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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Kurt Lewin
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Variable ratio schedule
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
2. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Donald Hebb
Fixed ratio schedule
Kurt Lewin
Garcia effect
3. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
John B. Watson
Trace conditioning
Basic types of drives
Premack principle
4. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Aptitude
Learning
Superstitious behaviour
Arousal
5. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Undergeneralization
Forward Conditioning (types)
John Atkinson
Henry Murray - David McClelland
6. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Token economy
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect
Escape conditioning
7. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Response learning
Habituation
Positive Reinforcement
Token economy
8. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
M.E. Olds
Thorndike (book)
Basic types of drives
Henry Murray - David McClelland
9. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
Sensitization
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
10. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Fixed ratio schedule
E. L. Thorndike
Law of effect
11. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Aptitude
Chaining
Shaping
Example theories and problem?
12. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Spontaneous recovery
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
13. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Scaffolding learning
Clark Hull
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Second-Order conditioning
14. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Victor Vroom
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Example theories and problem?
Punishment
15. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Fixed interval schedule
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction
Escape conditioning
16. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Chaining
Learning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Operant conditioning
17. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Preparedness
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Victor Vroom
18. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
Variable ratio schedule
Drive-reduction theories
19. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Undergeneralization
Thorndike (book)
Escape conditioning
20. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Scaffolding learning
Victor Vroom
Stimulus discrimination
21. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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22. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Spontaneous recovery
Edward Tolman
23. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Behaviourism
Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
24. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Overshadowing
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Drive-reduction theories
Age affects learning
25. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Latent learning
Undergeneralization
Variable interval schedule
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
26. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Premack principle
Incidental learning
Operant conditioning
Arousal
27. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Backward Conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
28. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Theory of association
Educational psychology
Observational learning
29. Operant conditioning
Garcia effect
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Autoshaping
B. F. Skinner
30. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Token economy
Skinner box
Behaviourism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
31. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
E. L. Thorndike
Age affects learning
Response learning
Latent learning
32. School of behaviourism
John B. Watson
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Arousal
33. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Preparedness
Punishment
Example theories and problem?
34. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Undergeneralization
Sensitization
Types of classical conditioning
Token economy
35. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Edward Tolman
Ivan Pavlov
Positive Reinforcement
36. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Educational psychology
B. F. Skinner
Victor Vroom
Fixed ratio schedule
37. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Premack principle
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Positive transfer
Kurt Lewin
38. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Types of classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Ivan Pavlov
Learning
39. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Kurt Lewin
Secondary Reinforcement
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
40. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
B. F. Skinner
Incidental learning
Scaffolding learning
Educational psychology
41. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Ivan Pavlov
Shaping
Aversive conditioning
42. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Social learning theory
Learning
Backward Conditioning
Latent learning
43. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Drive-reduction theories
Scaffolding learning
Victor Vroom
Example theories and problem?
44. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Aptitude
Escape conditioning
Sensitization
Extinction (classical conditioning)
45. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Behaviourism
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Chaining
Donald Hebb
46. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theories
Superstitious behaviour
Primary Reinforcement
47. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Variable interval schedule
M.E. Olds
48. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Variable ratio schedule
Thorndike (book)
E. L. Thorndike
49. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aptitude
Yerkes-Dodson effect
50. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Positive Reinforcement
M.E. Olds
John Atkinson
Habituation
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