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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






2. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






3. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






4. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






5. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






6. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






7. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






8. STM capacity of 7±2






9. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






10. Details - events - discrete knowledge






11. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






12. Sensory - short term - long term






13. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






14. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






15. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






16. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






17. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






18. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






19. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






20. Termed icon for brief visual memory






21. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






22. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






23. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






24. Generate information on their own; cued and free






25. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






26. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






27. Knowing a fact






28. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






29. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






30. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






31. Repeating material to hold in STM






32. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






33. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






34. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






35. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






36. Recall without any cue






37. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






38. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






39. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






40. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






41. Dual code hypothesis






42. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






43. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






44. General knowledge of the world






45. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






46. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






47. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






48. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






49. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






50. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory







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