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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Paired-associate learning
Procedural memory
State-dependent memory
Backward masking
2. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Encoding specificity principle
Mnemonics
Primacy and recency effects
Episodic memory
3. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
Free recall
Recognition
Flashbulb memories
Forgetting theories
4. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Recognition
Incidental learning
Forgetting theories
Short-term memory
5. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM
Paired-associate learning
Icon
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Working memory
6. Dual code hypothesis
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Forgetting curve
Allan Paivio
Eidetic imagery
7. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Echoic memory
Zeigarnik effect
Free recall
Savings
8. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Clustering
Working memory
Interference theory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
9. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Long-term memory
Donald Hebb
Encoding specificity principle
Free-recall learning
10. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Interference theory
Zeigarnik effect
Brenda Milner
Forgetting curve
11. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Frederick Bartlett
Allan Paivio
Incidental learning
Forgetting curve
12. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Tachistoscope
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Eidetic imagery
Paired-associate learning
13. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Donald Hebb
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Free-recall learning
14. STM capacity of 7±2
Interference types
Ulric Neisser
George Miller
George Sperling
15. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Chunking
Frederick Bartlett
George Sperling
16. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Procedural memory
Zeigarnik effect
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Semantic memory
17. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented
Procedural memory
Backward masking
Episodic memory
Retroactive interference
18. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Interference types
Episodic memory
Generation-recognition model
Iconic memory
19. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
George Sperling
Icon
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Semantic memory
20. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Implicit memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Karl Lashley
E.R. Kandel
21. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Interference theory
Explicit memory
Paired-associate learning
Procedural memory
22. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Forgetting curve
Forgetting theories
Icon
23. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Iconic memory
Recognition
Donald Hebb
Paired-associate learning
24. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Long-term memory
Free-recall learning
Dual code hypothesis
Paired-associate learning
25. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
Long-term memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Encoding specificity principle
Implicit memory
26. General knowledge of the world
Dual code hypothesis
Karl Lashley
Semantic memory
Paired-associate learning
27. Knowing a fact
Declarative memory
Interference types
Free recall
Paired-associate learning
28. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Dual code hypothesis
Stages of memory
29. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Paired-associate learning
Iconic memory
Interference types
Working memory
30. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Frederick Bartlett
Semantic memory
Free recall
31. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Recognition
Rehearsal (+types)
Ulric Neisser
Zeigarnik effect
32. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Elizabeth Loftus
Recognition
Retroactive interference
Iconic memory
33. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Frederick Bartlett
Stages of memory
Procedural memory
Short-term memory
34. Repeating material to hold in STM
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Frederick Bartlett
Backward masking
35. Sensory - short term - long term
Generation-recognition model
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Forgetting curve
Stages of memory
36. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Icon
Serial-anticipation learning
Ulric Neisser
Primacy and recency effects
37. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Chunking
Association between picture vs. words
Cued recall
Iconic memory
38. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Free recall
Echoic memory
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Recognition
39. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Forgetting theories
Paired-associate learning
Proactive interference
40. Termed icon for brief visual memory
State-dependent memory
Ulric Neisser
Paired-associate learning
Association between picture vs. words
41. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Forgetting curve
Recognition
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Echoic memory
42. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Ulric Neisser
E.R. Kandel
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
43. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Flashbulb memories
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Forgetting curve
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
44. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Free-recall learning
Incidental learning
Episodic memory
45. Primary and recency effects
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
LTM not subject to
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Encoding specificity principle
46. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Recognition
Recall (+types)
Short-term memory
Decay (or trace) theory
47. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Tachistoscope
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Incidental learning
Brenda Milner
48. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Explicit memory
Mnemonics
Generation-recognition model
Proactive interference
49. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Frederick Bartlett
Sensory memory (+types)
Decay (or trace) theory
Clustering
50. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Chunking
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Serial-anticipation learning
Backward masking