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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
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Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. On the verge of retrieval
Clustering
Long-term memory
Recognition
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
2. Repeating material to hold in STM
Short-term memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Interference types
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
3. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Dual code hypothesis
Working memory
George Sperling
Savings
4. Primary and recency effects
Generation-recognition model
LTM not subject to
Echoic memory
Recognition
5. Recall begins with task Ex: fill-in-the-blank' test
Cued recall
Free recall
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
6. Recollections that seem burned into memory - especially traumatic ones
George Miller
George Sperling
Frederick Bartlett
Flashbulb memories
7. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Brenda Milner
Declarative memory
Recall (+types)
Implicit memory
8. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Clustering
Donald Hebb
Episodic memory
Frederick Bartlett
9. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
Echoic memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Free-recall learning
10. Serial learning Serial-anticipation learning Paired-associate learning Free-recall learning
Eidetic imagery
George Miller
Tachistoscope
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
11. STM capacity of 7±2
Encoding specificity principle
George Miller
Paired-associate learning
Ulric Neisser
12. Anything one might recall is easily recognized - multiple-choice test is easier than essay test
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Interference theory
Generation-recognition model
Paired-associate learning
13. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Association between picture vs. words
E.R. Kandel
Clustering
Iconic memory
14. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Working memory
Free-recall learning
George Sperling
Elizabeth Loftus
15. General knowledge of the world
Serial-anticipation learning
Encoding specificity principle
Semantic memory
Retroactive interference
16. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Ulric Neisser
Elizabeth Loftus
Paired-associate learning
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
17. Knowing how to do something
LTM not subject to
Primacy and recency effects
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Procedural memory
18. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Primacy and recency effects
Frederick Bartlett
Short-term memory
Mnemonics
19. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Forgetting theories
Generation-recognition model
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Episodic memory
20. When subjects are exposed to bright flash or new pattern before the iconic image fades - the 1st image will be erased
Dual code hypothesis
Forgetting curve
Backward masking
Serial-anticipation learning
21. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Brenda Milner
Free-recall learning
George Sperling
Tachistoscope
22. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Mnemonics
Rehearsal (+types)
Clustering
Frederick Bartlett
23. Memory cues that aid learning and recall (e.g. OCEAN for the Big Five factors of personality...)
Mnemonics
Encoding specificity principle
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
24. Proactive interference causes proactive inhibition - retroactive interference causes retroactive inhibition
Paired-associate learning
Interference types
Cued recall
Decay (or trace) theory
25. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
Chunking
Eidetic imagery
Forgetting theories
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
26. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Explicit memory
Donald Hebb
Eidetic imagery
Dual code hypothesis
27. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Iconic memory
Donald Hebb
Paired-associate learning
Free recall
28. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Backward masking
E.R. Kandel
George Sperling
29. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Primacy and recency effects
Free-recall learning
Interference types
Flashbulb memories
30. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Declarative memory
Paired-associate learning
Eidetic imagery
E.R. Kandel
31. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Echoic memory
Mnemonics
Serial-anticipation learning
Generation-recognition model
32. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Rehearsal (+types)
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Dual code hypothesis
33. Last seconds - connects perception and memory - includes iconic and echoic memory
Sensory memory (+types)
Eidetic imagery
Clustering
Recognition
34. Tendency to group similar items in memory whether learned together or not - often into conceptual or semantic hierarchies
Clustering
Rehearsal (+types)
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Flashbulb memories
35. Tendency to recall pursued but incomplete tasks better than completed ones - Students who suspend their study - during which they do unrelated activities (such as studying unrelated subjects or playing games) - will remember material better than stud
Ulric Neisser
Free recall
Zeigarnik effect
Generation-recognition model
36. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
State-dependent memory
Forgetting curve
Flashbulb memories
Episodic memory
37. Ebbinghaus - sharp drop in savings immediately after learning then levels off downwards; but some psychologists doubt generalization from nonsense syllables
Forgetting curve
Recognition
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Tachistoscope
38. Sensory - short term - long term
Stages of memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Mnemonics
Semantic memory
39. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Interference types
State-dependent memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Savings
40. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
LTM not subject to
Proactive interference
Backward masking
Echoic memory
41. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Episodic memory
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
George Sperling
Recognition
42. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Paired-associate learning
Iconic memory
Paired-associate learning
43. Knowing a fact
Icon
Declarative memory
Echoic memory
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
44. LTM is subject to...material is easier to be remembered if retrieved in same context as learning/storage
Primacy and recency effects
Encoding specificity principle
Savings
Echoic memory
45. Subjects more easily state the order of two items far apart on the list than two items close together - Comparing 7 & 597 vs. comparing 133 vs. 136
Icon
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Long-term memory
Elizabeth Loftus
46. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Iconic memory
Tachistoscope
Stages of memory
Echoic memory
47. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Rehearsal (+types)
Chunking
Eidetic imagery
Recall task involving order of items on a list
48. Organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Long-term memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Icon
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
49. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
Decay (or trace) theory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Donald Hebb
Icon
50. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Recall task involving order of items on a list
State-dependent memory
Primacy and recency effects
Working memory