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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






2. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






3. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






4. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






5. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






6. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






7. Theory of association






8. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






11. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






13. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






14. UCS and CS presented at the same time






15. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






17. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






18. Students working on a project in small groups






19. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






20. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






21. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






22. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






23. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






24. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






25. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






26. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






27. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






28. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






29. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






30. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






31. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






32. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






33. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






35. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






36. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






37. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






38. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






39. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






40. Operant conditioning






41. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






42. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






43. Learning curve






44. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






45. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






46. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






47. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


48. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






49. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






50. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory