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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)






2. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






3. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






4. How to avoid something undesirable






5. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects

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6. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






7. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






8. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






9. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






10. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






11. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable






12. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state






13. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues






14. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






15. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T






16. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run






17. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)






18. Individuals in the environment are motivated by secondary reinforcers; e.g. tokens in prisons - rehab - etc. - cashed in for more primary reinforcers (e.g. candy - books - privileges)






19. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






20. Drive to reduce cognitive dissonance - holding conflicting ideas simultaneously whether beliefs - attitudes - or actions

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21. Students working on a project in small groups






22. Law of effect






23. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






24. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






25. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






26. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult






27. Empty box (with a rat and a lever) - later proved the influence of reinforcement






28. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






29. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






30. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)






31. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






32. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour






33. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






34. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






35. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+






36. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






37. Learning by watching






38. The failure to generalize a stimulus






39. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






40. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






41. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






42. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response






43. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated






44. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






46. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






47. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated






48. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






49. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)






50. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)







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