SUBJECTS
|
BROWSE
|
CAREER CENTER
|
POPULAR
|
JOIN
|
LOGIN
Business Skills
|
Soft Skills
|
Basic Literacy
|
Certifications
About
|
Help
|
Privacy
|
Terms
Search
Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Cooperative learning
Hedonism
Theory of association
Spontaneous recovery
2. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
State dependent learning
Spontaneous recovery
Higher-Order conditioning
3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
4. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
State dependent learning
Social learning theory
Trace conditioning
Token economy
5. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Sensitization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Variable interval schedule
Negative Reinforcement
6. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Drive-reduction theory
Garcia effect
Extinction
Autoshaping
7. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive Reinforcement
Positive transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
8. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Clark Hull
Victor Vroom
Behaviourism
Forward Conditioning (types)
9. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
John B. Watson
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Delayed conditioning
Extinction
10. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Latent learning
Basic types of drives
Aptitude
Undergeneralization
11. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Ivan Pavlov
Overshadowing
Spontaneous recovery
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
12. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Ivan Pavlov
Thorndike (book)
Overshadowing
13. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Second-Order conditioning
Edward Tolman
Arousal
Clark Hull
14. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Behaviourism
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
15. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Garcia effect
Aptitude
Drive-reduction theory
Arousal
16. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Kurt Lewin
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Shaping
Sensitization
17. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Fixed ratio schedule
Basic types of drives
Scaffolding learning
18. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Second-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Skinner box
19. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Positive transfer
Conditioned Response (CR)
Law of effect
20. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Stimulus generalization
Kurt Lewin
Avoidance conditioning
Thorndike (book)
21. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Trace conditioning
Shaping
Escape conditioning
Neil Miller
22. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Preparedness
John Garcia
Second-Order conditioning
Token economy
23. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Skinner box
Fixed ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
Social learning theory
24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Basic types of drives
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Incidental learning
M.E. Olds
25. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Classical conditioning
Escape conditioning
M.E. Olds
Spontaneous recovery
26. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Drive-reduction theory
Chaining
Stimulus generalization
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
27. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Law of effect
Preparedness
Garcia effect
28. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Punishment
Garcia effect
B. F. Skinner
29. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
Variable interval schedule
John Garcia
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
E. L. Thorndike
30. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Preparedness
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Thorndike (book)
Negative transfer
31. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Chaining
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Extinction
Donald Hebb
32. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Educational psychology
John Garcia
Variable interval schedule
33. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Thorndike (book)
Preparedness
Aptitude
Escape conditioning
34. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Observational learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Arousal
Victor Vroom
35. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted
Variable ratio schedule
Behaviourism
Negative transfer
Simultaneous Conditioning
36. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Preparedness
Learning curve
Negative Reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule
37. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Fixed ratio schedule
38. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Victor Vroom
Scaffolding learning
Token economy
39. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Escape conditioning
Delayed conditioning
Habituation
Observational learning
40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
State dependent learning
Chaining
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
41. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Aversive conditioning
Behaviourism
Variable interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Avoidance conditioning
Example theories and problem?
Clark Hull
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
43. School of behaviourism
Drive-reduction theory
John B. Watson
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Types of classical conditioning
44. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
State dependent learning
45. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Incidental learning
Victor Vroom
Overshadowing
Stimulus generalization
46. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
John Atkinson
Learning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction (classical conditioning)
47. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Behaviourism
Arousal
Forward Conditioning (types)
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
48. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Edward Tolman
Law of effect
Clark Hull
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
49. Learning by watching
Drive-reduction theories
Observational learning
Primary Reinforcement
Basic types of drives
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Theory of association