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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






2. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






3. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






4. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






5. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






6. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






7. General knowledge of the world






8. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






9. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






10. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






11. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






12. On the verge of retrieval






13. Sensory - short term - long term






14. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






15. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






16. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






17. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






18. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






19. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






20. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






21. Knowing how to do something






22. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






23. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






24. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






25. Generate information on their own; cued and free






26. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






27. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






28. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






29. STM capacity of 7±2






30. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






31. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






32. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






33. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






34. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






35. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






36. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






37. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






38. Recall without any cue






39. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






40. Dual code hypothesis






41. Repeating material to hold in STM






42. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






43. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






44. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






45. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






46. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






47. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






48. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






49. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






50. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember







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