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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Superstitious behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Premack principle
2. Operant conditioning
Trace conditioning
Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
3. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
B. F. Skinner
Aversive conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Hedonism
4. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Thorndike (book)
Variable interval schedule
E. L. Thorndike
5. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John Atkinson
6. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Undergeneralization
Hedonism
Social learning theory
John Garcia
7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Operant conditioning
Law of effect
Ivan Pavlov
8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Shaping
Clark Hull
Learning
Social learning theory
9. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Negative Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
John Atkinson
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
10. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
11. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Victor Vroom
Garcia effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Operant conditioning
12. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Arousal
Overshadowing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
13. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Edward Tolman
Variable ratio schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neil Miller
14. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Skinner box
Aptitude
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Positive transfer
15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Spontaneous recovery
Garcia effect
Victor Vroom
16. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned Response (CR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Age affects learning
17. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Positive transfer
Latent learning
Shaping
Thorndike (book)
18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Premack principle
Primary Reinforcement
Punishment
19. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Theory of association
Types of classical conditioning
Skinner box
20. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
21. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Drive-reduction theory
Extinction
Habituation
Behaviourism
22. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Negative transfer
Stimulus discrimination
Example theories and problem?
Social learning theory
23. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Negative Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Response learning
24. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Second-Order conditioning
Preparedness
Learning curve
Operant conditioning
25. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Learning curve
Cooperative learning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
26. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Superstitious behaviour
Edward Tolman
Age affects learning
27. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Learning curve
John B. Watson
Token economy
28. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Delayed conditioning
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
29. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Escape conditioning
Cooperative learning
Positive transfer
Backward Conditioning
30. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Undergeneralization
Shaping
Latent learning
31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
M.E. Olds
Habituation
Extinction
32. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Variable interval schedule
Victor Vroom
Forward Conditioning (types)
Preparedness
33. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Escape conditioning
Shaping
Sensitization
Victor Vroom
34. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Avoidance conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Educational psychology
35. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Delayed conditioning
Arousal
Aptitude
Extinction (classical conditioning)
36. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of association
Fixed interval schedule
37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Neil Miller
Social learning theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
38. Learning by watching
Punishment
Observational learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Forward Conditioning (types)
39. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Clark Hull
Token economy
Thorndike (book)
40. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
41. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Aversive conditioning
Theory of association
Escape conditioning
Backward Conditioning
42. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Primary Reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Learning curve
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
43. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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44. Learning curve
Conditioned Response (CR)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Stimulus discrimination
45. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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46. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Operant conditioning
Primary Reinforcement
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
47. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
48. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
E. L. Thorndike
Law of effect
Negative Reinforcement
49. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Forward Conditioning (types)
Latent learning
Superstitious behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
50. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Response learning
Overshadowing
Cooperative learning