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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






2. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






3. Details - events - discrete knowledge






4. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






5. STM capacity of 7±2






6. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






7. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






8. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






9. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






10. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






11. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






12. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






13. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






14. Dual code hypothesis






15. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






16. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






17. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






18. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






19. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






20. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






21. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






22. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






23. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






24. Sensory - short term - long term






25. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






26. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






27. Recall without any cue






28. Knowing a fact






29. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






30. Repeating material to hold in STM






31. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






32. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






33. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






34. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






35. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






36. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






37. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






38. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






39. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






40. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






41. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






42. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






43. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






44. Termed icon for brief visual memory






45. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






46. Knowing how to do something






47. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






48. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






49. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






50. Grouping items can increase STM capacity