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GRE Psychology: Measurement And Methodology
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Subjects
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gre
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psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Organize data by showing it in a meaningful way; do not allow conclusions to be drawn beyond the sample; percentiles - frequency distributions - graphs - measures of central tendency - variability
random sampling
Donald Campbell and Donald Fiske
cohort effect
Descriptive statistics (+types)
2. The approach to construct assessment instruments - involves selection of items that can discriminate between various groups; responses determine if he is like a particular group or not; e.g. Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Empirical-keying or criterion-keying approach
External validity (+types)
Content validity
Internal-External Locus of Control Scale
3. Rosenthal effect; researchers see what they want to see; minimized in double-blind
stratified sampling
generalizability
quasi-experimental design
Experimenter bias
4. Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approach
Word Association Test
Curvilinear relationship
Experimental design
cohort-sequential design
5. The degree to which an independent variable can predict a dependent variable
double-blind experiment
statistics
predictive value
Selective attrition
6. Interest in the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable - often manipulated by applying it in experimental or treatment condition and withholding it from control condition
Central Tendency (types and distribution differences)
Meta-analysis
Nonequivalent control group
independent variable
7. Critical of personality trait-theory and personality tests; felt situations (not traits) decide actions
Walter Mischel
double-blind experiment
Charles Spearmen
ANOVA/analysis of variance
8. The process of representing or analyzing numerical data
frequency polygon
Walter Mischel
statistics
ANOVA/analysis of variance
9. (Mental age/chronological age)/100 - Highest age = 16
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10. Measure innate ability to learn (debatable) - to predict later performance
Aptitude tests
Word Association Test
Construct validity
placebo effect
11. The most frequently occurring value
mode
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
12. Mean is 0 - and SD=1 - This with Z-score allow you to compare one person'S score on two different distributions
Standard normal distributions
Cross validation
Concurrent validity
nominal variables
13. Calculates how off the mean might be in either direction
standard deviation (calculation)
standard error of mean
Standard normal distributions
range
14. Mathematically combines and summarizes overall effects or findings for a topic; best known for consolidating effectiveness of psychotherapy - can calculate overall effect size or conclusion drawn from a collection of studies; needed when conflicting
Rosenthal effect
Fluid intelligence
Meta-analysis
statistics
15. Neither purely descriptive nor purely inferential - can only show relationship - not causality - positive and negative correlation
Nonequivalent control group
Two-way ANOVA
Correlational relationships
Projective tests (+types)
16. Originally to determine mental illness - now for personality; more clinical than CPI; 550 T/F/unsure questions (e.g. 'I would like to ride a horse'); discriminates between disorders; high validity because highly discriminatory items and 3 validity sc
Alfred Binet
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Crystallized intelligence
Inferential statistics
17. Tests whether the means on one outcome or dependent variable are significantly different across groups - height or level of anxiety from anxiety scale
range
Lie detector tests
Projective tests (+types)
One-way ANOVA
18. Inactive substance or condition disguised as a treatment substance or condition - used to form control group
Concurrent validity
placebo
Donald Campbell and Donald Fiske
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
19. Notable for cross-cultural application and simple directions - to make the best picture of a man - scored based on detail and accuracy - not artistic talent
Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test
Aptitude tests
mode
Graphs (types)
20. Tests the same person at multiple time points and looks at changes within that person
Null hypothesis
Reactance
within subject
ANOVA/analysis of variance
21. figure out how much each score differs (deviates) from the mean by subtracting the mean from each score - square each of these deviation values (to get rid of negative value) - add all these squared deviations to get the sum of square - divide sum by
social desirability
Vocational tests
variance (calculation)
Field study
22. When subjects act in ways they think experimenter wants or expects
within subject
variance (calculation)
Demand characteristic
Pearson r correlation coefficient
23. Might show how often different variables appear; nominal - ordinal - interval - ratio (real zero)
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Frequency distributions (+variables)
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
normal distribution(+characteristic)
24. Whether test really taps abstract concept being measured
Vocational tests
Construct validity
Mean IQ
standard error of mean
25. Empirical-keying or criterion-keying approach; to determine of subject is like a particular group or not
Mean IQ
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
mode
generalizability
26. Neither the subject nor the experimenter know whether the subject is assigned to the treatment or the control group
Crystallized intelligence
double-blind experiment
interval variables
Chi-square test
27. Draw a person of each sex and tell a story about them
Draw-A-Person Test
variance and standard deviation
Scientific approach
Internal-External Locus of Control Scale
28. Population --> sample/subgroup --> representative and unbiased --> achieved through random sampling --> if it'S not feasible - use convenience sampling instead or stratified sampling
Reactance
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Population & related
29. Knowing how to do something
Fluid intelligence
Statistical regression
Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study
Robert Zajonc
30. Data that has been counted rather than measured - usually limited to whole or positive values - ex: group size - number of hospital visit - number of symptoms
Concurrent validity
cohort effect
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory
Discrete data
31. 31 cards (1 blank and 30 pictures) with interpersonal scenes (2 people facing each other); subject tells story about each which reveals aspects of personality; often measure need for achievement; interpreting terms include needs - press - personology
Chi-square test
Null hypothesis
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Mean IQ
32. Mean of Americans is standardized to 100 - with SD 15 or 16 depending on test; correlates most with IQ of biological parents and socioeconomic status
Mean IQ
predictive value
placebo effect
Lewis Terman
33. Have order - equal intervals and a real zero ex: age
Split-half reliability
ratio variables
variance and standard deviation
Acquiescence
34. When people agree with opposing statements; giving tacit agreement
Criterion-referenced tests
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)
Acquiescence
Percentages under normal distribution based on SDs (from mean to end)
35. Number of SD a score is from the mean - For normal distribution - (-3 to +3)
Correlational relationships
Z-scores
Crystallized intelligence
ANOVA/analysis of variance
36. The hypothesis that no real differences or pattern exist
frequency polygon
Null hypothesis
T-score
Construct validity
37. When subjects that drop out are different than those that remain; no longer random
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
T-test
Word Association Test
Selective attrition
38. Comparing an individual'S performance on 2 halves of the same test to reveal internal consistency; internal consistency can be increased by item analysis
Anne Anastasi
T-score
Myers-Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI)
Split-half reliability
39. Attitude change in response to feeling that options are limited; e.g. dislike experiment and intentionally behaving unnaturally - or being set on a certain flavour of ice cream as soon as told it is sold out
Reactance
Julian Rotter
Myers-Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI)
Concurrent validity
40. Give descriptive names - No order or relationship among the variables other than to separate them into groups - ex: male-female
nominal variables
Percentages under normal distribution based on SDs (from mean to end)
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
Aptitude tests
41. For children 6-16
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)
random sampling
independent variable
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
42. A level of <0.05or <0.01 means that chance that seemingly significant errors are due to random variation rather than to true systematic variance is less than 5% or 1%
Concurrent validity
Acquiescence
independent variable
Alpha levels
43. Not intelligence tests; measure sensory and motor development of infants to identify mental retardation; poor predictors of later intelligence
normal distribution(+characteristic)
Meta-analysis
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Validity (+types)
44. How much variation there is among n number of scores in a distribution
variance and standard deviation
mental age
Statistical regression
research design
45. How a researcher attempts to examine a hypothesis - different questions call for different approaches - some approaches are more scientific than others
Objective tests (+types)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
research design
ratio variables
46. Not to diagnose depression but assess severity of depressive symptoms; used by researcher or clinician to track course of depressive symptoms
Construct validity
Rosenthal effect
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
stratified sampling
47. Normal curve - negatively skewed distribution - positively sknewed distribution - bimodal distribution - platykuric distribution
Learn the shape of different distributions
within subject
Walter Mischel
Vocational tests
48. How the score are spread out overall
Variability
Internal validity
Alpha levels
cross-sectional design
49. Revised Binet scale to Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale; also studied gifted children - those with higher IQs better adjusted
Reliability (+types)
Population & related
Lewis Terman
frequency polygon
50. Different subjects of different ages are compared - faster - easier
cohort effect
cross-sectional design
Lie detector tests
Frequency distributions (+variables)
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