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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






3. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






4. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






5. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






6. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






7. UCS and CS presented at the same time






8. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






9. School of behaviourism






10. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






11. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






12. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






13. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






14. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






15. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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16. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






17. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






18. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






19. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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20. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






21. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






22. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






23. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






24. Learning curve






25. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






26. How to avoid something undesirable






27. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






28. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






29. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






30. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






31. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






32. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






33. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






35. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






36. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






37. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






38. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






39. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






40. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






41. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






42. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






43. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






44. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






45. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






46. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






48. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






49. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






50. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)