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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






2. School of behaviourism






3. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






4. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






5. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






6. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






7. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






8. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






9. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






10. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






11. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






13. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






14. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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15. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






16. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






17. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation






18. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






19. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely






20. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






21. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






22. Students working on a project in small groups






23. Theory of association






24. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






25. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






26. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






27. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






28. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






29. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






30. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






31. How to avoid something undesirable






32. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important






33. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






34. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






35. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






36. Law of effect






37. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






38. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






39. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






40. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






41. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






42. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






43. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






44. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






45. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






47. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






48. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






49. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






50. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn