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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






2. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






3. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






4. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






5. Sensory - short term - long term






6. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






7. Generate information on their own; cued and free






8. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






9. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






10. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






11. Details - events - discrete knowledge






12. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






13. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






14. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






15. Knowing how to do something






16. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






17. STM capacity of 7±2






18. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






19. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






20. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






21. Recall without any cue






22. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






23. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






24. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






25. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






26. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






27. Knowing a fact






28. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






29. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






30. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






31. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






32. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






33. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






34. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






35. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






36. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






37. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






38. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






39. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






40. Primary and recency effects






41. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






42. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






43. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






44. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






45. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






46. Dual code hypothesis






47. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






48. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






49. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






50. Termed icon for brief visual memory