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Test your basic knowledge |
GRE Psychology: Memory
Start Test
Study First
Subjects
:
gre
,
psychology
Instructions:
Answer 50 questions in 15 minutes.
If you are not ready to take this test, you can
study here
.
Match each statement with the correct term.
Don't refresh. All questions and answers are randomly picked and ordered every time you load a test.
This is a study tool. The 3 wrong answers for each question are randomly chosen from answers to other questions. So, you might find at times the answers obvious, but you will see it re-enforces your understanding as you take the test each time.
1. A list of items is learned - and then must be recalled in any order with no cue.
Free-recall learning
Flashbulb memories
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
2. Acoustic dissimilarity - semantic dissimilarity - brevity - familiarity - concreteness - meaning - importance to subject
Dual code hypothesis
Serial-anticipation learning
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
3. Instrument used to present visual material (words/images) to subjects for a fraction of a second - in cognitive or memory experiments
Tachistoscope
Flashbulb memories
Echoic memory
Recognition
4. Decay (or trace) and interference theory
Interference types
Elizabeth Loftus
Rehearsal (+types)
Forgetting theories
5. Dual code hypothesis
Allan Paivio
Association between picture vs. words
Echoic memory
Brenda Milner
6. Sperling - sensory memory for vision - people could see more than they can remember - a partial report in an experiment involving random letters showed people forgot other letters by the time they wrote first ones down
Eidetic imagery
Dual code hypothesis
Iconic memory
Recall (+types)
7. Repeating material to hold in STM
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Decay (or trace) theory
Savings
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
8. Memories are stored diffusely in the brain
Clustering
Karl Lashley
Serial-anticipation learning
Rehearsal (+types)
9. Coined by Neisser - --> brief visual memory that lasts about one second
E.R. Kandel
Backward masking
Frederick Bartlett
Icon
10. The way behaviourists explain memory; one item learned with - then cues the recall of - another
Free-recall learning
Proactive interference
Eidetic imagery
Paired-associate learning
11. Temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at that moment
Episodic memory
Stages of memory
Serial-anticipation learning
Working memory
12. Forgetting theory - memories fade with time
Semantic memory
Primary (maintenance) rehearsal
Decay (or trace) theory
Paired-associate learning
13. Generate information on their own; cued and free
Flashbulb memories
Paired-associate learning
Stages of memory
Recall (+types)
14. Key to transferring items to LTM; primary (maintenance) rehearsal - secondary (elaborative) rehearsal
Long-term memory
Incidental learning
Rehearsal (+types)
Savings
15. Patient 'HM' lesion of hippocampus - remembered things before surgery - STM intact - but could not store new LTMs (anterograde amnesia)
Zeigarnik effect
Brenda Milner
Flashbulb memories
Paired-associate learning
16. Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not supposed to try to memorize - then test for learning
Free recall
Interference types
Donald Hebb
Incidental learning
17. General knowledge of the world
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Semantic memory
Proactive interference
Donald Hebb
18. Disrupting information that was learned prior to new items were presented
Procedural memory
Proactive interference
Free-recall learning
Tachistoscope
19. Similar to serial learning but asked to recall one item at a time
Eidetic imagery
Cued recall
Serial-anticipation learning
Donald Hebb
20. Knowing something without being aware of knowing it 'HM' --> cannot remember anything he did
E.R. Kandel
Implicit memory
Recognition
Stages of memory
21. Sensory - short term - long term
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Stages of memory
Working memory
Semantic memory
22. Knowing how to do something
Interference theory
Forgetting theories
Tachistoscope
Procedural memory
23. Memory of traumatic events altered by event and by the phrasing of questions (e.g. 'how fast were the cars going when they crashed' vs 'what was the rate of the cars upon impact'); relevant in law-psychology such as witness testimony
Elizabeth Loftus
Semantic memory
Rehearsal (+types)
George Sperling
24. Details - events - discrete knowledge
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Recall task involving order of items on a list
Brenda Milner
25. Memory is reconstructive rather than rote - People are more likely to remember ideas/semantics more than details/grammar
