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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






2. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






3. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






4. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






5. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






6. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






7. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






8. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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9. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






10. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






11. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






12. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






13. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






14. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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15. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






16. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






17. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






18. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






19. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






20. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






21. Operant conditioning






22. The failure to generalize a stimulus






23. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






25. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






26. Learning curve






27. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






28. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






29. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






30. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






31. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






32. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






33. School of behaviourism






34. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






35. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






36. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






38. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






39. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






40. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






41. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






42. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






43. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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45. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






46. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






47. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






48. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






49. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






50. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed