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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Premack principle
Learning
Classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
2. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Autoshaping
Social learning theory
3. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John Atkinson
Victor Vroom
Example theories and problem?
4. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Cooperative learning
5. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Incidental learning
Social learning theory
Fixed ratio schedule
6. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Hedonism
Forward Conditioning (types)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Extinction (classical conditioning)
7. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Hedonism
Preparedness
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John B. Watson
8. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Types of classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Escape conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
9. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Secondary Reinforcement
Chaining
Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
10. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
11. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Stimulus generalization
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Variable interval schedule
Superstitious behaviour
12. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Simultaneous Conditioning
Theory of association
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
13. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Chaining
Skinner box
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
14. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
John B. Watson
Types of classical conditioning
15. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Garcia effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Variable interval schedule
16. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Positive Reinforcement
Clark Hull
Avoidance conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
17. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Aptitude
Ivan Pavlov
Avoidance conditioning
Thorndike (book)
18. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Avoidance conditioning
Negative transfer
Operant conditioning
Learning curve
19. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Overshadowing
Drive-reduction theories
Donald Hebb
20. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Autoshaping
Fixed ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
21. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Kurt Lewin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Scaffolding learning
22. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Overshadowing
Backward Conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Clark Hull
23. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Operant conditioning
Law of effect
Ivan Pavlov
24. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Drive-reduction theory
Positive Reinforcement
Punishment
25. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Operant conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Law of effect
26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Secondary Reinforcement
Cooperative learning
Negative Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
27. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Age affects learning
John Garcia
Victor Vroom
Negative transfer
28. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
State dependent learning
Stimulus discrimination
Chaining
Secondary Reinforcement
29. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Example theories and problem?
Stimulus generalization
Clark Hull
30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Example theories and problem?
Types of classical conditioning
Overshadowing
31. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Fixed interval schedule
32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Social learning theory
B. F. Skinner
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Token economy
33. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Negative transfer
Latent learning
Age affects learning
34. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Cooperative learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
35. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Fixed interval schedule
Arousal
Negative transfer
36. Operant conditioning
Edward Tolman
Thorndike (book)
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
37. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Superstitious behaviour
Hedonism
John Garcia
38. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Second-Order conditioning
Neil Miller
Thorndike (book)
39. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again
Drive-reduction theory
E. L. Thorndike
Spontaneous recovery
B. F. Skinner
40. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Extinction
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Delayed conditioning
Theory of association
41. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Social learning theory
Negative Reinforcement
Negative transfer
Variable interval schedule
42. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Negative Reinforcement
Delayed conditioning
State dependent learning
Learning curve
43. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Escape conditioning
Classical conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
44. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Avoidance conditioning
Neil Miller
Edward Tolman
Aversive conditioning
45. Learning curve
Latent learning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
John B. Watson
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Negative transfer
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
47. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Shaping
Garcia effect
Fixed interval schedule
Donald Hebb
48. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Autoshaping
Shaping
Aversive conditioning
49. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Basic types of drives
Secondary Reinforcement
Incidental learning
50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Extinction
Thorndike (book)
Cooperative learning
Variable ratio schedule