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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Positive transfer
Secondary Reinforcement
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus generalization
2. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Conditioned Response (CR)
Sensitization
3. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
John Atkinson
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Punishment
4. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Undergeneralization
Primary Reinforcement
Autoshaping
Garcia effect
5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Habituation
Drive-reduction theories
Classical conditioning
Token economy
6. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Clark Hull
Aptitude
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
7. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive transfer
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Fixed interval schedule
8. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
Victor Vroom
9. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Stimulus discrimination
Fixed interval schedule
Sensitization
Forward Conditioning (types)
10. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Garcia effect
11. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theory
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Backward Conditioning
12. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Clark Hull
Chaining
Social learning theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
13. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Primary Reinforcement
Learning
Example theories and problem?
Extinction (operant conditioning)
14. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Edward Tolman
Fixed ratio schedule
Aversive conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
15. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Habituation
16. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Edward Tolman
Donald Hebb
Arousal
Autoshaping
17. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John B. Watson
Edward Tolman
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
18. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Autoshaping
Secondary Reinforcement
19. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Punishment
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
20. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Sensitization
Cooperative learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
21. School of behaviourism
Clark Hull
Law of effect
Latent learning
John B. Watson
22. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Preparedness
Conditioned Response (CR)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
23. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Behaviourism
Thorndike (book)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
24. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
E. L. Thorndike
John Garcia
Law of effect
Aptitude
25. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
John B. Watson
Thorndike (book)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Second-Order conditioning
26. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Example theories and problem?
Autoshaping
Stimulus discrimination
Edward Tolman
27. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Escape conditioning
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Shaping
28. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Variable ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
29. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Primary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Aptitude
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
30. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Shaping
Sensitization
Variable ratio schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
31. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Second-Order conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Spontaneous recovery
Law of effect
32. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Latent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Behaviourism
33. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Habituation
Token economy
Simultaneous Conditioning
34. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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35. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Secondary Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theory
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Punishment
36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
Donald Hebb
Forward Conditioning (types)
Higher-Order conditioning
37. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Stimulus discrimination
Edward Tolman
Trace conditioning
Aversive conditioning
38. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Punishment
Autoshaping
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Habituation
39. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Overshadowing
Premack principle
Spontaneous recovery
Response learning
40. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Escape conditioning
Token economy
Educational psychology
Types of classical conditioning
41. Learning by watching
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Delayed conditioning
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
42. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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43. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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44. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Delayed conditioning
Chaining
John Garcia
45. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Chaining
State dependent learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
46. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
B. F. Skinner
Forward Conditioning (types)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
47. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Token economy
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Extinction
M.E. Olds
Victor Vroom
Law of effect
49. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Types of classical conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Donald Hebb
Hedonism
50. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Preparedness
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Clark Hull
Escape conditioning