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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
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This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






2. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






3. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






4. Generate information on their own; cued and free






5. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






6. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






7. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






8. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






9. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






10. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






11. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






12. Sensory - short term - long term






13. General knowledge of the world






14. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






15. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






16. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






17. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






18. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






19. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






20. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






21. Knowing how to do something






22. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






23. On the verge of retrieval






24. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






25. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






26. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






27. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






28. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






29. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment






30. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






31. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






32. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






33. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






34. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






35. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






36. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






37. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






38. Repeating material to hold in STM






39. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






40. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






41. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






42. Primary and recency effects






43. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






44. Details - events - discrete knowledge






45. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






46. Termed icon for brief visual memory






47. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






48. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






49. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






50. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.







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