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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Negative Reinforcement
Clark Hull
Variable interval schedule
2. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Skinner box
Edward Tolman
B. F. Skinner
Drive-reduction theories
3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Clark Hull
John Atkinson
Drive-reduction theories
4. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Forward Conditioning (types)
Classical conditioning
Educational psychology
Skinner box
5. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Drive-reduction theories
Operant conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Overshadowing
6. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Habituation
Token economy
7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Cooperative learning
8. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
E. L. Thorndike
Aptitude
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
9. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Undergeneralization
Incidental learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
10. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Age affects learning
Example theories and problem?
Aversive conditioning
Punishment
11. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Shaping
Skinner box
John Garcia
12. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Variable interval schedule
Victor Vroom
Variable ratio schedule
13. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Neil Miller
Secondary Reinforcement
14. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Neil Miller
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
15. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Backward Conditioning
Victor Vroom
Hedonism
Spontaneous recovery
16. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Punishment
Negative transfer
Variable interval schedule
Positive Reinforcement
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Preparedness
18. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Age affects learning
State dependent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Scaffolding learning
19. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Behaviourism
Example theories and problem?
Victor Vroom
State dependent learning
20. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Escape conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Incidental learning
Superstitious behaviour
21. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
22. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Kurt Lewin
Basic types of drives
23. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Edward Tolman
John Atkinson
Law of effect
Garcia effect
24. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Undergeneralization
Delayed conditioning
Cooperative learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
25. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Scaffolding learning
Trace conditioning
M.E. Olds
26. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Token economy
Law of effect
Incidental learning
Kurt Lewin
27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Aptitude
Secondary Reinforcement
Autoshaping
Ivan Pavlov
28. School of behaviourism
Backward Conditioning
John B. Watson
Social learning theory
Ivan Pavlov
29. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Habituation
B. F. Skinner
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
30. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Positive Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
31. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Scaffolding learning
Autoshaping
Fixed interval schedule
Shaping
32. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Edward Tolman
Trace conditioning
33. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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34. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Avoidance conditioning
Classical conditioning
35. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Stimulus discrimination
Trace conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Aversive conditioning
36. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Stimulus discrimination
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
37. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Garcia effect
Negative Reinforcement
Superstitious behaviour
Thorndike (book)
38. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Trace conditioning
Donald Hebb
Law of effect
Higher-Order conditioning
39. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
Cooperative learning
40. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Cooperative learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
41. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Sensitization
42. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Delayed conditioning
Preparedness
John Garcia
Behaviourism
43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Response learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Arousal
Ivan Pavlov
44. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
M.E. Olds
Scaffolding learning
Negative Reinforcement
State dependent learning
45. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Edward Tolman
Conditioned Response (CR)
Aptitude
Learning
46. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Age affects learning
Neil Miller
Stimulus generalization
John Garcia
47. Operant conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Positive transfer
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
48. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
Second-Order conditioning
Edward Tolman
49. Learning by watching
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neil Miller
Observational learning
50. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative transfer
Drive-reduction theory
Edward Tolman