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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Learning
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Rewards after a certain period of time rather than number of behaviours; can be argued that it does little to motivate an animal'S behaviour
Fixed interval schedule
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Superstitious behaviour
Clark Hull
2. Parents reduce temper in child by not giving into - reinforcing behavior
Aversive conditioning
Conditioned Response (CR)
Positive transfer
Extinction (operant conditioning)
3. Watson - everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains - chains are developed by conditioning; only objective and observable elements important
Habituation
Behaviourism
Ivan Pavlov
Response learning
4. Decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus due to increasing familiarity
Law of effect
Habituation
Response learning
Delayed conditioning
5. Thorndike - precursor of operant conditioning - Cause-and-effect chain of behaviour; continue what rewards - stop what doesn'T
Neil Miller
Learning
Law of effect
Arousal
6. Teacher encourages independent learning - only provides assistance when needed
Neil Miller
Response learning
Scaffolding learning
Aversive conditioning
7. Credited with writing first educational textbook in 1903 to assess students and teaching
Thorndike (book)
Stimulus generalization
Neil Miller
Henry Murray - David McClelland
8. later proved experimentally - Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Positive Reinforcement
B. F. Skinner
John Garcia
9. Natural reinforcement - without requirement of learning; food and water
Operant conditioning
Escape conditioning
Donald Hebb
Primary Reinforcement
10. People learn through their culture. They learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviours through culture
Edward Tolman
Learning
Social learning theory
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
11. Promotes extinction of undesirable behaviour - negative stimulus presented after behaviour to decrease likelihood of reoccurrence - Skinner thinks it is not effective in long run
Punishment
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Stimulus discrimination
12. Students working on a project in small groups
Second-Order conditioning
Cooperative learning
Punishment
Basic types of drives
13. Pairing of the CS and the UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS - delayed conditioning and trace conditioning
Observational learning
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Forward Conditioning (types)
Positive transfer
14. Continuous motions easier to learn - once started continues naturally - bike; discrete divided into parts and do not facilitate recall of each other - setting up chessboard
Donald Hebb
Continuous motor tasks vs. discrete motor tasks
Behaviourism
Hermann Ebbinghaus
15. Performance = Expectation x Value; expectancy-value theory; goals they expect they can meet and how important goal is
Types of classical conditioning
Incidental learning
Escape conditioning
Edward Tolman
16. Need for achievement (nAch); need to pursue success or to avoid failure - goal is to feel successful
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Educational psychology
Undergeneralization
Henry Murray - David McClelland
17. UCS and CS presented at the same time
Variable interval schedule
Simultaneous Conditioning
Fixed ratio schedule
Stimulus generalization
18. Motivation to reduce internal tension - once satisfied - back to homeostasis/ relaxation; against M.E. Olds electrical stimulation of pleasure centres
Drive-reduction theory
Higher-Order conditioning
Second-Order conditioning
Sensitization
19. Learn 3-20 - constant 20-50 - drops 50+
John Garcia
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Age affects learning
Spontaneous recovery
20. Higher arousal for simple tasks (motivation) - lower arousal for complex tasks (concentration); optimal arousal is an inverted U on a graph - Y-axis: performance - X-axis: arousal - Difficult task --> upside-down U shape - Simple task --> reaches pea
Variable ratio schedule
Premack principle
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Extinction (operant conditioning)
21. Does not produce a specific response on its own (e.g. light or bell)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Superstitious behaviour
Spontaneous recovery
Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory
22. Learning about something in general (history) for knowledge rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains (e.g. Tolman'S experiments with animals forming cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes)
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Educational psychology
Theory of association
Punishment
23. Preparedness - that certain associations are learned more easily than others; animals programmed to make certain connections; Garcia effect - nausea associated with food
Theory of association
Forward Conditioning (types)
Punishment
John Garcia
24. Primary/instinctual (hunger or thirst) - secondary/ acquired (money or other learned reinforcers) - exploratory (seek novelty or explore) - We are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psychological homeostasis.
Basic types of drives
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Preparedness
Extinction
25. Teach to performance a desired behaviour to get away from a negative stimulus
Cooperative learning
Stimulus discrimination
Escape conditioning
Arousal
26. Ability to discriminate between different but similar stimuli (door bell is different from phone ringing)
Scaffolding learning
Stimulus discrimination
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Cooperative learning
27. Pavlovian conditioning; teaching a response (relationship) to neutral stimulus by pairing with not-so-neutral stimulus
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Clark Hull
Classical conditioning
Aversive conditioning
28. Not-so-neutral stimulus - elicits response without conditioning (e.g. salivation)
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Forward Conditioning (types)
Avoidance conditioning
29. Operant conditioning
Example theories and problem?
B. F. Skinner
M.E. Olds
Extinction
30. Learned reinforce - often through society; money - prestige - rewards
Secondary Reinforcement
Avoidance conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
Basic types of drives
31. Takes place without reinforcement - knowledge not immediately expressed - e.g. learning while watching chess
Ivan Pavlov
Superstitious behaviour
Latent learning
Observational learning
32. Learning by watching
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Token economy
Perceptual/conceptual learning (+example)
Observational learning
33. By having an apparatus (e.g. lever) - an animal controls its reinforcements (e.g. food) through behaviours (e.g. pressing) - shaping its own behaviour
Trace conditioning
Autoshaping
Aptitude
State dependent learning
34. Removal of a negative event that increases likelihood of a particular response; while punishment introduces a negative event to decrease likelihood of a response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Negative Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
35. Every correct response is met with reinforcement; quickest but most fragile learning - as soon as rewards stop coming - the animal stops performing
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Kurt Lewin
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Conditioned Response (CR)
36. Linking a series of behaviours that result in reinforcement - one behaviour triggers the next (e.g. learning the alphabet)
Chaining
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Atkinson
Arousal
37. Response that CS elicits after conditioning; UCR and CR will be the same (e.g. salivation)
Variable interval schedule
Extinction
Conditioned Response (CR)
Escape conditioning
38. Disassociate car from vet by taking dog on frequent car trip to the park
Henry Murray - David McClelland
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Autonomic conditioning??? (still need example)
Classical conditioning
39. Relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as the result of experience
Forward Conditioning (types)
State dependent learning
Basic types of drives
Learning
40. Set of characteristics indicative of one'S ability to learn
Aptitude
Cooperative learning
Example theories and problem?
Thorndike (book)
41. Learning and behaving by imitation; Albert Bandura'S Bobo doll (children watching adults with blow up dolls)
Positive transfer
Modeling (+example? and researcher)
Operant conditioning
Stimulus discrimination
42. Associative or dissociative attitudes on 7pt scale toward objects
43. Fritz Heider'S balance theory - Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum'S congruity theory - Leon Festinger'S cognitive dissonance theory; what about individuals who often seek stimulation - novel experience - or self-destruction?
Yerkes-Dodson effect
Higher-Order conditioning
Aversive conditioning
Example theories and problem?
44. Reward or positive event that increases likelihood of a particular response
Sensitization
Positive Reinforcement
Incidental learning
Aversive conditioning
45. Punishment to decrease likelihood of a behaviour - ex: drug Antabuse to treat alcoholism
Aversive conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
Behaviourism
46. Part of motivation. One must be adequately aroused to learn or perform
Arousal
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
John Atkinson
John B. Watson
47. Motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards with something they like to do - Eat dessert after eating unwanted vegetable
Fritz Heider'S balance theory
John B. Watson
Secondary Reinforcement
Premack principle
48. CS presented after UCS (e.g. food - then light); proven ineffective; accomplishes only inhibitory conditioning - harder time pairing CS with UCS later even with forward conditioning
Neil Miller
Backward Conditioning
Donald Hebb
Extinction (classical conditioning)
49. The failure to generalize a stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Edward Tolman
Undergeneralization
Sensitization
50. What a person learns in one state is best recalled in that state
State dependent learning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Habituation
Variable ratio schedule