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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






2. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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4. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






7. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






8. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






9. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






10. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






11. UCS and CS presented at the same time






12. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






13. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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14. How to avoid something undesirable






15. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






16. Theory of association






17. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






18. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






19. Learning curve






20. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






21. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






22. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






23. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






24. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






25. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






26. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






27. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






28. Operant conditioning






29. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






30. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)






31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






32. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






33. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






34. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






35. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






36. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






37. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






38. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






40. Learning by watching






41. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






42. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






43. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






44. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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45. Law of effect






46. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






48. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






49. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






50. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue