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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autoshaping
Learning curve
Donald Hebb
2. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Learning curve
Primary Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Donald Hebb
3. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Variable interval schedule
Operant conditioning
4. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Scaffolding learning
Positive transfer
5. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Negative transfer
Aptitude
Premack principle
6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Edward Tolman
7. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Habituation
8. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Habituation
Drive-reduction theories
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
9. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Social learning theory
10. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Spontaneous recovery
Victor Vroom
Superstitious behaviour
Incidental learning
11. Learning by watching
Superstitious behaviour
Observational learning
Operant conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
12. Students working on a project in small groups
Operant conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Negative transfer
Cooperative learning
13. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Latent learning
Arousal
Autoshaping
14. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autoshaping
Stimulus discrimination
Example theories and problem?
15. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Shaping
E. L. Thorndike
Donald Hebb
16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Edward Tolman
17. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Habituation
Superstitious behaviour
E. L. Thorndike
Fixed interval schedule
18. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
Theory of association
19. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Thorndike (book)
Theory of association
Second-Order conditioning
20. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Avoidance conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Negative transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
21. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Classical conditioning
Punishment
Stimulus generalization
22. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Stimulus generalization
John Garcia
Conditioned Response (CR)
23. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Hedonism
Stimulus generalization
Shaping
Theory of association
24. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Arousal
State dependent learning
Superstitious behaviour
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
25. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Sensitization
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction (classical conditioning)
26. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Stimulus discrimination
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Basic types of drives
27. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Ivan Pavlov
Types of classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
28. Law of effect
Classical conditioning
Educational psychology
E. L. Thorndike
Hermann Ebbinghaus
29. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Types of classical conditioning
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Conditioned Response (CR)
Simultaneous Conditioning
30. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Premack principle
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus discrimination
Delayed conditioning
31. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Educational psychology
Arousal
Trace conditioning
Edward Tolman
32. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Higher-Order conditioning
Social learning theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
33. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
John Garcia
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Delayed conditioning
34. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Age affects learning
Escape conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
35. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Garcia effect
Edward Tolman
Shaping
Negative Reinforcement
36. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Neil Miller
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Aversive conditioning
37. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Higher-Order conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Secondary Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
38. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Drive-reduction theories
39. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Shaping
Social learning theory
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
State dependent learning
40. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
M.E. Olds
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Variable ratio schedule
41. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Autoshaping
Classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Delayed conditioning
42. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Delayed conditioning
M.E. Olds
Skinner box
43. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Stimulus discrimination
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Donald Hebb
Token economy
44. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Example theories and problem?
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
John Garcia
45. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Hedonism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Garcia effect
46. How to avoid something undesirable
Basic types of drives
Avoidance conditioning
Age affects learning
John B. Watson
47. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
Aversive conditioning
Thorndike (book)
48. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Positive Reinforcement
Observational learning
Victor Vroom
49. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
Latent learning
Learning
50. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects