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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Positive transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Backward Conditioning
2. Learning by watching
Learning
Spontaneous recovery
Types of classical conditioning
Observational learning
3. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Kurt Lewin
Learning curve
Scaffolding learning
4. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Scaffolding learning
Thorndike (book)
Observational learning
Basic types of drives
5. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Donald Hebb
Variable ratio schedule
Preparedness
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
6. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Age affects learning
Skinner box
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Preparedness
7. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Negative transfer
John Garcia
Forward Conditioning (types)
8. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Kurt Lewin
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Variable interval schedule
9. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Example theories and problem?
Undergeneralization
Shaping
Overshadowing
10. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Backward Conditioning
Aversive conditioning
E. L. Thorndike
Higher-Order conditioning
11. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Stimulus discrimination
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
12. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
13. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Fixed interval schedule
Negative transfer
Escape conditioning
14. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Drive-reduction theories
Example theories and problem?
State dependent learning
Kurt Lewin
15. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
16. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
E. L. Thorndike
Types of classical conditioning
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
17. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Forward Conditioning (types)
Avoidance conditioning
Age affects learning
Superstitious behaviour
18. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Superstitious behaviour
B. F. Skinner
Variable ratio schedule
M.E. Olds
19. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
20. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Delayed conditioning
Autoshaping
Positive transfer
Token economy
21. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Chaining
Escape conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
22. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Law of effect
23. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Basic types of drives
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Conditioned Response (CR)
24. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Spontaneous recovery
Response learning
Stimulus generalization
Delayed conditioning
25. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Punishment
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Edward Tolman
E. L. Thorndike
26. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Delayed conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
27. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Observational learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Skinner box
28. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Aptitude
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
29. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Observational learning
Fixed ratio schedule
30. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Learning
Backward Conditioning
Autoshaping
Hedonism
31. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Drive-reduction theories
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Types of classical conditioning
Overshadowing
32. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Delayed conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive transfer
Premack principle
33. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Primary Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Clark Hull
34. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Basic types of drives
Second-Order conditioning
Victor Vroom
B. F. Skinner
35. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Law of effect
B. F. Skinner
Basic types of drives
36. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
John Atkinson
John Garcia
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
37. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Variable interval schedule
Superstitious behaviour
Classical conditioning
Learning curve
38. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Classical conditioning
Aptitude
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Sensitization
39. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Token economy
Kurt Lewin
Theory of association
Primary Reinforcement
40. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Superstitious behaviour
Operant conditioning
41. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Habituation
Variable ratio schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
42. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Operant conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Neil Miller
43. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Edward Tolman
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Aptitude
44. Learning curve
Skinner box
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
45. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Observational learning
Victor Vroom
Hedonism
Response learning
46. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Punishment
Learning curve
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Yerkes-Dodson effect
47. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Clark Hull
Habituation
Secondary Reinforcement
Social learning theory
48. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Behaviourism
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Undergeneralization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
49. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Garcia effect
Cooperative learning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
50. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
Thorndike (book)
Positive Reinforcement
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