SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
|
Email
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Incidental learning
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
2. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Trace conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
3. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Delayed conditioning
Aversive conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Autoshaping
4. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Behaviourism
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
5. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
6. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Token economy
Preparedness
Observational learning
7. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Chaining
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Arousal
8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hedonism
Clark Hull
Henry Murray - David McClelland
9. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Operant conditioning
Aptitude
Aversive conditioning
Social learning theory
10. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Variable ratio schedule
Extinction
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Scaffolding learning
11. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
Preparedness
12. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Stimulus generalization
Secondary Reinforcement
13. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Drive-reduction theories
Fixed interval schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Donald Hebb
14. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
B. F. Skinner
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Learning curve
Chaining
15. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Incidental learning
Higher-Order conditioning
Overshadowing
Response learning
16. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Negative transfer
Ivan Pavlov
Learning
17. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Variable ratio schedule
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
18. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Stimulus discrimination
Positive Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
19. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Trace conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hedonism
20. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Scaffolding learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Example theories and problem?
Yerkes-Dodson effect
21. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Avoidance conditioning
Hedonism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
22. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviourism
Variable ratio schedule
Spontaneous recovery
23. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Law of effect
Negative Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
Observational learning
24. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Basic types of drives
Negative transfer
Classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Escape conditioning
26. How to avoid something undesirable
Fixed interval schedule
M.E. Olds
Avoidance conditioning
Latent learning
27. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Garcia effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Types of classical conditioning
28. Students working on a project in small groups
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Thorndike (book)
Cooperative learning
Classical conditioning
29. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theory
Age affects learning
Edward Tolman
30. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Simultaneous Conditioning
Social learning theory
E. L. Thorndike
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
31. Operant conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
B. F. Skinner
Extinction
John Garcia
32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Law of effect
Behaviourism
33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Incidental learning
John Garcia
Fixed interval schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
34. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Variable interval schedule
Law of effect
35. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Negative transfer
B. F. Skinner
Thorndike (book)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
36. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Kurt Lewin
Trace conditioning
Drive-reduction theories
Primary Reinforcement
37. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Clark Hull
Preparedness
Forward Conditioning (types)
38. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Observational learning
Positive transfer
Operant conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
39. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
John Atkinson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Superstitious behaviour
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
40. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Skinner box
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
41. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Fixed interval schedule
Stimulus discrimination
Undergeneralization
Basic types of drives
42. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
John B. Watson
Arousal
Classical conditioning
Positive transfer
43. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Shaping
John Atkinson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
44. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Law of effect
Chaining
Aptitude
45. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Token economy
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Drive-reduction theories
46. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
M.E. Olds
Types of classical conditioning
Negative transfer
Fixed ratio schedule
47. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Secondary Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
Arousal
Undergeneralization
48. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
Warning
: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in
/var/www/html/basicversity.com/show_quiz.php
on line
183
49. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Forward Conditioning (types)
Kurt Lewin
Sensitization
Drive-reduction theories
50. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction
Hedonism