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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Procedural memory
Cued recall
2. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Rehearsal (+types)
Paired-associate learning
Primacy and recency effects
3. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Proactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Interference types
Echoic memory
4. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Brenda Milner
Free recall
Working memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
5. Knowing how to do something
Long-term memory
Procedural memory
E.R. Kandel
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
6. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Backward masking
Recall (+types)
Implicit memory
Forgetting curve
7. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Serial-anticipation learning
Mnemonics
Donald Hebb
Stages of memory
8. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Generation-recognition model
Free-recall learning
LTM not subject to
Zeigarnik effect
9. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Flashbulb memories
Generation-recognition model
Procedural memory
Declarative memory
10. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Chunking
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Donald Hebb
11. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Episodic memory
Forgetting curve
Forgetting theories
State-dependent memory
12. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Ulric Neisser
Eidetic imagery
Clustering
Karl Lashley
13. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Brenda Milner
Procedural memory
Iconic memory
Episodic memory
14. Knowing a fact
Serial-anticipation learning
Paired-associate learning
Declarative memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
15. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Association between picture vs. words
Interference theory
Free-recall learning
16. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Free-recall learning
Procedural memory
Incidental learning
Interference types
17. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Clustering
Serial-anticipation learning
Frederick Bartlett
18. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Working memory
LTM not subject to
Decay (or trace) theory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
19. STM capacity of 7±2
George Miller
Rehearsal (+types)
Zeigarnik effect
Semantic memory
20. General knowledge of the world
Semantic memory
Allan Paivio
Free-recall learning
Paired-associate learning
21. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Tachistoscope
Serial-anticipation learning
Frederick Bartlett
Interference theory
22. Sensory - short term - long term
Dual code hypothesis
Stages of memory
Echoic memory
Iconic memory
23. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Free-recall learning
Chunking
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Zeigarnik effect
24. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Icon
Elizabeth Loftus
Backward masking
George Miller
25. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Savings
Procedural memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Generation-recognition model
26. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Recall task involving order of items on a list
LTM not subject to
Explicit memory
Declarative memory
27. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Recall (+types)
Flashbulb memories
Donald Hebb
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
28. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Paired-associate learning
Allan Paivio
Recall (+types)
29. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Incidental learning
Forgetting curve
George Sperling
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
30. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Chunking
Declarative memory
31. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Explicit memory
Karl Lashley
Interference theory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
32. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Incidental learning
Interference theory
E.R. Kandel
Primacy and recency effects
33. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Long-term memory
Short-term memory
Explicit memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
34. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Explicit memory
Encoding specificity principle
Interference theory
George Sperling
35. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Recall (+types)
Generation-recognition model
Long-term memory
36. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Mnemonics
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
37. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Brenda Milner
Eidetic imagery
Cued recall
Interference types
38. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Zeigarnik effect
LTM not subject to
Paired-associate learning
Serial-anticipation learning
39. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Primacy and recency effects
Incidental learning
Encoding specificity principle
Brenda Milner
40. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Cued recall
LTM not subject to
E.R. Kandel
Proactive interference
41. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Iconic memory
Paired-associate learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Short-term memory
42. Primary and recency effects
Paired-associate learning
Proactive interference
LTM not subject to
Chunking
43. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Recall (+types)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Declarative memory
Backward masking
44. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Ulric Neisser
George Sperling
Explicit memory
Paired-associate learning
45. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
E.R. Kandel
Frederick Bartlett
Dual code hypothesis
Association between picture vs. words
46. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Mnemonics
Short-term memory
Echoic memory
Implicit memory
47. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
George Sperling
E.R. Kandel
LTM not subject to
Zeigarnik effect
48. Repeating material to hold in STM
Free recall
George Sperling
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Recognition
49. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Recognition
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Cued recall
Recall (+types)
50. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Proactive interference
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Free-recall learning