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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Autoshaping
Escape conditioning
Premack principle
Henry Murray - David McClelland
2. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Learning curve
Primary Reinforcement
John Garcia
3. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
Educational psychology
4. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Response learning
Stimulus generalization
Age affects learning
5. How to avoid something undesirable
Chaining
Aptitude
E. L. Thorndike
Avoidance conditioning
6. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
Garcia effect
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Incidental learning
7. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Hedonism
Drive-reduction theory
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction
8. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Educational psychology
Age affects learning
Theory of association
9. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Habituation
Age affects learning
10. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Secondary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
11. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Positive transfer
Forward Conditioning (types)
Learning curve
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
12. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Chaining
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
13. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Age affects learning
Edward Tolman
14. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Habituation
Example theories and problem?
Kurt Lewin
15. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Age affects learning
Stimulus generalization
Positive transfer
Neil Miller
16. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Preparedness
Backward Conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Skinner box
17. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Extinction
Arousal
Primary Reinforcement
18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theory
Types of classical conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
19. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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20. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Drive-reduction theory
Yerkes-Dodson effect
21. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Stimulus generalization
Higher-Order conditioning
Trace conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
22. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Learning
Clark Hull
Skinner box
Donald Hebb
23. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Delayed conditioning
Learning curve
Shaping
Law of effect
24. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Premack principle
Escape conditioning
Educational psychology
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
25. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Example theories and problem?
Punishment
Educational psychology
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Ivan Pavlov
Higher-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
John Garcia
27. Law of effect
E. L. Thorndike
Variable interval schedule
Negative transfer
Higher-Order conditioning
28. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Token economy
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Learning curve
John Garcia
29. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Age affects learning
Shaping
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
30. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Educational psychology
Preparedness
31. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Positive transfer
Extinction
Drive-reduction theories
Incidental learning
32. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Ivan Pavlov
Higher-Order conditioning
33. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Aversive conditioning
John Atkinson
Arousal
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
34. Theory of association
Simultaneous Conditioning
Habituation
Kurt Lewin
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
36. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Stimulus generalization
Variable ratio schedule
Trace conditioning
Neil Miller
37. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Shaping
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
38. Students working on a project in small groups
Cooperative learning
Second-Order conditioning
Response learning
Extinction
39. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Stimulus generalization
Thorndike (book)
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
40. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
E. L. Thorndike
Garcia effect
Simultaneous Conditioning
Habituation
41. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
E. L. Thorndike
Donald Hebb
Learning
Age affects learning
42. School of behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Negative Reinforcement
Thorndike (book)
John B. Watson
43. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Fixed interval schedule
Latent learning
Escape conditioning
44. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Spontaneous recovery
Autoshaping
Chaining
45. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Trace conditioning
Neil Miller
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Response learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Thorndike (book)
Avoidance conditioning
47. Operant conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
B. F. Skinner
Secondary Reinforcement
Yerkes-Dodson effect
48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Variable interval schedule
49. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Classical conditioning
Drive-reduction theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
50. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Positive Reinforcement
Learning curve
Age affects learning