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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
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Study First
Subjects
:
gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal
Neil Miller
Positive transfer
Negative transfer
Primary Reinforcement
2. John Garcia - Certain associations are learned more easily than others - Nausea & food can be paired easily - but light and nausea cannot be paired
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Social learning theory
Preparedness
Cooperative learning
3. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Higher-Order conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Scaffolding learning
Arousal
4. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory
Escape conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
Autoshaping
5. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction
Fixed ratio schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Token economy
Simultaneous Conditioning
6. 'learning' that a specific action causes an event - when in reality the two are unrelated
Fixed ratio schedule
Theory of association
Preparedness
Superstitious behaviour
7. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Punishment
Operant conditioning
Arousal
8. Type of forward conditioning; CS begins before UCS - lasts until the UCS is presented
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Types of classical conditioning
Delayed conditioning
9. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Autoshaping
Clark Hull
Forward Conditioning (types)
Second-Order conditioning
10. Links together chains of stimuli and responses - learns what to do in response to particular triggers (leaving a building in response to fire alarm)
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory
Undergeneralization
Theory of association
Response learning
11. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Backward Conditioning
Law of effect
12. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Ivan Pavlov
Latent learning
Shaping
13. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Fixed interval schedule
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Clark Hull
14. Applied expectancy-value theory to individual behaviour in large organizations (e.g. those lowest on totem pole have least motivation since little incentives)
Victor Vroom
Primary Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
Educational psychology
15. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
John Garcia
John Atkinson
16. Not all correct responses met with reinforcement; slower but more resistant; fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval; variable is best because it is unexpected - ratio gives better response since based on # of correct behavi
Kurt Lewin
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Schedule (+types)
Donald Hebb
17. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Secondary Reinforcement
Stimulus discrimination
Types of classical conditioning
18. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Extinction
Social learning theory
Second-Order conditioning
Yerkes-Dodson effect
19. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Kurt Lewin
Social learning theory
Age affects learning
Stimulus discrimination
20. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes
State dependent learning
Operant conditioning
Educational psychology
Avoidance conditioning
21. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Forward Conditioning (types)
M.E. Olds
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Second-Order conditioning
22. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Learning curve
Drive-reduction theory
Observational learning
23. Those who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment - and want to succeed more than they fear failure - however less likely to set unrealistic or risky goals or to persist when success is unlikely
Response learning
Educational psychology
John Atkinson
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
24. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Extinction
Shaping
Learning
Theory of association
25. Medium amount of arousal best for performance
Donald Hebb
Theory of association
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
Punishment
26. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Forward Conditioning (types)
Backward Conditioning
Variable ratio schedule
27. Theory of association
Kurt Lewin
Victor Vroom
Response learning
M.E. Olds
28. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Donald Hebb
Fixed interval schedule
Skinner box
Chaining
29. Operant conditioning
Arousal
B. F. Skinner
Shaping
Forward Conditioning (types)
30. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Basic types of drives
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Hedonism
Edward Tolman
31. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Chaining
Habituation
Secondary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
32. Skinner - instrumental conditioning; behaviour primarily influenced by reinforcement strategies - do what rewards - not what doesn'T
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Arousal
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Operant conditioning
33. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
John Atkinson
Cooperative learning
M.E. Olds
Scaffolding learning
34. Previous CS now a UCS (e.g.*bell > [ light > food > ] salivation)
Undergeneralization
Preparedness
Simultaneous Conditioning
Higher-Order conditioning
35. Lewin - grouping based on co-occurence in time and space; associate certain behaviours with certain rewards and cues
Theory of association
Fixed ratio schedule
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
John B. Watson
36. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain
Garcia effect
Observational learning
Hedonism
Delayed conditioning
37. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Negative Reinforcement
Variable interval schedule
Example theories and problem?
Operant conditioning
38. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Undergeneralization
Chaining
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Law of effect
39. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Primary Reinforcement
40. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)
Basic types of drives
B. F. Skinner
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Learning curve
41. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result
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42. Previous learning makes learning a new task more difficult
Negative transfer
Habituation
Aversive conditioning
Response learning
43. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
John Garcia
44. Ebbinghaus - when learning something new - rate of learning usually changes over time; can be positively or negatively accelerated
Positive Reinforcement
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
Extinction
Learning curve
45. Type of forward conditioning; CS presented and terminated before UCS presentation
Trace conditioning
Donald Hebb
Henry Murray - David McClelland
E. L. Thorndike
46. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Sensitization
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Autoshaping
Premack principle
47. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation
Negative Reinforcement
Drive-reduction theories
Arousal
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
48. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Primary Reinforcement
Neil Miller
Law of effect
49. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
Age affects learning
Drive-reduction theory
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Law of effect
50. Learning by watching
Fixed ratio schedule
Observational learning
Variable interval schedule
Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory