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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Classical conditioning
Educational psychology
Aptitude
Spontaneous recovery
2. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Aversive conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Positive Reinforcement
3. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement
Higher-Order conditioning
Skinner box
Spontaneous recovery
Primary Reinforcement
4. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Fixed interval schedule
5. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Latent learning
Arousal
Extinction
John Garcia
6. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Premack principle
Learning
Stimulus generalization
Arousal
7. School of behaviourism
Classical conditioning
M.E. Olds
Social learning theory
John B. Watson
8. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Fixed ratio schedule
Classical conditioning
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
9. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
10. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Types of classical conditioning
Behaviourism
Secondary Reinforcement
11. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)
Autoshaping
Fixed interval schedule
Hedonism
Stimulus generalization
12. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
John B. Watson
Fixed ratio schedule
Law of effect
M.E. Olds
13. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning
Delayed conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Theory of association
14. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Second-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
15. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Second-Order conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
Behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
16. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Punishment
Autoshaping
State dependent learning
Token economy
17. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Stimulus discrimination
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
18. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Shaping
Undergeneralization
Escape conditioning
Types of classical conditioning
19. The failure to generalize a stimulus
M.E. Olds
Undergeneralization
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
20. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Fixed interval schedule
Overshadowing
Backward Conditioning
Incidental learning
21. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Negative transfer
Primary Reinforcement
Learning curve
Clark Hull
22. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Simultaneous Conditioning
Thorndike (book)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Skinner box
23. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Edward Tolman
Theory of association
24. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Variable interval schedule
Positive transfer
E. L. Thorndike
Extinction (operant conditioning)
25. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
State dependent learning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Example theories and problem?
Negative transfer
26. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Educational psychology
Second-Order conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
27. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Token economy
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
28. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Positive Reinforcement
Edward Tolman
Arousal
Clark Hull
29. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
John Garcia
Example theories and problem?
30. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Age affects learning
Ivan Pavlov
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Preparedness
31. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Autoshaping
John B. Watson
Learning
Stimulus generalization
32. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Backward Conditioning
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Premack principle
Hermann Ebbinghaus
33. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
34. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Extinction
Theory of association
Edward Tolman
35. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Avoidance conditioning
Learning curve
Basic types of drives
Victor Vroom
36. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Thorndike (book)
Simultaneous Conditioning
Skinner box
Variable interval schedule
37. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
John Garcia
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Drive-reduction theory
Punishment
38. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
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39. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Secondary Reinforcement
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Cooperative learning
Drive-reduction theories
40. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Shaping
John Atkinson
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
41. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Second-Order conditioning
Extinction
42. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?
M.E. Olds
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Sensitization
John Garcia
43. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Incidental learning
Social learning theory
Theory of association
Token economy
44. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Atkinson
Behaviourism
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Basic types of drives
Behaviourism
Higher-Order conditioning
Undergeneralization
46. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Drive-reduction theories
47. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Aptitude
Garcia effect
Avoidance conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
48. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Operant conditioning
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Incidental learning
49. How to avoid something undesirable
Victor Vroom
Simultaneous Conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning
50. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Preparedness
Theory of association
Negative Reinforcement