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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Operant conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
B. F. Skinner
Fixed ratio schedule
2. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Aversive conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Social learning theory
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
3. Previous learning helps learning of another task later
Positive transfer
Stimulus discrimination
State dependent learning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
4. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Avoidance conditioning
Donald Hebb
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
5. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Skinner box
State dependent learning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Arousal
6. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
John Garcia
Token economy
Extinction (operant conditioning)
7. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Law of effect
Hedonism
Chaining
Simultaneous Conditioning
8. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Punishment
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Shaping
Classical conditioning
9. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Escape conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
E. L. Thorndike
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
10. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Delayed conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Superstitious behaviour
11. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
John Garcia
Ivan Pavlov
Chaining
Avoidance conditioning
12. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Cooperative learning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Drive-reduction theories
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
13. Theory of association
B. F. Skinner
Clark Hull
State dependent learning
Kurt Lewin
14. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Undergeneralization
Preparedness
Behaviourism
Basic types of drives
15. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Punishment
Scaffolding learning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Donald Hebb
16. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Overshadowing
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Variable ratio schedule
17. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour
Observational learning
Clark Hull
Skinner box
Variable interval schedule
18. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Example theories and problem?
Fixed interval schedule
Token economy
Operant conditioning
19. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Classical conditioning
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Positive transfer
20. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Classical conditioning
Negative transfer
Undergeneralization
Arousal
21. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Garcia effect
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
M.E. Olds
Escape conditioning
22. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Arousal
Clark Hull
Learning
Law of effect
23. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Observational learning
Positive transfer
Backward Conditioning
24. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Hedonism
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Drive-reduction theory
25. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Habituation
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
26. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative transfer
Fixed interval schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Negative Reinforcement
27. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Fixed ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Delayed conditioning
28. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
Educational psychology
Superstitious behaviour
29. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Sensitization
John Atkinson
Premack principle
Aptitude
30. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Types of classical conditioning
Edward Tolman
Response learning
31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Backward Conditioning
M.E. Olds
Behaviourism
Theory of association
32. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Second-Order conditioning
Donald Hebb
Arousal
33. School of behaviourism
John Garcia
John B. Watson
Negative transfer
Backward Conditioning
34. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Stimulus discrimination
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Simultaneous Conditioning
35. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Preparedness
Undergeneralization
Basic types of drives
Autoshaping
36. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Aversive conditioning
Variable interval schedule
Learning
Latent learning
37. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)
Positive transfer
Extinction
Token economy
Fixed interval schedule
38. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Latent learning
Edward Tolman
Aptitude
39. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Negative Reinforcement
Theory of association
Behaviourism
Educational psychology
40. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Response learning
Scaffolding learning
Thorndike (book)
Conditioned Response (CR)
41. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)
Chaining
Trace conditioning
Negative transfer
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
42. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Social learning theory
Habituation
Observational learning
John B. Watson
43. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive transfer
Learning curve
Spontaneous recovery
44. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Types of classical conditioning
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Shaping
Superstitious behaviour
45. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Aversive conditioning
46. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Example theories and problem?
Shaping
B. F. Skinner
Age affects learning
47. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness
Educational psychology
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Garcia effect
Backward Conditioning
48. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Clark Hull
Hedonism
Edward Tolman
John Garcia
49. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Stimulus discrimination
Autoshaping
Edward Tolman
Drive-reduction theory
50. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)
Kurt Lewin
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Overshadowing
Incidental learning