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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
  • If you are not ready to take this test, you can study here.
  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Repeating material to hold in STM






2. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






3. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






4. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






5. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






6. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






7. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






8. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






9. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






10. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






11. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






12. Dual code hypothesis






13. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






14. STM capacity of 7±2






15. Primary and recency effects






16. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






17. On the verge of retrieval






18. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






19. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






20. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






21. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






22. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






23. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






24. Knowing how to do something






25. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






26. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






27. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






28. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






29. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






30. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






31. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






32. Sensory - short term - long term






33. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






34. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






35. General knowledge of the world






36. Knowing a fact






37. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






38. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






39. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






40. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






41. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






42. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






43. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






44. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






45. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






46. Details - events - discrete knowledge






47. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






48. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






49. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






50. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones