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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






2. Operant conditioning






3. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






5. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






6. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






7. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






8. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






9. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






10. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






11. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






13. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






14. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






15. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






16. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






17. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






18. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






19. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






20. Learning curve






21. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






22. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






23. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


24. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






25. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


26. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






27. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






28. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






29. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






30. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






31. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






32. UCS and CS presented at the same time






33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






34. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






35. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






36. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






37. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






38. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






40. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






41. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






42. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






43. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


45. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






46. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






47. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






49. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






50. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward