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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Edward Tolman
Premack principle
2. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Avoidance conditioning
Neil Miller
Educational psychology
Undergeneralization
3. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
John Garcia
Autoshaping
4. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Negative Reinforcement
Basic types of drives
John Atkinson
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
5. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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6. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John Garcia
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
7. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Superstitious behaviour
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Punishment
Stimulus discrimination
8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Victor Vroom
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Sensitization
M.E. Olds
10. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Cooperative learning
B. F. Skinner
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Thorndike (book)
11. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Sensitization
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Law of effect
Premack principle
Trace conditioning
Token economy
13. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Positive Reinforcement
Habituation
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
14. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Fixed ratio schedule
Clark Hull
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Response (CR)
15. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Punishment
Fixed interval schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
16. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Donald Hebb
Superstitious behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
Habituation
17. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Higher-Order conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Theory of association
Ivan Pavlov
18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Punishment
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Shaping
Latent learning
19. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Negative Reinforcement
Aptitude
Negative transfer
Neil Miller
20. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Second-Order conditioning
Positive transfer
Clark Hull
Spontaneous recovery
21. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Conditioned Response (CR)
Incidental learning
Negative Reinforcement
22. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Hedonism
Kurt Lewin
Learning curve
Preparedness
23. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Arousal
Scaffolding learning
Variable ratio schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
24. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Drive-reduction theory
Habituation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
25. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Neil Miller
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
26. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Positive transfer
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Escape conditioning
27. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Token economy
Stimulus discrimination
28. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Types of classical conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Negative Reinforcement
Shaping
29. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Thorndike (book)
Punishment
Behaviourism
30. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Donald Hebb
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Response learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
31. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Basic types of drives
Positive Reinforcement
32. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Edward Tolman
Autoshaping
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
33. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
B. F. Skinner
Superstitious behaviour
Operant conditioning
34. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Escape conditioning
Autoshaping
Habituation
35. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Operant conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Theory of association
John Atkinson
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Punishment
37. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Negative transfer
Types of classical conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Henry Murray - David McClelland
38. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Positive transfer
Drive-reduction theories
Skinner box
Chaining
39. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Educational psychology
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Law of effect
Primary Reinforcement
40. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Variable ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Types of classical conditioning
Learning curve
41. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Escape conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Arousal
42. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Garcia effect
Premack principle
Victor Vroom
Simultaneous Conditioning
43. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
E. L. Thorndike
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
44. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Fixed ratio schedule
Incidental learning
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Hedonism
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Classical conditioning
Overshadowing
46. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Variable interval schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Types of classical conditioning
47. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Positive transfer
Negative transfer
Stimulus generalization
48. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Spontaneous recovery
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
49. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Punishment
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Sensitization
50. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks