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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






2. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






3. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






4. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






5. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






6. Theory of association






7. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






8. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






9. Students working on a project in small groups






10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






11. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






12. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






13. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






14. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






15. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






16. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






17. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






18. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






19. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






20. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






21. The failure to generalize a stimulus






22. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






23. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






24. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






25. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






26. UCS and CS presented at the same time






27. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






28. School of behaviourism






29. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






30. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






32. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






33. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






34. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






35. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects


36. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






37. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result


38. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






39. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






40. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






42. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






43. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






44. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






45. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






46. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






47. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






49. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






50. How to avoid something undesirable