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GRE Psychology: Learning

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. How people learn in educational settings such as student and teacher attributes






2. Performance = Drive x Habit; will do what has worked in the past to satisfy drive






3. Learning by watching






4. Differential reinforcement of successive approximations; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






5. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform






6. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?






7. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior






8. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn






9. Born with certain physiological needs - will be tension if not satisfied; when it is - return to state of homeostasis and relaxation






10. Most time to learn but least likely to be extinguished; reinforcements are delivered after different numbers of correct responses - ratio cannot be predicted






11. Accidental learning - unrelated items grouped together; opposite of intentional learning (e.g. dog associates car with vet)






12. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity






13. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful






14. Evoking responses of autonomic nervous system through training






15. Animals strongly and automatically connect nausea and food - especially strong in children; preparedness






16. Attitude change - based on balance of 'Sentiment' or liking relationships - if the net affect valence multiplies out to a positive result

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17. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres






18. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed






19. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)






20. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience






21. Approach-avoidance conflict; state felt when a goal has both pros and cons - typically focus on pros when far from goal - cons when close to goal






22. Individuals are motivated by what brings most pleasure and least pain






23. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response






24. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard






25. Reappearance of an extinguished response - even without further conditioning - after the child'S tantrum behaviour has been extinguished - the child may suddenly throw a tantrum again






26. Shaping; Skinner rewarded rats first for being near lever then for touching it - reward for behaviours that brought them closer to the desired one (e.g. pressing lever)






27. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour






28. UCS and CS presented at the same time






29. Neutral stimulus once paired with UCS; no naturally occurring response - only with UCS pairing (e.g. light (CS) eventually produces salivation)






30. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)






31. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.






32. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)






33. Theory of association






34. Opposite of stimulus discrimination; make same response to a group of similar stimuli (e.g. fire alarms may sound different but same response)






35. In classical conditioning - the inability to infer a relationship between a stimulus and response due to the presence of a more prominent stimulus






36. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture






37. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)






38. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning






39. Simultaneous - higher-order/second-order - delayed forward - trace forward - backward






40. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards






41. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water






42. Rewards delivered after differing time periods; second most effective strategy in maintaining behaviour






43. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food






44. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park






45. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus






46. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus






47. Reinforcement delivered after a consistent number of responses; vulnerable to extinction






48. Naturally occurring response (e.g. salivation to food)






49. Experiment shows that there is electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain used as positive reinforcement - this is evidence against drive-reduction theory






50. How to avoid something undesirable







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