Procedural memory
Interference theory
Frederick Bartlett
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
26. Allan Paivio - items better remembered if encoded both visually and semantically (icons/images+understanding)
Dual code hypothesis
Semantic memory
Short-term memory
George Sperling
27. Recall without any cue
Dual code hypothesis
Free recall
Savings
Echoic memory
28. Capable of permanent retention - most learned semantically for meaning - measured by recognition - recall - and savings - Subject to encoding specificity principle - but not primacy/recency effects
Procedural memory
Savings
Encoding specificity principle
Long-term memory
29. By studying sea slug Aplysia - similar ideas to Donald Hebb involving synaptic and neural pathway changes in memory; young chicks brains are altered with learning and memory
E.R. Kandel
Recognition
Retroactive interference
Association between picture vs. words
30. Used when studying foreign languages - we pair that language word with English word
Sensory memory (+types)
Tachistoscope
Allan Paivio
Paired-associate learning
31. Sensory memory for auditory sensations
Echoic memory
Association between picture vs. words
Working memory
E.R. Kandel
32. Measures how much info remains in LTM (information retention) by assessing how long it takes to learn something the second time
Semantic memory
Savings
Procedural memory
Zeigarnik effect
33. It takes longer to make association between pictures than between words --> Pictures must be mentally put into words before associations can be made
Donald Hebb
E.R. Kandel
Dual code hypothesis
Association between picture vs. words
34. Primary and recency effects
Hermann Ebbinghaus
LTM not subject to
Generation-recognition model
Allan Paivio
35. Learning and recall depend on depth of processing; from most superficial phonological (pronunciation) to deep semantic level - the deeper the easier to learn and recall
Allan Paivio
Recognition
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Recall task involving order of items on a list
36. Forgetting theory - competing information blocks retrieval (study: memorize list - one group sleeps while other group solves riddles for same amount of time - slept is likelier to remember more)
Interference theory
Implicit memory
Ulric Neisser
Zeigarnik effect
37. Knowing something and being consciously aware of knowing it - such as knowing a fact
Explicit memory
Working memory
LTM not subject to
Implicit memory
38. Memory involves changes in synpases and neural pathways to make a memory tree
Semantic memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Long-term memory
Donald Hebb
39. Iconic memory people could see more than they can remember
Stages of memory
Cued recall
Proactive interference
George Sperling
40. Retrieval is better if in the same emotional or physical state as encoding - depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories - alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when under the influence of alcohol
Incidental learning
State-dependent memory
Clustering
Icon
41. STM capacity of 7±2
Tachistoscope
George Miller
Episodic memory
Working memory
42. Grouping items can increase STM capacity
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Chunking
Types of verbal learning and memory tasks
Interference theory
43. On the verge of retrieval
Association between picture vs. words
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Backward masking
Flashbulb memories
44. Requires subjects to recognize things learned in the past - Multiple choice test
Episodic memory
Recognition
Long-term memory
Forgetting curve
45. Learned and recalled in order; primacy and recency effects; serial-position U-curve demonstrates savings
Serial learning/recall (memory effects)
Explicit memory
Incidental learning
Serial-anticipation learning
46. The first and last few items learned are easiest to remember. first items are due to the benefit of most rehearsal and exposure. last item is easy to remember because there has been less time for decay
Echoic memory
Primacy and recency effects
Dual code hypothesis
Interference theory
47. Termed icon for brief visual memory
Stages of memory
State-dependent memory
Ulric Neisser
Short-term memory
48. Temporary - seconds or minutes - largely auditory - items coded phonologically - 7+/- 2 capacity - chunking - subjective to interference and inhibition
Short-term memory
Savings
Factors that make a list easier to learn and retrieve
Recognition
49. Knowing a fact
Sensory memory (+types)
George Sperling
Declarative memory
Free recall
50. Photographic memory - more common in children and rural
LTM not subject to
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
Eidetic imagery
Long-term memory