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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Avoidance conditioning
Superstitious behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
2. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
State dependent learning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
3. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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4. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Incidental learning
Thorndike (book)
Skinner box
5. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
John Atkinson
Token economy
Fixed ratio schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
6. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Undergeneralization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning curve
Law of effect
7. Operant conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Simultaneous Conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
B. F. Skinner
8. How to avoid something undesirable
B. F. Skinner
Avoidance conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Punishment
Delayed conditioning
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Scaffolding learning
10. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Undergeneralization
Fixed ratio schedule
11. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
B. F. Skinner
Superstitious behaviour
Autoshaping
12. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Higher-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Neil Miller
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
13. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Punishment
Basic types of drives
M.E. Olds
Extinction (operant conditioning)
14. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Learning curve
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Sensitization
15. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Learning curve
Law of effect
Theory of association
Delayed conditioning
16. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Observational learning
M.E. Olds
Stimulus discrimination
Hedonism
17. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Overshadowing
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
18. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Clark Hull
Types of classical conditioning
19. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Habituation
Backward Conditioning
20. Law of effect
Negative transfer
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
E. L. Thorndike
Primary Reinforcement
21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Response learning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Neil Miller
22. Theory of association
Primary Reinforcement
Escape conditioning
Scaffolding learning
Kurt Lewin
23. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Latent learning
Delayed conditioning
Victor Vroom
24. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Kurt Lewin
Fixed ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
Behaviourism
25. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Token economy
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Ivan Pavlov
26. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
State dependent learning
Basic types of drives
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
27. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Overshadowing
Learning
Social learning theory
Scaffolding learning
28. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Variable ratio schedule
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
29. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Neil Miller
Variable interval schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
30. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Neil Miller
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Aptitude
Escape conditioning
31. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
E. L. Thorndike
Drive-reduction theory
Variable ratio schedule
Hermann Ebbinghaus
32. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training
Forward Conditioning (types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Behaviourism
Example theories and problem?
33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Chaining
Sensitization
John B. Watson
Henry Murray - David McClelland
34. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Educational psychology
Escape conditioning
35. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Premack principle
Operant conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Kurt Lewin
Extinction (classical conditioning)
37. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Theory of association
John Garcia
Punishment
38. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
M.E. Olds
Edward Tolman
Basic types of drives
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
39. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Hedonism
Extinction (classical conditioning)
40. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
E. L. Thorndike
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Autoshaping
Response learning
41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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42. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
John B. Watson
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
43. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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44. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John Garcia
Fixed interval schedule
Observational learning
45. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Premack principle
Variable ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
46. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Educational psychology
Ivan Pavlov
Behaviourism
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
47. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Behaviourism
Latent learning
Avoidance conditioning
48. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Spontaneous recovery
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
49. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Secondary Reinforcement
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
John Garcia
Avoidance conditioning
50. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Stimulus generalization
Neil Miller
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations