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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






2. Theory of association






3. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T






4. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






5. Law of effect






6. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






7. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






8. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






9. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






10. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






11. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






12. Learning curve






13. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






14. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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15. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






16. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






17. How to avoid something undesirable






18. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






19. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






20. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






21. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






22. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






23. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






24. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






25. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






26. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented






27. Learning by watching






28. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






29. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






30. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






31. The failure to generalize a stimulus






32. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






33. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






34. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






35. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






36. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






37. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






38. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






39. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess






40. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






41. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






42. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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43. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






44. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






45. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






47. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






48. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






49. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






50. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching