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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






2. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






3. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






4. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






5. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning






6. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






7. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






8. School of behaviourism






9. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






10. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






11. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






12. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






13. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






14. How to avoid something undesirable






15. UCS and CS presented at the same time






16. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






17. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






19. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






20. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






21. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






22. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






23. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






24. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






25. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






26. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






27. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






28. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






29. Operant conditioning






30. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






31. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






32. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






33. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






34. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






35. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






36. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






37. Law of effect






38. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






39. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






40. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






41. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






42. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






43. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






44. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






45. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






46. The failure to generalize a stimulus






47. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






48. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






49. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






50. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)