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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






2. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






3. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






4. Learning curve






5. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






6. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






7. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






8. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






9. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






11. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






12. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






13. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






14. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






15. Students working on a project in small groups






16. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






17. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






18. Learning by watching






19. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






20. The failure to generalize a stimulus






21. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






22. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






23. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






25. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






26. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






27. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






28. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






29. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


30. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






31. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






32. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






33. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






34. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






35. How to avoid something undesirable






36. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






37. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






38. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






39. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






40. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






41. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






42. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






43. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






44. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






45. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






46. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






47. Theory of association






48. Law of effect






49. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






50. UCS and CS presented at the same time