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GRE Psychology: Memory

Subjects : gre, psychology
Instructions:
  • Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
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  • Match each statement with the correct term.
  • Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.

This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. Decay (or trace) and interference theory






2. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second






3. Repeating material to hold in STM






4. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time






5. Termed icon for brief visual memory






6. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition






7. Knowing a fact






8. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)






9. Recall without any cue






10. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain






11. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony






12. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented






13. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject






14. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another






15. General knowledge of the world






16. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)






17. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree






18. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.






19. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments






20. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings






21. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol






22. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud






23. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down






24. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables






25. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM






26. Disrupting information that was learned after new items were presented






27. Generate information on their own; cued and free






28. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition






29. Details - events - discrete knowledge






30. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased






31. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember






32. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)






33. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test






34. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning






35. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies






36. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar






37. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test






38. Dual code hypothesis






39. Knowing how to do something






40. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)






41. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136






42. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural






43. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones






44. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects






45. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory






46. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word






47. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time






48. Primary and recency effects






49. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made






50. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time