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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Trace conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
2. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Spontaneous recovery
Undergeneralization
Simultaneous Conditioning
3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Chaining
Avoidance conditioning
John B. Watson
4. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Spontaneous recovery
Social learning theory
Hedonism
Scaffolding learning
5. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Kurt Lewin
Learning
Drive-reduction theory
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
6. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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7. Theory of association
Response learning
Skinner box
Forward Conditioning (types)
Kurt Lewin
8. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Theory of association
9. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
Hedonism
Types of classical conditioning
10. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Latent learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Types of classical conditioning
11. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
State dependent learning
Example theories and problem?
Garcia effect
12. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
John Atkinson
Arousal
Higher-Order conditioning
Hedonism
13. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Token economy
Clark Hull
Classical conditioning
14. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Theory of association
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Simultaneous Conditioning
15. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Behaviourism
Stimulus generalization
Secondary Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
16. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Law of effect
Aptitude
Autoshaping
Latent learning
17. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Behaviourism
Scaffolding learning
18. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Clark Hull
Victor Vroom
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Response learning
19. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Age affects learning
M.E. Olds
Escape conditioning
20. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Skinner box
Punishment
Learning curve
Aversive conditioning
21. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Stimulus generalization
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Classical conditioning
Response learning
22. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Preparedness
Spontaneous recovery
John Garcia
23. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Theory of association
State dependent learning
Token economy
24. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction
Skinner box
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Escape conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
26. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Trace conditioning
Donald Hebb
Shaping
Age affects learning
27. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Negative Reinforcement
Arousal
Scaffolding learning
28. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Aptitude
Incidental learning
Primary Reinforcement
Observational learning
29. Operant conditioning
Hedonism
Learning
Learning curve
B. F. Skinner
30. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Aversive conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Delayed conditioning
Sensitization
31. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Social learning theory
Extinction
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Response learning
32. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Higher-Order conditioning
Neil Miller
Victor Vroom
Aptitude
33. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Higher-Order conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
E. L. Thorndike
Drive-reduction theory
34. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Negative transfer
Thorndike (book)
Scaffolding learning
Skinner box
35. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Ivan Pavlov
Arousal
Higher-Order conditioning
36. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Observational learning
37. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Habituation
38. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
M.E. Olds
Latent learning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
39. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Aversive conditioning
Preparedness
Operant conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
40. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Spontaneous recovery
Edward Tolman
State dependent learning
41. How to avoid something undesirable
Escape conditioning
M.E. Olds
B. F. Skinner
Avoidance conditioning
42. Learning curve
Stimulus generalization
Behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Scaffolding learning
43. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Extinction (operant conditioning)
John Garcia
Edward Tolman
Stimulus generalization
44. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Incidental learning
B. F. Skinner
Fixed interval schedule
Scaffolding learning
45. Students working on a project in small groups
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Age affects learning
Cooperative learning
46. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Fixed interval schedule
Positive transfer
Chaining
B. F. Skinner
47. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Incidental learning
Victor Vroom
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Secondary Reinforcement
48. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Undergeneralization
Hedonism
Garcia effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
49. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Arousal
Punishment
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Learning curve
50. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Social learning theory
Trace conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Undergeneralization