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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






2. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






3. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






4. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






5. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired






6. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






7. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






8. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






9. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






10. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






11. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism






12. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






13. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






14. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






15. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






16. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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17. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






19. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea






20. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






21. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






22. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






23. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






24. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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25. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






26. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






27. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






28. Learning curve






29. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






30. Law of effect






31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






32. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






33. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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34. Learning by watching






35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






36. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






37. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






38. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






39. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






40. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






41. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






42. Operant conditioning






43. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






44. The failure to generalize a stimulus






45. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






46. Students working on a project in small groups






47. UCS and CS presented at the same time






48. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






49. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






50. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour