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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Simultaneous Conditioning
Backward Conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Thorndike (book)
2. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Learning
Habituation
Behaviourism
Conditioned Response (CR)
3. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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4. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Edward Tolman
Positive Reinforcement
Forward Conditioning (types)
Theory of association
5. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Learning curve
Escape conditioning
Token economy
Classical conditioning
6. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Punishment
Positive Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
7. Students working on a project in small groups
Backward Conditioning
Kurt Lewin
Cooperative learning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
8. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Token economy
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Extinction (operant conditioning)
9. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Kurt Lewin
Aversive conditioning
Educational psychology
Social learning theory
10. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Theory of association
Simultaneous Conditioning
M.E. Olds
11. Operant conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
B. F. Skinner
Response learning
Secondary Reinforcement
12. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Arousal
Avoidance conditioning
Theory of association
13. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Fixed interval schedule
Basic types of drives
Escape conditioning
Learning
14. The failure to generalize a stimulus
John Atkinson
Undergeneralization
Example theories and problem?
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
15. Learning curve
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Neil Miller
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
16. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Premack principle
Second-Order conditioning
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
17. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Primary Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Forward Conditioning (types)
18. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Positive Reinforcement
Latent learning
Donald Hebb
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
19. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Primary Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
Overshadowing
20. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Second-Order conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
Positive transfer
21. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Kurt Lewin
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
22. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Backward Conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Clark Hull
23. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Observational learning
Escape conditioning
Punishment
Overshadowing
24. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Autoshaping
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Arousal
Undergeneralization
25. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward
Primary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Types of classical conditioning
Variable interval schedule
26. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Shaping
Hedonism
Forward Conditioning (types)
Spontaneous recovery
27. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
State dependent learning
Punishment
John B. Watson
28. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
Fixed ratio schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
State dependent learning
29. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Educational psychology
Types of classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
30. Reversal of conditioning - dissociating behaviour from a cue - Repeatedly withholding reinforcement or disassociating the behavior from a cue
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Law of effect
Extinction
Negative transfer
31. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Arousal
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Backward Conditioning
32. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Simultaneous Conditioning
M.E. Olds
Response learning
Fixed interval schedule
33. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Avoidance conditioning
Clark Hull
Backward Conditioning
Variable interval schedule
34. School of behaviourism
John Garcia
Incidental learning
John B. Watson
Drive-reduction theories
35. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Arousal
Stimulus generalization
Habituation
Extinction (classical conditioning)
36. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Learning curve
John B. Watson
Escape conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
37. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Variable ratio schedule
Delayed conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
38. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Drive-reduction theories
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
39. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Victor Vroom
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Operant conditioning
40. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Clark Hull
Types of classical conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Shaping
41. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
B. F. Skinner
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Stimulus discrimination
John Garcia
42. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
Educational psychology
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Forward Conditioning (types)
Overshadowing
43. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Simultaneous Conditioning
M.E. Olds
Hermann Ebbinghaus
44. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Overshadowing
Extinction (classical conditioning)
John Garcia
45. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Aptitude
Second-Order conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning
Hermann Ebbinghaus
46. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Donald Hebb
Positive transfer
Neil Miller
B. F. Skinner
47. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Drive-reduction theories
Sensitization
Superstitious behaviour
48. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Positive Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
Ivan Pavlov
49. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions
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50. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Superstitious behaviour
Basic types of drives
Punishment
Spontaneous recovery