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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






2. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






3. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






4. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






5. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






6. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






7. Sensory - short term - long term






8. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






9. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






10. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






11. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






12. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






13. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






14. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






15. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






16. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






17. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






18. STM capacity of 7±2






19. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






20. Primary and recency effects






21. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






22. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






23. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






24. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






25. Knowing a fact






26. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






27. Generate information on their own; cued and free






28. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






29. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






30. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






31. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






32. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






33. Repeating material to hold in STM






34. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






35. Dual code hypothesis






36. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






37. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






38. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






39. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






40. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






41. Recall without any cue






42. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






43. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






44. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






45. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






46. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






47. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






48. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact






49. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






50. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol