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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How to avoid something undesirable






2. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






3. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






4. Students working on a project in small groups






5. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






6. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






7. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






8. Theory of association






9. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






10. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






11. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions


12. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






13. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






14. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is






15. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






16. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






17. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






18. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






19. Previous learning helps learning of another task later






20. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






21. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






22. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






23. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching






24. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






25. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






26. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






27. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing






28. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






29. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






30. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






31. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






32. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue






33. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






34. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi






35. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






36. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)






37. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






38. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






39. Increased sensitivity to environment after exposure to a strong stimulus - Rubbing arm after pain?






40. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning






41. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






42. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






43. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






44. Medium amount of arousal best for performance






45. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






46. The failure to generalize a stimulus






47. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






48. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






49. Learning by watching






50. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important