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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay






2. Details - events - discrete knowledge






3. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






4. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






5. STM capacity of 7±2






6. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time






7. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






8. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






9. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






10. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory






11. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did






12. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






13. Dual code hypothesis






14. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal






15. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning






16. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






17. Knowing how to do something






18. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall






19. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






20. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






21. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






22. Forgetting curve; lists of nonsense syllables to study STM






23. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






24. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






25. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






26. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






27. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






28. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






29. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






30. Grouping items can increase STM capacity






31. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






32. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test






33. Recall without any cue






34. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage






35. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






36. Termed icon for brief visual memory






37. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






38. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






39. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






40. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






41. Sensory memory for auditory sensations






42. Generate information on their own; cued and free






43. Knowing a fact






44. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






45. On the verge of retrieval






46. Primary and recency effects






47. Repeating material to hold in STM






48. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






49. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






50. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments







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