delayed conditioning
18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Observational learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
B. F. Skinner
Arousal
19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
B. F. Skinner
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Backward Conditioning
M.E. Olds
20. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Premack principle
Learning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Clark Hull
21. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Preparedness
Basic types of drives
Stimulus generalization
22. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Second-Order conditioning
Classical conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Positive transfer
24. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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25. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable ratio schedule
John B. Watson
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
26. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Undergeneralization
Latent learning
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal
27. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Learning curve
Hedonism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Skinner box
28. Learning curve
Incidental learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
E. L. Thorndike
John B. Watson
29. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Variable ratio schedule
Educational psychology
Stimulus discrimination
Avoidance conditioning
30. Law of effect
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Kurt Lewin
Behaviourism
E. L. Thorndike
31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Negative transfer
Cooperative learning
Spontaneous recovery
Backward Conditioning
32. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Incidental learning
Punishment
Garcia effect
33. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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34. Learning by watching
Observational learning
State dependent learning
Premack principle
Primary Reinforcement
35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Aptitude
Conditioned Response (CR)
36. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Skinner box
John Garcia
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
37. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Example theories and problem?
Social learning theory
Latent learning
Donald Hebb
38. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
State dependent learning
Trace conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
39. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Aversive conditioning
Punishment
B. F. Skinner
40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
State dependent learning
Law of effect
41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Backward Conditioning
Chaining
Fixed ratio schedule
Spontaneous recovery
42. Operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Overshadowing
43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Delayed conditioning
Overshadowing
John Atkinson
Scaffolding learning
44. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Aptitude
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
45. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Operant conditioning
Kurt Lewin
46. Students working on a project in small groups
Punishment
Second-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
Token economy
47. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Token economy
Kurt Lewin
48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Higher-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hedonism
49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Spontaneous recovery
Preparedness
Positive transfer
Extinction (classical conditioning)
50. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Chaining
Stimulus discrimination
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning